This document provides an overview of a slideshow presentation on levels of biological organization. The presentation examines specialized cells, tissues, and organs and how their form enables their functions. Students will view real images, answer questions, and take notes. Key terms discussed include anatomy, physiology, and the principle that form follows function.
Ok so this is my 18th PPT of the series dedicated to the Human Anatomy. It is designed to be a handout version of a Lab if your class either has or does NOT have a skeleton at your disposal. Just change it to fit your needs. Hope this helps.
Introduction
There are many of us among us making faces by the name of studies. It might be the most boring work for most of us still we continue to do this work as we get scolding by our parents and teachers. Studying helps in making ourselves shine in different fields of life. Nothing else can replace the importance of studies in our life.
What does it mean by Studies?
The study is referred to as the process of learning. This is a period that is dedicated to attaining knowledge by means of books. It is completed by the skills involving reading, writing, memorizing, and practicing. Since our birth, after growing up we have been performing different tasks daily. It is not that the capability of doing different tasks is inherited by birth. We learn all these by practicing. The same principle applies in studies. We have to practice things regularly to bring them into our practice and memorize the facts. Studies help in understanding the aim of our life and provide us great satisfaction and happiness.
Study - A Continuous Process
The study is a concentrated and continuous process. Students are required to follow effective ways of studying. Every lesson related to different subjects taught in the class cannot be prepared by study during the limited number of days during the exams. It is most essential for the students to study regularly whatever is taught in the classes. Attentiveness in class helps us in grabbing most of the things at that time only. The doubts or questions need to be cleared as soon as it arises in our minds. Home works and assignments must be completed on time. This way of planning our study will make our minds sharper and helps in getting prepared for the exams. Hence we need to study daily as studying is a regular process.
Importance of Studies
The study is something that requires extensive effort and sincerity. There are numerous benefits that we get as a result of our study. Some of them are enlisted below:
Make us capable to read and write - Study helps in developing the capability to read and write. It is the basic thing that each child needs to learn for stepping to higher studies. This will enable us with the potential of writing and reading different books.
Helps in understanding and achieving our aim - We all have some aim in our life. The study is the tool that helps us in learning and fulfilling our aim.
Makes us skilled - Development of skills is the most important aspect of studies.
Get good scores in exams - Good scores in the exams requires good knowledge of every subject. Good knowledge of each subject requires devoting our time to studies. If we are not attentive in our studies and do not study regularly we can never score good marks.
Makes us a good student - Studying integrates discipline and moral values in us. The student requires these qualities to be stated as a good student. It is only possible by studying regularly and following the instructions of our elders.
Helps us to know the world around us
Essay on Knowledge is Power for all Class in 100 to 500 Words in English. Knowledge Is Power Essay | Essay on Knowledge Is Power for Students and .... SOLUTION: Essay knowledge is power - Studypool. Knowledge is Power-Essay Writing//Essay about knowledge is power .... Knowledge Is Power Essay | Knowledge Is Power Essay in English. Essay on Knowledge is Power for Students | 500 Words Essay. Knowledge is power Speech and essay in English by Smile please world. Knowledge is Power Essay. Knowledge is Power Essay in English | 20 lines Writing on Knowledge is .... Essay on knowledge is power - Class Of Achievers. Essay on Knowledge is Power | Short & Long Essays for Students. Knowledge is Power Essay - Your Personal Online Tutor. Knowledge is Power Essay Quotes | Top 15 Essay Quotations on Knowledge is Power.
Ok so this is my 18th PPT of the series dedicated to the Human Anatomy. It is designed to be a handout version of a Lab if your class either has or does NOT have a skeleton at your disposal. Just change it to fit your needs. Hope this helps.
Introduction
There are many of us among us making faces by the name of studies. It might be the most boring work for most of us still we continue to do this work as we get scolding by our parents and teachers. Studying helps in making ourselves shine in different fields of life. Nothing else can replace the importance of studies in our life.
What does it mean by Studies?
The study is referred to as the process of learning. This is a period that is dedicated to attaining knowledge by means of books. It is completed by the skills involving reading, writing, memorizing, and practicing. Since our birth, after growing up we have been performing different tasks daily. It is not that the capability of doing different tasks is inherited by birth. We learn all these by practicing. The same principle applies in studies. We have to practice things regularly to bring them into our practice and memorize the facts. Studies help in understanding the aim of our life and provide us great satisfaction and happiness.
Study - A Continuous Process
The study is a concentrated and continuous process. Students are required to follow effective ways of studying. Every lesson related to different subjects taught in the class cannot be prepared by study during the limited number of days during the exams. It is most essential for the students to study regularly whatever is taught in the classes. Attentiveness in class helps us in grabbing most of the things at that time only. The doubts or questions need to be cleared as soon as it arises in our minds. Home works and assignments must be completed on time. This way of planning our study will make our minds sharper and helps in getting prepared for the exams. Hence we need to study daily as studying is a regular process.
Importance of Studies
The study is something that requires extensive effort and sincerity. There are numerous benefits that we get as a result of our study. Some of them are enlisted below:
Make us capable to read and write - Study helps in developing the capability to read and write. It is the basic thing that each child needs to learn for stepping to higher studies. This will enable us with the potential of writing and reading different books.
Helps in understanding and achieving our aim - We all have some aim in our life. The study is the tool that helps us in learning and fulfilling our aim.
Makes us skilled - Development of skills is the most important aspect of studies.
Get good scores in exams - Good scores in the exams requires good knowledge of every subject. Good knowledge of each subject requires devoting our time to studies. If we are not attentive in our studies and do not study regularly we can never score good marks.
Makes us a good student - Studying integrates discipline and moral values in us. The student requires these qualities to be stated as a good student. It is only possible by studying regularly and following the instructions of our elders.
Helps us to know the world around us
Essay on Knowledge is Power for all Class in 100 to 500 Words in English. Knowledge Is Power Essay | Essay on Knowledge Is Power for Students and .... SOLUTION: Essay knowledge is power - Studypool. Knowledge is Power-Essay Writing//Essay about knowledge is power .... Knowledge Is Power Essay | Knowledge Is Power Essay in English. Essay on Knowledge is Power for Students | 500 Words Essay. Knowledge is power Speech and essay in English by Smile please world. Knowledge is Power Essay. Knowledge is Power Essay in English | 20 lines Writing on Knowledge is .... Essay on knowledge is power - Class Of Achievers. Essay on Knowledge is Power | Short & Long Essays for Students. Knowledge is Power Essay - Your Personal Online Tutor. Knowledge is Power Essay Quotes | Top 15 Essay Quotations on Knowledge is Power.
This lesson was designed for students using the science lab for the very first time. Focus is on Hazards, Lab rules and the importance of listening skills and following instructions to avoid accident and lab incidents.
Thanks
Ivan
Coach Information for CaseCoach is a luxury bag brand, but it WilheminaRossi174
Coach Information for Case
Coach is a luxury bag brand, but it is at an entry level price point, that is, for luxury – meaning the lowest price of the luxury brands.
Information from your textbook is below:
· For example, suppose that a luxury goods marketer such as Coach initiates a study of consumer perceptions Exhibit 6-5 Managers at luxury goods brand Coach rely on extensive qualitative and quantitative consumer The figure shows that Burberry and Coach are perceived as the most similar while Coach and Dior are the Different 1 2 3 4 5 Burberry/Gucci Burberry/Coach designer could find an optimal ubiquity/accessibility balance and fit in the gap between Burberry, Coach
· Burberry, Chanel, Coach, Gucci, and other luxury brands are cultivating official online communities on
· Coach has been described as “a textbook lesson on how to revitalize a brand.” Are the approaches evident at Burberry and Coach similar?
· Price: “Affordable luxury” is central to the value proposition: more expensive than Coach, less expensive intends to leverage consumer insights gleaned from Burberry’s strong digital presence
Lab Report 5: Tissues
Name:
Date:
Adapted from jtcc.edu
Lab Materials
Online access
Computer (with PowerPoint software)
Dr. Hogan’s Tissues for Lab Report 5 Album on Google Photos: find the link in the Canvas Instructions for this lab
Safety Instructions:
Students must abide by the safety instructions in the Biology Lab Safety Contract
Safety Equipment & Instructions
Adapted from jtcc.edu
Lab Introduction
The organization of living tissue starts with chemicals, then progresses through cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and lastly organisms. In this lab you will examine the middle of the hierarchy, how tissues are put together to make organs.
This is a really important concept; if you can figure out which tissues make up an organ and you understand the features and functions of the individual tissues, then you can start to understand how the organ works.
You will first look at slices of organs and figure out which tissues you are looking at. Next, you will look at some individual tissue types and their function.
Adapted from jtcc.edu
General Lab Instructions
Readable Labels
Typed (not handwritten)
Use appropriate font size (24 or 26)
Reading frame is left-to-right, with horizontal, right-side-up textboxes
Use appropriate line weight for arrows, brackets, etc (4.5 or 6); do not use block arrows (please & thank you)
Contrasting Colors
Arrows and brackets should be of a high contrast color that is easily seen against the background.
Labels on the Slide, not off to the side; use the neutral spaces for textboxes.
Arrow in the Middle of the structure, not between structures
Photos should be sized proportionally
Use Lock Aspect Ratio
Resize using the corners, not the sides
No Criss-Cross
Arrows should not overlap
Photos from the Google Album (where applicable) should be oriented as they are in the album.
The completed lab n ...
What are cells?What are cells? What is a cell?What is a cell? Where do we find cells?Where do we find cells? CellCell: a cell is a basic unit of structure and: a cell is a basic unit of structure and function of life. In other words, cellsfunction of life. In other words, cells make up living things and carry outmake up living things and carry out activities that keep a living thing alive.activities that keep a living thing alive.
I need help writing a multiple choice test for a group of students. .docxanthonybrooks84958
I need help writing a multiple choice test for a group of students. I would need it completed ASAP, like within a couple hours. Sorry for the late post.
Imagine
you have been asked to teach a small group of your peers about animal organs.
Create
10 multiple-choice questions to test knowledge of the structure and function of animal organs.
Address
the functions of each of the following concepts in your test.
Differences between asymmetrical, radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry.
Differences between endotherms and exotherms.
Definition and examples of epithelial tissue. (provide one example)
Definition and examples of connective tissue. (provide one example)
Definition and examples of muscle tissue. (provide one example)
Definition and examples of nervous tissue. (provide one example)
Physiology Test
Use
this Template to complete the Physiology Test assignment. The following is an example of how to format your multiple-choice questions:
1.
Which animal is the biggest species in the cat family (National Geographic, n.d.)?
a.
Cheetah
b.
Lynx
c.
Ocelot
d.
Tiger
Your Questions
1.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
2.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
3.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
4.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
5.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
6.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
7.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
8.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
9.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
10.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
References
Cited in APA Format
.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This lesson was designed for students using the science lab for the very first time. Focus is on Hazards, Lab rules and the importance of listening skills and following instructions to avoid accident and lab incidents.
Thanks
Ivan
Coach Information for CaseCoach is a luxury bag brand, but it WilheminaRossi174
Coach Information for Case
Coach is a luxury bag brand, but it is at an entry level price point, that is, for luxury – meaning the lowest price of the luxury brands.
Information from your textbook is below:
· For example, suppose that a luxury goods marketer such as Coach initiates a study of consumer perceptions Exhibit 6-5 Managers at luxury goods brand Coach rely on extensive qualitative and quantitative consumer The figure shows that Burberry and Coach are perceived as the most similar while Coach and Dior are the Different 1 2 3 4 5 Burberry/Gucci Burberry/Coach designer could find an optimal ubiquity/accessibility balance and fit in the gap between Burberry, Coach
· Burberry, Chanel, Coach, Gucci, and other luxury brands are cultivating official online communities on
· Coach has been described as “a textbook lesson on how to revitalize a brand.” Are the approaches evident at Burberry and Coach similar?
· Price: “Affordable luxury” is central to the value proposition: more expensive than Coach, less expensive intends to leverage consumer insights gleaned from Burberry’s strong digital presence
Lab Report 5: Tissues
Name:
Date:
Adapted from jtcc.edu
Lab Materials
Online access
Computer (with PowerPoint software)
Dr. Hogan’s Tissues for Lab Report 5 Album on Google Photos: find the link in the Canvas Instructions for this lab
Safety Instructions:
Students must abide by the safety instructions in the Biology Lab Safety Contract
Safety Equipment & Instructions
Adapted from jtcc.edu
Lab Introduction
The organization of living tissue starts with chemicals, then progresses through cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and lastly organisms. In this lab you will examine the middle of the hierarchy, how tissues are put together to make organs.
This is a really important concept; if you can figure out which tissues make up an organ and you understand the features and functions of the individual tissues, then you can start to understand how the organ works.
You will first look at slices of organs and figure out which tissues you are looking at. Next, you will look at some individual tissue types and their function.
Adapted from jtcc.edu
General Lab Instructions
Readable Labels
Typed (not handwritten)
Use appropriate font size (24 or 26)
Reading frame is left-to-right, with horizontal, right-side-up textboxes
Use appropriate line weight for arrows, brackets, etc (4.5 or 6); do not use block arrows (please & thank you)
Contrasting Colors
Arrows and brackets should be of a high contrast color that is easily seen against the background.
Labels on the Slide, not off to the side; use the neutral spaces for textboxes.
Arrow in the Middle of the structure, not between structures
Photos should be sized proportionally
Use Lock Aspect Ratio
Resize using the corners, not the sides
No Criss-Cross
Arrows should not overlap
Photos from the Google Album (where applicable) should be oriented as they are in the album.
The completed lab n ...
What are cells?What are cells? What is a cell?What is a cell? Where do we find cells?Where do we find cells? CellCell: a cell is a basic unit of structure and: a cell is a basic unit of structure and function of life. In other words, cellsfunction of life. In other words, cells make up living things and carry outmake up living things and carry out activities that keep a living thing alive.activities that keep a living thing alive.
I need help writing a multiple choice test for a group of students. .docxanthonybrooks84958
I need help writing a multiple choice test for a group of students. I would need it completed ASAP, like within a couple hours. Sorry for the late post.
Imagine
you have been asked to teach a small group of your peers about animal organs.
Create
10 multiple-choice questions to test knowledge of the structure and function of animal organs.
Address
the functions of each of the following concepts in your test.
Differences between asymmetrical, radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry.
Differences between endotherms and exotherms.
Definition and examples of epithelial tissue. (provide one example)
Definition and examples of connective tissue. (provide one example)
Definition and examples of muscle tissue. (provide one example)
Definition and examples of nervous tissue. (provide one example)
Physiology Test
Use
this Template to complete the Physiology Test assignment. The following is an example of how to format your multiple-choice questions:
1.
Which animal is the biggest species in the cat family (National Geographic, n.d.)?
a.
Cheetah
b.
Lynx
c.
Ocelot
d.
Tiger
Your Questions
1.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
2.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
3.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
4.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
5.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
6.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
7.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
8.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
9.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
10.
Question text
a.
Response
b.
Response
c.
Response
d.
Correct response
References
Cited in APA Format
.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. AusVELS Standards
Multicellular organisms contain
systems of organs that carry out
specialised functions that enable them
to survive and reproduce.
examine specialised cells and tissues
involved in the form and function of
particular organs
3. Your teacher will lead
you through the following
slide show.
There will be questions to
answer, quizes to test your
knowledge and notes to
take down.
4. The aim here is to give you
images of real cells, tissues,
organs and systems.
5. This is the question alert. When you see
this you need to find the answer space on
your worksheet and write your answers
there.
6. This is a quiz alert. When you see this you
need to find the quiz answer space on your
worksheet and write your answers there.
7. When you see this slide you will know
that you must take notes in your
workbooks.
8. When you take notes you must include a title.
!
And a body of writing:
which may include dot points;
usually several, if any.
!
You should also leave a space between different
points or topics.
!
And importantly, your diagrams should be drawn
carefully and be fully labelled.
eye brow
pupil
iris
sclera
9. You will see many real images of anatomy.
Try to overcome any discomfort you may
feel as this may stop you from learning.
These are things that surgeons see everyday.
10. I’ll
be this
size!
Look out for
Koala and put
your hand up
when you see
it!
23. The modern toothbrush has...
cross action bristles
angled bristles
gum massagers
rubber grips
24. The modern toothbrush has...
cross action bristles
angled bristles
gum massagers
rubber grips
angled head
25. The modern toothbrush has...
cross action bristles
angled bristles
gum massagers
rubber grips
angled head
tapered head
Toothbrushes have parts which are
designed to carry out certain
functions.
26. See the little circles? They are small holes
in a cell membrane. Using your knowledge
of FFF, why do you think they are present?
What is their FUNCTION?
27. Whenever we see the FFF
(Form Follows Function), we
can say it loud!
Not unruly, however, incase it
interferes with other classes!
42. Anatomical research in the
past 100 years has taken
advantage of technological
developments and a growing
understanding of the sciences.
43.
44. Activity
Before we dive in how many
body parts can we name?
Your teacher may get you to
play a game. Stand up and
when we get to you, say your
body part. Last one standing
is the winner.
45. Now It’s Your Turn
Finish off your worksheet by visiting
SlideShare and viewing ‘Levels of
Biological Organisation 2’.
!
Good Luck!
