This document discusses mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation. It defines cooperation and explores why cooperation evolved in humans. It then examines five mechanisms that could explain the evolution of cooperation: kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, group selection, and parochial altruism. Each mechanism is defined and its ontology, regularity, transparency, intelligibility, reduction base, generative sufficiency, and empirical adequacy are assessed. While each mechanism may explain cooperation under certain conditions, they all have limitations in explaining the full range of human cooperative behaviors.
This document discusses ethical fault lines in journalism that arise from contradictions between accepted practices and alternative actions. It explores how digitalization has created new ethical dilemmas for journalists regarding issues like social media use and defining journalism. The document also discusses how political economy analysis can help understand the ideas, social forces, institutions, and power structures that influence these ethical challenges by viewing media systems as socially constructed and mutually constituting other social factors.
This document discusses allocation and provisioning in economics. It begins by introducing the concepts of scarcity and wants, and how economics deals with allocating scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. It then discusses several questions around provisioning, including the nature of wants, social institutions, technology, and their role in the economic system. The document outlines three approaches to addressing the allocation problem: increasing output, altering the mix of goods produced, and altering wants/preferences. It introduces concepts like ceteris paribus, opportunity cost, and property rights and their role in allocation mechanisms.
Complex Adaptive Systems and International Security AnalysisNKHAYDEN
Overview of how various USG agencies use CAS concepts for analysis of international security problems. Presented as a university seminar to graduate students in international security policy studies at University of Maryland
This document presents a "Dynamic Balance Concept" to guide assessments and evaluations of perceptions and actions. The concept aims to balance self-interest and equality. It discusses how revolutions will occur more frequently as knowledge spreads rapidly. When self-interest outweighs equality, individualism dominates; when equality outweighs self-interest, large inefficient governments form. True balance is achieved through dynamic equilibrium, like in quantum science. Information operations should aim for perception to equal reality. The concept expands information operations and supports collaborative network development.
The document proposes studying how social institutions and individual behaviors interact in the tragedy of the commons problem. It discusses prior work on collective action dilemmas and models of individualistic vs communal agents. The hypothesis is that communal agents may optimize resource provision while individualistic agents optimize resource appropriation. An agent-based model is proposed to analyze the effects of different behavioral patterns and institutional changes on avoiding the tragedy of the commons.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Rosaria Conte and Mario Paolucci on social simulation theory and tools. It discusses:
1. Grand challenges facing humanity like contagion, interconnected networks, and technology-driven innovation that require understanding society as it is produced and reproduced.
2. The need for a "fabric of society" theory to understand how social artifacts emerge and influence agents, as well as their potential future properties and impacts. It discusses social constructivism and constructionism.
3. The concept of social alienation, where humans transfer aspects of their autonomy and agency to social and technological artifacts, depriving themselves of aspects of their "human nature." A theory is needed to
El documento proporciona una introducción a los fundamentos del voleibol, incluyendo las medidas del campo de juego y las 5 técnicas básicas del deporte: boleo, recepción, saque, bloqueo y pases.
This document discusses ethical fault lines in journalism that arise from contradictions between accepted practices and alternative actions. It explores how digitalization has created new ethical dilemmas for journalists regarding issues like social media use and defining journalism. The document also discusses how political economy analysis can help understand the ideas, social forces, institutions, and power structures that influence these ethical challenges by viewing media systems as socially constructed and mutually constituting other social factors.
This document discusses allocation and provisioning in economics. It begins by introducing the concepts of scarcity and wants, and how economics deals with allocating scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. It then discusses several questions around provisioning, including the nature of wants, social institutions, technology, and their role in the economic system. The document outlines three approaches to addressing the allocation problem: increasing output, altering the mix of goods produced, and altering wants/preferences. It introduces concepts like ceteris paribus, opportunity cost, and property rights and their role in allocation mechanisms.
Complex Adaptive Systems and International Security AnalysisNKHAYDEN
Overview of how various USG agencies use CAS concepts for analysis of international security problems. Presented as a university seminar to graduate students in international security policy studies at University of Maryland
This document presents a "Dynamic Balance Concept" to guide assessments and evaluations of perceptions and actions. The concept aims to balance self-interest and equality. It discusses how revolutions will occur more frequently as knowledge spreads rapidly. When self-interest outweighs equality, individualism dominates; when equality outweighs self-interest, large inefficient governments form. True balance is achieved through dynamic equilibrium, like in quantum science. Information operations should aim for perception to equal reality. The concept expands information operations and supports collaborative network development.
The document proposes studying how social institutions and individual behaviors interact in the tragedy of the commons problem. It discusses prior work on collective action dilemmas and models of individualistic vs communal agents. The hypothesis is that communal agents may optimize resource provision while individualistic agents optimize resource appropriation. An agent-based model is proposed to analyze the effects of different behavioral patterns and institutional changes on avoiding the tragedy of the commons.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Rosaria Conte and Mario Paolucci on social simulation theory and tools. It discusses:
1. Grand challenges facing humanity like contagion, interconnected networks, and technology-driven innovation that require understanding society as it is produced and reproduced.
2. The need for a "fabric of society" theory to understand how social artifacts emerge and influence agents, as well as their potential future properties and impacts. It discusses social constructivism and constructionism.
3. The concept of social alienation, where humans transfer aspects of their autonomy and agency to social and technological artifacts, depriving themselves of aspects of their "human nature." A theory is needed to
El documento proporciona una introducción a los fundamentos del voleibol, incluyendo las medidas del campo de juego y las 5 técnicas básicas del deporte: boleo, recepción, saque, bloqueo y pases.
Framing Complex Systems: Reality, language, and flowGregory Vigneaux
1) The document discusses the framing of complex systems. It provides principles for framing complex systems, including considering previous frames, questioning assumptions, and understanding the role of language and experience in creating frames.
2) It discusses concepts from theorists like Maturana, Cilliers, and Meadows on topics like nonlinear interactions, boundaries, and the partial nature of complex systems.
3) It emphasizes that frames introduce boundaries and influence perceptions of complex systems, and advocates revisiting explanations and being aware of different framing perspectives.
The document describes an experiment to study how social factors influence people's willingness to help others. It varied whether subjects were alone or in groups, and the perceived social class of a hypothetical "criminal" based on clothing. The experiment tracked subjects' reactions on a scale from no reaction to physical intervention. Graphs and theories on the bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility, and group dynamics are referenced to analyze the results.
At a recent ‘lunchtime talk’ session, , Eliat Aram, the Institute’s CEO attempted a second ‘bite’ into Complexity theory, this time introducing Staff and Guests to the ‘complex responsive processes of relating’ perspective developed by Prof. Stacey, Prof. Shaw and Prof. Griffin and its implications to intervention design and organisational development work.
This document discusses causal models and their use in social science research. It covers several key topics:
1) Causal models are used to explain social phenomena by modeling causal mechanisms. They involve defining variables, structuring relationships, and testing models.
2) Causal models differ from systemic models in their treatment of exogeneity and covariate sufficiency. Multi-level models address social hierarchies by including individual and group level variables.
3) Mixed mechanism models recognize that multiple social, economic, and psychological factors can interact causally. Theoretical plausibility of relationships is important.
4) Causal relationships in social models may exhibit regularities across time or populations, though testing invariance poses challenges around reference
Methods to Maximize the well being and Vitality of Moribund Communitiespraveena06
Abstract-It has become the primary concern for the governments to chart effective methods and policies to revitalize the communities which are on the verge of extinction, most of which are indigenous. This has become more relevant and important in an era of liberalization, which more often adversely affects the welfare of such communities. In this paper we make an effort to identify and qualify measures that would revitalize moribund communities and to quantify them using fuzzy analysis. We come out with concrete suggestions for the governments and the policy makers which can be easily put in action.
CHAT (Cultural Historical Activity Theory) was developed by cognitive psychologists to understand how people develop understandings of the world and create learning from those meanings. It combines systems, learning, and developmental components to allow meanings to expand towards action. Connectivism describes learning in a digital age as occurring through connections within networks, where learning resides outside of individuals and in diverse opinions. Both theories see disturbances and contradictions as opportunities for expansive learning through cycles of activity.
Talk presented at the conference on the Philosophy of Emerging Media, Boston University, October 26-27, 2013
If you try to find information about a gene or a molecule or a restaurant or a sports team or a politician on the web, it’s likely that some ontology will be involved in your search. An ontology is (briefly put) a semantically organized consensus representation of the types of entities in a given domain and of the relations between these entities – it is something like a large graph of the way some part of the world is structured. So important have ontologies become to organizations such as the BBC or the New York Times, that there is a running joke in the Semantic Web community to the effect that the Columbia School of Journalism is about to be renamed the Columbia School of Journalism and Ontology. I will attempt to draw conclusions from these phenomena concerning the ways in which social interactions are being influenced, and to some degree also transformed, by digital media.
Warm Data Lab vie päätöksenteon tietotukea tulevaisuuteen
Kompleksisissa järjestelmissä ja niihin liittyvässä yhteiskunnallisessa päätöksenteossa tarvitaan kykyä monien näkökulmien yhtäaikaiseen dialogiin ja kokonaisuuden hahmottamiseen. Erilaisten tiedon muotojen, asiantuntijuuden ja osallisuuden on kohdattava yhä synergisemmin. Nora Bateson, tilaisuuden vetäjä, on lähestynyt tätä kohtaamista ja vuorovaikutusta käsitteellä “Warm Data”.
Päivän tarkoituksena on tutkia ja ymmärtää, miten voisimme lisätä edellytyksiä kokonaisvaltaisemmalle päätöksenteolle ja toiminnalle kompleksisessa toimintaympäristössä. Sovellamme Batesonin kehittämää Warm data -lab -menetelmää ja keskustelemme päätöksenteon tietotuen tulevaisuudesta. Pohdimme, miten tartumme lupaaviin lähestymistapoihin ja parannamme edellytyksiä ottaa niitä laajamittaisemmin käyttöön.
Mitä on Warm Data?
Käsitteellä Warm Data Nora Bateson kuvaa tietoa, joka syntyy tilannekohtaisesti erilaisten näkökulmien ja kontekstien asettuessa läpinäkyvään vuoropuheluun. Voimme saada tietoa ja ymmärrystä siitä, miten asioiden vastavuoroinen kytkeytyneisyys vaikuttaa havaintoihimme, päätöksentekoomme ja toimintaan.
Warm Data Lab on työskentelyprosessi, joka mahdollistaa moninäkökulmaisen ja rajoja ylittävän tietämyksen kehittymisen. Toimintatapana se tarjoaa mahdollisuuden lähestyä kompleksisia kysymyksiä luomalla ekosysteemitasoista integroivaa dialogia. (ks. lyhyt video lähestymistavasta).
Nora Bateson on International Batesonian Institute’n perustaja. Instituutti tutkii kompleksisiin systeemeihin sisältyviä kytkentöjä, liittyen mm. ympäristöön, talouteen, sosiaaliseen muutoksen, terveyteen, koulutukseen ja taiteeseen. Instituutti kannustaa ja käynnistää erityisesti projekteja, jotka yhdistävät erilaisia konteksteja.
11Systems TheoryBRUCE D. FRIEDMAN AND KAREN NEUMAN ALL.docxmoggdede
11
Systems Theory
BRUCE D. FRIEDMAN AND KAREN NEUMAN ALLEN
3
Biopsychosocial assessment and the develop-ment of appropriate intervention strategies for
a particular client require consideration of the indi-
vidual in relation to a larger social context. To
accomplish this, we use principles and concepts
derived from systems theory. Systems theory is a
way of elaborating increasingly complex systems
across a continuum that encompasses the person-in-
environment (Anderson, Carter, & Lowe, 1999).
Systems theory also enables us to understand the
components and dynamics of client systems in order
to interpret problems and develop balanced inter-
vention strategies, with the goal of enhancing the
“goodness of fit” between individuals and their
environments. Systems theory does not specify par-
ticular theoretical frameworks for understanding
problems, and it does not direct the social worker to
specific intervention strategies. Rather, it serves as
an organizing conceptual framework or metatheory
for understanding (Meyer, 1983).
As a profession, social work has struggled to
identify an organizing framework for practice that
captures the nature of what we do. Many have iden-
tified systems theory as that organizing framework
(Goldstein, 1990; Hearn, 1958; Meyer, 1976, 1983;
Siporin, 1980). However, because of the complex
nature of the clinical enterprise, others have chal-
lenged the suitability of systems theory as an orga-
nizing framework for clinical practice (Fook, Ryan,
& Hawkins, 1997; Wakefield, 1996a, 1996b).
The term system emerged from Émile Durkheim’s
early study of social systems (Robbins, Chatterjee,
& Canda, 2006), as well as from the work of
Talcott Parsons. However, within social work, sys-
tems thinking has been more heavily influenced by
the work of the biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy
and later adaptations by the social psychologist Uri
Bronfenbrenner, who examined human biological
systems within an ecological environment. With
its roots in von Bertalanffy’s systems theory and
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological environment, the
ecosys tems perspective provides a framework that
permits users to draw on theories from different dis-
ciplines in order to analyze the complex nature of
human interactions within a social environment.
RELEVANT HISTORY
Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901–1972), as mentioned
above, is credited with being the originator of the
form of systems theory used in social work. Von
Bertalanffy, a theoretical biologist born and educated
in Austria, became dis satisfied with the way linear,
cause-and-effect theories explained growth and
change in living organisms. He felt that change might
occur because of the interac tions between the parts
of an organism, a point of view that represented a
dramatic change from the theories of his day.
Existing theories had tended to be reductionis t,
understanding the whole by breaking it into its parts.
Von Bertalanffy’s introduction of systems theory
changed that framework by looki ...
Methods to Maximize the well-being and Vitality of Moribund Communitiesijdmtaiir
It has become the primary concern for the
governments to chart effective methods and policies to
revitalize the communities which are on the verge of
extinction, most of which are indigenous. This has become
more relevant and important in an era of liberalization, which
more often adversely affects the welfare of such communities.
In this paper we make an effort to identify and qualify
measures that would revitalize moribund communities and to
quantify them using fuzzy analysis. We come out with concrete
suggestions for the governments and the policy makers which
can be easily put in action.
This document provides an overview of social approaches to learning, including situated cognition, distributed cognition, and activity theory. It was prepared by Team #4 - Douglas Connery, Brian Farrell, Sheri Johnson, and Dennis Pratt - for an ETEC 512 course on social approaches to learning. The document defines key terms, describes the three main perspectives, and discusses challenges and comparisons between the approaches.
The document discusses three major sociological paradigms - structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Structural functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability. Conflict theory sees society as characterized by inequality and conflict between groups competing for scarce resources. Symbolic interactionism focuses on how individuals interpret and act based on shared symbols and their understanding of social situations.
The Empowerment of Women in Promoting Happiness in her Own Environment using ...ijdmtaiir
Empowerment is now increasingly seen as a process
by which the one’s without power gain greater control over
their lives. This means control over material assets,
intellectual resources and ideology. It involves power to, with
and power within. Some define empowerment as a process of
awareness and conscientization, of capacity building leading to
greater participation, effective decision-making power and
control leading to transformative action. In this paper we use
Fuzzy Cognitive Maps to analyze the standard of living to
empower women with decision making power over their work
and income which in turn promotes happiness
This document discusses several key concepts relating to social deviance:
1. Social deviance describes actions that violate social norms and rules, which are studied by criminologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, and sociologists.
2. Female genital mutilation such as clitoridectomy is often performed but is rarely used as a medical procedure and violates social norms.
3. There are several perspectives for understanding deviance including functionalist, interactionist, labeling theory, conflict theory, and feminist perspectives. Functionalism views deviance as serving social functions while interactionist perspectives examine how individuals learn deviant behaviors and norms through social interaction.
This document discusses the concept of community and human social nature. It begins by outlining the objectives and assignment for the unit, which is to explore the meaning and properties of community, and how it has changed over time. It then discusses two modes of human social behavior: status competition and reciprocity. Reciprocity is described as the building block of community, involving helping others without immediate return. The document outlines how communities have changed from gatherer-hunter societies to agrarian and industrial societies. Contemporary communities are discussed, along with conditions that favor communities forming. Social capital is introduced as valuable social connections and networks that arise from relationships.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Framing Complex Systems: Reality, language, and flowGregory Vigneaux
1) The document discusses the framing of complex systems. It provides principles for framing complex systems, including considering previous frames, questioning assumptions, and understanding the role of language and experience in creating frames.
2) It discusses concepts from theorists like Maturana, Cilliers, and Meadows on topics like nonlinear interactions, boundaries, and the partial nature of complex systems.
3) It emphasizes that frames introduce boundaries and influence perceptions of complex systems, and advocates revisiting explanations and being aware of different framing perspectives.
The document describes an experiment to study how social factors influence people's willingness to help others. It varied whether subjects were alone or in groups, and the perceived social class of a hypothetical "criminal" based on clothing. The experiment tracked subjects' reactions on a scale from no reaction to physical intervention. Graphs and theories on the bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility, and group dynamics are referenced to analyze the results.
At a recent ‘lunchtime talk’ session, , Eliat Aram, the Institute’s CEO attempted a second ‘bite’ into Complexity theory, this time introducing Staff and Guests to the ‘complex responsive processes of relating’ perspective developed by Prof. Stacey, Prof. Shaw and Prof. Griffin and its implications to intervention design and organisational development work.
This document discusses causal models and their use in social science research. It covers several key topics:
1) Causal models are used to explain social phenomena by modeling causal mechanisms. They involve defining variables, structuring relationships, and testing models.
2) Causal models differ from systemic models in their treatment of exogeneity and covariate sufficiency. Multi-level models address social hierarchies by including individual and group level variables.
3) Mixed mechanism models recognize that multiple social, economic, and psychological factors can interact causally. Theoretical plausibility of relationships is important.
4) Causal relationships in social models may exhibit regularities across time or populations, though testing invariance poses challenges around reference
Methods to Maximize the well being and Vitality of Moribund Communitiespraveena06
Abstract-It has become the primary concern for the governments to chart effective methods and policies to revitalize the communities which are on the verge of extinction, most of which are indigenous. This has become more relevant and important in an era of liberalization, which more often adversely affects the welfare of such communities. In this paper we make an effort to identify and qualify measures that would revitalize moribund communities and to quantify them using fuzzy analysis. We come out with concrete suggestions for the governments and the policy makers which can be easily put in action.
CHAT (Cultural Historical Activity Theory) was developed by cognitive psychologists to understand how people develop understandings of the world and create learning from those meanings. It combines systems, learning, and developmental components to allow meanings to expand towards action. Connectivism describes learning in a digital age as occurring through connections within networks, where learning resides outside of individuals and in diverse opinions. Both theories see disturbances and contradictions as opportunities for expansive learning through cycles of activity.
Talk presented at the conference on the Philosophy of Emerging Media, Boston University, October 26-27, 2013
If you try to find information about a gene or a molecule or a restaurant or a sports team or a politician on the web, it’s likely that some ontology will be involved in your search. An ontology is (briefly put) a semantically organized consensus representation of the types of entities in a given domain and of the relations between these entities – it is something like a large graph of the way some part of the world is structured. So important have ontologies become to organizations such as the BBC or the New York Times, that there is a running joke in the Semantic Web community to the effect that the Columbia School of Journalism is about to be renamed the Columbia School of Journalism and Ontology. I will attempt to draw conclusions from these phenomena concerning the ways in which social interactions are being influenced, and to some degree also transformed, by digital media.
Warm Data Lab vie päätöksenteon tietotukea tulevaisuuteen
Kompleksisissa järjestelmissä ja niihin liittyvässä yhteiskunnallisessa päätöksenteossa tarvitaan kykyä monien näkökulmien yhtäaikaiseen dialogiin ja kokonaisuuden hahmottamiseen. Erilaisten tiedon muotojen, asiantuntijuuden ja osallisuuden on kohdattava yhä synergisemmin. Nora Bateson, tilaisuuden vetäjä, on lähestynyt tätä kohtaamista ja vuorovaikutusta käsitteellä “Warm Data”.
Päivän tarkoituksena on tutkia ja ymmärtää, miten voisimme lisätä edellytyksiä kokonaisvaltaisemmalle päätöksenteolle ja toiminnalle kompleksisessa toimintaympäristössä. Sovellamme Batesonin kehittämää Warm data -lab -menetelmää ja keskustelemme päätöksenteon tietotuen tulevaisuudesta. Pohdimme, miten tartumme lupaaviin lähestymistapoihin ja parannamme edellytyksiä ottaa niitä laajamittaisemmin käyttöön.
Mitä on Warm Data?
Käsitteellä Warm Data Nora Bateson kuvaa tietoa, joka syntyy tilannekohtaisesti erilaisten näkökulmien ja kontekstien asettuessa läpinäkyvään vuoropuheluun. Voimme saada tietoa ja ymmärrystä siitä, miten asioiden vastavuoroinen kytkeytyneisyys vaikuttaa havaintoihimme, päätöksentekoomme ja toimintaan.
Warm Data Lab on työskentelyprosessi, joka mahdollistaa moninäkökulmaisen ja rajoja ylittävän tietämyksen kehittymisen. Toimintatapana se tarjoaa mahdollisuuden lähestyä kompleksisia kysymyksiä luomalla ekosysteemitasoista integroivaa dialogia. (ks. lyhyt video lähestymistavasta).
Nora Bateson on International Batesonian Institute’n perustaja. Instituutti tutkii kompleksisiin systeemeihin sisältyviä kytkentöjä, liittyen mm. ympäristöön, talouteen, sosiaaliseen muutoksen, terveyteen, koulutukseen ja taiteeseen. Instituutti kannustaa ja käynnistää erityisesti projekteja, jotka yhdistävät erilaisia konteksteja.
11Systems TheoryBRUCE D. FRIEDMAN AND KAREN NEUMAN ALL.docxmoggdede
11
Systems Theory
BRUCE D. FRIEDMAN AND KAREN NEUMAN ALLEN
3
Biopsychosocial assessment and the develop-ment of appropriate intervention strategies for
a particular client require consideration of the indi-
vidual in relation to a larger social context. To
accomplish this, we use principles and concepts
derived from systems theory. Systems theory is a
way of elaborating increasingly complex systems
across a continuum that encompasses the person-in-
environment (Anderson, Carter, & Lowe, 1999).
Systems theory also enables us to understand the
components and dynamics of client systems in order
to interpret problems and develop balanced inter-
vention strategies, with the goal of enhancing the
“goodness of fit” between individuals and their
environments. Systems theory does not specify par-
ticular theoretical frameworks for understanding
problems, and it does not direct the social worker to
specific intervention strategies. Rather, it serves as
an organizing conceptual framework or metatheory
for understanding (Meyer, 1983).
As a profession, social work has struggled to
identify an organizing framework for practice that
captures the nature of what we do. Many have iden-
tified systems theory as that organizing framework
(Goldstein, 1990; Hearn, 1958; Meyer, 1976, 1983;
Siporin, 1980). However, because of the complex
nature of the clinical enterprise, others have chal-
lenged the suitability of systems theory as an orga-
nizing framework for clinical practice (Fook, Ryan,
& Hawkins, 1997; Wakefield, 1996a, 1996b).
The term system emerged from Émile Durkheim’s
early study of social systems (Robbins, Chatterjee,
& Canda, 2006), as well as from the work of
Talcott Parsons. However, within social work, sys-
tems thinking has been more heavily influenced by
the work of the biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy
and later adaptations by the social psychologist Uri
Bronfenbrenner, who examined human biological
systems within an ecological environment. With
its roots in von Bertalanffy’s systems theory and
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological environment, the
ecosys tems perspective provides a framework that
permits users to draw on theories from different dis-
ciplines in order to analyze the complex nature of
human interactions within a social environment.
RELEVANT HISTORY
Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901–1972), as mentioned
above, is credited with being the originator of the
form of systems theory used in social work. Von
Bertalanffy, a theoretical biologist born and educated
in Austria, became dis satisfied with the way linear,
cause-and-effect theories explained growth and
change in living organisms. He felt that change might
occur because of the interac tions between the parts
of an organism, a point of view that represented a
dramatic change from the theories of his day.
Existing theories had tended to be reductionis t,
understanding the whole by breaking it into its parts.
Von Bertalanffy’s introduction of systems theory
changed that framework by looki ...
Methods to Maximize the well-being and Vitality of Moribund Communitiesijdmtaiir
It has become the primary concern for the
governments to chart effective methods and policies to
revitalize the communities which are on the verge of
extinction, most of which are indigenous. This has become
more relevant and important in an era of liberalization, which
more often adversely affects the welfare of such communities.
In this paper we make an effort to identify and qualify
measures that would revitalize moribund communities and to
quantify them using fuzzy analysis. We come out with concrete
suggestions for the governments and the policy makers which
can be easily put in action.
This document provides an overview of social approaches to learning, including situated cognition, distributed cognition, and activity theory. It was prepared by Team #4 - Douglas Connery, Brian Farrell, Sheri Johnson, and Dennis Pratt - for an ETEC 512 course on social approaches to learning. The document defines key terms, describes the three main perspectives, and discusses challenges and comparisons between the approaches.
The document discusses three major sociological paradigms - structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Structural functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability. Conflict theory sees society as characterized by inequality and conflict between groups competing for scarce resources. Symbolic interactionism focuses on how individuals interpret and act based on shared symbols and their understanding of social situations.
The Empowerment of Women in Promoting Happiness in her Own Environment using ...ijdmtaiir
Empowerment is now increasingly seen as a process
by which the one’s without power gain greater control over
their lives. This means control over material assets,
intellectual resources and ideology. It involves power to, with
and power within. Some define empowerment as a process of
awareness and conscientization, of capacity building leading to
greater participation, effective decision-making power and
control leading to transformative action. In this paper we use
Fuzzy Cognitive Maps to analyze the standard of living to
empower women with decision making power over their work
and income which in turn promotes happiness
This document discusses several key concepts relating to social deviance:
1. Social deviance describes actions that violate social norms and rules, which are studied by criminologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, and sociologists.
2. Female genital mutilation such as clitoridectomy is often performed but is rarely used as a medical procedure and violates social norms.
3. There are several perspectives for understanding deviance including functionalist, interactionist, labeling theory, conflict theory, and feminist perspectives. Functionalism views deviance as serving social functions while interactionist perspectives examine how individuals learn deviant behaviors and norms through social interaction.
This document discusses the concept of community and human social nature. It begins by outlining the objectives and assignment for the unit, which is to explore the meaning and properties of community, and how it has changed over time. It then discusses two modes of human social behavior: status competition and reciprocity. Reciprocity is described as the building block of community, involving helping others without immediate return. The document outlines how communities have changed from gatherer-hunter societies to agrarian and industrial societies. Contemporary communities are discussed, along with conditions that favor communities forming. Social capital is introduced as valuable social connections and networks that arise from relationships.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
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AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial Intelligence
Simulpast may v2
1. Social Mechanisms, Agent-Based Modelling
and the Evolution of Cooperation
Mauricio Salgado
PhD
Analytical Sociology and Institutional Design Group
(GSADI) – UniversitatAutònoma de Barcelona
Mauricio.Salgado@uab.cat
Barcelona – May 2013 1
3. Why cooperation?
3
Definitions
Cooperation: when two or more individuals engage in costly joint
actions that result in mutual benefit
Altruism (Unconditional Cooperation): Acts that benefit others at
a personal cost
Donor
(c)
Recipient
(b)
5. Why cooperation?
5
Ingrid Loyau-Kennett (48)
―Being a cub leader I have my first aid so when
I saw this guy on the floor I thought it was an
accident then I saw the guy was dead‖
―And then when I went up there was this black
guy with a revolver and a kitchen knife (…) and
he said 'move off the body‘.‖
(…)
―I started to talk to him and I started to notice
more weapons and the guy behind him with
more weapons as well. By then, people had
started to gather around. So I thought OK, I
should keep him talking to me before he
noticed everything around him.‖
7. Why cooperation?
7
―If you try to do something cooperative with a
chimp—point out something, show them where
some food is—their attention wanders all over
the place, but if you compete with them over
food, they are zeroed in like a laser. All their
cognitive skills are on.‖
Michel Tomasello
But we still have to explain how did we go from ―chimp-like-selfishness‖ to
―human super-cooperation‖
10. Social Mechanisms
10
Two main advantages:
1. Knowledge about mechanisms increases the possibility of
causal analysis in the absence of nomological laws, and
2. it helps to open the ‗black box‘ of social dynamics in order to
provide the microfoundations of the observed phenomena.
11. Social Mechanisms
11
Definition
A mechanism consists of entities and activities, organized such that they are
productive of regular changes from start or set-up to finish or termination
conditions.
Entities (and their properties) are the things that engage in activities, and
activities are the producers of change.
The dualistic nature of this definition makes it adequate for social sciences
that deal with individual agents (‗entities‘) and their actions (‗activities‘).
12. ―Mechanisms consist of entities (with their
properties) and the activities that these entities
engage in, either by themselves or in concert with
other entities. These activities bring about change,
and the type of change brought about depends on
the properties of the entities and how the entities
are organized spatially and temporally‖
Hedström, P. Dissecting the Social (2005)
Opening the black box
Social Mechanisms
12
13. Social Mechanisms
13
1. A set of entities, e1 to en, vary with respect
to a property pi
2. In a certain environment the
benefit, b1, bestowed on entity i is a
function of its property p1
3. The value of bi, influences the relative
frequency of entities with different
properties at subsequent time periods.
(Properties that perform better in the
environment will become more frequent)
Selection Mechanisms
14. Social Mechanisms
14
Evolutionary game dynamics describe:
• Frequency-dependent selection.
• The outcome of the game is related to reproductive success.
• Payoff determines fitness.
• Reproduction can be genetic or cultural.
Genetic Reproduction
It means that individuals leave genetic offspring
that inherit their strategy.
Cultural Reproduction
It means that individuals are imitated by others;
thereby strategies reproduce by imitation or
learning.
15. 15
Ontology
Is the mechanisms made of ‘real’ entities and
activities or is it just an as-if story?
Regularity
In which instances can the mechanisms be
generalized from one case to another?
Transparency
Is the presence of the mechanism clearly
observable?
Intelligibility
Dos the presence of the mechanism improve the
intelligibility of the explanation?
Reduction Base
What are the mechanism ‘microfoundations’, the
local rules that bring about the ‘macro-properties’?
Generative Sufficiency
Can the model’s microfundations generate the
observed macroproperties?
Empirical Adequacy
Are the model’s microfundationsplausible in
relation to some theory or empirical data?
22. Kin Selection
22
Agents cooperate only with those related genetically
―I will jump into the river to save two brothers or eight cousins‖
C
DD
First Generation
C
CC
N Generation
Selection
23. Kin Selection
23
Definition
The beneficiaries share some genes with the altruist; the survival and
reproduction of the beneficiaries contribute to the propagation of the
altruist’s genes.
Ontology Realist
Regularity It works in small familial groups
Transparency Yes Intelligibility Yes
Reduction
Base
Individuals’ genes
Generative
Sufficiency
Yes
Empirical
Adequacy
Although it might work in small and familial groups with little migration, it
does not explain cooperation to unrelated individuals (commitment falls off
precipitously as genetic distance increases between individuals)
24. Kin Selection
24
In meerkats, helpers vary widely in the number
of food items they gave to pups. The level of
contributions that helpers make to rearing pups
is not significantly correlated with variation in
kinship to the litters they are rearing.
(Clutton-Brock et al., 2001)
In this picture, a male golden lion tamarin at
Colchester Zoo (The United Kingdom) took the
unusual step of carrying other primates‘
offspring that he shares his enclosure with. This
tamarin male has taken on the role of carrying
for two silvery marmoset youngsters.
Limitations: It cannot explain cooperative breeding
26. Direct Reciprocity
26
Agents play the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD)
―You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours‖ Tit for Tat Interactions
Alter Ego
T1
T2
27. Direct Reciprocity
27
Definition
Both the beneficiaries and the cooperators face repeated encounters; the
cooperator’s decision to cooperate is based on what the beneficiary has
done to her in previous encounters
Ontology Realist
Regularity It works in contexts of repeated encounters within small groups
Transparency Yes Intelligibility Yes
Reduction
Base
Individuals in repeated interactions
Generative
Sufficiency
Yes
Empirical
Adequacy
Although it might work in small groups, it is a weak mechanism in larger
groups (ability to directly monitor trustworthiness in reciprocation decreases
rapidly as the number of transactions multiply)
28. Direct Reciprocity
28
Limitations:
• It cannot explain short-term or one-shot cooperative interactions in games
such as ―The Ultimatum Game‖ or ―The Dictator Game‖
• It cannot explain the production of ―public goods‖
• In natural populations, errors occur: occasional mistakes between two TFT
players cause long runs of mutual backbiting.
C
C C
C
C
C
D
D
D
D
D
TFT
TFT‘
Error!
C
…
30. Indirect Reciprocity
30
Reputation ―I help you and somebody will help me‖
D R
W
Ct1
D R
WCt1+n
D R
W
Dt1
Dt1+n
Donor‘s reputation
increases
Donor‘s reputation
decreases
31. Indirect Reciprocity
31
Definition
Both the beneficiaries and the altruists interact with each other only
occasionally; the altruist’s decision to cooperate is based on information about
what the beneficiary has done to others in previous encounters
Ontology Realist
Regularity It works when information about the beneficiaries’ reputation is available
Transparency Yes Intelligibility Yes
Reduction
Base
Individuals in occasional interactions
Generative
Sufficiency
Yes
Empirical
Adequacy
Although it might work in larger groups, it requires dense connections or
cultural artifacts that register individuals’ reputation
32. Indirect Reciprocity
32
―Indirect reciprocity is a plausible mechanism to sustain
cooperation within dense, bounded social networks that are stable
through time‖
Limitations:
Heroism in warfare?
35. Group Selection
35
Definition
The altruists’ genes can become fixed within certain groups because of the
benefits they bestow on those groups as wholes, even when the effect of
these alleles on individuals’ fitness is negative. These groups reproduce faster
Ontology Realist
Regularity
It works when the group benefit of the altruists’ actions is higher than the
altruists’ individual costs
Transparency Yes Intelligibility Yes
Reduction
Base
Individuals’ genes within groups that compete with each other
Generative
Sufficiency
Yes
Empirical
Adequacy
Although it might work in small or medium-size groups, it requires within-
group homogeneity, between group heterogeneity and low migration rates
36. Group Selection
36
―Most human populations do not meet these conditions. Thus, it does
not seem that group selection can provide a genetic basis for altruism (…)
Group selection mechanism depends on the relative amount of variation
within and between groups. If group members are closely related, most of
the variation will occur between groups. This is easiest to see if groups are
composed of clones (as in colonial invertebrates such as corals). Then
there is almost no genetic variation within groups; all the variation is
between groups, and selection acts to maximise group benefit.‖
Limitations:
38. Parochial Altruism
38
Multilevel Model ―I help you because you belong to my group
(… and, therefore, my group will be stronger)‖
Declining Average Fitness (Extinction)
Intergroup Conflict
39. Parochial Altruism
39
Definition
The altruists cooperate with group members and are hostile to individuals
from other groups. In contexts of intergroup conflict, internally cooperative
groups prevail over less cooperative rival groups
Ontology Realist
Regularity It works when there is severe intergroup conflict
Transparency Yes Intelligibility Yes
Reduction
Base
Individuals within groups that compete with each other
Generative
Sufficiency
Yes
Empirical
Adequacy
Although it might work in contexts of violent intergroup conflict, it does not
apply in contexts in which groups cooperate among them
40. Parochial Altruism
40
―However, such generalisations are unlikely to correctly describe the
conditions in which our Pleistocene ancestors lived, so parochial altruism
seems to be implausible. Small bands of hunter-gatherers, numbering 25
or so individuals, under chronic climate fluctuation, widely dispersed over
large areas and unable to fall back on staple foods, would have suffered
from high mortality rates, particularly child mortality, due to starvation as
well as predation and disease, so they hardly would have been able to
sustain warfare against competing groups ‖
Limitations:
42. Concluding Remarks
42
Explaining the evolution of cooperation requires the
identification of some mechanism at work
A mechanism consists of entities and activities, organized such that
they are productive of regular changes from start or set-up to finish
or termination conditions. Entities (and their properties) are the
things that engage in activities, and activities are the producers of
change.
Ontology, Regularity, Transparency, Intelligibility, Reduction
Base, Generative Sufficiency, Empirical Adequacy
43. Concluding Remarks
Five Mechanisms for the Evolution of Cooperation
• Kin Selection: Cooperate with genetic relatives
• Direct Reciprocity: I help you, you help me
• Indirect Reciprocity: I help you, somebody will help me
• Group Selection: Groups of cooperators out-perform other
groups
• Parochial Altruism: Groups of cooperators out-compete other
groups
43
44. Concluding Remarks
44
Punishment (e.g., ‗Strong Altruism‘) is not a mechanism
for the evolution of cooperation Parsimony
If you punish someone who has defected with you, then you are
using direct reciprocity
If you punish someone who has defected with others, then you are
using indirect reciprocity
If you punish someone who is not a member of your group, then
you are using parochial altruism (a special case of group selection)
(Winners do not punish)
46. Thank you!
Mauricio Salgado
PhD
Analytical Sociology and Institutional Design Group
(GSADI) – UniversitatAutònoma de Barcelona
Mauricio.Salgado@uab.cat
Barcelona – May 2013 46
Editor's Notes
Tales about the origins of our species always start off like this: A small band of hunter-gatherers roams the savannah, loving, warring, and struggling for survival under the African sun. They do not start like this: Brave mom Ingrid Loyau-Kennett faced Woolwich terrorists.
Parochial altruism has gained recent popularity among scholars: these models highlight the idea that individuals are altruistic with group members and are hostile to individuals not of one’s own group (Arrow, 2007; Bowles, 2006; Choi and Bowles, 2007; Sa ̈äksvuori et al., 2011). Since internally cooperative groups prevail over less cooperative rival groups, parochial altruism rests on the evolutionary belief that violent intergroup conflict played a key role in the dawn of human cooperation.