This document discusses research on sexual orientation. It addresses common myths about lesbians, gays, and bisexuals. Research finds both gay men and lesbians tend to prefer sex-typical appearances in partners but not behaviors. Studies from the 1950s to today find around 75-90% of people identify as exclusively heterosexual, with lower percentages identifying as exclusively homosexual or bisexual. Views of homosexuality as a mental illness have changed over time. Research also explores possible genetic, biological, hormonal, and evolutionary factors related to sexual orientation. The document concludes by discussing legal issues regarding antisodomy laws, gay parenting, and gay marriage.
There is biological diversity in sex characteristics. Gender is a social construct distinct from biological sex. People should be free to express themselves along the full spectrum of gender without restriction. Discrimination based on sex, gender identity, or sexual orientation is unjust.
This document discusses various psychological disorders involving gender and sexuality. It begins by outlining disorders involving sexual identity and atypical sexual interests or behaviors that cause distress. It then defines key terms such as gender, gender identity, and sex. It proceeds to explain the concepts of gender dysphoria and transgender identity. It also describes sex reassignment surgery and theoretical perspectives on transgender identity development. The document then discusses various sexual dysfunctions involving problems with sexual interest, arousal, orgasm, and pain during intercourse. It outlines psychological, biological, and sociocultural perspectives on the development of sexual dysfunctions.
Psychological explanations of gender development: Cognitive development theory, inc. Kohlberg and Gender schema theory.
Biological influences on gender, including hormones, evolutionary, and biosocial approach to gender dysphoria
Social influences on gender, including parents, peers, and cultural influences on gender role
The document discusses the concept of biological sex as a spectrum rather than a binary, citing evidence of individuals who are intersex - with sexual characteristics that are not exclusively male or female. It argues that there are at least five sexes when considering intersex conditions like hermaphroditism. However, Western culture insists on recognizing only two sexes, often surgically altering intersex infants to fit into male or female categories.
Sexuality is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. The human sexual response cycle involves four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Sexual orientation has biological roots in genes, hormones, brain structure, and behavior. Individual differences exist, but attitudes toward sexuality are changing.
This document outlines exam questions related to gender development from 2010 to 2015. It focuses on assessing various theories and approaches to explaining gender, including:
- The biosocial approach and influences of social factors (2010)
- Kohlberg's theory of gender development (2011, 2013)
- Explanations for psychological androgyny (2011)
- Cross-cultural studies of gender roles (2011)
- Research into social influences on gender (2012, 2015)
- Gender schema theory (2012, 2014)
- The biosocial approach and social influences on gender (2013, 2015)
This document discusses gender identity and sexual orientation. It defines key terms like sex, gender, gender identity, transgender, genderqueer, and sexual orientation. It explains that gender identity refers to one's internal sense of gender, which may or may not correspond with their sex assigned at birth. It also distinguishes between gender identity and sexual orientation. Sexual orientation refers to who one is attracted to, such as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or straight. The document provides information on coming out, homophobia, and advocacy organizations working to promote acceptance.
The document discusses various topics related to human sexuality, including:
- Definitions of sex and gender, and the biological, psychological, and sociocultural dimensions of sexuality.
- Common myths and types of sexual activity, as well as the typical stages of sexual response.
- Sexual anatomy and the range of human sexual orientations and identities.
- Issues like virginity, risks of unprotected sex, and sexual dysfunctions and disorders.
The document serves as an overview of key concepts in sexuality from biological, psychological, and sociocultural perspectives.
There is biological diversity in sex characteristics. Gender is a social construct distinct from biological sex. People should be free to express themselves along the full spectrum of gender without restriction. Discrimination based on sex, gender identity, or sexual orientation is unjust.
This document discusses various psychological disorders involving gender and sexuality. It begins by outlining disorders involving sexual identity and atypical sexual interests or behaviors that cause distress. It then defines key terms such as gender, gender identity, and sex. It proceeds to explain the concepts of gender dysphoria and transgender identity. It also describes sex reassignment surgery and theoretical perspectives on transgender identity development. The document then discusses various sexual dysfunctions involving problems with sexual interest, arousal, orgasm, and pain during intercourse. It outlines psychological, biological, and sociocultural perspectives on the development of sexual dysfunctions.
Psychological explanations of gender development: Cognitive development theory, inc. Kohlberg and Gender schema theory.
Biological influences on gender, including hormones, evolutionary, and biosocial approach to gender dysphoria
Social influences on gender, including parents, peers, and cultural influences on gender role
The document discusses the concept of biological sex as a spectrum rather than a binary, citing evidence of individuals who are intersex - with sexual characteristics that are not exclusively male or female. It argues that there are at least five sexes when considering intersex conditions like hermaphroditism. However, Western culture insists on recognizing only two sexes, often surgically altering intersex infants to fit into male or female categories.
Sexuality is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. The human sexual response cycle involves four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Sexual orientation has biological roots in genes, hormones, brain structure, and behavior. Individual differences exist, but attitudes toward sexuality are changing.
This document outlines exam questions related to gender development from 2010 to 2015. It focuses on assessing various theories and approaches to explaining gender, including:
- The biosocial approach and influences of social factors (2010)
- Kohlberg's theory of gender development (2011, 2013)
- Explanations for psychological androgyny (2011)
- Cross-cultural studies of gender roles (2011)
- Research into social influences on gender (2012, 2015)
- Gender schema theory (2012, 2014)
- The biosocial approach and social influences on gender (2013, 2015)
This document discusses gender identity and sexual orientation. It defines key terms like sex, gender, gender identity, transgender, genderqueer, and sexual orientation. It explains that gender identity refers to one's internal sense of gender, which may or may not correspond with their sex assigned at birth. It also distinguishes between gender identity and sexual orientation. Sexual orientation refers to who one is attracted to, such as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or straight. The document provides information on coming out, homophobia, and advocacy organizations working to promote acceptance.
The document discusses various topics related to human sexuality, including:
- Definitions of sex and gender, and the biological, psychological, and sociocultural dimensions of sexuality.
- Common myths and types of sexual activity, as well as the typical stages of sexual response.
- Sexual anatomy and the range of human sexual orientations and identities.
- Issues like virginity, risks of unprotected sex, and sexual dysfunctions and disorders.
The document serves as an overview of key concepts in sexuality from biological, psychological, and sociocultural perspectives.
The biological approach states that gender development is determined by genes and hormones. In the first 6-8 weeks of development, a fetus will develop either male or female sex organs depending on the presence or absence of the SRY gene. For males, the SRY gene causes development of testes which produce testosterone, triggering male external organ development. Females develop in the absence of male hormones. Later hormone exposure during development and puberty further influence secondary sex characteristics and behaviors through average hormonal differences between males and females. However, social learning and social norms also influence behaviors, and determinism is limited as seen in conditions like androgen insensitivity syndrome.
Abridged version of the slides of a talk on the intersection of feminism, hip hop and science (sexual selection).
More info about the presentation:
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/urban-scientist/2012/12/03/intersection-of-culture-and-science-hiphop-feminism-sex-sexual-selection/
and
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/urban-scientist/2012/11/27/sexual-politics-of-hip-hop-reexamined-as-lessons-in-sexual-selection/
Son-biased sex ratios in the 2000 United States CensusMitu Khosla
The document summarizes a study that found evidence of sex selection among Chinese, Korean, and Asian Indian families in the 2000 U.S. Census. The study found male-biased sex ratios for third children, with sons outnumbering daughters 1.51 to 1 if the first two children were girls. This pattern mirrored son preference trends in China and India. However, sex ratios among white families did not vary significantly with birth order or existing child gender. The authors interpret these findings as evidence of prenatal sex selection among these Asian ethnic groups in the U.S.
This document provides an overview of understanding the needs of transgender clients. It begins with a personal sharing from the author about their experience transitioning from male to female. It then covers terminology, history, etiquette, rights, and current standards of care for transgender individuals. The goal is to educate people on working respectfully with transgender clients and promoting equality.
This document discusses sex, gender, and related social issues over multiple pages. It defines sex as biological characteristics and gender as behaviors and roles influenced by culture. It describes early sex development in embryos and potential disorders. It also outlines the sexual response cycle, primary/secondary sex characteristics, common dysfunctions, health issues, sexually transmitted diseases, influences on gender roles and stereotypes, dual-earner families, and trends in women's career choices.
The document discusses the biological approach to gender development. It describes how biological factors like genes, hormones and brain differences influence whether a fetus develops as male or female. During development, testosterone exposure affects the formation of sex organs and later impacts behaviors by changing the brain. Studies on animals, intersex individuals and hormone correlations in humans provide some evidence linking biology to gendered behaviors, though methods have limitations. The complexity of influences on gender is exemplified by cases like Caster Semenya.
From a Black and White to a Technicolor View of Gender: A Discussion on Gende...Aimee Beardslee
This document provides an overview of a discussion on gender identity and gender variance. It covers topics such as the differences between sex and gender, what intersex and transgender mean, gender development theories, and examples of gender variance across cultures. The discussion aims to move from a black and white view of gender to a more nuanced technicolor perspective that acknowledges there exists a spectrum of gender identities and expressions.
This document provides an introduction to concepts related to gender identity, gender expression, and biological sex. It defines these terms and discusses their differences. It also addresses the prevalence of intersex individuals, myths and misconceptions, and theoretical considerations for counselors. Gender identity refers to one's internal gender, gender expression is one's outward presentation, and biological sex refers to physical characteristics. These do not always align. The document aims to educate on this topic which is important for multicultural counseling.
Defines sex and gender; looks at human sexuality as basis of culture and society; discusses cultural restrictions on sexuality; honor killings and clitoridectomy are two sanctons relating to sexuality.
This document discusses intersex conditions, which involve atypical development of physical sex characteristics. It notes that intersex conditions have been attributed to over 70 chromosomal and hormonal variations. Historically, intersex individuals were referred to as "hermaphrodites," but the term is now considered stigmatizing. The standard medical protocol has been to surgically assign sex and modify genitals of intersex infants, but this approach has increasingly come under criticism for lack of consent, risk of harm, and impact on identity development. Intersex advocates argue for delaying medically unnecessary surgeries and recognizing intersex as a natural variation.
Gender Identity Disorders. Transsexualism, Dual role transvestism, Gender Identity disorder of childhood in boys and girls. Diagnosis and awareness of gender identity.
Marsha P. Johnson was a pioneering transgender activist known for participating in the 1969 Stonewall riots and co-founding the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries. In the 1970s and 1980s, Johnson advocated for transgender rights and provided support to transgender youth. Johnson's death in 1992 was initially ruled a suicide but was later reopened as a possible homicide.
Gender identity and sexual orientation chapter 9tmbouvier
This document discusses gender identity and sexual orientation. It defines key terms like gender identity, sexual orientation, transgender, cisgender, and more. It explores how gender identity may differ from biological sex and can be shaped by both nature and nurture. It also addresses obstacles faced by transgender individuals like access to healthcare and discrimination. The document aims to increase understanding of diverse identities and lifestyles.
The document discusses biological influences on gender development from conception through adulthood. It explains that the presence or absence of the SRY gene during early fetal development determines whether sex organs develop along male or female lines. During critical prenatal and early childhood periods, males are exposed to higher levels of testosterone than females, which influences brain development and later gendered behaviors. While hormones and genes influence gender development, the complexity of factors involved is demonstrated by cases like Caster Semenya that challenge simple biological definitions of gender.
The document defines sexual orientation as an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes. It is traditionally defined as heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality, with asexuality as a possible fourth category. The document also states that most people experience little to no choice in their sexual orientation, and that efforts to change orientation are unlikely to be successful. Biological factors like genetics, prenatal hormone levels, and birth order may influence sexual orientation.
The document discusses gender differences in social behavior and their underlying sources. It notes that from birth, infants are classified as male or female and treated differently by society based on gender. It then outlines several key gender differences in areas like emotional expression, social influence, leadership evaluations, aggression, friendship, and mate selection/sexuality. These differences are attributed both to biological factors like prenatal hormone exposure and brain differences, as well as social/environmental factors like gendered parenting, toys, media portrayals, and societal expectations.
Homosexual presentation sample viet dung hanoi universityNgheoVp Trai
This document discusses homosexuality and examines potential reasons why people become homosexual. It first provides statistics showing that more people now know someone who is gay or lesbian compared to the past. It then reviews studies that have explored biological and genetic factors like prenatal hormone exposure, twin studies, and chromosome markers that may contribute to homosexuality. However, the document notes these factors are only partially stimulating and many homosexuals can change. Environmental factors like social acceptance, urbanization, influence from jobs or living in gay communities may also play a role. Family dynamics like divorce, absent parents, and strict fathers are also theorized to potentially influence sexual orientation development.
The document defines key terms related to sexuality such as sex, gender, and sexuality. It then discusses stereotypical representations of homosexuality, bisexuality, and heterosexuality in media. Specifically, it notes that gay men are often portrayed as effeminate while lesbian women are depicted as masculine. It also mentions some outdated ideologies from the past viewed sexuality as immoral or a mental illness. The document concludes by providing facts about the increasing legal protections for LGBTQ individuals in England over recent decades.
1. LGBTQ youth face higher risks of mental health issues like depression and suicide due to challenges with identity development and societal stigma. Family rejection and victimization can significantly increase suicide risks.
2. Mental health providers should offer affirming care to LGBTQ youth, being sensitive to their experiences of discrimination and trauma. Creating a supportive environment, asking non-judgmental questions, and providing resources can help address their needs.
3. Promoting family and social support for LGBTQ youth, in addition to developing their coping skills, can help build resiliency against mental health risks.
The biological approach states that gender development is determined by genes and hormones. In the first 6-8 weeks of development, a fetus will develop either male or female sex organs depending on the presence or absence of the SRY gene. For males, the SRY gene causes development of testes which produce testosterone, triggering male external organ development. Females develop in the absence of male hormones. Later hormone exposure during development and puberty further influence secondary sex characteristics and behaviors through average hormonal differences between males and females. However, social learning and social norms also influence behaviors, and determinism is limited as seen in conditions like androgen insensitivity syndrome.
Abridged version of the slides of a talk on the intersection of feminism, hip hop and science (sexual selection).
More info about the presentation:
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/urban-scientist/2012/12/03/intersection-of-culture-and-science-hiphop-feminism-sex-sexual-selection/
and
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/urban-scientist/2012/11/27/sexual-politics-of-hip-hop-reexamined-as-lessons-in-sexual-selection/
Son-biased sex ratios in the 2000 United States CensusMitu Khosla
The document summarizes a study that found evidence of sex selection among Chinese, Korean, and Asian Indian families in the 2000 U.S. Census. The study found male-biased sex ratios for third children, with sons outnumbering daughters 1.51 to 1 if the first two children were girls. This pattern mirrored son preference trends in China and India. However, sex ratios among white families did not vary significantly with birth order or existing child gender. The authors interpret these findings as evidence of prenatal sex selection among these Asian ethnic groups in the U.S.
This document provides an overview of understanding the needs of transgender clients. It begins with a personal sharing from the author about their experience transitioning from male to female. It then covers terminology, history, etiquette, rights, and current standards of care for transgender individuals. The goal is to educate people on working respectfully with transgender clients and promoting equality.
This document discusses sex, gender, and related social issues over multiple pages. It defines sex as biological characteristics and gender as behaviors and roles influenced by culture. It describes early sex development in embryos and potential disorders. It also outlines the sexual response cycle, primary/secondary sex characteristics, common dysfunctions, health issues, sexually transmitted diseases, influences on gender roles and stereotypes, dual-earner families, and trends in women's career choices.
The document discusses the biological approach to gender development. It describes how biological factors like genes, hormones and brain differences influence whether a fetus develops as male or female. During development, testosterone exposure affects the formation of sex organs and later impacts behaviors by changing the brain. Studies on animals, intersex individuals and hormone correlations in humans provide some evidence linking biology to gendered behaviors, though methods have limitations. The complexity of influences on gender is exemplified by cases like Caster Semenya.
From a Black and White to a Technicolor View of Gender: A Discussion on Gende...Aimee Beardslee
This document provides an overview of a discussion on gender identity and gender variance. It covers topics such as the differences between sex and gender, what intersex and transgender mean, gender development theories, and examples of gender variance across cultures. The discussion aims to move from a black and white view of gender to a more nuanced technicolor perspective that acknowledges there exists a spectrum of gender identities and expressions.
This document provides an introduction to concepts related to gender identity, gender expression, and biological sex. It defines these terms and discusses their differences. It also addresses the prevalence of intersex individuals, myths and misconceptions, and theoretical considerations for counselors. Gender identity refers to one's internal gender, gender expression is one's outward presentation, and biological sex refers to physical characteristics. These do not always align. The document aims to educate on this topic which is important for multicultural counseling.
Defines sex and gender; looks at human sexuality as basis of culture and society; discusses cultural restrictions on sexuality; honor killings and clitoridectomy are two sanctons relating to sexuality.
This document discusses intersex conditions, which involve atypical development of physical sex characteristics. It notes that intersex conditions have been attributed to over 70 chromosomal and hormonal variations. Historically, intersex individuals were referred to as "hermaphrodites," but the term is now considered stigmatizing. The standard medical protocol has been to surgically assign sex and modify genitals of intersex infants, but this approach has increasingly come under criticism for lack of consent, risk of harm, and impact on identity development. Intersex advocates argue for delaying medically unnecessary surgeries and recognizing intersex as a natural variation.
Gender Identity Disorders. Transsexualism, Dual role transvestism, Gender Identity disorder of childhood in boys and girls. Diagnosis and awareness of gender identity.
Marsha P. Johnson was a pioneering transgender activist known for participating in the 1969 Stonewall riots and co-founding the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries. In the 1970s and 1980s, Johnson advocated for transgender rights and provided support to transgender youth. Johnson's death in 1992 was initially ruled a suicide but was later reopened as a possible homicide.
Gender identity and sexual orientation chapter 9tmbouvier
This document discusses gender identity and sexual orientation. It defines key terms like gender identity, sexual orientation, transgender, cisgender, and more. It explores how gender identity may differ from biological sex and can be shaped by both nature and nurture. It also addresses obstacles faced by transgender individuals like access to healthcare and discrimination. The document aims to increase understanding of diverse identities and lifestyles.
The document discusses biological influences on gender development from conception through adulthood. It explains that the presence or absence of the SRY gene during early fetal development determines whether sex organs develop along male or female lines. During critical prenatal and early childhood periods, males are exposed to higher levels of testosterone than females, which influences brain development and later gendered behaviors. While hormones and genes influence gender development, the complexity of factors involved is demonstrated by cases like Caster Semenya that challenge simple biological definitions of gender.
The document defines sexual orientation as an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes. It is traditionally defined as heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality, with asexuality as a possible fourth category. The document also states that most people experience little to no choice in their sexual orientation, and that efforts to change orientation are unlikely to be successful. Biological factors like genetics, prenatal hormone levels, and birth order may influence sexual orientation.
The document discusses gender differences in social behavior and their underlying sources. It notes that from birth, infants are classified as male or female and treated differently by society based on gender. It then outlines several key gender differences in areas like emotional expression, social influence, leadership evaluations, aggression, friendship, and mate selection/sexuality. These differences are attributed both to biological factors like prenatal hormone exposure and brain differences, as well as social/environmental factors like gendered parenting, toys, media portrayals, and societal expectations.
Homosexual presentation sample viet dung hanoi universityNgheoVp Trai
This document discusses homosexuality and examines potential reasons why people become homosexual. It first provides statistics showing that more people now know someone who is gay or lesbian compared to the past. It then reviews studies that have explored biological and genetic factors like prenatal hormone exposure, twin studies, and chromosome markers that may contribute to homosexuality. However, the document notes these factors are only partially stimulating and many homosexuals can change. Environmental factors like social acceptance, urbanization, influence from jobs or living in gay communities may also play a role. Family dynamics like divorce, absent parents, and strict fathers are also theorized to potentially influence sexual orientation development.
The document defines key terms related to sexuality such as sex, gender, and sexuality. It then discusses stereotypical representations of homosexuality, bisexuality, and heterosexuality in media. Specifically, it notes that gay men are often portrayed as effeminate while lesbian women are depicted as masculine. It also mentions some outdated ideologies from the past viewed sexuality as immoral or a mental illness. The document concludes by providing facts about the increasing legal protections for LGBTQ individuals in England over recent decades.
1. LGBTQ youth face higher risks of mental health issues like depression and suicide due to challenges with identity development and societal stigma. Family rejection and victimization can significantly increase suicide risks.
2. Mental health providers should offer affirming care to LGBTQ youth, being sensitive to their experiences of discrimination and trauma. Creating a supportive environment, asking non-judgmental questions, and providing resources can help address their needs.
3. Promoting family and social support for LGBTQ youth, in addition to developing their coping skills, can help build resiliency against mental health risks.
The document discusses gender differences in social behavior and their underlying sources. It notes that from birth, infants are classified as male or female and treated differently by society based on gender roles. It then outlines several key gender differences in areas like emotional expression, aggression, leadership evaluations, and friendships. These differences arise from both biological factors like prenatal hormone exposure as well as societal factors like gendered socialization and treatment from a young age.
Homosexuality, birth order, and evolutionTeresa Levy
This article proposes that homosexuality can be explained by a polygenetic trait influenced by multiple genes. During development, these genes shift male brain development in a more feminine direction. While single alleles may produce homosexuality, carriers of these alleles who are heterosexual tend to be better fathers and more attractive mates. This balanced polymorphism allows alleles that contribute to homosexuality to survive by offsetting their negative reproductive impacts through positively impacting heterosexual carriers. A similar effect is proposed to exist for genes that could produce lesbianism in females.
The document discusses the differences between sex and gender, with sex referring to biological differences and gender referring to socially constructed differences. It explains that gender is embedded in a society's images, ideas, and language, and is used to divide work, allocate resources, and distribute power. Gender socialization is the process by which people learn to behave as male or female according to their society's expectations.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on gender and human sexuality. It discusses the differences between sex and gender, the biological and social aspects of each. It covers topics like sexual orientation, sexual behavior in males and females, and sexual problems. The lecture also explores the scientific study of sexuality, including early pioneers in the field. It addresses sexual arousal and response cycles, as well as dysfunctions and therapies. Risk factors of substance use on sexuality are also summarized.
Sexual Prejudice and Attitudes toward Same-Sex Parented FamiliesPedro Alexandre Costa
This document summarizes a presentation on sexual prejudice and attitudes toward same-sex parented families. It defines key terms like stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. It also outlines individual differences that are related to higher sexual prejudice like social conservatism, religiosity, and beliefs about the origins of homosexuality. Research finds people evaluate same-sex couples less favorably than different-sex couples as parents and anticipate more problems for children with same-sex parents. Finally, the document discusses the social and psychological impacts of sexual prejudice, including minority stress and reduced well-being and family stability.
Hormonal Influences on Female Gender Identity & BehaviorSue-Mei Slogar
This document discusses research on the influence of hormones on gender identity and behavior. Several studies are reviewed that show prenatal testosterone exposure increases male-typical behavior in both males and females. Individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia or androgen insensitivity syndrome also demonstrate more male-typical traits and identities than controls. However, the findings are mixed, and social and medical factors complicate determining the role of biology alone. Overall, gender appears to be influenced by a complex interplay of biological and environmental factors.
This literature review examines research on parenting by gay and lesbian couples compared to heterosexual couples. Several studies found no significant differences in child development or well-being based on parental sexual orientation. Children of gay and lesbian parents were shown to be psychologically healthy and well-adjusted, with academic performance and relationships not impacted by family type. The research supports the hypothesis that gay and lesbian parents are just as effective as heterosexual parents.
This document discusses the evolution of measuring sexual identity in epidemiological research. It outlines how measurement tools have changed from dichotomous classifications to scales that allow for more complexity. Specifically, it mentions Kinsey's bipolar scale, Klein's grid that measures 7 dimensions, and Shively & DeCecco's independent scales. It argues that current surveys should separately measure gender, sexual orientation, and behavioral activities. Finally, it lists implications for gay men's health research, including potential issues with representation, accuracy, feasibility, and legal/political impacts of refined data collection.
Gender and sexualityWhat’s the difference· Sex refers to a pe.docxshericehewat
Gender and sexuality
What’s the difference?
· Sex refers to a person’s biological status and is typically categorized as male, female, or intersex (i.e., atypical combinations of features that usually distinguish male from female). There are a number of indicators of biological sex, including sex chromosomes, gonads, internal reproductive organs, and external genitalia.
· Gender refers to the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex. Behavior that is compatible with cultural expectations is referred to as gender-normative; behaviors that are viewed as incompatible with these expectations constitute gender non-conformity.
· Sexual orientation refers to the sex of those to whom one is sexually and romantically attracted. Categories of sexual orientation typically have included attraction to members of one’s own sex (gay men or lesbians), attraction to members of the other sex (heterosexuals), and attraction to members of both sexes (bisexuals). While these categories continue to be widely used, research has suggested that sexual orientation does not always appear in such definable categories and instead occurs on a continuum (e.g., Kinsey, Pomeroy, Martin, & Gebhard, 1953; Klein, 1993; Klein, Sepekoff, & Wolff, 1985; Shiveley & DeCecco, 1977) In addition, some research indicates that sexual orientation is fluid for some people; this may be especially true for women (e.g., Diamond, 2007; Golden, 1987; Peplau & Garnets, 2000).
· Excerpt from: The Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients, adopted by the APA Council of Representatives, February 18-20, 2011. The Guidelines are available on the APA website at http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/guidelines.aspx
Sexual Identity
· Sexual identity is: a complex set of personal qualities, self perceptions, attitudes, values, and preferences that guide one’s sexual behavior
· HOW IT IS DEVELOPED
· Physiological Influences
· Biological Development
· Hormones produced in the body
· Puberty through sexual development
· Psychological Influences
· Messages we receive about sex and sexuality
· What is appropriate, what is not
· What is normal, what is abnormal
· Communication around sexuality
· Open/Closed
Sexual Identity Development
· Psychological Influences
· What do we think about sex and sexuxality?
· Family
· Peers
· School
· Religion
· Media
· Pop Culture
· Gender Differences
· Do we give different messages about sexual identity based on gender?
· Societal norms
· Peers
· Media messages
Sexual Socialization
· Sexual Education in school
· Think about your experience
· Were you adequately educated about your body, sex, sexuality
· Were you able to have questions answered?
· Was it ok to talk about development with your friends?
· Messages and norms regarding what is appropriate
· Differences among gender socialization
· We’ve all seen the “Real men do ABC” or “Real women are XYZ”
· What impact does this have ...
This document discusses a qualitative study on how same-sex relationships at De La Salle University influence future family planning methods. It includes definitions of key terms, background on same-sex relationships and LGBT rights in the Philippines. The study conducted semi-structured interviews with 6 students currently in same-sex relationships. Interview findings showed that relationships ranged from 1 to 1.5 years, some families were aware and supportive while others were not, and couples discussed future plans like living together but not marriage or children due to the illegality of same-sex unions in the Philippines.
13 gender in a globalising world january 2014fatima d
This document discusses gender in a globalizing world and addresses several topics related to gender including sexual identities, masculinities and femininities, and the global gender order. It examines how sexual activity and identity are linked and explores how gender roles are socially constructed. It also analyzes how ideologies about gender on a global level can impact life chances and discusses concepts like patriarchy, hegemonic masculinity, and resistant femininities. The document provides historical context on attitudes toward sexuality and explores how homosexuality has become more normalized in some parts of the world through civil rights movements and legislative changes.
1. Studies of biological contributions to homosexuality face difficulties due to ethical and practical limitations of research on humans as well as differences between humans and animal models.
2. Genetic research has used linkage analysis and association studies to search for genes related to homosexuality, but results so far only suggest regions rather than specific genes due to complexity of multiple genetic and environmental factors.
3. Epigenetics offers a framework to study gene-environment interactions through examining methylation differences between identical twins who differ in sexual orientation, but causes of those methylation differences remain unknown.
This document discusses fighting homophobia and supporting LGBT college students. It aims to increase awareness of sexuality, sexual orientation, homophobia, and heterosexual privilege. It also aims to create a safe space for questions and discuss how to be better allies. The document defines key terms, discusses sexual fluidity and orientation, and provides examples of prejudice and how it hurts everyone.
This document discusses several potential benefits that men may have evolved to gain from commitment and marriage, including increased certainty of paternity of children, access to higher quality mates, increased social status and allies. It also examines preferences that men have evolved for cues associated with female fertility, such as youth and certain physical attributes like waist-to-hip ratio. Ensuring fidelity within marriage helped men solve the problem of paternity uncertainty.
2. Myth?
• Lesbians and gays are always trying to seduce heterosexuals.
• Gays and lesbians are oversexed.
• Bisexual have the best of both worlds.
• It’s easy to spot a gay or lesbian in a crowd.
• Within a relationship setting, gays and lesbians mimic traditional
heterosexual patterns.
2
3. Sex Typical Behavior
• Do gay men prefer feminine males? Lesbians prefer masculine
females?
– Both gay men and lesbians tend to prefer sex-typical appearance
– preference less strong for feminine males
– no typical preference for sex-typical behavior among lesbians
(Bailey et al., 1997)
3
7. Genetic Evidence
• Family studies
– homosexual females more likely to have homosexual brothers
(Bailey & Bell, 1993)
– brothers concordant for homosexuality were similar in childhood
gender nonconformity (Bailey, 2000)
– gender nonconformity inherited trait for both males and females
– 90% of gay or bisexual males had sons who were straight (Bailey,
1995).
7
9. Genetic Evidence
• Sex - linked?
– X-linked
– Xq28 region
• Some studies indicate homosexuality on both maternal and paternal
sides (Bailey et al., 1999)
9
10. Brain Anatomy Evidence
• Hypothalamic differences:
– suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) larger and has more cells in gay
men (Swaab, 1990)
– INAH1-4 regions (Simon LeVay, 1991)
• examined homosexual men, heterosexual men and women
• area INAH3 differentiated groups
10
12. Birth Order
• Latter born sons more likely to be gay
• Mothers develop immunity to H-Y Antigen
(Blanchard, 2001 )
12
13. Behavioral Measures
• Gay men on average better at spatial rotation than gay women
• Gay men more aggressive and competitive than gay women
• Straight men more aggressive and competitive than gay men
13
14. Homosexuality & Evolution
How can a trait that seems to inhibit the
likelihood of offspring remain in the
population?
14
16. Sex Differences in
Sexual Orientation
• Is it a phase?
– Men - hard wired
– Lesbian and bisexual young women were followed over a 5 year
period (Diamond, 2003)
• Over a quarter relinquished their gay identity
– More likely to indicate attraction to both men and women
– indicated that degree of attraction to men and women did
not significantly Change
– 1 women described lesbian period as “a phase”
16
17. Sex Differences in
Sexual Orientation
• Sex differences in sexual arousal patterns (Chivers et al., in press)
– examined gay and straight men and women, and male to female
transsexuals
– viewed male/male, female/female, and male/female erotica
– gathered physiological and subjective data
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19. Antisodomy Laws
• Sec. 21.01. Definitions.
(1) "Deviate sexual intercourse" means:
(A) any contact between any part of the genitals of one person
and the mouth or anus of another person; or
(B) the penetration of the genitals or the anus of another person
with an object.
• Sec. 21.06. Homosexual Conduct.
(a) A person commits an offense if he engages in deviate sexual
intercourse with another individual of the same sex.
(b) An offense under this section is a Class C misdemeanor. ($500)
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21. Gay Parents &
Children of Gay Parents
• Comparing gay and straight parents (e.g., Allen & Burrell, 1996).
– Parental data:
• parent’s rating of parent/child interaction
• parental attitude about sexual development
• rating of child’s level of satisfaction
• teacher’s rating of child’s school behavior
– Child data:
• sexual orientation
• life satisfaction
• cognitive development
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22. Gay Parents &
Children of Gay Parents
• Children of gay parents highly likely to report that their problems are
related to their parent being gay (94%)(Cameron & Cameron, 2002)
• Children of gay parents equally likely to be teased, but teased about
family (e.g., Vanfraussen et al., 2002)
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23. Gay Adoption
• Do adoption agencies allow gay adoption?
– 823 adoption agencies contacted, 26% responded (Brodzinsky et
al., 2002)
– of these:
• 63% accepted applications from gay couples
• 38% had made at least one gay adoption
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It’s easy to spot a gay or lesbian in a crowd. : stereotypes apply to some not all: gay match making show Lesbians and gays are always trying to seduce heterosexuals.: gays interested in other gays. Also, straight people far more likely to seduce children. Gays and lesbians are oversexed.: gays have similar sex drive as straights - gay men have more partners than straight men (female limited - not lack of interest on straight male part) Bisexual have the best of both worlds.: no - they are often ostracised from both groups - have to hide straight side from gay friends, vice versa. Within a relationship setting, gays and lesbians mimic traditional heterosexual patterns.: male role and female role - this happens in some cases, but typically the exception see study following...
Discuss the fact that many gay men do not like feminine males - “if I wanted to have sex with a woman, I’d be straight.”
After this slide, show video clip
Question: rates of psychopathology are higher among gays and lesbians. Why? Would you predict rates of these problems to be lower in gay friendly communities?
note 48% not concordant
Xq28 region: examined brothers concordant for homosexuality, Xq28 region similar for 33/40 pairs of brothers - this region codes for dozens to hundreds of genes
INAH2 and 3 regions larger in men than women Homosexual men died of AIDS area INAH3 differentiated groups: larger in straight men, similar in size between gay and straight women. Heterosexual men with and without AIDS did not differ INAH function unknown - but rich in androgen and estrogen receptors
Prenatal exogenous hormone administration: DES (synthetic estrogen) -> female offspring more likely to be lesbian maternal stress - 2nd trimester critical testosterone - high levels ass. Male and female gay handedness - mixed and left handedness associated with gay - may be related to prenatal testosterone OAEs - higher in hetero females than heteromales -bi and lesbian women intermediate -gay males hypermasculinized -opposite sex twins intermediate -related to prenatal androgens finger lengths, 2d:4d - ratio smaller in males than females, smaller in lesbians and gay men - related to prenatal T Testosterone levels in adults lower in gay men - related to stress higher in butch lesbians
Latter born sons more likely to be gay - each additional brother increases odds by 33% reflects the progressive immunization of some mothers to Y-linked minor histocompatibility antigen s ( H-Y antigen s) anti- H-Y antibodies produced by the mother pass through the placental barrier to the fetus and affect aspects of sexual differentiation in the fetal brain doesn’t happen with older sisters. Latter born sons with older brothers weigh less
balanced polymorphism -greater fertility in straight siblings - excess of feminine traights - women prefer men who are tender, sensitive, empathic - homosexuality may represent people who get too much of this trait biological exuberance- more diversity leads to greater stability and resilience reciprocal altruism - same sex alliances kin selection - reduces likelihood of nonproductive competition between earlier and latter born sons
Men rarely change - for gay men it appears to be hard wired. Some argue no such thing as a bisexual man - if given a choice, men will indicate a preference. Often men will have same sex relations because of circumstances (e.g., prison) or opposite sex relations because of circumstances (e.g., societal pressure. Show video clip from “straight - a conversion comedy” These women did not differ from those who maintained lesbian/bisexual identities regarding the age at which they underwent sexual identity milestones, the factors that precipitated their sexual questioning, or their recollection of childhood "indicators" same-sex sexuality.
Antisodomy laws recently struck down by the Supreme court - June 2003 - Lawrence vs. Texas
Antisodomy laws recently struck down by the Supreme court - June 2003 - Lawrence vs. Texas
Children have to contend with unique circumstances, but otherwise social and emotional development proceeds normally
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Gay marriage legal in Canada as of June 10, 2003 - currently pending in Canadian Supreme court