The document proposes studying how social institutions and individual behaviors interact in the tragedy of the commons problem. It discusses prior work on collective action dilemmas and models of individualistic vs communal agents. The hypothesis is that communal agents may optimize resource provision while individualistic agents optimize resource appropriation. An agent-based model is proposed to analyze the effects of different behavioral patterns and institutional changes on avoiding the tragedy of the commons.
This document discusses ethical fault lines in journalism that arise from contradictions between accepted practices and alternative actions. It explores how digitalization has created new ethical dilemmas for journalists regarding issues like social media use and defining journalism. The document also discusses how political economy analysis can help understand the ideas, social forces, institutions, and power structures that influence these ethical challenges by viewing media systems as socially constructed and mutually constituting other social factors.
This document outlines a vision for Cultural Engines, which are described as empowering communities through cultivating local leadership, accessing community gifts, and driving cultural paradigm shifts. Themes of the program include practices like permaculture, co-creation, and following one's heart. Goals are to feel love and nourishment in the work, grow a culture of regeneration, and affirm life. The program will run from June to November and teach skills like gardening, cooking, and event production. Participants will help establish a food system and community kitchen, create celebration events, and emerge as inspired community leaders and social entrepreneurs.
The document discusses permaculture, which is described as an art and science of employing life in service of itself to create a safer and saner world beyond sustainability. Permaculture fosters self-supporting systems that grow in fertility, creativity, and possibility. It utilizes Earth Care ethics, People Care ethics, and Resource Share principles to design integrated systems that observe natural patterns and honor life. The goal is to design an ethical and elegant descent from current unsustainable peaks through regenerative living.
Since 1986 the GFSC model has helped communities around the world to strengthen their resilience, move forward after crises and learn that they have unique and valuable characteristics to rely on.
A socio-cultural perspective of creativity for the design of educational envi...eLearning Papers
Authors: Françoise Decortis,Laura Lentini.
Creativity has long been a topic of interest and a subject of study for psychologists, who analyse it from several perspectives. From the cognitive perspective, researchers attempt to identity the specific processes and structures which contribute to creative acts, whilst from the socio-cultural perspective they try to demonstrate that artistic innovations emerge from joint thinking and exchanges among people. According to the latter, creativity indeed does not happen only inside our heads: the interaction between people's thoughts and a socio-cultural context is fundamental.
Full Chapter of the Mondragon case from the Social Innovation perspective published by Edward Elgar's Social Innovation International Handbook ISBN: 978 1 84980 998 6
Hello Everyone,
A big thank you for all the interest in this study guide. It was originally created as a fun introduction that took the Cognitive Bias wiki and tried to make it easier to memorize.
However, the authors of the wiki article have expressed some concern over the accuracy of certain entries. The document was taken down until that could be corrected.
But, people started asking that I release a new version with a warning. In response, a new "Beta version" of the document has been uploaded with a very strong warning label up front and improved citations. I make it clear that all the text is based on an evolving wiki page and that some of the cognitive biases in there might be incorrect wiki entries. My hope is that this will continue to get people interested in pitching in to help fix the Cognitive Bias wiki pages. :) When the wiki is in a good place, I will take the document out of Beta, and will remove the warning label.
If you are a cognitive expert, join “Operation Fix The Cognitive Bias Wiki!” Add your suggestion to the conversation here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:List_of_cognitive_biases
Thanks for your interest!
Eric
P.S. . The images have been updated for better remixing and sharing rights. Rather than using permission based images, now all the images are public domain or free non-commercial use by anyone.
This document discusses how ideology affects entrepreneurship in Peru. It argues that collective values prevalent in society can jeopardize entrepreneurship, productivity, and wealth creation. Collective values found in tribal societies like solidarity and social responsibility contrast with individualistic values like private property and competition that are more conducive to an open society with a complex economy. The document analyzes how ideologies influence politics and lawmaking, and how laws intended to enhance reality can instead create conflicts and harm the economy by placing obstacles on individuals' freedom.
This document discusses ethical fault lines in journalism that arise from contradictions between accepted practices and alternative actions. It explores how digitalization has created new ethical dilemmas for journalists regarding issues like social media use and defining journalism. The document also discusses how political economy analysis can help understand the ideas, social forces, institutions, and power structures that influence these ethical challenges by viewing media systems as socially constructed and mutually constituting other social factors.
This document outlines a vision for Cultural Engines, which are described as empowering communities through cultivating local leadership, accessing community gifts, and driving cultural paradigm shifts. Themes of the program include practices like permaculture, co-creation, and following one's heart. Goals are to feel love and nourishment in the work, grow a culture of regeneration, and affirm life. The program will run from June to November and teach skills like gardening, cooking, and event production. Participants will help establish a food system and community kitchen, create celebration events, and emerge as inspired community leaders and social entrepreneurs.
The document discusses permaculture, which is described as an art and science of employing life in service of itself to create a safer and saner world beyond sustainability. Permaculture fosters self-supporting systems that grow in fertility, creativity, and possibility. It utilizes Earth Care ethics, People Care ethics, and Resource Share principles to design integrated systems that observe natural patterns and honor life. The goal is to design an ethical and elegant descent from current unsustainable peaks through regenerative living.
Since 1986 the GFSC model has helped communities around the world to strengthen their resilience, move forward after crises and learn that they have unique and valuable characteristics to rely on.
A socio-cultural perspective of creativity for the design of educational envi...eLearning Papers
Authors: Françoise Decortis,Laura Lentini.
Creativity has long been a topic of interest and a subject of study for psychologists, who analyse it from several perspectives. From the cognitive perspective, researchers attempt to identity the specific processes and structures which contribute to creative acts, whilst from the socio-cultural perspective they try to demonstrate that artistic innovations emerge from joint thinking and exchanges among people. According to the latter, creativity indeed does not happen only inside our heads: the interaction between people's thoughts and a socio-cultural context is fundamental.
Full Chapter of the Mondragon case from the Social Innovation perspective published by Edward Elgar's Social Innovation International Handbook ISBN: 978 1 84980 998 6
Hello Everyone,
A big thank you for all the interest in this study guide. It was originally created as a fun introduction that took the Cognitive Bias wiki and tried to make it easier to memorize.
However, the authors of the wiki article have expressed some concern over the accuracy of certain entries. The document was taken down until that could be corrected.
But, people started asking that I release a new version with a warning. In response, a new "Beta version" of the document has been uploaded with a very strong warning label up front and improved citations. I make it clear that all the text is based on an evolving wiki page and that some of the cognitive biases in there might be incorrect wiki entries. My hope is that this will continue to get people interested in pitching in to help fix the Cognitive Bias wiki pages. :) When the wiki is in a good place, I will take the document out of Beta, and will remove the warning label.
If you are a cognitive expert, join “Operation Fix The Cognitive Bias Wiki!” Add your suggestion to the conversation here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:List_of_cognitive_biases
Thanks for your interest!
Eric
P.S. . The images have been updated for better remixing and sharing rights. Rather than using permission based images, now all the images are public domain or free non-commercial use by anyone.
This document discusses how ideology affects entrepreneurship in Peru. It argues that collective values prevalent in society can jeopardize entrepreneurship, productivity, and wealth creation. Collective values found in tribal societies like solidarity and social responsibility contrast with individualistic values like private property and competition that are more conducive to an open society with a complex economy. The document analyzes how ideologies influence politics and lawmaking, and how laws intended to enhance reality can instead create conflicts and harm the economy by placing obstacles on individuals' freedom.
The document summarizes Joseph Tainter's theory from his book "The Collapse of Complex Societies" that societies like the Romans, Maya, and inhabitants of Chaco canyon collapsed due to becoming overly complex. Tainter argues that early on, increasing complexity provides marginal benefits to societies, but it eventually reaches a point of diminishing returns where the costs outweigh the benefits. When unexpected stresses occur, highly complex societies lack flexibility and collapse. The document relates this theory to complex modern societies.
The document discusses four sociologists' perspectives on everyday life:
1) Karl Marx saw everyday life as shaped by ideology that obscures social realities and the commodity form.
2) Georg Simmel analyzed everyday interactions and culture in cities and how specialization traps individuals.
3) Georg Lukacs viewed everyday life under capitalism as soulless and reified, requiring socialism for redemption.
4) Walter Benjamin believed everyday life contained emancipatory possibilities in mundane gestures and collective dreams, not just repression by modernity.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Rosaria Conte and Mario Paolucci on social simulation theory and tools. It discusses:
1. Grand challenges facing humanity like contagion, interconnected networks, and technology-driven innovation that require understanding society as it is produced and reproduced.
2. The need for a "fabric of society" theory to understand how social artifacts emerge and influence agents, as well as their potential future properties and impacts. It discusses social constructivism and constructionism.
3. The concept of social alienation, where humans transfer aspects of their autonomy and agency to social and technological artifacts, depriving themselves of aspects of their "human nature." A theory is needed to
The document discusses concepts from Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon and Michel Foucault's analysis of it. It includes 3 paraphrases that describe how the Panopticon creates a sense of permanent visibility and surveillance that causes individuals to monitor and judge themselves unconsciously. It also discusses how the Panopticon spreads as a generalized function of social control beyond the prison system into other institutions like education, medicine, and industry. The Panopticon eliminates darkness and uses visibility as a trap to observe and control inmates while making its own mechanisms of observation ambiguous and unseen.
Modernity and postmodernity are concepts debated by sociologists. Classical theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber analyzed modernity. Durkheim saw modernity weakening morals through organic solidarity. Marx viewed modernity critically due to capitalism's exploitation. Weber noted modernity's "iron cage of rationality." Giddens defined late modernity through capitalism, industrialism, and surveillance. Postmodernists argue society has progressed beyond modernity. Baudrillard believed modernity "ruptured" with society now dominated by media and entertainment. Lyotard rejected metanarratives in favor of localized truths. However, postmodern ideas are criticized for being vague and offering no positive vision for society.
This document contains several sections from Rob Gonsalves discussing the tensions between traditional ways of living and new individualistic tendencies in modern society driven by social media and new technologies. Some of the tensions discussed include the paradox of building identity in a world with more focus on individualism versus community, the emotionalization of culture through constantly sharing emotions online but risking numbness, and having to make faster decisions with less focus on the long term future due to the dominance of the "perpetual present".
La gente produce y consume información de las redes sociales. El contenido de estos mensajes puede ayudar a modelar el comportamiento de una ciudad. Éste modelo puede identificar anormalidades y entonces eventos disruptivos.
Macros are functions that are supplied with Clojure and defined by users. Argument forms are passed as data to the macro function, which returns a new data structure as a replacement for the macro call. Many things that are built-in to other languages are implemented as macros in Clojure.
The document discusses artificial intelligence techniques used in commercial video games. It notes that pathfinding algorithms like A* are still commonly used. For behavior and strategy, games typically use scripting, finite state machines, rule engines, or decision trees to hardcode actions. This results in a lack of flexibility and reasoning. The document suggests that more reusable AI engines based on planning techniques could help, citing examples like GOAP that allow dynamic planning and re-planning to achieve goals. However, such engines still do not support reasoning about why particular actions are taken.
The document discusses normative monitoring, including semantics and implementation. It provides definitions for key concepts like norms, counts-as rules, institutions, and normative monitors. The norm lifecycle and labelled transition system for normative monitors are also defined. The goal is to formally define the semantics and provide a direct translation from norms to rules for implementation in rule-based systems.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The ALIVE project aimed to develop techniques for engineering flexible and adaptive service-oriented applications. It involved designing organizational, coordination, and service models to describe distributed systems. Tools were created to specify coordination patterns and organizational rules to govern service interactions. The goal was to close the gap between theoretical approaches and existing web services technologies by bringing together ideas from coordination technology, organizational theory, and model-driven design.
Las técnicas de IA usadas en los juegos comerciales son en la mayoría de los casos predecibles, rígidas y poco adaptativas, causando una pérdida en el realismo de cara al jugador. En esta charla mostraremos cómo hemos conectado varios juegos (GTA IV, Warcraft 3, y otros) al framework ALIVE, basado en teorías organizacionales. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es dotar al desarrollador de IA para juegos de una metodología y herramientas que permitan modelar escenarios de juego usando estructuras sociales.
This document discusses the ALIVE project, which aims to organize web services to develop dynamic, flexible, distributed systems. It provides an overview of the ALIVE approach, which involves modeling systems at an organizational level, coordination level, and service level. At the organizational level, roles, norms, and objectives are defined. At the coordination level, tasks and plans are allocated to actors. And at the service level, semantic web services are described, matched, and composed. The document presents examples and discusses how the multi-level modeling approach enables adaptation and traceability across levels.
In systems based on organisational specifications a reoccur- ring problem remains to be solved in the disparity between the level of abstractness of the organisational concepts and the concepts used in the implementation. Organisational specifications (deliberately) abstract from general practice, which creates a need to relate the abstract con- cepts used in the specification to concrete ones used in the practice. The prevailing solution for this problem is the use of counts-as statements. However, current implementations of counts-as view the relations ex- pressed in this notion as static ontological classifications, which presents problems in dynamic environments where the meaning of abstract con- cepts can change over time. This limitation has already been solved in complex formal theoretical investigations, but the results of that study are far too complex to make a practical implementation. This paper in- vestigates the limitations of current implementations of counts-as, and proposes a more flexible implementation based on the use of inheritance relations.
The document discusses a project that developed methods for engineering verifiable cross-organizational networked business applications using contracts. The project created a formal contract framework, a contracting language to specify interactions, a contract execution environment for web services, and verification/monitoring tools. It aimed to allow predicting application behavior without full source code access by using contracts to represent obligations between parties.
The document discusses norms and electronic institutions for regulating behavior in distributed systems, particularly for applications in e-contracting environments. It introduces a language for representing norms, discusses how norms can guide the behavior of normative agents, and how electronic institutions can provide safe environments for enforcing norms and coordinating agent interaction through the definition and enforcement of norms. It also discusses how contract-based approaches can provide governance in service-oriented architectures.
This document discusses computational mechanisms for norm enforcement in service-oriented architectures. It introduces concepts like behavior monitoring and enforcement in SOA, and proposes a norm enforcement mechanism. Key topics covered include applying concepts from artificial intelligence research to SOAs, challenges like semantic verification of service behavior and higher-level behavioral control, and how norms and institutions can provide rules to help govern service interactions and reduce risks.
More Related Content
Similar to Social Institutions Dynamic in the Tragedy of the Commons
The document summarizes Joseph Tainter's theory from his book "The Collapse of Complex Societies" that societies like the Romans, Maya, and inhabitants of Chaco canyon collapsed due to becoming overly complex. Tainter argues that early on, increasing complexity provides marginal benefits to societies, but it eventually reaches a point of diminishing returns where the costs outweigh the benefits. When unexpected stresses occur, highly complex societies lack flexibility and collapse. The document relates this theory to complex modern societies.
The document discusses four sociologists' perspectives on everyday life:
1) Karl Marx saw everyday life as shaped by ideology that obscures social realities and the commodity form.
2) Georg Simmel analyzed everyday interactions and culture in cities and how specialization traps individuals.
3) Georg Lukacs viewed everyday life under capitalism as soulless and reified, requiring socialism for redemption.
4) Walter Benjamin believed everyday life contained emancipatory possibilities in mundane gestures and collective dreams, not just repression by modernity.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Rosaria Conte and Mario Paolucci on social simulation theory and tools. It discusses:
1. Grand challenges facing humanity like contagion, interconnected networks, and technology-driven innovation that require understanding society as it is produced and reproduced.
2. The need for a "fabric of society" theory to understand how social artifacts emerge and influence agents, as well as their potential future properties and impacts. It discusses social constructivism and constructionism.
3. The concept of social alienation, where humans transfer aspects of their autonomy and agency to social and technological artifacts, depriving themselves of aspects of their "human nature." A theory is needed to
The document discusses concepts from Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon and Michel Foucault's analysis of it. It includes 3 paraphrases that describe how the Panopticon creates a sense of permanent visibility and surveillance that causes individuals to monitor and judge themselves unconsciously. It also discusses how the Panopticon spreads as a generalized function of social control beyond the prison system into other institutions like education, medicine, and industry. The Panopticon eliminates darkness and uses visibility as a trap to observe and control inmates while making its own mechanisms of observation ambiguous and unseen.
Modernity and postmodernity are concepts debated by sociologists. Classical theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber analyzed modernity. Durkheim saw modernity weakening morals through organic solidarity. Marx viewed modernity critically due to capitalism's exploitation. Weber noted modernity's "iron cage of rationality." Giddens defined late modernity through capitalism, industrialism, and surveillance. Postmodernists argue society has progressed beyond modernity. Baudrillard believed modernity "ruptured" with society now dominated by media and entertainment. Lyotard rejected metanarratives in favor of localized truths. However, postmodern ideas are criticized for being vague and offering no positive vision for society.
This document contains several sections from Rob Gonsalves discussing the tensions between traditional ways of living and new individualistic tendencies in modern society driven by social media and new technologies. Some of the tensions discussed include the paradox of building identity in a world with more focus on individualism versus community, the emotionalization of culture through constantly sharing emotions online but risking numbness, and having to make faster decisions with less focus on the long term future due to the dominance of the "perpetual present".
Similar to Social Institutions Dynamic in the Tragedy of the Commons (6)
La gente produce y consume información de las redes sociales. El contenido de estos mensajes puede ayudar a modelar el comportamiento de una ciudad. Éste modelo puede identificar anormalidades y entonces eventos disruptivos.
Macros are functions that are supplied with Clojure and defined by users. Argument forms are passed as data to the macro function, which returns a new data structure as a replacement for the macro call. Many things that are built-in to other languages are implemented as macros in Clojure.
The document discusses artificial intelligence techniques used in commercial video games. It notes that pathfinding algorithms like A* are still commonly used. For behavior and strategy, games typically use scripting, finite state machines, rule engines, or decision trees to hardcode actions. This results in a lack of flexibility and reasoning. The document suggests that more reusable AI engines based on planning techniques could help, citing examples like GOAP that allow dynamic planning and re-planning to achieve goals. However, such engines still do not support reasoning about why particular actions are taken.
The document discusses normative monitoring, including semantics and implementation. It provides definitions for key concepts like norms, counts-as rules, institutions, and normative monitors. The norm lifecycle and labelled transition system for normative monitors are also defined. The goal is to formally define the semantics and provide a direct translation from norms to rules for implementation in rule-based systems.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The ALIVE project aimed to develop techniques for engineering flexible and adaptive service-oriented applications. It involved designing organizational, coordination, and service models to describe distributed systems. Tools were created to specify coordination patterns and organizational rules to govern service interactions. The goal was to close the gap between theoretical approaches and existing web services technologies by bringing together ideas from coordination technology, organizational theory, and model-driven design.
Las técnicas de IA usadas en los juegos comerciales son en la mayoría de los casos predecibles, rígidas y poco adaptativas, causando una pérdida en el realismo de cara al jugador. En esta charla mostraremos cómo hemos conectado varios juegos (GTA IV, Warcraft 3, y otros) al framework ALIVE, basado en teorías organizacionales. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es dotar al desarrollador de IA para juegos de una metodología y herramientas que permitan modelar escenarios de juego usando estructuras sociales.
This document discusses the ALIVE project, which aims to organize web services to develop dynamic, flexible, distributed systems. It provides an overview of the ALIVE approach, which involves modeling systems at an organizational level, coordination level, and service level. At the organizational level, roles, norms, and objectives are defined. At the coordination level, tasks and plans are allocated to actors. And at the service level, semantic web services are described, matched, and composed. The document presents examples and discusses how the multi-level modeling approach enables adaptation and traceability across levels.
In systems based on organisational specifications a reoccur- ring problem remains to be solved in the disparity between the level of abstractness of the organisational concepts and the concepts used in the implementation. Organisational specifications (deliberately) abstract from general practice, which creates a need to relate the abstract con- cepts used in the specification to concrete ones used in the practice. The prevailing solution for this problem is the use of counts-as statements. However, current implementations of counts-as view the relations ex- pressed in this notion as static ontological classifications, which presents problems in dynamic environments where the meaning of abstract con- cepts can change over time. This limitation has already been solved in complex formal theoretical investigations, but the results of that study are far too complex to make a practical implementation. This paper in- vestigates the limitations of current implementations of counts-as, and proposes a more flexible implementation based on the use of inheritance relations.
The document discusses a project that developed methods for engineering verifiable cross-organizational networked business applications using contracts. The project created a formal contract framework, a contracting language to specify interactions, a contract execution environment for web services, and verification/monitoring tools. It aimed to allow predicting application behavior without full source code access by using contracts to represent obligations between parties.
The document discusses norms and electronic institutions for regulating behavior in distributed systems, particularly for applications in e-contracting environments. It introduces a language for representing norms, discusses how norms can guide the behavior of normative agents, and how electronic institutions can provide safe environments for enforcing norms and coordinating agent interaction through the definition and enforcement of norms. It also discusses how contract-based approaches can provide governance in service-oriented architectures.
This document discusses computational mechanisms for norm enforcement in service-oriented architectures. It introduces concepts like behavior monitoring and enforcement in SOA, and proposes a norm enforcement mechanism. Key topics covered include applying concepts from artificial intelligence research to SOAs, challenges like semantic verification of service behavior and higher-level behavioral control, and how norms and institutions can provide rules to help govern service interactions and reduce risks.
More from Knowledge Engineering and Machine Learning Group (13)
Computational Mechanisms for Norm Enforcement in Service-Oriented Architectures
Social Institutions Dynamic in the Tragedy of the Commons
1. Social Institutions Dynamics in
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
the Tragedy of the Commons
Student: Luis Oliva Felipe
Advisor: Ulises Cortés
loliva@lsi.upc.edu
Thesis proposal, Barcelona, February 2013
https://kemlg.upc.edu
2. Outline
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
Introduction
State of the art
Taxonomy of goods
Collective action
Social dilemmas
Tragedy of the commons
Appropriation and provision
Hypothesis and Proposed models
Summary, Tasks and Publications
2
3. Introduction: What is the Tragedy?
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
Hardin: Each man is locked into a system that compels
him to increase…without limit. …Ruin is the destination…
Open access resource consumed by rational agents
Individual gain and shared cost
Leads to overexploitation and, inexorably, to depletion
G. Hardin “The Tragedy of the Commons“ (1968)
3
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
4. Introduction: old problem
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
“…people give most attention to
their own property, less to what is
communal, or only as much as falls
Individualistic
to them to give. For apart from
Capitalism
anything else, the thought that
Property
someone else is attending to it makes
them neglect it the more.”
Aristotle – Politics
“A state arises, as I conceive, out of
the needs of mankind; no one is Groupal
self-sufficing, but all of us have Communism
many wants.” Sharing
Plato – Republic
4
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
5. Introduction: interesting problem
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
It belongs to the group of social problems
No technical solution
Technical improvements postpone the problem
It can be applied to different domains:
Utilities: water, bandwidth
Food, energy
Pollution
Infrastructure: non-tolled highways/roads, bridges
5
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
6. Outline
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
Introduction
State of the art
Taxonomy of goods
Collective action
Social dilemmas
Tragedy of the commons
Appropriation and provision
Hypothesis and Proposed models
Summary, Tasks and Publications
6
7. A taxonomy of goods
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
Exclusive Non-exclusive
Private good Common good
(Common-pool resources)
Rivalrous
Club good Public good
Non-rivalrous
Rivalry: One‟s consumption diminishes other‟s consumption
Excludability: Ability to prevent others from consuming
P. Samuelson “The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure“ (1954)
7
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
8. A taxonomy of goods: Provision of private good
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
8
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
9. A taxonomy of goods: Provision of public good
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
9
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
10. Collective action
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
Olson: Rational, self-interested individuals will not act to
achieve their common… interest
Good provision in terms of group size and perceptibility
of actions
Small
Medium
Privileged
Intermediate
Latent
Large
To ensure provision:
Coercive mechanisms
Exogenous benefit
M. Olson “The Logic of Collective Action: public goods and the theory of
groups“ (1971)
10
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
11. Social dilemmas
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
Prisoner‟s dilemma:
Rational individual behaviour produces bad
outcomes
Can be perfectly modelled
in Game Theory
Free riding dilemma
Can be modelled in Game
Get the good Theory
But do not pay for it
Other approaches give
Tragedy of the Commons better results
11
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
12. Tragedy of the Commons
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
A metaphor to explain the conflict between
A common good
A set of agents that seek to maximize their own benefit
Ends with the good exhausted because either
• The agents expand their capacity to consume the good…
• The agents‟ population grows…
• …beyond the good renewal capacity
• Usually it is not being managed
G. Hardin “The Tragedy of the Unmanaged Commons“ (1994)
12
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
13. Tragedy of the Commons
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
A common good can be seen as a facility that:
Sustains a stock of resource units which produces a flow of
resources units over time
Which divides the Tragedy into two problems
Appropriation: Allocating the flow of resource
Provision: Maintaining the stock of resource
E. Ostrom, R. Gardner, J. Walker “Rules, games and Common-Pool Resources“
(2006)
13
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
14. Appropriation
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
The problem lies on
the flow
Excluding potential
beneficiaries
Allocating the
subtractable flow
14
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
15. Provision
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
The problem lies on
the stock
Creating, maintaining
a resource
Improving production
capabilities
Avoiding the
destruction of the
resource
15
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
16. Outline
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
Introduction
State of the art
Taxonomy of goods
Collective action
Social dilemmas
Tragedy of the commons
Appropriation and provision
Hypothesis and Proposed models
Summary, Tasks and Publications
16
17. Hypothesis
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
We consider a world with two kinds of agents:
Individualistic, selfish agents
Communal, altruistic agents
Being selfish
Does not mean not having/caring about group interests
Individual interests are more valued
Being communal
Does not mean not having personal interests
Group interests are more valued
17
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
18. Proposed models
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
Plato (Republic, 462b-c) argued that collective ownership
was necessary to promote common pursuit of the
common interest, and to avoid the social divisiveness that
would occur „when some grieve exceedingly and others rejoice
at the same happenings.‟
Aristotle responded by arguing that private ownership
promotes virtues like prudence and responsibility:
„[W]hen everyone has a distinct interest, men will not complain
of one another, and they will make more progress, because
every one will be attending to his own business‟
(Aristotle, Politics, 1263a).
18
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
19. Proposed models
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
Aristotelian agents Platonic agents
Capitalistic/rational Polis – focused on
agents communal good
They only care on Traders
appropriating according Warriors
to their own benefit Philosophers
Individualism Protocommunism:
Communal ownership
Private property
Equality
Deemphasis on material
wealth
Utopian society
19
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
20. Hypothesis
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
1. A set of agents with Platonic behavioural traits, can
work together and exhibit a certain group behaviour
that is optimal in terms of provision or conservation of
resources
2. A set of agents with Aristotelian behavioural traits, can
work together and exhibit a certain group behaviour
that is optimal in terms of appropriation or exploitation
of resources
20
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
21. Proposed models
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
A model composed of
MAS approach: To run social simulations
Provenance-aware monitoring: To capture actions
Complex networks: To represent social interaction
To analyse similar scenarios
Behavioural patterns
Norm or structural changes to avoid the Tragedy
Network structures
21
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
22. Multi-agent system
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
Deontic norms to guide agents‟ behaviour
Allows studying norms dynamics
Close to human written norms (expressivity)
An agent acts according to
• What happens in the system,
• Social norms,
• Its personality
J. Vázquez-Salceda “The Role of Norms and Electronic Institutions in Multi-
Agent Systems: The HARMONIA Framework“ (2004)
22
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
23. Bounded rationality
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
Game theory has significant drawbacks
It does not allow changing norms while “in game”
Resource managers are, somehow, out of the system
Bounded rationality
Humans have limited knowledge
Agents look for a suitable solution, not an optimal
Multi-goal
A. Newell “The Knowledge Level“ (1981)
23
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
24. Provenance-aware monitoring
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
Stores events and agents‟ actions
Graph-based: nodes-events | edges-causal
relations
Retrodiction analysis:
What has produced the current situation
Detection of what should be prevented/promoted
wrt. norms
J. Vázquez-Salceda, S. Álvarez-Napagao. "Using SOA Provenance to Implement
Norm Enforcement in e-Institutions“ (2008)
24
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
25. Causal models
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
Actors communicate the
action and what caused it
Causal models describe
the preorder of actions
Used as a blueprint to
detect causal patterns in
the provenance
S. Miles, P. Groth, S. Munroe, S. Jiang, T. Assandri, L. Moreau. “Extracting causal
graphs from an open provenance data model“ (2008)
25
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
26. Complex networks analysis
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
Analysis of the agents‟ social structures
How social structures
influence
Stability
Behaviour spreadness
Emphasis on mesolevel (communities)
D. Villatoro “Social norms for self-policing multi-agent systems and virtual
societies“ (2011)
26
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
27. Example
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
If (#cowsInPrairie ≥ 8) →
O(retain_less_than(#Cows/#Cowboys))
27
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
28. Example
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
I
I
If (#cowsInPrairie ≥ 8) →
O(retain_less_than(#Cows/#Cowboys))
28
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
29. Example
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
II
If (#cowsInPrairie ≥ 8) → III
O(retain_less_than(#Cows/#Cowboys))
29
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
30. Example
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
IV
If (#cowsInPrairie ≥ 8) →
O(retain_less_than(#Cows/#Cowboys))
30
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
31. Example
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
If (#cowsInPrairie ≥ 8) → V
O(retain_less_than(#Cows/#Cowboys))
31
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
32. Outline
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
Introduction
State of the art
Taxonomy of goods
Collective action
Social dilemmas
Tragedy of the commons
Appropriation and provision
Hypothesis and Proposed model
Summary, Tasks and Publications
32
33. Summary: Relevance to AI
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
Use of provenance-aware and network analysis (as a
supportive/auxiliary tool) to further agents‟ dynamic
research
Two opposite philosophical approaches to manage a
common good
Study emergent behaviour to self-organised institutional
arrangements
Can be applied to different domains:
river basins
smart cities
virtual goods
33
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
34. Tasks/Gantt diagram
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
34
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
35. Publications
Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
1. L. Oliva, S. Álvarez-Napagao, J. Vázquez-Salceda. “Towards a framework for the
analysis of regulative norm performance in complex networks”
2. I. Gómez-Sebastià, S. Álvarez-Napagao, J. Vázquez-Salceda, L. Oliva. “Towards
runtime support for norm change from a monitoring perspective”
• 1st International Conference on Agreement Technologies, 15th-16th October
2012, Dubrovnik, Croatia
3. S. Álvarez-Napagao, I. Gómez-Sebastià , S. Panagiotidi, A. Tejeda, L. Oliva, J.
Vázquez-Salceda. “Socially-aware emergent narrative”
• AEGS 2011: AAMAS-2011 Workshop on the uses of Agents for Education,
Games and Simulations 2 May 2011, Taipai, Taiwan
4. L. Ceccaroni, L. Oliva. “Ontologies for the Design of Ecosystems”
• Chapter book in Universal Ontology of Geographic Space: Semantic Enrichment
for Spatial Data. Ed. Tomaž Podobnikar and Marjan Čeh. Hershey: IGI Global,
2012. 207-28. Print.
35
Introduction | State of the Art | Hypothesis & Proposed Models | Summary, Tasks & Publications
36. Social Institutions Dynamics in the Tragedy of the Commons
Luis Oliva Felipe
(loliva@lsi.upc.edu)
https://kemlg.upc.edu
36