Sibelius was a Finnish composer who lived during a time when Finland was under Russian rule. Through his compositions inspired by the Finnish national epic Kalevala, he was able to capture the spirit of Finland and forge a new Finnish identity, giving his people impetus to rise up against their oppression. While his music expressed nationalist sentiments and was interpreted as protesting Finnish subjugation, he was not suppressed by the Russian government, likely because Finland was seen as a small cultural backwater and not its own sovereign nation. Sibelius' music came to represent Finland and he was widely acclaimed as a national hero, though he composed freely without being an official or manipulated state composer.
This document discusses the era of Tsarist Russian rule over Poland and Finland from several perspectives:
- Poland and Finland both lost independence but took different paths - Poland embraced nationalism while Finland pursued compromise. Both established constitutions as models for reform in Russia.
- As autonomous states in the Russian Empire, Poland had more rights like its own army but uprisings led to crackdowns, while Finland retained autonomy through cooperation despite participating in suppressing Polish revolts.
- Cultural interactions increased over time but national stereotypes differed - Poles saw Finland as loyal while Finns saw Poles as rebellious. Both gained independence after World War 1 but relations were briefly cooperative before diverging again.
Vladimir Kaye-Kysilewskyj in Europe, Canada, and BritainThomas M. Prymak
This article is a brief description of the life and work of a major forerunner of Multiculturalism in Canada. Of Ukrainian background from Poland, he fought for recognition of the Ukrainian nationality in Europe and for national and ethnic tolerance in Canada. He was especially important in Canada during the Second World War, where he helped to protect vulnerable ethnic groups from the negative effects of wartime hysteria. And during the postwar period, he did much academic research about such groups, especially the Ukrainians.
Nicholas II was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1894 until his forced abdication in 1917. Under his rule, Russia was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War and suffered heavy losses in World War I, contributing to unrest and his overthrow. Nicholas and his family were imprisoned after the Russian Revolution and eventually killed by Bolsheviks in 1918.
J.B. Rudnyckyj was a Ukrainian linguist who immigrated to Canada after World War 2 and had a significant impact on both academia and politics. He founded the Slavic Studies department at the University of Manitoba and advocated for the recognition of non-British and non-French ethnic groups in Canada. This led to the adoption of official multiculturalism in Canada. Rudnyckyj made valuable contributions to the study of Ukrainian language and folklore in Canada through his research and teaching. He played a key role in the establishment of Ukrainian Canadian studies as an academic field.
VOLTAIRE ON MAZEPA AND EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY UKRAINEThomas M. Prymak
Voltaire discussed Ukraine and its ruler Ivan Mazepa in two of his historical works. In his 1731 history of Charles XII of Sweden, he described how Charles turned to Ukraine for supplies after defeats in Poland, hoping for an alliance with Mazepa against Russia. Voltaire portrayed Ukraine as aspiring to freedom but forced to seek protection from Poland, Turkey, or Russia, and having its autonomy reduced over time. In his 1761 history of Peter the Great's Russian Empire, Voltaire focused more on Peter's reforms but still mentioned Mazepa's revolt against Russian rule. His treatment of Ukraine and Mazepa differed in emphasis between the two works due to their different subjects and time periods.
Ignacy Jan Paderewski was a Polish composer, pianist, diplomat, and politician who served as the Prime Minister of Poland in 1919. He was born in 1860 in Poland and showed early musical talent, learning piano on his own from a young age. As a pianist, he had great success performing around the world, including for Queen Victoria in London. In addition to his musical career, Paderewski became involved in Polish independence efforts during World War I and helped establish Poland as an independent nation after the war. He served briefly as Poland's Prime Minister in 1919 before retiring from politics to focus on his musical career and compositions again. Paderewski died in 1941 in
This illustrated article describes the history of Ukrainian Studies in North America during the Cold War and after. It's major thesis is that the popularity of multiculturalism in Canada led to a different tone to Ukrainian Studies in that country as opposed to the United States. Major institutions such as the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute and the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies are compared and contrasted and the careers of many important scholars are discussed.
This document provides a summary of Thomas Prymak's visit to the Oseredok Ukrainian Museum and Library in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Some key points:
- Prymak, a Ukrainian Canadian scholar, was familiar with Oseredok's collection from previous research and was eager to revisit.
- At the library, he discovered many rare titles including early 20th century editions of Shevchenko and Franko's works. He also found books on Ukrainian history and literature that were difficult to access elsewhere.
- Prymak met with local scholars including a filmmaker working on a documentary about Ukrainian Canadians in World War 2.
- He learned that the library was considering reducing its space and
This document discusses the era of Tsarist Russian rule over Poland and Finland from several perspectives:
- Poland and Finland both lost independence but took different paths - Poland embraced nationalism while Finland pursued compromise. Both established constitutions as models for reform in Russia.
- As autonomous states in the Russian Empire, Poland had more rights like its own army but uprisings led to crackdowns, while Finland retained autonomy through cooperation despite participating in suppressing Polish revolts.
- Cultural interactions increased over time but national stereotypes differed - Poles saw Finland as loyal while Finns saw Poles as rebellious. Both gained independence after World War 1 but relations were briefly cooperative before diverging again.
Vladimir Kaye-Kysilewskyj in Europe, Canada, and BritainThomas M. Prymak
This article is a brief description of the life and work of a major forerunner of Multiculturalism in Canada. Of Ukrainian background from Poland, he fought for recognition of the Ukrainian nationality in Europe and for national and ethnic tolerance in Canada. He was especially important in Canada during the Second World War, where he helped to protect vulnerable ethnic groups from the negative effects of wartime hysteria. And during the postwar period, he did much academic research about such groups, especially the Ukrainians.
Nicholas II was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1894 until his forced abdication in 1917. Under his rule, Russia was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War and suffered heavy losses in World War I, contributing to unrest and his overthrow. Nicholas and his family were imprisoned after the Russian Revolution and eventually killed by Bolsheviks in 1918.
J.B. Rudnyckyj was a Ukrainian linguist who immigrated to Canada after World War 2 and had a significant impact on both academia and politics. He founded the Slavic Studies department at the University of Manitoba and advocated for the recognition of non-British and non-French ethnic groups in Canada. This led to the adoption of official multiculturalism in Canada. Rudnyckyj made valuable contributions to the study of Ukrainian language and folklore in Canada through his research and teaching. He played a key role in the establishment of Ukrainian Canadian studies as an academic field.
VOLTAIRE ON MAZEPA AND EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY UKRAINEThomas M. Prymak
Voltaire discussed Ukraine and its ruler Ivan Mazepa in two of his historical works. In his 1731 history of Charles XII of Sweden, he described how Charles turned to Ukraine for supplies after defeats in Poland, hoping for an alliance with Mazepa against Russia. Voltaire portrayed Ukraine as aspiring to freedom but forced to seek protection from Poland, Turkey, or Russia, and having its autonomy reduced over time. In his 1761 history of Peter the Great's Russian Empire, Voltaire focused more on Peter's reforms but still mentioned Mazepa's revolt against Russian rule. His treatment of Ukraine and Mazepa differed in emphasis between the two works due to their different subjects and time periods.
Ignacy Jan Paderewski was a Polish composer, pianist, diplomat, and politician who served as the Prime Minister of Poland in 1919. He was born in 1860 in Poland and showed early musical talent, learning piano on his own from a young age. As a pianist, he had great success performing around the world, including for Queen Victoria in London. In addition to his musical career, Paderewski became involved in Polish independence efforts during World War I and helped establish Poland as an independent nation after the war. He served briefly as Poland's Prime Minister in 1919 before retiring from politics to focus on his musical career and compositions again. Paderewski died in 1941 in
This illustrated article describes the history of Ukrainian Studies in North America during the Cold War and after. It's major thesis is that the popularity of multiculturalism in Canada led to a different tone to Ukrainian Studies in that country as opposed to the United States. Major institutions such as the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute and the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies are compared and contrasted and the careers of many important scholars are discussed.
This document provides a summary of Thomas Prymak's visit to the Oseredok Ukrainian Museum and Library in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Some key points:
- Prymak, a Ukrainian Canadian scholar, was familiar with Oseredok's collection from previous research and was eager to revisit.
- At the library, he discovered many rare titles including early 20th century editions of Shevchenko and Franko's works. He also found books on Ukrainian history and literature that were difficult to access elsewhere.
- Prymak met with local scholars including a filmmaker working on a documentary about Ukrainian Canadians in World War 2.
- He learned that the library was considering reducing its space and
Bona Sforza was born in 1494 in Italy and married Polish King Sigismund I in 1518. She played an important political and economic role in Poland, bringing Italian influences like architecture, art, and cuisine. She had five daughters with Sigismund but her son Albert died as an infant. Bona died in 1557.
Nikifor Krynicki was a Polish naïve painter born in 1895 into poverty. He was largely self-taught and painted on scraps of paper, finding recognition later in life. He is renowned for his primitive style and depictions of his hometown Krynica.
Janusz Korczak was a Polish-Jewish pediatrician and author known
Poland and Hungary share several historical connections through dynasties that ruled both kingdoms. The Piast dynasty saw Elizabeth of Poland marry Charles I of Hungary in the 14th century. Later dynasties also included the Jagiellonian dynasty and Angevin dynasty. Figures like Józef Bem fought for both Polish and Hungarian independence. Cultural influences crossed borders as well, seen in clothing, weapons, and shared proverbs about the friendship between the Polish and Hungarian people.
The document provides a history of Poland, covering major periods and events such as the formation of the first Polish state in the 10th century, key battles and wars throughout Polish history including World War I and II, periods of occupation and communism under Soviet rule, and the formation of modern democratic Poland in the late 20th century. Major figures and achievements are also highlighted, such as key kings, historians who chronicled Polish history, military leaders, Polish Nobel laureates, and presidents of the third Polish Republic.
The documents provide biographies of several important historical figures from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Eleanor Roosevelt was one of the most outspoken First Ladies and advocated for human rights. Franklin D. Roosevelt led the US through the Great Depression and WWII as president. John Steinbeck wrote The Grapes of Wrath and won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Dorothea Lange photographed migrant workers during the Great Depression. Louis Armstrong was a pioneering jazz musician who recorded many influential songs.
This document provides brief biographies of several influential Americans from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It describes Eleanor Roosevelt as one of the most outspoken First Ladies, and Franklin D. Roosevelt as the only US President elected to four terms who led the country through the Great Depression and WWII. John Steinbeck is mentioned for his Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Grapes of Wrath. Dorothea Lange and her photographs documenting the Great Depression are also summarized.
- Orest Subtelny was a historian who specialized in Ukrainian history. He studied under Omeljan Pritsak at Harvard, who focused on Central Asian history, but Subtelny was more interested in Ukraine.
- Subtelny's early works focused on Ukrainian Cossack history and sources, revealing his interest in Ukrainian national history rather than Pritsak's "territorial" views. These works were published by Ukrainian American institutions.
- Subtelny emerged as a master of multiple European languages in his writing and translations, which was unusual for American scholars at the time. He brought attention to understudied historical sources about Ukraine.
Painting and Politics in the Vatican Museum: Jan Matejko's "Sobieski at Vien...Thomas M. Prymak
On the Polish painter, Jan Matejko, and how one of his most important paintings came to be housed in the Vatican Museum. Much attention is paid to Matejko’s religious beliefs, his views on Ukrainians/Ruthenians, and how, in contrast to most Polish observers, he considered Sobieski to have been Poland’s ideal “Ruthenian king.” Matejko was a strong supporter of the Eastern Rite Catholic churches, especially the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church. And Sobieski was a deeply religious king and defender of Christendom from the Turks.
Monk was born in 1917 in North Carolina and spent most of his life in New York City. As his health declined in his later years, Monk lived with patron Pannonica de Koenigswarter in New Jersey, rarely playing piano or speaking to visitors. He died of a stroke in 1982 at age 64 and was buried in New York. Monk was an influential jazz composer and pianist known for his humorous and playful music, with many of his compositions becoming jazz standards.
The document provides an overview of what Finnish history textbooks teach about neighboring countries such as the Baltic states, Sweden, Poland, Russia and the Soviet Union. It discusses the coverage of these countries' histories from before the 20th century through the 20th century and modern day. For the Baltic states, textbooks stress Finland's close connections to them and their difficult geopolitical positions. Sweden is portrayed positively and as influencing Finland's development. Coverage of Poland focuses on its independence and role in world wars. Russia and the Soviet Union are discussed in depth in relation to Finland and the rest of the world.
1) Bulgarian literature dates back to the 9th century with the creation of the Cyrillic alphabet and includes important works from the Middle Ages when Bulgaria was a center of literary activity.
2) The Bulgarian National Revival in the 18th-19th centuries produced nationalist works that helped spur revolution against Ottoman rule.
3) Modern Bulgarian literature flourished in the late 19th century and was influenced by symbolism and other European movements between the World Wars before falling under communist control after World War II.
Samples pages of a title that I performed the layout and design on. Published by the University of North Texas Press.
Contact me through my LinkedIn profile at https://www.linkedin.com/in/joeparenteau1
Finland gained independence in 1917 after a civil war between the Reds and Whites. In the Winter War of 1939-1940, Finland fought against a Soviet invasion but lost territory. After World War II, Finland had to make additional land concessions to the Soviet Union in peace treaties. Finland adopted Nordic policies like a strong welfare state and was the last Nordic country to join the EU in 1995. Today Finland is known for innovation, technology, and startups.
An investigation into the provenance and history of one of the most popular stories of medieval Europe, which had its origins in the life of the Buddha, as recounted in Buddhist literature. The paper details its transmission through various languages and religions from India to the Iranians of Central Asia, to Abbasid Baghdad, Georgia, Greece and Palestine, to Eastern and Western Europe. The religions include Buddhism, Manichaeanism, Shia Islam, Judaism, and Eastern and Western Christianity. The author argues that the tale is an early expression of values that today can be considered ecumenical and interfaith in scope.
We live in Golub-Dobrzyń, a town in central Poland located on both sides of the Drwęca River. Poland is officially called the Republic of Poland and is located in Central Europe, bordering Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Baltic Sea, Russia and Lithuania. Some key facts about Poland include its population of over 38.5 million, national colors of white and red, and coat of arms featuring a white eagle.
The document summarizes key events of the Patriotic War of 1812 between Russia and Napoleon's army. It describes Napoleon's large army of over 600,000 troops invading Russia in June 1812, outnumbering the Russian army. It outlines several major battles, including Borodino in August where both sides suffered heavy losses. In September, Napoleon took Moscow but it was abandoned and burned by Russian forces. Napoleon was then forced to retreat from Russia in October due to the harsh winter, guerilla attacks, and continued resistance by the Russian army under Kutuzov, resulting in the near destruction of Napoleon's Grande Armée and ending the war.
This document provides an overview of Irish folk music, including its origins in Ireland and evolution as Irish immigrants brought it to America. It discusses traditional Irish instruments, dances like the reel and jig, and ballads. It also covers how Irish folk music was later influenced by the American folk revival and punk movements. The summary concludes by noting how Irish folk traditions continue on in modern artists and have profoundly shaped American music over time.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: RUSSIAN TERROR TRADITION BEFORE STALIN - TSARS AND LENINGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: RUSSIAN TERROR TRADITION BEFORE STALIN - TSARS AND LENIN. Contains: last 2 czars, Alexander the third, nationalism, autocracy, russification, bloody Sunday, Lenin, Red Terror.
The document summarizes the events that led to the downfall of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and the Romanov dynasty. It explains that Nicholas was a weak ruler who was heavily influenced by his wife Alexandra and her cousin Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany. Wilhelm's advice to engage in war with Japan resulted in a devastating defeat for Russia. During World War I, Russia did poorly and Nicholas left governance to his wife Alexandra, who made poor decisions with her advisor Rasputin. This caused widespread famine and unrest, leading to the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the overthrow of Nicholas's rule. While the deaths of Nicholas and Alexandra may have been justified due to their failures, the deaths of their children were unjustified
This document provides a summary of the life of Fritz "Friedel" Sondheimer, a Jewish man who was born in Germany in 1903. He struggled academically as a youth but found purpose and acceptance when he joined the Rhön Bruderhof Christian commune in 1930. Though Jewish, he fully converted and committed himself to the commune. As the Nazis rose to power, Friedel loyally stayed with the commune as they were forced to flee Germany, eventually settling in Paraguay. Friedel worked hard for the commune for decades, having a special gift with horses, until his death. The document traces Friedel's journey from an underperforming student in Germany to a devoted, lifelong member
1) The document discusses the difficulties in accurately summarizing the life and works of Josquin des Prez due to a lack of clear historical records and the tendency of contemporaries to embellish or misattribute works.
2) While the chanson Mille Regretz displays some stylistic elements common in Josquin's work like motivic writing, there is no definitive proof that he composed it given that contemporaries frequently edited, rearranged, and misattributed pieces.
3) Comparing Mille Regretz to Josquin's motet Ave Maria virgo serena allows for some plausible stylistic comparisons to be made between the two works, but overall the document maintains skepticism around attributing Mille
Bona Sforza was born in 1494 in Italy and married Polish King Sigismund I in 1518. She played an important political and economic role in Poland, bringing Italian influences like architecture, art, and cuisine. She had five daughters with Sigismund but her son Albert died as an infant. Bona died in 1557.
Nikifor Krynicki was a Polish naïve painter born in 1895 into poverty. He was largely self-taught and painted on scraps of paper, finding recognition later in life. He is renowned for his primitive style and depictions of his hometown Krynica.
Janusz Korczak was a Polish-Jewish pediatrician and author known
Poland and Hungary share several historical connections through dynasties that ruled both kingdoms. The Piast dynasty saw Elizabeth of Poland marry Charles I of Hungary in the 14th century. Later dynasties also included the Jagiellonian dynasty and Angevin dynasty. Figures like Józef Bem fought for both Polish and Hungarian independence. Cultural influences crossed borders as well, seen in clothing, weapons, and shared proverbs about the friendship between the Polish and Hungarian people.
The document provides a history of Poland, covering major periods and events such as the formation of the first Polish state in the 10th century, key battles and wars throughout Polish history including World War I and II, periods of occupation and communism under Soviet rule, and the formation of modern democratic Poland in the late 20th century. Major figures and achievements are also highlighted, such as key kings, historians who chronicled Polish history, military leaders, Polish Nobel laureates, and presidents of the third Polish Republic.
The documents provide biographies of several important historical figures from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Eleanor Roosevelt was one of the most outspoken First Ladies and advocated for human rights. Franklin D. Roosevelt led the US through the Great Depression and WWII as president. John Steinbeck wrote The Grapes of Wrath and won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Dorothea Lange photographed migrant workers during the Great Depression. Louis Armstrong was a pioneering jazz musician who recorded many influential songs.
This document provides brief biographies of several influential Americans from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It describes Eleanor Roosevelt as one of the most outspoken First Ladies, and Franklin D. Roosevelt as the only US President elected to four terms who led the country through the Great Depression and WWII. John Steinbeck is mentioned for his Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Grapes of Wrath. Dorothea Lange and her photographs documenting the Great Depression are also summarized.
- Orest Subtelny was a historian who specialized in Ukrainian history. He studied under Omeljan Pritsak at Harvard, who focused on Central Asian history, but Subtelny was more interested in Ukraine.
- Subtelny's early works focused on Ukrainian Cossack history and sources, revealing his interest in Ukrainian national history rather than Pritsak's "territorial" views. These works were published by Ukrainian American institutions.
- Subtelny emerged as a master of multiple European languages in his writing and translations, which was unusual for American scholars at the time. He brought attention to understudied historical sources about Ukraine.
Painting and Politics in the Vatican Museum: Jan Matejko's "Sobieski at Vien...Thomas M. Prymak
On the Polish painter, Jan Matejko, and how one of his most important paintings came to be housed in the Vatican Museum. Much attention is paid to Matejko’s religious beliefs, his views on Ukrainians/Ruthenians, and how, in contrast to most Polish observers, he considered Sobieski to have been Poland’s ideal “Ruthenian king.” Matejko was a strong supporter of the Eastern Rite Catholic churches, especially the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church. And Sobieski was a deeply religious king and defender of Christendom from the Turks.
Monk was born in 1917 in North Carolina and spent most of his life in New York City. As his health declined in his later years, Monk lived with patron Pannonica de Koenigswarter in New Jersey, rarely playing piano or speaking to visitors. He died of a stroke in 1982 at age 64 and was buried in New York. Monk was an influential jazz composer and pianist known for his humorous and playful music, with many of his compositions becoming jazz standards.
The document provides an overview of what Finnish history textbooks teach about neighboring countries such as the Baltic states, Sweden, Poland, Russia and the Soviet Union. It discusses the coverage of these countries' histories from before the 20th century through the 20th century and modern day. For the Baltic states, textbooks stress Finland's close connections to them and their difficult geopolitical positions. Sweden is portrayed positively and as influencing Finland's development. Coverage of Poland focuses on its independence and role in world wars. Russia and the Soviet Union are discussed in depth in relation to Finland and the rest of the world.
1) Bulgarian literature dates back to the 9th century with the creation of the Cyrillic alphabet and includes important works from the Middle Ages when Bulgaria was a center of literary activity.
2) The Bulgarian National Revival in the 18th-19th centuries produced nationalist works that helped spur revolution against Ottoman rule.
3) Modern Bulgarian literature flourished in the late 19th century and was influenced by symbolism and other European movements between the World Wars before falling under communist control after World War II.
Samples pages of a title that I performed the layout and design on. Published by the University of North Texas Press.
Contact me through my LinkedIn profile at https://www.linkedin.com/in/joeparenteau1
Finland gained independence in 1917 after a civil war between the Reds and Whites. In the Winter War of 1939-1940, Finland fought against a Soviet invasion but lost territory. After World War II, Finland had to make additional land concessions to the Soviet Union in peace treaties. Finland adopted Nordic policies like a strong welfare state and was the last Nordic country to join the EU in 1995. Today Finland is known for innovation, technology, and startups.
An investigation into the provenance and history of one of the most popular stories of medieval Europe, which had its origins in the life of the Buddha, as recounted in Buddhist literature. The paper details its transmission through various languages and religions from India to the Iranians of Central Asia, to Abbasid Baghdad, Georgia, Greece and Palestine, to Eastern and Western Europe. The religions include Buddhism, Manichaeanism, Shia Islam, Judaism, and Eastern and Western Christianity. The author argues that the tale is an early expression of values that today can be considered ecumenical and interfaith in scope.
We live in Golub-Dobrzyń, a town in central Poland located on both sides of the Drwęca River. Poland is officially called the Republic of Poland and is located in Central Europe, bordering Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Baltic Sea, Russia and Lithuania. Some key facts about Poland include its population of over 38.5 million, national colors of white and red, and coat of arms featuring a white eagle.
The document summarizes key events of the Patriotic War of 1812 between Russia and Napoleon's army. It describes Napoleon's large army of over 600,000 troops invading Russia in June 1812, outnumbering the Russian army. It outlines several major battles, including Borodino in August where both sides suffered heavy losses. In September, Napoleon took Moscow but it was abandoned and burned by Russian forces. Napoleon was then forced to retreat from Russia in October due to the harsh winter, guerilla attacks, and continued resistance by the Russian army under Kutuzov, resulting in the near destruction of Napoleon's Grande Armée and ending the war.
This document provides an overview of Irish folk music, including its origins in Ireland and evolution as Irish immigrants brought it to America. It discusses traditional Irish instruments, dances like the reel and jig, and ballads. It also covers how Irish folk music was later influenced by the American folk revival and punk movements. The summary concludes by noting how Irish folk traditions continue on in modern artists and have profoundly shaped American music over time.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: RUSSIAN TERROR TRADITION BEFORE STALIN - TSARS AND LENINGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: RUSSIAN TERROR TRADITION BEFORE STALIN - TSARS AND LENIN. Contains: last 2 czars, Alexander the third, nationalism, autocracy, russification, bloody Sunday, Lenin, Red Terror.
The document summarizes the events that led to the downfall of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and the Romanov dynasty. It explains that Nicholas was a weak ruler who was heavily influenced by his wife Alexandra and her cousin Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany. Wilhelm's advice to engage in war with Japan resulted in a devastating defeat for Russia. During World War I, Russia did poorly and Nicholas left governance to his wife Alexandra, who made poor decisions with her advisor Rasputin. This caused widespread famine and unrest, leading to the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the overthrow of Nicholas's rule. While the deaths of Nicholas and Alexandra may have been justified due to their failures, the deaths of their children were unjustified
This document provides a summary of the life of Fritz "Friedel" Sondheimer, a Jewish man who was born in Germany in 1903. He struggled academically as a youth but found purpose and acceptance when he joined the Rhön Bruderhof Christian commune in 1930. Though Jewish, he fully converted and committed himself to the commune. As the Nazis rose to power, Friedel loyally stayed with the commune as they were forced to flee Germany, eventually settling in Paraguay. Friedel worked hard for the commune for decades, having a special gift with horses, until his death. The document traces Friedel's journey from an underperforming student in Germany to a devoted, lifelong member
1) The document discusses the difficulties in accurately summarizing the life and works of Josquin des Prez due to a lack of clear historical records and the tendency of contemporaries to embellish or misattribute works.
2) While the chanson Mille Regretz displays some stylistic elements common in Josquin's work like motivic writing, there is no definitive proof that he composed it given that contemporaries frequently edited, rearranged, and misattributed pieces.
3) Comparing Mille Regretz to Josquin's motet Ave Maria virgo serena allows for some plausible stylistic comparisons to be made between the two works, but overall the document maintains skepticism around attributing Mille
The document outlines the services provided by All Care Family Services, a community service provider. It details the organization's core values of providing high quality, culturally competent services with dignity and respect. Services include intensive in-home services for youth and adults such as therapy, case management, and crisis intervention. Eligibility requires a history of prior interventions and inability to function. The goals are to provide structured treatment, build family stability, and support clients through case management with various agencies. Staff include counselors, medical and mental health professionals who provide services such as assessments, case management, and crisis intervention.
Замацаваць погляд на стварэньне, як на Божую справу. Узбудіць інтарэс да вывучэньня сусвету. Даць агульную карціну сьвету.
БОГ ТВОРЦА; ШЭСЬЦЬ ДЗЁН СТВАРЭНЬНЯ; МАКРА, МЕГА І МІКРА СЬВЕТ; ЖЫВАЯ І НЕЖЫВАЯ ПРЫРОДА; ТЭОРЫЯ ВЫБУХУ І ЭВАЛЮЦЫІ.
Падрыхтвала Стункус Аглая
This document provides an overview of Tuvan throat singing and the culture it comes from. It discusses how throat singing originated as an imitation of natural sounds according to Tuvan animist beliefs. Throat singers are able to produce low bass notes and high melodic tones simultaneously through vocal fold and oral cavity manipulation. They avoid certain notes to create a pentatonic scale preferred in Tuvan music. The vocal folds act as the sound source while the oral cavity filters and amplifies certain harmonics and formants to generate distinctive melodies over a drone pitch. Throat singing is an oral tradition that expresses aspects of Tuvan spirituality and culture.
Cash payment represents 85% of global retail transactions . Recent surveys have indicated that retailers still face challenges with cash loss levels, which is estimated to cost the industry $123.4 Billion a year. Volumatic provide a range of intelligent cash handling solutions, to reduce shrinkage, enhance security and deliver process efficiencies.
Bola basket diciptakan pada tahun 1891 oleh Dr. James Naismith sebagai permainan ruang tertutup untuk mengisi waktu siswa selama musim dingin, dan sejak itu menjadi olahraga tim yang populer di seluruh dunia yang dimainkan antara dua tim dengan mencetak poin dengan memasukkan bola ke ring lawan.
Презентація «Робота над науково – методичною проблемою – підґрунтя розвитку професіоналізму педагога»
Заступник директора школи
з навчально – виховної роботи
А. В. Романів
Mangal Dev has over 4 years of experience working with job scheduling tools like Redwood Cronacle, Control M, and Cisco Tidal across UNIX, Linux, Windows, and PeopleSoft platforms. He has experience establishing new projects, performing migrations, testing jobs, troubleshooting failures, and providing training. He also has experience in mainframe technologies, messaging queues, data center monitoring tools, and business analysis.
Installing, configuring and documenting operating systems and applications using OS.
Configuring Active Directory, User, Computer, Group and GPO (2003, 2008, and 2012).
Upgrading Windows Server from 2003 R2 to 2008 R2, 2012 R2.
Manage and maintain Windows server Update Services (WSUS)
Manage and maintain DNS and DHCP
Managing all users Profiles of the file server permissions and Shared printers
permissions.
Design plan and create backup apply it using NT backup windows, VERITAS 9,
Symantec Backup Exec 2012.
Implementing and configuring Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 (HUB – CAS – Mailbox).
Implementing basic infrastructure change and recommend system use design change.
Manage and maintain ESA (E-mail security applies Cisco Ironport C170)
Manage, maintain and Create group policy Cisco Firewalls Implementation apply
Manage, maintain and Configure HP Easy storage 1430 (NAS).
Preparation and maintaining documentation of technologies, standards and procedures.
Installation anti-virus (MacAfee, Symantec Endpoint).
Manage IP Telephone (AVAYA SYSTEM)
The final product of the comenius partnership the guidebook for youngstersFilip Buček
This document provides information about several European countries including Finland, Hungary, Spain, Slovakia and Poland. It discusses their geography, history, culture and education systems. In chapter 1, it gives basic facts about each country's location, population, languages, flags, anthems, famous historical figures and places of interest. Chapter 2 focuses on the tertiary education systems in the partner countries. Chapter 3 examines unemployment issues in Europe and Poland. Chapter 4 provides guidance on business etiquette in Spain. The following chapters discuss disability issues, first aid, and the author's Comenius experience.
Nationalism in 19th century European music refers to composers using musical elements from their home countries, such as folk songs and dances, in their classical compositions to develop a national style. Examples include Franz Liszt developing a Hungarian national style through his Hungarian Rhapsodies, and The Mighty Handful group of Russian composers led by Mily Balakirev who sought to compose music based on Russian folk and religious music. Other nationalistic 19th century composers mentioned are Jean Sibelius of Finland who used Finnish legends, and Antonin Dvorak of Bohemia who incorporated Bohemian folk music into his symphonies.
Phillis Wheatley was a slave who was purchased in Boston in 1761 at around age 7 and named after the ship that brought her from Africa. She was unusually intelligent and taught herself to read and write in English within a year. By 1765 she had written her first poem. In 1772, 18 prominent men examined her and validated her authorship of her poems, allowing her book of poems to be published in London that year. The book's publication demonstrated the intellectual capabilities and literary talents of an African slave and helped undermine the racist views of the time that blacks were inherently inferior.
Of the Protocols themselves little need be said in the way of introduction. The book in which they are embodied was first published in the year 1897 by Philip Stepanov for private circulation among his intimate friends. The first time Nilus published them was in 1901 in a book called The Great Within the Small and reprinted in 1905. A copy of this is in the British Museum bearing the date of its reception, August 10, 1906. All copies that were known to exist in Russia were destroyed in the Kerensky regime, and under his successors the possession of a copy by anyone in Soviet land was a crime sufficient to ensure the owner's of being shot on sight. The fact is in itself sufficient proof of the genuineness of the Protocols. The Jewish journals, of course, say that they are a forgery, leaving it to be understood that Professor Nilus, who embodied them in a work of his own, had concocted them for his own purposes.
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2. Literature began to flourish as the Spanish introduced Christianity and the native tradition was documented and translated to local languages like Tagalog.
3. Over centuries of Spanish rule, a rich tradition of Philippine literature developed, ranging from religious texts to novels, plays, and poems that blended European and native styles and themes.
The document outlines the rules for a quiz competition called "Return to Neverland-2". It states there will be 20 questions, with questions 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 marked as star questions. The top 8 teams will make it to the finals. It also notes that humorously incorrect answers may be rewarded with a banana. The rest of the document consists of 20 numbered quiz questions and their answers on various topics ranging from people to places to movies.
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This document provides an overview of Finnish society, culture, and history in 3 paragraphs:
1) It introduces POWWE'R ry, a non-profit organization that offers intercultural activities and training on Finnish society. It notes some facts about Finland like its population, independence in 1917, and EU membership in 1995.
2) It discusses aspects of Finnish culture like the Swedish-speaking minority, Sami people, regional stereotypes, religion, politics, and attitudes towards foreigners.
3) It briefly outlines elements of traditional Finnish culture such as mythology, folklore, architecture, design, literature, films, and popular music artists. It also mentions the national composer Jean Sibelius and his
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Cyber Medical Terrorism: Hacking DNA for a Brave New World by Greg CarpenterEC-Council
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Sir philip sidney (by egor tyurin. form 10 v)verka1987
Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586) was an English poet, courtier, and soldier during the Elizabethan era. He was highly educated at Shrewsbury School and Oxford and traveled extensively through Europe. Sidney wrote several important works, including the sonnet sequence Astrophel and Stella, The Defence of Poetry, and the prose romance The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia. He served as a soldier and governor in the Netherlands, where he was fatally wounded in battle. Sidney had a significant influence on later literature and was seen as embodying chivalric ideals of his time.
1. Jasmine Edison
Mrs. Dohenny
Out of Tune: Music and the State in the Twentieth Century
Jean Julius Christian Sibelius
(December 8, 1865 – September 20, 1957)
Golden gifts I do not ask for,
And I wish not for thy silver,
Only bring me to my country.
-The Kalevala1
In the context of twentieth century composers and their respective states, especially those that
repressed or censored the talents of said composers, Sibelius was a special case. He was not up
against a totalitarian dictator who reveled in the glories of a romanticized past, as Hitler did, nor
was he the scapegoat for a government bent on exterminating any and all “formalist” artistic
influences, as Shostakovich was under Stalin. His enemy was much more subtle: he fought the
political, cultural and social oppression of the Finnish people by the Czar, many years before the
Bolshevik Revolution took place in the heart of Russia, and even longer before Hitler’s meteoric
rise to power. In composing Finlandia and other works such as Kullervo Symphony, and the
Lemminkäinen Suite (Four Legends), Sibelius was able to create a musical portrait of Finland.
He captured the spirit of his homeland in an authentic and relatable manner, and in so doing,
forged a new identity for the country and her people, giving them the impetus they needed to rise
up against the forces of their oppression.
In order to understand just how the Finns were oppressed, and to appreciate the historical
context in which Sibelius lived and worked, a brief history Finland, a country rarely called upon
to relate its history, is needed. The seeds of Finnish subjugation by foreign powers were planted
early on, long before Sibelius was ever born. Ever since medieval times, the Finns have shared a
1
Elliott Arnold. Finlandia: The Story of Sibelius. 65.
2. common language; one completely unrelated to those the rest of Europe, whose closest
contemporary relatives are Karelian and Estonian. The Finnish language falls under the category
of the Finno-Ugric family rather than the Indo-European, thus further isolating the Finns, ninety
percent of whom spoke this strange and difficult language2. Such a unique linguistic heritage is
one of the hallmarks of the Finnish identity, as is bilingualism, given Finland’s eight-hundred
years under Swedish jurisdiction3.
For a time, Swedish and Finnish languages and cultures were able to peaceably coexist, but
that quickly ended when Gustav Vasa was elected King of Sweden, of which Finland was still
but a vassal, in 15234. He consolidated all political power into one centralized location—
himself— and made Swedish the administrative language as well as the cultural and educational
one, which left the Finnish language little more than an abandoned vernacular used by the
masses, and an indicator of the rift between the educated bilingual, Swedish-speaking elite, of
which Sibelius was a part, and the Finnish-speaking peasants5.
The fate of the Finns changed yet again when they were annexed by the Russian Empire in
1808, but for the better. The Imperial Russian powers did not impose their language on the
Finnish people. In fact, they encouraged the use of Finnish as the language of education with the
establishment of a Finnish lectorate at Helsinki’s Imperial Alexander University as well as a
Finnish Literature Society6. This was all done with an ulterior motive, of course, but the positive
consequences it had for Finnish history and its growing national consciousness cannot be ignored.
The real reason behind this friendly behavior was to eradicate the Swedish influence in Finland,
2
Glenda Dawn Goss. Sibelius: A Composer’s Life and the Awakening of Finland. 33
3
Ibid, 14.
4
Ibid.
5
Ibid, 34-35.
6
Ibid, 35.
3. thus making her people more loyal to their new conquerors, the Russians. It was into this society
that Jean Julius Christian Sibelius was born7.
Jean Sibelius, or “Janne” as he was called as a youth, lived in a garrison town known to the
Swedish-speaking population as Tavastehus, or Hämeenlina, in Finnish, in the shadow of the
Russian military8. His father was a doctor, and, unsurprisingly, his family expected him to go
into an equally respectable profession, so he studied law—and hated it9. In spite of his family’s
expectation that he receive a legal education at Helsinki University, they did allow him to study
violin and composition at the Academy of Music. Janne had a passion for music, which he
followed, and it led him to the full-time study of composition10. It was during this time that Janne
Sibelius adopted the French variant of his name, Jean, the name by which he is now known, and
by which he will be referred to from here on11.
After studying abroad in Berlin, Leipzig, and Vienna, Jean Sibelius’s Kullervo, a symphonic
poem for voices and orchestra made its debut in 1892. It was his first great musical triumph, and
became a hallmark of the burgeoning Finnish musical identity. The vocal score consists of parts
of the Kalevala, a national epic compiled in Sibelius’s lifetime. The saga was collected from oral
tales passed down through the generations: both a time-honored aspect of Finnish history and
mythology, as well as a modern invention: the tales had not been written down and compiled
until the late nineteenth century by Elias Lönnrot. Of the four main “pillars of Finnish literature,
the Kalevala is the only one originally written in Finnish12. This epic influenced Sibelius, as it
7
Elliott Arnold. Finlandia: The Story of Sibelius. Inner cover.
8
Glenda Dawn Goss. Sibelius: A Composer’s Life and the Awakening of Finland. 42 – 43.
9
Elliott Arnold, 1 – 2.
10
Jean Sibelius (1865 - 1957). http://library.thinkquest.org/22673/sibelius.html
11
Jean Julius Christian Sibelius. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Jean_Julius_Christian_Sibelius.aspx
12
Glenda Dawn Goss, 37.
4. did all Finns, and inspired some of his most enduring works, many of which came from the
initial creative burst of the Kullervo Symphony.
It was at this point in Sibelius life that a nationalist attitude began to take hold. Before, he
was just a passionate student of music, a member of the Swedish-speaking minority, just another
technically Russian citizen, but after moving to Helsinki in 1885, Sibelius was affected by the
increasingly nationalist mood there. I can even be said that “the national mission—to create a
Finnish identity politically, artistically, industrially, and musically—was a deeply serious affair,
a question even of survival”13. Survival, in the cultural sense was definitely at stake, as the
Russians were making increasingly aggressive gestures towards the Finnish, beginning with
“postal manifesto” of Alexander III, which required that postal stamps be circulated in Russian,
and postal workers be proficient in the language14. Relations between the Grand Duchy of
Finland and the heart of the Russian Empire became even more strained when the Russian and
Finnish press began to attack each other, in what Glenda Goss refers to as a “snarling standoff” 15
with the Russian press arguing against Finland’s autonomy, with disparaging remarks about
Russia appearing in Finnish newspapers.
The Finnish nationalist movement began in earnest, with leading intellectuals such as Yrjö-
Koskinen and Lieutenant-General Alexander Järnfelt at the helm of what was called the
Fennoman Party16. It was during these eventful times that Sibelius was on the continent, in
Vienna, creating a name for Finland with his Kullervo Symphony. After such a smashing success,
13
Ibid, 84.
14
Ibid, 114.
15
Ibid.
16
Ibid, 118.
5. he was awarded a government pension of 30,000 Finnmarks a year (around £850 in the late
1890s) 17 that allowed him to compose full-time.
Although the government, which was technically Russian, was his patron, Sibelius was
never manipulated by the state, He was lauded as a national hero and his fame spread
accordingly, but he was not an official composer, nor did he have to write his music to appease
the authorities. He willingly and deliberately wrote his music for a Finnish audience. In fact, he
wanted to be considered “a Finnish composer”18, even running the risk of having his work
withdrawn from public exhibition, which it was, before a 1914 concert19.
Far from being an official composer, Sibelius made his sentiments known through his
music, especially his second symphony, premiered amid the general outrage at Russian military
conscription of Finnish youths20. The work was interpreted in a similar manner by most everyone
who heard it: Robert Kajanus called it “a brokenhearted protest against all the injustice that
threatens…to deprive the sun of its light”21, while the German Ilmari Krohn called the symphony,
“Finland’s Struggle for Freedom”, and designated the movements as “the Development Before
the Conflict”, “the Storm”, “National Resistance”, and finally a “Free Fatherland”22. The
implication of Sibelius’s music are clear: he, like many others living in his time, wanted nothing
more to do with the Russians and their increasingly hostile behavior towards the Finnish people.
With such an obvious nationalist streak present in his music, one must ask why he was not
suppressed.
17
Robert Layton. Sibelius and His World. 39.
18
Ibid, 70.
19
Ibid.
20
Glenda Dawn Goss, 291 – 292.
21
Ibid, 292
22
Ibid.
6. Firstly, Alexander III had no personal issues with the Finns. In fact he favored them23, but
the nationalist faction in Russia was too vocal a group to ignore, and so he gave in to their wishes
on issues such as the postal manifesto and mandatory military service. Secondly, Finland is a
small country in population, and it was long considered a cultural backwater to more
cosmopolitan states like Sweden, Russia, and the Western European nations, including England,
France, and Italy. Thirdly, because of its second-class status, it was never its own country, being
alternately part of Sweden and Russia, so it is understandable that the Russians did not see a lone
composer in a backwater country as a threat.
They couldn’t have been more wrong, however, because the Bolshevik Revolution was
about to brew. It would bring the mighty Russian Bear to its knees, putting Finland in the perfect
position to break free, but at a terrible cost. The October Revolution spilled over into Finland and
the bitter struggle between Russia’s Red and White factions repeated itself within Finland’s
borders. In January of 1918, the conflict grew into a bloody civil war, which placed the Reds in
power. Jean Sibelius’s loyalties lay with the Social Democratic, or White, anti-Russian faction24,
but his home was in a Red-Controlled area, so he was subjected to all manner of harassment,
searches, and threats. On some occasions, he was forbidden to exit his house25. The civil war
stifled Sibelius’s creativity, and only after it ended with the armistice of November 1918 did Jean
return to his work. After the war, the nationalist tone of his music calmed, and he set to creating
his Sixth and Seventh symphonies26. For a time, Finland was free and independent, and by the
1930s, Jean Sibelius was an international icon. Like The Kalevela, he was quickly creating his
own saga.
23
Ibid, 114.
24
Robert Layton. Sibelius and His World. 72.
25
Ibid.
26
Ibid, 74.
7. WORKS CITED
1. Sibelius and the Twentieth Century. John C. G. Waterhouse. The Musical Times. Vol.
106, No. 1474 (Dec., 1965), pp. 939-941. Published by: Musical Times Publications Ltd.
Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/954342
2. Litwin, Peter. "The Russian Revolution ." April
2002.http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/russianrevolution.htm (accessed 24 May
2011).
3. Goss, Glenda. Sibelius: A Composer’s Life and the Awakening of Finland. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2009.
4. Arnold, Elliott. Finlandia: The Story of Sibelius. New York: Henry Holt and Company,
1941.
5. Layton, Robert. Sibelius and His World. New York: The Viking Press, 1970.
6. "Jean Sibelius (1865 - 1957)." ThinkQuest.org. Available from
http://library.thinkquest.org/22673/sibelius.html. Internet; accessed 18 May 2011.
7. "Jean Julius Christian Sibelius." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004.
Encyclopedia.com. (May 18, 2011). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-
3404705947.html