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SKUPOVI
Obilježavanje i zadavanje skupova
Skup je određen ako se tačno zna koji mu elementi pripadaju.
Skupove označavamo velikim štampanim slovima latinice A, B, C, ... , Ž; a elemente skupa nabrajamo (pišemo) u
vitičaste zagrade i odvajamo zarezom.
V = {a, e, i, o, u} – skup samoglasnika
a, e, i, o, u – elementi ili članovi skupa V
∈ - znači da element pripada skupu, npr. a ∈ A (čita se: a pripada skupu A)
∉- znači da element ne pripada skupu, npr. f ∉ V (čita se: f ne pripada skupu V)
Koja od sljedećih tvrdnji je tačna?
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Kako ćemo napisati skup M slova iz riječi matematika?
Hoćemo li ovako:
M ={m, a, t, e, m, a, t, i, k, a}?
Nećemo, jer zašto bismo triput pisali slovo a, kad je to isti element skupa?
Napisat ćemo ovako:
M = {m, a, t, i, k, e} Elementi skupa se ne ponavljaju, tj. različiti su! Redoslijed elemenata skupa nije bitan
Skupovi u matematici zadaju se na tri načina:
1. nabrajanjem svih elemenata
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
2. Venovim dijagramom
3. navođenjem bitnih svojstava njegovih elemenata.
A = {𝑥 | 𝑥 ∈ ℕ 𝑖 𝑥 < 6}
1
2 3 4
5
A
Koje elemente ima skup ljudi rođenih na Veneri?
Taj skup nema elemenata, to je prazan skup.
Prazan skup je skup bez elemenata; obilježavamo ga znakom Ø ili { }.
Je li nula element praznog skupa?
Nije, jer prazan skup nema nijednog elementa, pa ni broj 0. Stoga pišemo: 𝟎 ∉ Ø
Postoje skupovi koji imaju beskonačno mnogo elemenata. Postoji jedan takav skup.
To je skup prirodnih brojeva: N={1,2,3,...} - ... beskonačno mnogo elemenata (∞).
1
2 3 4
5
1
2 3
3
4
5
A B
A = B
Skupovi sa istim brojem elemenata su jednakobrojni.
Za dva skupa kažemo da su jednaki ako se sastoje od istih elemenata.
Posmatrajmo skupove A ={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} i B = {2, 4, 6, 8}.
Što možemo zaključiti o ovim skupovima?
Zaključujemo da su elementi skupa B ujedno i elementi skupa A.
To znači da je skup B sadržan, tj. podskup skupa A.
Zadaci za vježbu:
Knjiga strana 7. i 8.

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Skupovi mm6.

  • 1. SKUPOVI Obilježavanje i zadavanje skupova Skup je određen ako se tačno zna koji mu elementi pripadaju.
  • 2. Skupove označavamo velikim štampanim slovima latinice A, B, C, ... , Ž; a elemente skupa nabrajamo (pišemo) u vitičaste zagrade i odvajamo zarezom. V = {a, e, i, o, u} – skup samoglasnika a, e, i, o, u – elementi ili članovi skupa V ∈ - znači da element pripada skupu, npr. a ∈ A (čita se: a pripada skupu A) ∉- znači da element ne pripada skupu, npr. f ∉ V (čita se: f ne pripada skupu V) Koja od sljedećih tvrdnji je tačna? A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
  • 3. Kako ćemo napisati skup M slova iz riječi matematika? Hoćemo li ovako: M ={m, a, t, e, m, a, t, i, k, a}? Nećemo, jer zašto bismo triput pisali slovo a, kad je to isti element skupa? Napisat ćemo ovako: M = {m, a, t, i, k, e} Elementi skupa se ne ponavljaju, tj. različiti su! Redoslijed elemenata skupa nije bitan Skupovi u matematici zadaju se na tri načina: 1. nabrajanjem svih elemenata A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} 2. Venovim dijagramom 3. navođenjem bitnih svojstava njegovih elemenata. A = {𝑥 | 𝑥 ∈ ℕ 𝑖 𝑥 < 6} 1 2 3 4 5 A
  • 4. Koje elemente ima skup ljudi rođenih na Veneri? Taj skup nema elemenata, to je prazan skup. Prazan skup je skup bez elemenata; obilježavamo ga znakom Ø ili { }. Je li nula element praznog skupa? Nije, jer prazan skup nema nijednog elementa, pa ni broj 0. Stoga pišemo: 𝟎 ∉ Ø Postoje skupovi koji imaju beskonačno mnogo elemenata. Postoji jedan takav skup. To je skup prirodnih brojeva: N={1,2,3,...} - ... beskonačno mnogo elemenata (∞).
  • 5. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 3 4 5 A B A = B Skupovi sa istim brojem elemenata su jednakobrojni. Za dva skupa kažemo da su jednaki ako se sastoje od istih elemenata.
  • 6. Posmatrajmo skupove A ={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} i B = {2, 4, 6, 8}. Što možemo zaključiti o ovim skupovima? Zaključujemo da su elementi skupa B ujedno i elementi skupa A. To znači da je skup B sadržan, tj. podskup skupa A. Zadaci za vježbu: Knjiga strana 7. i 8.