Monika Oczkowska's presentation slides during the conference "Economic and Social Context of Domestic Violence".

1. Social Contexts
and the Perception of
Differential Treatment
Michał Myck, Monika Oczkowska, Kajetan Trzciński
Centre for Economic Analysis
Economic and Social Context
of Domestic Violence

2. International data: Prevalence of IPV
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• Global databases on violence
against women: UN Women, WHO
• Potential problems:
 missing country data
 surveys run across different years,
different populations
 different reference period
 direct measures: own experience of
IPV

3. International data: Prevalence of IPV
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• Measuring prevelence of DV & IPV in
surveys (Alhabib et al. 2010):
 populations vs clinical setting
 delicate/personal nature of questions
 risk of consequences of participation
(possible reprisal)
 direct vs indirect measures
• FROGEE Survey:
 witnessing abuse happen to (other)
women

4. International data: Prevalence of IPV
#AcademicsStandWithUkraine
• Measuring prevelence of DV & IPV in
surveys (Alhabib et al. 2010):
 populations vs clinical setting
 delicate/personal nature of questions
 risk of consequences of participation
(possible reprisal)
 direct vs indirect measures
• FROGEE Survey:
 witnessing abuse happen to (other)
women
 witnessing gender based differential
treatment

5. Effect of social conditions and norms on reporting differential treatment
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• Situation in Sweden as reference
• What influences the incidence of reporting differential treatment?
 social conditions: age, gender, education attainment, employment, urban/rural, crime in
the area, financial situation
 cultural norms: what is perceived as abuse, if abusive behaviour is ever justified, gender
norms
• We keep the country incidence of physical abuse constant
• We use the method of multivariate reweighting (Hainmueller, 2017) to produce country
samples balanced with respect to Sweden

6. Abuse and differential treatment in the FROGEE survey
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• Physical abuse: witnessing in day-to-day life that a woman has been rarely or more often (2 out of 5):
 threatened physically,
 slapped, hit or punched,
 sexually abused or assaulted,
 beaten,
 touched inappropriately, without her consent, by a man
• Differential treatment: witnessing in the past year that a woman has rarely or more often (2 out of 3):
 been called names or insulted for being a woman
 been the target of jokes of a sexual nature
 received unwanted sexual advances from a man she doesn’t know

7. Social context: important predictors of abuse and differential treatment
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• Country differences in treatment:
importance of the social context
for perception of differential
treatment and abuse (e.g.
Herrero & Gracia 2005; García-
Moreno & Stöckl 2009)

8. Incidence of differential treatment (no weights)
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MEN:
WOMEN:

9. Incidence of differential treatment: reweighting for SE factors
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MEN:
WOMEN:

10. Cultural norms in the FROGEE survey
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• Which types of abusive behaviours respondents identify as abuse (14 situations):
 beating, sexual act against will, locking up, verbal threats, constant humiliation, forced abortion,
restrictions on access to financial resources, requirement to show SMS, prohibition to communicate
with friends/ visit public places/ dress as one likes, etc.
• If physical abuse is justified when partner:
 goes out without telling
 neglects the children
 argues
 refuses to have sex
 burns the food
• If respondent (strongly) agrees with any of the following statements:
 A job is alright but what most women really want is a home and children.
 When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women.
 A preschool child is likely to suffer if the mother works.

11. Incidence of differential treatment: reweighting for SE factors & norms
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MEN:
WOMEN:

12. Results in the context of other data on IPV
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• Gender based differential treatment
in the FROGEE Survey reflects
similar trends to prevelence of IPV
in UN Women and WHO

13. Results in the context of other data on IPV
#AcademicsStandWithUkraine
• Gender based differential treatment
in the FROGEE Survey reflects
similar trends to prevelence of IPV
in UN Women and WHO
• Adjusting for social conditions and
cultural norms reduces the gap
between Sweden and other
countries (to a varying degree)

14. Conclusions
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• Women generally more aware of abuse and differential treatment happening to other women
• Social conditions and cultural norms affect what is perceived as gender based differential
treatment, with strong country differences
• Adjusting for socio-economic factors and cultural norms offers a potential to correct the gap in
underreporting of incidence of differential treatment