Sheet1Probability- Impact Matrix Negative Positive ImpactImpactPVHIVHIPRROHIHIOBBAMEDTOMEDABBILOLOILLIVLOVLOITVLOLOMEDHIVHIVHIHIMEDLOTYYGreen Amber RedRisksRisksRisks
PROJ420 Project Risk Management
Sheet2
Sheet3
A 194 volume 123 | number 8 | August 2015 • Environmental Health Perspectives
Perspectives | Brief Communication
Background
Exposures to asbestos and similar elongated mineral particles (EMPs)
often result in diseases such as pleural plaques, lung cancer, and
mesothelioma, which have resulted in approximately 120,000
deaths every year in the United States and worldwide (WHO 2014).
Asbestos and EMPs have also been associated with noncancerous
diseases such as autoimmune diseases (Pfau et al. 2014). Moreover,
these diseases often have long latency periods—making the diagnosis
of the disease difficult and associating the illness with the specific
exposure challenging. Most of what is known about the health effects
associated with asbestos exposure has been due to extensive research
on occupational exposures to asbestos (NIOSH 2011), but many
issues related to environmental asbestos exposures still remain unre-
solved. For example, a well-recognized example of environmental
asbestos exposure is the town of Libby, Montana, where high rates of
nonoccupational asbestos-related diseases have been associated with
a former vermiculite mining operation (U.S. EPA 2014b). Other
potential environmental exposures are also undergoing investigations
to assess exposures and potential health risks: These include naturally
occurring asbestos and other EMP deposits in the United States
such as tremolite in El Dorado Hills, California (ATSDR 2015;
U.S. EPA 2014d); chrysotile in Nooksack and Sumas, Washington
(U.S. EPA 2014d); erionite in North Dakota (Carbone et al. 2011);
and amphiboles and erionite in Southern Nevada (Baumann et al.
2015). Outside the United States, investigations include crocidolite
in the Wittenoom mine in Western Australia (de Klerk et al. 2013);
erionite in Sivas province in Turkey (Carbone et al. 2011); and, more
recently, erionite in Central Mexico (Ortega-Guerrero et al. 2015).
The importance of environmental exposure to asbestos and EMPs
is demonstrated in more than 600 reviews (e.g., Norbet et al. 2015;
Boulanger et al. 2014), recent commentaries (e.g., Haynes 2010;
LaDou et al. 2010), and meetings (e.g., Gwinn et al. 2011). The
overarching conclusion in the literature is that the toxicity of occu-
pational asbestos materials has been well characterized (e.g., chryso-
tile and crocidolite), but more research is needed to determine the
relative toxicity of environmental asbestos and EMPs (e.g., erionite
and nanomaterials).
Presentation Topics
A workshop titled “New Concerns and New Science Addressing
Environmental Asbestos Exposures” was presented at the 2014
meeting of the Society of Toxicology. The presenters—scientists
from both federal agencies [i.e., National Institute of Envir.
PUH 5305, Concepts of Environmental Health 1 Coursajoy21
PUH 5305, Concepts of Environmental Health 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Summarize the factors that affect susceptibility to adverse health outcomes following exposure to
environmental hazards.
2.1 Examine the adverse impact of toxicity on the environment and humans.
2.2 Describe the history of toxicology and its most important developments.
5. Explain how the general mechanisms of toxicity provoke a toxic response in environmental
exposures.
5.1 Discuss the levels of toxic dosage and risk factors related to this in human and environmental
exposure.
5.2 Explain the difference between toxicants and toxins in the environment.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
2.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit IV Assessment
2.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit IV Assessment
5.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit IV Assessment
5.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit IV Assessment
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 3: Environmental Toxicology
Unit Lesson
Introduction
It is widely accepted that there is a complex relationship between the human population and the environment
in which they live. Around the 1960s, many citizens in the United States were concerned and made aware of
the detrimental effects of pesticides and drugs as well as other chemical substances that could be found in
the environment, food, and water (Geo et al., 2015; Hayat, 2014). Communities in the United States
pressured the government to provide more information on environmental problems, especially those that
could potentially be harmful to the human population.
These potentially harmful biological and chemical agents such as toxicants from fertilizers, insecticides,
pollutants, and pesticides could affect organisms and the community by reducing species abundance and
diversity. These changes in population dynamics could destroy the ecosystem, which, in turn, would reduce
stability and productivity (Geo et al., 2015).
UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE
Environmental Toxicology
PUH 5305, Concepts of Environmental Health 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Defining the History of Environmental Toxicology:
Environmental toxicology inhabits an essential role in public policy, toxicology, and environmental health. This
foremost contribution has provided scientific evidence and tools for the public and policymakers to prevent
substantial environmental degradation, especially adverse effects on human life.
Rachel Carson, a marine biologist, is said to be the pioneer of
advancing environmental toxicology and making it a distinct field
within toxicology and environmental health. Her 1962 book, called
Silent Spring, covered the harmful impact on unrestrained pesticide
use (McCarty, 2013). Carson’s book, despite being met with a lot of
criticism, encouraged the reversal of national pesticide policies and
finally led to the ban of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetha ...
Abstract— After the II Word War, the chemical based industrial revolution generated a wide and global contamination due to the release in the environment of thousand of compounds without an adequate knowledge of their environmental biotransformation and their toxic effect on the living matter. Recently, it has been found that several of these compounds and/or their relative by-products are persistent environmental contaminants associated with undesirable long-term effects. At present many questions have to be clarified with particular reference to lipophilic polyhalogenated compounds, such as polychloro-dibenzo-dioxins (PCDD), polychloro-dibenzo-furans (PCDF) and polychloro-biphenyls (PCB). These compounds accumulate up the food chain and humans can reach relative high concentration in their body with a consequent risk for health. In this paper we discuss the some basic features of both biological and toxicological aspects related to the dioxins exposure.
PUH 5305, Concepts of Environmental Health 1 Coursajoy21
PUH 5305, Concepts of Environmental Health 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Summarize the factors that affect susceptibility to adverse health outcomes following exposure to
environmental hazards.
2.1 Examine the adverse impact of toxicity on the environment and humans.
2.2 Describe the history of toxicology and its most important developments.
5. Explain how the general mechanisms of toxicity provoke a toxic response in environmental
exposures.
5.1 Discuss the levels of toxic dosage and risk factors related to this in human and environmental
exposure.
5.2 Explain the difference between toxicants and toxins in the environment.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
2.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit IV Assessment
2.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit IV Assessment
5.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit IV Assessment
5.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit IV Assessment
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 3: Environmental Toxicology
Unit Lesson
Introduction
It is widely accepted that there is a complex relationship between the human population and the environment
in which they live. Around the 1960s, many citizens in the United States were concerned and made aware of
the detrimental effects of pesticides and drugs as well as other chemical substances that could be found in
the environment, food, and water (Geo et al., 2015; Hayat, 2014). Communities in the United States
pressured the government to provide more information on environmental problems, especially those that
could potentially be harmful to the human population.
These potentially harmful biological and chemical agents such as toxicants from fertilizers, insecticides,
pollutants, and pesticides could affect organisms and the community by reducing species abundance and
diversity. These changes in population dynamics could destroy the ecosystem, which, in turn, would reduce
stability and productivity (Geo et al., 2015).
UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE
Environmental Toxicology
PUH 5305, Concepts of Environmental Health 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Defining the History of Environmental Toxicology:
Environmental toxicology inhabits an essential role in public policy, toxicology, and environmental health. This
foremost contribution has provided scientific evidence and tools for the public and policymakers to prevent
substantial environmental degradation, especially adverse effects on human life.
Rachel Carson, a marine biologist, is said to be the pioneer of
advancing environmental toxicology and making it a distinct field
within toxicology and environmental health. Her 1962 book, called
Silent Spring, covered the harmful impact on unrestrained pesticide
use (McCarty, 2013). Carson’s book, despite being met with a lot of
criticism, encouraged the reversal of national pesticide policies and
finally led to the ban of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetha ...
Abstract— After the II Word War, the chemical based industrial revolution generated a wide and global contamination due to the release in the environment of thousand of compounds without an adequate knowledge of their environmental biotransformation and their toxic effect on the living matter. Recently, it has been found that several of these compounds and/or their relative by-products are persistent environmental contaminants associated with undesirable long-term effects. At present many questions have to be clarified with particular reference to lipophilic polyhalogenated compounds, such as polychloro-dibenzo-dioxins (PCDD), polychloro-dibenzo-furans (PCDF) and polychloro-biphenyls (PCB). These compounds accumulate up the food chain and humans can reach relative high concentration in their body with a consequent risk for health. In this paper we discuss the some basic features of both biological and toxicological aspects related to the dioxins exposure.
CSMT 442 Cost and Estimating 2 Homework 2 `Siteworks MargaritoWhitt221
CSMT 442: Cost and Estimating 2
Homework 2 `Siteworks (20 points) Answer ALL Questions
1. A large stockpile of materials (5400CY) is to be transported to a fill area. The contractor has a rubber-
tired front loader and a number of dump trucks for the job. Based on a study of the job and knowledge of
the operators, time factors for various steps have been determined and are given below along with cost
and capacity factors. Determine the optimum number of dump trucks to assign to the job and duration
and cost of transporting the whole stockpile.
Front loader: cost per hour with operator $70
Total time to load truck 4 minutes
(not including position time)
Truck Cost per hour with driver $60
Positioning time 1 minute
Loading time 4 minutes
Travel to dump 6minutes
Dump time 2 minutes
Return travel 5 minutes
Truck capacity 6 CY
MOS 5425, Advanced Toxicology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Summarize the principles of toxicology.
2.1 Discuss the toxicological effects of a carcinogen.
5. Examine toxic substances that pose a risk to human population and the environment.
5.1 Discuss methods of exposure to carcinogens.
8. Evaluate risk assessment procedures related to chemical carcinogenicity.
8.1 Explain the models for assessing cancer risks.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 21
2.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 15
Scholarly Activity
5
Unit Lesson
Chapter 21
5.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 15
Scholarly Activity
8.1
Chapters 15 and 23
Scholarly Activity
Reading Assignment
Chapter 15: Chemical Carcinogenesis, pp. 259-280
Chapter 21: Epidemiological Issues in Occupational and Environmental Health, pp. 391-394
Chapter 23: Human Health Risk Assessment, pp. 425-440
Unit Lesson
Unit VIII is the second of a two-part discussion on toxic substances and risk assessment. The last unit of this
course covers chemical carcinogens, environmental pollutants, occupational toxicology, and toxicological
evaluation.
Chemical Carcinogens
According to the textbook, cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. There are one
million newly diagnosed cases of cancer each year and 1.5 million deaths annually (Roberts, James, &
Williams, 2015). Many factors can contribute to the development of cancer. Genetics, lifestyle choices, and
exposure to environmental factors can all play roles in initiating cancer. Inherited genes at the present time
cannot be controlled, but the latter two factors, lifestyle choices and environmental factors, can be controlled
to a certain extent to reduce the risk of developing cancer. Lifestyle choices include diet, exercise, exposure
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Chemical Carcinogenesis, Epidemiology,
and Human Health Risk Assessment
...
Activity Relatedness of Environment and Distribution of Air borne Biocontamin...Premier Publishers
Airborne indoor and outdoor bacteria and fungi were assessed during the spring season using conventional methods to investigate the enumeration and identification of airborne micro-organisms taking into consideration anthropogenic variation of the environment. This was determined through air quality sampling using microbial air sampler (M.A.Q.S.II-90, OXOID, UK). The air samples were collected during the onset of harmattan in Nov 2017. four different zones located in Owerri local Govt, were chosen for the collection of airborne bacteria and fungi. These zones were Owerri downtown (Zone A), Imo State University (Zone B), Naze building material layout (Zone C) and the Open unoccupied area along Obinze Port Harcourt road (Zone D). were selected for air bio-pollutant measurement. Cultivation and total microscopic enumeration methods were employed for the sample analysis. Identification of isolates was done using conventional biochemical test and 16S Rrna. Twenty-six groups of bacteria and fungi, either of human or environmental origin were detected. Microbial count ranges from 20-2056 CFU/m-3 of air, with statistical significant variation (P<0.05) across locations which is proportional to human, other biological and physical activities. Environmental agents generally predominated while significantly higher counts were detected as the level of anthropogenic activities increases. Seven genera of fungi, mainly members of the genus Aspergillum, were isolated from all locations. Results correlated with data obtained from treatment centres establishes a link between the presence of these airborne bacteria and fungi and development of respiratory diseases.
11. Yacoub AA, Ajeel NA, AL-Wiswasy MO. DEPLETED URANIUM AND HEALTH OF PEOPLE IN BASRAH: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE III: Incidence and pattern of malignant diseases (excluding leukemias) during 1999-1997. MJBU 1999;17(1&2).
Taking A Proactive Approach Towards Responsibility Editedkblaas
paper for “Taking a Proactive Approach Towards Responsibility: Indications of NanoEthics and Policy Making Around the World” Emerging Industries: Nanotechnology and NanoIndicators. Conference sponsored by the National Bureau of Economic Research and the National Science Foundation. Cambridge, MA, May 15, 2008.
A short paper on the radiation experiments by M.I.T. at Fernald and current oversight of radiation research. I wrote this prior to the current headlines.
Assignment details written in the attachmentsYou need to choose an.docxlesleyryder69361
Assignment details written in the attachments
You need to choose any one question.
Word limit: 2000 words
Footnotes: Oxford style
Intext reference: Harvard style
Bibliography: 15-20 sources including monographs, referred journal articles, news media report and political commentary.
Please do good work. Thank you
.
Assignment Details A high school girl has been caught shoplifting at.docxlesleyryder69361
Assignment Details A high school girl has been caught shoplifting at a high-end clothing store. Describe at least 4 of the most likely processes she will go through from the time the police arrive at the scene. Be sure to note the options available to the authorities when working with juveniles in regard to how this case is handled for each of the processes. Provide a description of the possible outcome for each option.
.
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CSMT 442 Cost and Estimating 2 Homework 2 `Siteworks MargaritoWhitt221
CSMT 442: Cost and Estimating 2
Homework 2 `Siteworks (20 points) Answer ALL Questions
1. A large stockpile of materials (5400CY) is to be transported to a fill area. The contractor has a rubber-
tired front loader and a number of dump trucks for the job. Based on a study of the job and knowledge of
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and cost of transporting the whole stockpile.
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Total time to load truck 4 minutes
(not including position time)
Truck Cost per hour with driver $60
Positioning time 1 minute
Loading time 4 minutes
Travel to dump 6minutes
Dump time 2 minutes
Return travel 5 minutes
Truck capacity 6 CY
MOS 5425, Advanced Toxicology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Summarize the principles of toxicology.
2.1 Discuss the toxicological effects of a carcinogen.
5. Examine toxic substances that pose a risk to human population and the environment.
5.1 Discuss methods of exposure to carcinogens.
8. Evaluate risk assessment procedures related to chemical carcinogenicity.
8.1 Explain the models for assessing cancer risks.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
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2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 21
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Unit Lesson
Chapter 15
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Unit Lesson
Chapter 21
5.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 15
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Reading Assignment
Chapter 15: Chemical Carcinogenesis, pp. 259-280
Chapter 21: Epidemiological Issues in Occupational and Environmental Health, pp. 391-394
Chapter 23: Human Health Risk Assessment, pp. 425-440
Unit Lesson
Unit VIII is the second of a two-part discussion on toxic substances and risk assessment. The last unit of this
course covers chemical carcinogens, environmental pollutants, occupational toxicology, and toxicological
evaluation.
Chemical Carcinogens
According to the textbook, cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. There are one
million newly diagnosed cases of cancer each year and 1.5 million deaths annually (Roberts, James, &
Williams, 2015). Many factors can contribute to the development of cancer. Genetics, lifestyle choices, and
exposure to environmental factors can all play roles in initiating cancer. Inherited genes at the present time
cannot be controlled, but the latter two factors, lifestyle choices and environmental factors, can be controlled
to a certain extent to reduce the risk of developing cancer. Lifestyle choices include diet, exercise, exposure
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Chemical Carcinogenesis, Epidemiology,
and Human Health Risk Assessment
...
Activity Relatedness of Environment and Distribution of Air borne Biocontamin...Premier Publishers
Airborne indoor and outdoor bacteria and fungi were assessed during the spring season using conventional methods to investigate the enumeration and identification of airborne micro-organisms taking into consideration anthropogenic variation of the environment. This was determined through air quality sampling using microbial air sampler (M.A.Q.S.II-90, OXOID, UK). The air samples were collected during the onset of harmattan in Nov 2017. four different zones located in Owerri local Govt, were chosen for the collection of airborne bacteria and fungi. These zones were Owerri downtown (Zone A), Imo State University (Zone B), Naze building material layout (Zone C) and the Open unoccupied area along Obinze Port Harcourt road (Zone D). were selected for air bio-pollutant measurement. Cultivation and total microscopic enumeration methods were employed for the sample analysis. Identification of isolates was done using conventional biochemical test and 16S Rrna. Twenty-six groups of bacteria and fungi, either of human or environmental origin were detected. Microbial count ranges from 20-2056 CFU/m-3 of air, with statistical significant variation (P<0.05) across locations which is proportional to human, other biological and physical activities. Environmental agents generally predominated while significantly higher counts were detected as the level of anthropogenic activities increases. Seven genera of fungi, mainly members of the genus Aspergillum, were isolated from all locations. Results correlated with data obtained from treatment centres establishes a link between the presence of these airborne bacteria and fungi and development of respiratory diseases.
11. Yacoub AA, Ajeel NA, AL-Wiswasy MO. DEPLETED URANIUM AND HEALTH OF PEOPLE IN BASRAH: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE III: Incidence and pattern of malignant diseases (excluding leukemias) during 1999-1997. MJBU 1999;17(1&2).
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Assignment description
:
The tourism industry represents about 10.4% of Australia’s gross domestic product (GDP) and 12.2% of total employment in 2018. Unfortunately, the Tourism & Hospitality (T&H) Sector in Australia has been badly affected by the twin catastrophic events: first, it was devastated by the unprecedented magnitude of the bushfires from October 2019 to January 2020. Just as the affected communities were working towards recovery, the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic caused a massive blow to the T&H Sector.
ps: two files, first file digital poster, second file brief disruption (100 words) and reference list.
Ignore task 2 discusion forum.
.
Assignment DescriptionYou will prepare and deliver a speech .docxlesleyryder69361
Assignment Description
You will prepare and deliver a speech using the power of words. You will use the devices to convey your emotions and move your audience to connect with your purpose. Get your message across to your audience by using many strategies. You will create images and emotion in your audience using storytelling, humor or sharing personal experiences (both heartbreaking and fulfilling). You will also apply the oratorical skills that you have been exploring.
Completion Instructions
Presentation Topic
: For this presentation, you will act as a representative agent for the University, recruiting prospective students from your country of origin. Prepare a speech outline that persuades the prospects. Describe, among other ideas: Your experiences, emotions and challenges of your life in Canada, moving around the City, Campus activities, career projection and Permanent Residency possibilities. Tell a story, add humor, move your audience to feel your story.
.
Assignment DescriptionYou are to write an essay in which you .docxlesleyryder69361
Assignment Description:
You are to write an essay in which you contrast two viewpoints on a topic and argue for one of them. Over the coming few weeks, you will work through drafting youressay, with the goal of producing a well-written essay. Send your final essay to
[email protected]
no later than 11:59 PM on December 11, 2019. There is no need to hand in a hard copy. You must submit your work by the official deadline. Extensions may be granted only in exceptional circumstances, and when sought in advance. Students who submit the work late without an agreed extension will face the following penalty: loss of 2 marks per day.
Assignments Deadlines:
Draft:
December
2nd,
2019
Final Submission: December
11th,
2019
If you have trouble coming up with a good topic, you might want to consider the following questions:
• Are the effects of social networking sites positive or negative? • Should parents give their teenagers an allowance?• Can music help us emotionally?• Should smoking be banned?• Are cell phones dangerous?• Is social media good?
.
Assignment DescriptionYou are the lead human–computer intera.docxlesleyryder69361
Assignment Description
You are the lead human–computer interaction (HCI) engineer on a major design project for an organization of your choice. Employees or customers will use this new system and user interface (UI) design to perform data entry for the organization. The UI will need to provide the required input and output to characterize the type of data collected by the organization.
Choose an organization, such as a business, nonprofit group, government, or another organization. Provide a description of your chosen organization, including the following:
Name of the organization
Business type
Size of the organization
Planned users for the interface
Type of data that must be captured
The use of the data
Part of your job is to elicit and define the UI requirements for this new design.
Write a neatly-formatted report that includes the following:
Title page
Report of 4–6 pages consisting of the following:
Introduction to the contents of the report
Description of the organization, as detailed above
Identification of the following elements that must be included in this UI design for the organization:
Fields you expect to see in this UI screen design (e.g., menus, data entry screens, boxes, help, fields, drop-down menus)
List of requirements that will ensure that this interface design can easily capture data input in multiple languages
Explanation of interface alternatives that will be needed for different language orientations (e.g., different characters for right and left)
Effective conclusion
References must be properly cited in APA style
.
Assignment DescriptionYou are now ready to start representin.docxlesleyryder69361
Assignment Description
You are now ready to start representing your system integration project by utilizing a system integration framework, which you researched as part of your Discussion Board assignment. You will also decide which components you might want to acquire and which components you want to develop internally.
Assignment Guidelines
For this week’s assignment, you will provide detail on the overall system integration architecture and the implementation framework.
New Content (Week 4)
Proposed System Integration Components Architecture
Thoroughly describe the architecture of the proposed integrated system, including all interfaces and components for the system integration and deployment.
Represent this architecture diagrammatically.
Discuss which components and interfaces could be acquired and those that need to be developed from scratch.
Implementation Framework
Select and describe in detail the framework that you used to define and implement the system integration project.
Define the project in terms of the selected framework.
Discuss advantages for using the selected framework.
Discuss integration challenges that were highlighted by defining the framework.
Make sure that the document is in APA format.
Submit the document for grading.
.
Assignment DescriptionManagement is worried, after consultin.docxlesleyryder69361
Assignment Description
Management is worried, after consulting with the IT department that the current documentation of the present architecture was not done correctly and with the required details, therefore if IoT is implemented they desire more detailed graphical documentation on its implementation. Provide the following components as part of an architecture model graphic to be delivered to management for the asset tracking system:
Provide an introduction to the paper concerning the purpose of the graphic and the overall solution being recommended by the asset tracking IoT implementation (2-3 paragraphs).
Provide descriptive information regarding the architectural model graphic, and the details describing the devices, applications, Cloud/Server environment and gateway. (2 pages)
Provide the architectural graphic with the components below (Describe each of the objects on the diagram below, the interconnections or interfaces, types of data traveling across the connections, active protocols, cabling or wireless connections, and implemented security):
Devices (Generic device - Sensing and Actuating Devices)
IoT Application (transforms the data for value to the user)
Cloud/Server (data storage, processing and management)
Gateway capability (data is acquired, forwarded to the communications network)
Provide a conclusion to the paper summarizing the content and purpose of the paper.
An example of the required level of detail for your graphic can be found at
http://www.latogalabs.com/2017/05/iot-architecture-the-journey/
.
.
Assignment Description
Ego Integrity Presentation
Imagine you are working as a charge nurse in an assisted living facility. Your unit houses twenty older adults. The residents of this unit are cognitively functional without evidence of cognitive decline. The residents are elderly and do require varying degrees of physical assistance with ADLs. Create a PowerPoint outlining strategies you can incorporate in the assisted living facility to promote ego integrity for your residents. What group and individual activities can you incorporate?
Assignment Expectations:
Length: 10-15 content slides
Structure: Include a title slide, objective slide, and reference slide in APA format. These do not count towards the minimum content slide count for this assignment. Be sure to fully explain all slides in the Speaker Notes.
References: Use appropriate APA style in-text citations and references for all resources utilized to answer the questions. A minimum of two (2) scholarly sources are required for this assignment.
Rubric: This assignment uses a rubric for scoring. Please review it as part of your assignment preparation and again prior to submission to ensure you have addressed its criteria at the highest level.
Format: Save your assignment as a Microsoft PPT document (.pptx)
.
Assignment DescriptionCultural Group Exploration Assignment .docxlesleyryder69361
Assignment Description
Cultural Group Exploration Assignment (in-text citation and APA format 7th edition) Required.
Understanding the impact of culture on the health beliefs / practices of a client is an important component of assessing, planning, implementing and evaluating comprehensive nursing care. To provide culturally competent care is a worthy goal. Insensitivity to a client’s culture may render interventions fruitless.
Purpose
: The PURPOSE of this assignment is to develop in the learner an awareness of the health beliefs / practices of a culture different from their own.
Guidelines
: Download the
Cultural Exploration Guidelines
before you start the activity and refer to it as you work. Submit completed table along with reference page to your faculty mentor through the Submissions tab and then post it in your group discussion.
Cultural Exploration Table and Rubric
is attached below
.
Assignment description from the syllabusEach member of the matc.docxlesleyryder69361
Assignment description from the syllabus:
Each member of the matching team will individually submit a 3-page, double-spaced write-up on the case. To receive full credit, you should describe the firm’s opportunity/dilemma, evaluate/analyze their strategic options, and describe your recommendation on the most promising path(s) forward in their strategy. Make sure to back up your evaluation and recommendations with evidence/facts from the case. Three pages is very short—make sure that you are concise and to-the-point in zeroing in on key aspects of the case.
At the end of your write-up, ask one or two questions that you are more concerned about the firm.
ANU Press
Chapter Title: OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
Chapter Author(s): SU MON KYAW-MYINT and LYNDALL STRAZDINS
Book Title: Health of People, Places and Planet
Book Subtitle: Reflections based on Tony McMichael’s four decades of contribution to
epidemiological understanding
Book Editor(s): COLIN D. BUTLER, JANE DIXON, ANTHONY G. CAPON
Published by: ANU Press. (2015)
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1729vxt.18
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
This book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
NoDerivatives 4.0 International. To view a copy of this license, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
ANU Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Health of
People, Places and Planet
This content downloaded from 63.145.155.130 on Tue, 25 Sep 2018 00:31:54 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
81
4
OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
SU MON KYAW-MYINT AND LYNDALL STRAZDINS
Abstract
In 1979, Tony McMichael co-authored a paper showing how occupational stress
not only affected mental health; it also exacerbated the effect of chemical and
physical hazards on respiratory and skin symptoms. This study was among
the first to place occupational stress within the same framework as chemical
and physical hazards. It also showed that stress and mental health faced
complex assessment challenges, but that these were similar to those faced by
the assessment of exposure to chemical and physical hazards, especially in
large-scale epidemiological studies.
More recently, occupational stress has been termed a ‘psychosocial hazard’ by
some jurisdictions in an attempt to place it into the existing occupational risk
management and risk assessment framework. However, progress has been slow
and regulation of occupational stress remains outside standard occupational
health and safety .
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Sheet1Probability- Impact Matrix Negative Positive
ImpactImpactPVHIVHIPRROHIHIOBBAMEDTOMEDABBILO
LOILLIVLOVLOITVLOLOMEDHIVHIVHIHIMEDLOTYYGree
n Amber RedRisksRisksRisks
PROJ420 Project Risk Management
Sheet2
Sheet3
A 194 volume 123 | number 8 | August 2015 • Environmental
Health Perspectives
Perspectives | Brief Communication
Background
Exposures to asbestos and similar elongated mineral particles
(EMPs)
often result in diseases such as pleural plaques, lung cancer, and
mesothelioma, which have resulted in approximately 120,000
deaths every year in the United States and worldwide (WHO
2014).
Asbestos and EMPs have also been associated with
noncancerous
diseases such as autoimmune diseases (Pfau et al. 2014).
Moreover,
these diseases often have long latency periods—making the
diagnosis
of the disease difficult and associating the illness with the
specific
exposure challenging. Most of what is known about the health
effects
associated with asbestos exposure has been due to extensive
2. research
on occupational exposures to asbestos (NIOSH 2011), but many
issues related to environmental asbestos exposures still remain
unre-
solved. For example, a well-recognized example of
environmental
asbestos exposure is the town of Libby, Montana, where high
rates of
nonoccupational asbestos-related diseases have been associated
with
a former vermiculite mining operation (U.S. EPA 2014b). Other
potential environmental exposures are also undergoing
investigations
to assess exposures and potential health risks: These include
naturally
occurring asbestos and other EMP deposits in the United States
such as tremolite in El Dorado Hills, California (ATSDR 2015;
U.S. EPA 2014d); chrysotile in Nooksack and Sumas,
Washington
(U.S. EPA 2014d); erionite in North Dakota (Carbone et al.
2011);
and amphiboles and erionite in Southern Nevada (Baumann et
al.
2015). Outside the United States, investigations include
crocidolite
in the Wittenoom mine in Western Australia (de Klerk et al.
2013);
erionite in Sivas province in Turkey (Carbone et al. 2011); and,
more
recently, erionite in Central Mexico (Ortega-Guerrero et al.
2015).
The importance of environmental exposure to asbestos and
EMPs
is demonstrated in more than 600 reviews (e.g., Norbet et al.
2015;
3. Boulanger et al. 2014), recent commentaries (e.g., Haynes 2010;
LaDou et al. 2010), and meetings (e.g., Gwinn et al. 2011). The
overarching conclusion in the literature is that the toxicity of
occu-
pational asbestos materials has been well characterized (e.g.,
chryso-
tile and crocidolite), but more research is needed to determine
the
relative toxicity of environmental asbestos and EMPs (e.g.,
erionite
and nanomaterials).
Presentation Topics
A workshop titled “New Concerns and New Science Addressing
Environmental Asbestos Exposures” was presented at the 2014
meeting of the Society of Toxicology. The presenters—
scientists
from both federal agencies [i.e., National Institute of
Environmental
Health Sciences (NIEHS), U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
(EPA), and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
(ATSDR)] and universities (http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/
evalatm/publications-and-presentations/presentations-at-
scientific-
meetings/sot-2014/index.html)—highlighted some of the latest
findings and recommendations for future research directions
related
to environmental asbestos exposures (i.e., end-users of
asbestos-
containing materials, family members of exposed workers, and
those living or working in/around contaminated buildings or
areas).
Specific topics included discussion of the research on the public
health situation in Libby, Montana, asbestos and autoimmunity,
critical factors for determining asbestos-associated pathologies
4. (e.g.,
fiber chemistry, size characteristics, and dose), and the role of
the
inflammasome in asbestos-related disease (ARD).
Despite recent progress, more research is needed to further our
understanding of the toxicity and risk factors associated with
asbestos
and other hazardous elongated particles. Studies that focus on
emerging
naturally occurring EMPs (some of which are just being
discovered) and
carbon nanotubes and nanofibers are required to better assess
relevant
exposures and institute appropriate public health protection.
Discussion
For the past decade, considerable research has focused on
asbestos
contamination and high levels of ARD among residents of
Libby,
Montana. Libby, which was declared a public health emergency
in
2009 (U.S. EPA 2014c), was the site of a former mine that
produced
vermiculite contaminated with a mixture of asbestiform
amphiboles,
including winchite, richterite, and tremolite asbestos (Meeker et
al.
2003). Studies of this population have shown:
• Elevated levels of ARD among residents without occupational
exposures (Peipins et al. 2003), including reports of atyp-
ical pleural abnormalities and elevated respiratory symptoms
among those exposed during childhood (Vinikoor et al. 2010).
5. • Potentially shorter latencies of pleural disease among Libby
amphibole (LA)–exposed workers compared with workers
exposed to other forms of asbestos (Larson et al. 2010).
• More frequent and severe pleuritic pain, and rapid loss
of pulmonary function compared with reported observa-
tions of populations exposed to other forms of absestos
(American Thoracic Society 2004; Whitehouse et al. 2008;
Black et al. 2014).
• Elevated rates of self-reported systemic autoimmune disease
(i.e., scleroderma, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis) (Noonan
et al. 2006).
A Section 508–conformant HTML version of this article
is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409662.
Current Research and Opportunities
to Address Environmental Asbestos
Exposures
http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409662
Summary: Asbestos-related diseases continue to result in
approximately
120,000 deaths every year in the United States and worldwide.
Although
extensive research has been conducted on health effects of
occupational
exposures to asbestos, many issues related to environmental
asbestos
exposures remain unresolved. For example, environmental
asbestos
exposures associated with a former mine in Libby, Montana,
have
resulted in high rates of nonoccupational asbestos-related
disease.
6. Additionally, other areas with naturally occurring asbestos
deposits
near communities in the United States and overseas are
undergoing
investigations to assess exposures and potential health risks.
Some of
the latest public health, epidemiological, and basic research
findings
were presented at a workshop on asbestos at the 2014 annual
meeting
of the Society of Toxicology in Phoenix, Arizona. The
following focus
areas were discussed: a) mechanisms resulting in fibrosis and/or
tumor
development; b) relative toxicity of different forms of asbestos
and other
hazardous elongated mineral particles (EMPs); c) proper dose
metrics
(e.g., mass, fiber number, or surface area of fibers) when
interpreting
asbestos toxicity; d) asbestos exposure to susceptible
populations; and
e) using toxicological findings for risk assessment and
remediation
efforts. The workshop also featured asbestos research supported
by the
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the
Agency for
Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, and the U.S.
Environmental
Protection Agency. Better protection of individuals from
asbestos-related
health effects will require stimulation of new multidisciplinary
research
to further our understanding of what constitutes hazardous
exposures
7. and risk factors associated with toxicity of asbestos and other
hazardous
EMPs (e.g., nanomaterials).
Brief Communication
Environmental Health Perspectives • volume 123 | number 8 |
August 2015 A 195
• Findings of higher prevalence of positive antinuclear antibody
and extractable nuclear antigen test results compared with
an age- and sex-matched population from a region of similar
geography and meteorology but with no known asbestos
exposure (Pfau et al. 2005).
In related studies, the prevalence of pleural plaques was
increased
among workers in Marysville, Ohio, who had very low lifetime
cumu-
lative fiber exposures from processing Libby vermiculite; these
pleural
changes were also associated with spirometric decrements
(Lockey
et al. 1984; Rohs et al. 2008; Lockey et al. 2015). Additionally,
an
extensive toxicologic review and risk assessment recently
released by
the U.S. EPA found noncancerous pleural disease to be the most
sensitive health effect at the Libby site rather than
mesothelioma
and lung cancer—both longstanding sensitive health endpoints
for
asbestos risk assessments (U.S. EPA 2014b).
8. Currently, two research programs are underway to further
investi-
gate the health effects associated with the LA exposures:
1. The University of Cincinnati Childhood Health Investigation
and Exposure Follow-up Study. This health study of Libby
residents who were children when the mine was opened
included medical examinations, radiological tests and pulmo-
nary function testing, as well as reconstructing a history of
childhood exposures (Ryan et al. 2015).
2. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Libby
Epidemiology Research Program. This project has three objec-
tives: examine pulmonary disease progression using high-reso-
lution computed tomography; evaluate pulmonary health
of former child residents (i.e., high-school graduates who
have moved away from Libby); and investigate the relation-
ship between residential exposure, autoimmunity, and ARD
(Mount Sinai Hospital 2009).
Another topic at the workshop was immune dysfunction as a
part
of the response following asbestos exposure. Several reports
indicate
increased autoantibodies such as rheumatoid factor and anti-
nuclear
autoantibodies (ANA) in asbestos-exposed populations (Pfau et
al.
2014). However, epidemiological data that clearly links
asbestos expo-
sure with clinically diagnosed autoimmune disease is limited—
just
a handful of studies have shown an association of asbestos
exposure
and rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis (reviewed in
Pfau et al.
9. 2014)—and a few studies have identified an increased risk of
systemic
autoimmune diseases among persons with known asbestos
exposures
(i.e., Libby, Montana; Pfau et al. 2005; Noonan et al. 2006).
Several studies have reported evidence that asbestos disease
outcomes may be critically affected by the immunological
impacts
of specific fiber types. C57BL/6 mouse studies have shown
evidence
that LA material increases the risk of autoimmune responses
including
autoantibodies and Th17 cytokines detected in serum (Ferro et
al.
2014). Interestingly, erionite, a hazardous zeolite EMP, also
induced
a similar set of responses in this same strain of mouse (Zebedeo
et al.
2014). However, chrysotile did not have this effect; instead, it
showed
a somewhat immunosuppressed serum cytokine profile (Zebedeo
et al.
2014). Overall, the findings suggest that fiber type, as well as
other
fiber morphologic characteristics, must be considered when
exploring
the immune and other health effects of asbestos and asbestos-
like
EMPs. The lack of studies comparing autoimmune responses
among
populations exposed to different types of fibers may be one of
the
reasons why there is a lack of clear epidemiological association
between
“asbestos” and systemic autoimmune diseases (Pfau et al. 2014).
10. Autoantibodies to fibroblasts (AFA) have also been implicated
in fibrotic diseases such as systemic sclerosis (Chizzolini et al.
2002).
Amphibole-exposed mice have been shown to produce AFA,
which
induces collagen production and a profibrotic phenotype (Pfau
et al.,
2011). LA exposure also induces production of autoantibodies
to
mesothelial cells (Marchand et al. 2012). These antimesothelial
cell
autoantibodies induce collagen production from human
mesothelial
cells in culture (Serve et al. 2013). These studies, along with
epide-
miologic evidence of high rates and unusual clinical
manifestation of
pleural disease among Libby residents, suggest that further
investiga-
tion is needed to assess the possibility of an autoimmune
contribution
to pleural disease.
The workshop also included discussion of some of the determi-
nants of toxicity of environmental asbestos and EMPs, such as
fiber
chemistry, length, aspect ratio, surface area, dose,
biopersistence,
and underlying disease (e.g., cardiovascular disease; Shannahan
et al. 2011a, 2011b, 2012). Studies that were highlighted used
respirable samples (i.e., aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) of LA
and
a sample of a long fiber amosite. The amosite had median
lengths
11. about twice that of LA, but the widths of LA and the amosite
were
equivalent. For the in vitro studies, Duncan et al. (2010) found
that inflammatory mediators [i.e., interleukin-8 (IL-8) and
cyclo-
oxygenase-2 (COX-2)] were 4-fold and 10-fold greater for
amosite
than for LA, respectively; amosite exposure increased the
expression
of genes in inflammation pathways, but decreased the
expression
of genes in oxidative and heat shock pathways. In a more recent
study, Duncan et al. (2014) reported that the fiber surface area
predicted inflammatory responses of multiple fiber samples
more
accurately than did fiber number or fiber mass. For the in vivo
studies (Padilla-Carlin et al. 2011; Cyphert et al. 2012a, 2015),
investigators found that intratracheal (IT) exposure of rats to
LA
and other fibers demonstrated that bronchoalveolar lavage
protein, a
marker of lung injury, correlated strongly with the number of
fibers
with lengths of 5–10 μm but not with those longer than 20 μm.
This
finding could be due to a much smaller fraction of the longer
fibers
relative to shorter fibers in the LA sample. Lung fibrosis
continued
to increase in the asbestos-exposed rats: Amosite had the
greatest
effect compared with the effect of other fibers 2 years after
exposure
(Cyphert et al. 2012b, 2015).
Comparative toxicology studies of LA with other naturally
12. occur-
ring forms of asbestos were also conducted by Cyphert et al.
(2012b)
using samples of chrysotile asbestos sediments from a slow-
moving
landslide on Sumas Mountain, Washington, and from naturally
occurring tremolite in El Dorado Hills, California—both areas
are
of concern due to exposures to local communities. A sample of
ferro-
actinolite cleavage fragments from Ontario, Canada, was also
tested
on rat lung tissue. Indices of toxicity showed significant effects
of
Sumas Mountain chrysotile, suggesting concern for the
population
exposed to materials from this slow-moving landslide.
The need for improved understanding of the mechanisms of
asbestos-related disease was also emphasized. For example,
inflam-
masomes are special components of inflammation represented
by
cytosolic sensors called nucleotide binding and oligomerization
domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) (Martinon et al. 2002). In
response to various pathogenic and nonpathogenic stressors,
these
NLRs are primed and subsequently activated. The activation
results
in production of active caspase-1 that can induce the production
of
mature IL-1β and IL-18, and thus create a proinflammatory
envi-
ronment. The Nlrp3 inflammasome has been shown to be
activated
by particles and fibers (Dostert et al. 2008). Four exciting areas
13. of
inflammasome research were presented:
1. The indication that asbestos and erionite exposure can prime
and activate Nlrp3 in mesothelial cells (Hillegass et al. 2013).
2. The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in asbestos-
induced
inflammasome regulation (Thompson et al. 2014).
3. How the mesothelial cell’s ability to phagocytize asbestos is
known to activate the Nlrp3 inflammasome.
4. How asbestos is involved in the transformation of mesothelial
cells and malignant mesothelioma development through the
mesothelial to fibroblastic transition process.
Brief Communication
A 196 volume 123 | number 8 | August 2015 • Environmental
Health Perspectives
The workshop concluded by identifying several challenges and
recommendations for future research:
• Chemical and physical characterization. Ongoing contro-
versy exists with respect to the potency of various forms of
asbestos (i.e., crocidolite, anthophyllite, tremolite, actinolite,
amosite, chrysotile). Furthermore, other mineral fibers, not
used for commercial purposes or classified as “asbestos” (i.e.,
magnesio-riebeckite, magnesio-arfvedsonite, winchite, richt-
erite, fluoro-edenite, antigorite, and erionite) are known to be
associated with ARD among exposed populations, and health
investigations are urgently needed for populations exposed
14. to these mineral fibers. For example, erionite (a zeolite) has
resulted in 30–50% of adult mesothelioma deaths in Turkish
villages. Erionite has also been found on North Dakota roads
(Carbone et al. 2011) and identified in other locations in
the United States (Van Gosen et al. 2013). These studies
highlight the critical importance for researchers to determine
the physical and chemical characteristics that induce adverse
health effects so that surveillance of exposed populations and
protective measures can be implemented to reduce worker and
community exposures.
• Regulatory concerns. Asbestos regulations were first devel-
oped more than 30 years ago for the workplace (i.e., asbestos
product manufacturing) and have primarily relied on phase
contrast microscopic (PCM) methods (which quantify fibers
> 5 μm in length and > 0.25 μm in width) to identify the pres-
ence of asbestos fibers in asbestos-containing materials or in
the
air (OSHA 1994; Stayner et al. 1997). However, today’s envi-
ronmental assessments require the use of high-power magni-
fication [e.g., transmission electron microscopy (TEM)] to
discern asbestos fibers not counted by PCM approaches (i.e.,
missing short fibers < 5 μm long and thin fibers < 0.25 μm in
diameter), yet some of these noncounted fibers may be toxic
(Dement et al. 2015). Additionally, more sensitive analytical
techniques will be needed to address materials with asbestos
concentrations < 1% by weight (e.g., soils, attic vermiculite)
that can still generate hazardous exposures when disturbed
(Ewing et al. 2010).
• Susceptible populations. Glaring deficiencies exist in the
historic strategies used to evaluate nonoccupational asbestos
exposures and the risks of ARD in sensitive populations
such as children, pregnant women, or those with preexisting
disease. For example, children living and playing around the
Wittenoom crocidolite mine in Western Australia developed
15. excess rates of brain, ovarian, prostate, and colorectal cancers
as adults in addition to mesothelioma (Reid et al. 2013). Thus,
children and others who handle asbestos at early life stages
could be at increased risk for ARD and other chronic diseases.
• A multidisciplinary approach. Research teams that include
epidemiologists, toxicologists, mineralogists, clinicians, and
statisticians have been working on complex issues such as
the Libby, Montana, site and other locations around the
United States that contain hazardous mineral fibers. Utilizing
interagency working groups and workshops such as the
NIEHS-sponsored “Mechanisms of Action” workshop in
December 2009 (Chapel Hill, North Carolina), experts
have identified data gaps and research needs (Gwinn et al.
2011). The NIEHS National Toxicology Program (NTP)
also designs projects (e.g., 2-year bioassays) to better assess
the toxicity of LA material in conjunction with a compre-
hensive program to study naturally occurring asbestos and
related mineral fibers (NTP 2007). The NIEHS Superfund
Research Program has also recently added the University
of Pennsylvania Superfund Center into its grant portfolio
(Superfund Research Program 2014). This interdisciplinary
center is evaluating the health effects associated with chryso-
tile found at the Ambler, Pennsylvania, Superfund site (U.S.
EPA 2014a). Together, these studies will collect toxicity data,
complete detailed physical and chemical characterizations,
and develop remediation strategies.
Conclusions
Although much literature on the topic of asbestos already exists,
the
2014 Society of Toxicology workshop indicates that there are
new
lines of research related to the human health impacts of asbestos
that
16. are being actively pursued and that additional questions remain
to
be addressed
(http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/evalatm/publica-
tions-and-presentations/presentations-at-scientific-meetings/sot-
2014/
index.html). For example, studies of the Libby population,
similar to
Wittenoom, Australia, and Sivas province in Turkey, will yield
addi-
tional information helpful to residents and the international
scientific
community. In addition, attention to asbestos fiber type,
thorough
fiber characterization, and careful dose-metric selection will
continue
to be critical determinants in evaluating disease outcomes,
leading to
important considerations in screening and risk assessment
scenarios.
More research should continue in susceptible populations such
as
pregnant women, children, and patients with underlying
diseases.
New research should also focus on the comparative toxicology
and
mode of action of asbestos fibers, as well as other hazardous
EMPs
such as erionite, winchite, antigorite, and more recently,
nanomate-
rials. Additionally, research should include biomarkers of
exposure
(e.g., inflammasome-related molecules) and modalities for
inter-
fering with the mechanisms that lead to ARD (e.g., protein
targets
17. for autoantibodies and the inflammasome), which could reduce
symptoms and asbestos-induced morbidity and mortality. Much
of
this research can also be used to support the mode of action of
these
various asbestos and EMP materials. Finally, it is only with a
multi-
disciplinary approach that collective efforts will lead to an
improved
understanding of fiber-induced illnesses, new risk assessment
strate-
gies to describe potential risks, and new risk management
approaches
to help protect affected communities.
The authors declare they have no actual or potential competing
finan-
cial interests. The research described in this article has been
reviewed and
approved for publication by the National Institute of
Environmental Health
Sciences, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the
Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry. Approval does not signify that
the contents
necessarily reflect the views or the policies of the agencies or
organizations,
nor does mention of trade names or commercial products
constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use. D.J.C., T.C.L., J.C.P., S.H.G.,
A.S.,
A.M., and R.H. conceived, coordinated, and helped to draft the
manuscript.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The authors
also wish
to thank W. Suk and L. Birnbaum for their reviews of the
18. manuscript.
Danielle J. Carlin,1 Theodore C. Larson,2 Jean C. Pfau,3
Stephen H. Gavett,4 Arti Shukla,5 Aubrey Miller,6 and Ronald
Hines7
1Division of Extramural Research and Training, National
Institute of Environmental
Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH),
Department of Health
and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, USA; 2Division
of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, Georgia, USA; 3Department of
Biological Sciences, Idaho
State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA; 4Environmental Public
Health Division,
National Health and Environmental Effects Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, USA; 5Department
of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont,
College of Medicine,
Burlington, Vermont, USA; 6Office of the Director, NIEHS,
NIH, DHHS, Bethesda,
Maryland, USA; 7Environmental Public Health Division,
National Health and
Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA,
Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina, USA
Address correspondence to D.J. Carlin, Division of Extramural
Research and Training,
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National
Institutes of Health,
530 Davis Dr., Rm 3102, Morrisville, NC 27560 USA. E-mail:
19. [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
Brief Communication
Environmental Health Perspectives • volume 123 | number 8 |
August 2015 A 197
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