The document provides an overview of smart sensors, explaining their functions and various applications across sectors such as healthcare, manufacturing, hospitality, and home automation. It details the types of sensors commonly found in smartphones, including accelerometers, gyroscopes, and GPS, along with their specific uses and advantages. Additionally, it covers different sensor types like motion, light, thermal, and smoke sensors, their advantages, and disadvantages.

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Cyber Ethics

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Smart Sensors
By- Justin James

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What are Smart Sensors?
A smart sensor is a device that takes input from the
physical environment and uses built-in compute resources
to perform predefined functions upon detection of specific
input and then process data before passing it on.
Who invented First Sensor?

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1. It depends on the type of sensors
2. The First Electric thermostat was invented by
Warren Johnson
3. This thermostat was able to keep temperatures
within a degree of accuracy.
4. That’s better than some of the low Quality
thermostats on the market today!
Where is Smart Sensors Used?

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Smart Sensors are used in:-
1. Healthcare
a. Automate Temperature
b. Smoke Sensors
c. Human-Centric Lighting
2. Warehouse and Manufacturing
a. Historical Data for Decision Making

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b. Improved Space Utilization
c. Alerts and reminders on maintenance and
repairs
3. Hospitality
a. Guest Information

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b.Push-notifications for room service
c. Automated guest Interactions
4. Offices

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a. Reduce energy Wastage
b.Human-Centricity
c. Collect and analyze data in real-time

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5. Home Automations
a. Automated device activation
b. Mood lighting and temperature controls
c. Pre-set routine schedules

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How do Sensors Function?
Sensors capture data and convert them into measurable
electrical signals. These data, otherwise physical
properties, are the details of mass, speed, temperature,
pressures, and presence of heat bodies. The
microprocessor will then process the electrical signals and
act accordingly. Finally, the system triggers the receiver
to function desirably.

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A system will have multiple sensors with different
functions and capabilities depending on its functional
complexities and demands. For the desired output, there
will be more receivers, power sources, and transmitters.

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Sensors are Very Much Present in Our
Smart Phones!!!

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1. Accelerometer
Accelerometer in smartphones an accelerometer detects
acceleration, vibration, and tilt to determine movement
and exact orientation along the three axes. Apps use this
Smartphone sensor to determine whether your phone is in
portrait or landscape orientation.

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2. Gyroscope
Gyroscope also provides orientation details and direction
like up/down and left/right but with greater precision like
how much the device is tilted. This is where it differs
from accelerometer — gyroscope can measure rotation
too but the former cannot. So it can tell how much a
Smartphone has been rotated and in which direction.
Popular apps like Pokémon Go and Google Sky Map use
gyroscope sensor to determine the direction towards
which our phone is pointed.

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3. Magnetometer
Magnetometer our smartphones are equipped with
magnetometer which we commonly recognize as a
compass. It can detect magnetic fields, so the compass
app in phones uses this Smartphone sensor to point at the
planet’s North Pole. Whenever you open Google Maps or
Apple Maps, the magnetometer is fired up to determine
which way the map should be. This sensor can detect
metal very well, so it is used in metal detector apps too.

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4. GPS
GPS Smartphone Global Positioning System (GPS) units
in Smartphone communicate with the satellites to
determine our precise location on Earth. The GPS
technology doesn’t actually use internet data this is why
we can find our location on maps even after losing the
signals, but the map itself is blurry as it requires internet
to load the details — this is how offline map works. GPS
is used in all location-based apps like Uber and Google
Maps.

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5. Proximity Sensor
Proximity sensor A proximity sensor makes use of an
infrared LED and IR light detector to find out how close
the phone is to an outside object. It used while making
calls and when the phone is held to the face to make or
receive a call, the sensor detects it and disables the touch
screen display to avoid unintended input through the skin.

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6. Ambient Light Sensor
Ambient sensor the light sensor detects the lighting levels
in the vicinity to adjust the display brightness
accordingly. It is used in Automatic Brightness Adjuster
to decrease or increase the brightness of the Smartphone
screen based on the availability of light.

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7. Microphone
Microphone sensor the microphone is basically a sound
sensor that detects and measures the loudness of sound.
While there are different types of microphone sensors
available, smartphones generally use micro-sized electrets
microphones. Apart from making and receiving calls, it is
used for voice search and voice commands for digital
assistant apps like Google Assistant, Siri, Cortana, etc.

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8. Touchscreen Sensors
Capacitive Touchscreen the Smartphone sensors in a
touchscreen have an electrical current passing through
them at all times and touching the screen causes a change
in the signals. This change acts as input for the device.
Before Apple introduced the capacitive touchscreen,
resistive screens were used in the display. But nowadays,
the capacitive screen is used in almost all smartphones.
9. Fingerprint Sensor

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Fingerprint sensor Gone are the days of memorizing
passwords and patterns to unlock your phone as many
users prefer using the fingerprint scanner these days.
Fingerprint sensor enables biometric verification to secure
many smartphones today. It is a capacitive scanner that
records your fingerprint electrically. When you put your
finger on its surface, the ridges in your fingerprints touch
the surface whereas the hollows between the ridges have a
slight separation. In short, it measures the varying
distances and pattern between the ridges on the surface of
your finger. This Smartphone sensor is quite useful in
apps that require authentication such as mobile payment
apps.

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10. Pedometer

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Fitness tracker in phones the pedometer is used for
counting steps and fitness tracker makes use of this sensor
to count the number of steps you take. Pedometers
generally use the values generated by the accelerometer to
monitor your movements like running or walking.
11. Barcode/QR Code sensors

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QR code scanner Most of the smartphones have barcode
sensors that can read a barcode by detecting the reflected
light from the code. It generates an analog signal with
varying voltage that represents the barcode. This analog
signal is then converted to a digital one and finally
decoded to reveal the information in it. Barcode sensors
are useful in scanning the barcodes products or QR codes.
12. Barometer

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Barometer Smartphone There are many high-end Android
phones like Pixel and iPhones that include a barometer in
their hardware. The barometer measures the air pressure,
so it is quite useful in detecting weather changes and in
calculating the altitude you’re at.

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13. Heart Rate Sensor
Next up is the heart rate sensor that measures heartbeat
with the help of LED and optical sensors. The LED emits
light towards the skin, and this Smartphone sensor looks
for the light waves reflected by it. There is a difference in
the light intensity when there is a pulse. The heartbeat is
measured by counting the changes in light intensity
between the minute pulsations of the blood vessels. Many
fitness and health apps use this method to calculate the
heart rate.

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14. Thermometer
Thermometer in smartphones Every Smartphone comes
with an inbuilt thermometer for monitoring the
temperature inside the device and battery. In case a
component starts overheating, the system shuts down
itself to prevent any damage. However, some handsets
come with additional thermometers to measure ambient
temperature. If you can recall, the Samsung Galaxy S4
bragged of thermometer that can measure temperature.
Such thermometer sensors can be used by apps to detect
your room temperature.

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15. Air Humidity Sensor
Air humidity sensor Now that we are talking about
Galaxy S4 let’s discuss the Air Humidity sensor as well.
S4 was the first Smartphone to incorporate an air
humidity sensor. It could measure the humidity in the air,
and the data collected by it would tell the user whether the
given air temperature and humidity are optimum or not.
But again, this type of sensor is used by selected handsets
only.

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What are the different types of Sensors?
Different types of Sensors are:
1. Motion Sensors.
2. Light Sensors.
3. Thermal Sensors.
4. Wind Sensors.
5. Smoke Sensors.

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Motion Sensors
Motion sensor came about in the early part of the 1950s,
and the inventor was Samuel Bango. They are designed to
detect human presence. When a person enters or leaves a
space, the sensor detects motion and sends signals to
initiate process. The power supply to the light fixture will
be increased or decreased. Accordingly, motion sensors
automate the device's functions based on the occupancy or
vacancy status. These sensors significantly reduce energy

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consumption, especially in industrial applications with
larger areas and occupants.
Advantages of Motion Sensors
1. Helps to secure houses by detecting any Motion
around the House.
2. Motion Sensors can help to increase energy savings
such as by turning lights off in unoccupied rooms.
3. It can be used in very harse environment having
irregular heat cycles (Active Motion Sensor).
4. It has more lifespan which is about 100000 Hrs
(Active type).
5. It helps in providing security by detecting
suspicious movement.
6. It detects motion in light and dark conditions
reliably in indoors. (Passive motion sensor)
7. It is easy to install motion sensors.

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Disadvantages of Motion Sensors
1. Radio frequency at high power is harmful for
humans (active type).
2. Radio frequency in microwave range does not
penetrate metal objects (active type).
3. Passive motion sensors do not operate above
temperature of 35℃.
4. Passive sensor type works in LOS (Line of Sight)
and does not work in non-LOS regions.
5. Passive Infrared (PIR) Sensor can detect human
being within approx. 10 meters range.
6. Any kind of moving object can trigger the PIR
sensor type.
7. Passive type is insensitive to very slow motion of
the object.

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Light Sensors
Light sensors detect and react to different light levels of
the season or day. These sensors automate device
functioning, ensure energy saving, efficiency, and
ambiance of space through daylight harvesting, human-
centric lighting, and light schedule

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Advantages of Light Sensors
1. It is easy to integrate with lighting systems such as
automatic lighting systems.
2. LDR based light sensors are available in different
shapes and sizes.
3. Flexible solution system.
4. The light sensor needs a small voltage and power
for its operation.
5. A variety of set is available.
6. Design is attractive.
7. It is used for energy consumption or energy
management by automatic control of brightness
level in mobile phone and auto ON/OFF of street
lights based on ambient light intensity.

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Disadvantages of Light Sensors
1. LDR is highly inaccurate with the high response
time.
2. The photodiode is temperature sensitive and is
unidirectional unlike photoresistor,
3. Resistance varies continuously in photoresistors
and is tugged in nature.
4. Photodiodes are temperature sensitive voltage and
are unidirectional, unlike photoresistor.
5. High initial investment.
6. Phototransistor cannot withstand voltage above
1000 volts.
7. The phototransistor is vulnerable to surges, spikes,
and EM energy.

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Thermal Sensors
Thermal sensors are used to automate the room
temperature of smart buildings and offices. These sensors
maintain a consistent internal temperature irrespective of
external temperature variation, helping in energy savings.

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Advantages of Thermal Sensors
1. Very wide temperature range about -
200oC to +2500oC.
2. Fast response time.
3. They are a simple construction.
4. Low initial cost.
5. Durable.
6. Easy to read has a clear screen and
good scale.
7. Quick response for any temperature
changes.

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Disadvantages of Light Sensors
1. Not as stable as RTD.
2. Recalibration is difficult.
3. More susceptible to RFI/EMI.
4. They are nonlinear.
5. It is used for only temperature
measurement only.
6. They have a low output voltage.
7. Less sensitivity.

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Smoke Sensors
Smoke sensors are electronic fire-protection devices that
automatically detect the presence of smoke and trigger
alarms. These sensors can be used to ensure the safety of
individuals and buildings.

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Advantages of Smoke Sensors
1. Efficient smoke Detection
2. 24/7 Monitoring
3. Automatic Alert
4. Early Fire Detection
5. Decreased the risk of fire damage
6. Affordable and easy to install
7. Low Maintenance

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Wind Sensors
Smart buildings should be elegant, and the sensors should
respond intelligently. When strong winds are detected,
these sensors automate the smart shutdown of shutters,
awnings, and dust skirts.