1) The document analyzes the behavioral responses of the insect Sexava Nubila to modifications of the intensity levels of imitation sounds of its mating call.
2) A sound modification tool was created that could playback recordings of the Sexava Nubila call at intensities ranging from 50-120 dB.
3) Tests in the laboratory found that female Sexava Nubila responded and interacted with changes to the intensity of the modified calls, while male Sexava Nubila did not respond to intensity changes in the sounds.
Port scanning is the process of examining IP addresses to determine what services are running on a network. It can be used by administrators to verify security policies and by attackers to identify vulnerabilities. Nmap is one of the most popular port scanners that adds features like OS detection. Shadow Security Scanner is a port scanning tool that audits services like FTP, SSH, SMTP, and supports expanding capabilities through an open ActiveX architecture. To prevent attacks, network devices should implement IP spoofing and firewalls should only allow necessary traffic while detecting and blocking potentially malicious behavior over time.
Significance of material planning, production control in actualization of org...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the significance of material planning and production control in helping organizations achieve their goals and objectives. It explains that material planning involves forecasting material needs based on sales and production forecasts, planning purchases and inventory levels. Production control aims to satisfy customers by meeting delivery deadlines and quality standards. The document emphasizes that proper material planning and control, including optimizing material, worker and machine utilization, is crucial for organizations to avoid issues like losing market share or customers.
análisis sobre Filter Bubble, a través de lo dicho por el creador de Facebook Mark Zuckerberg:
“una ardilla muriendo al frente de tu casa puede ser mucho más relevante para tus intereses que una persona muriendo en África. Explique con sus palabras como esta frase se relaciona problemática planteado por el libro de Filter Bubble, y cuáles solo los potenciales efectos que ésta podría acarrear a su vida personal y a la sociedad”
El documento habla sobre Joel Bernal y su apoyo a las asociaciones benéficas internacionales como líderes comunitarios. También menciona que la próxima edición del concurso Miss Universo se llevará a cabo el 20 de diciembre en Las Vegas y que actualmente se están recopilando escenas y reacciones de las concursantes del evento.
Perception and individual decision making are influenced by various factors. Perception depends on the perceiver's characteristics and attitudes, the target being perceived, and the situation. Decision making involves identifying problems, developing alternatives, and making choices that can be biased by perceptual distortions. Common biases include overconfidence, anchoring, confirmation bias, availability bias, and escalation of commitment. Managers must consider how perception and biases can influence evaluation, rewards, regulations, precedents, and decision making.
Study the effects of antecedents of employee satisfaction in banking sector o...Alexander Decker
The document discusses a study on the factors affecting employee satisfaction in the banking sector of Pakistan. It examines six hypothesized antecedents of employee satisfaction: autonomy, challenge, performance measures, feedback, instrumentality, and stability/security. Data was collected through questionnaires from 180 employees of top banks in Pakistan. The results of the study found that all six factors had a positive and significant correlation with employee satisfaction. Autonomy had the strongest effect, followed by instrumentality, performance measures, challenge, feedback, and stability/security. The study provides evidence that enhancing these workplace factors can increase levels of employee satisfaction in the banking industry.
Significance of public priorities from telecommunication to cellular communic...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the shift in public priorities from telecommunication to cellular communication in Pakistan. It finds that cellular communication has grown rapidly due to its affordability and accessibility compared to telecommunication. Cellular networks provide more mobility and opportunities for information sharing. The document analyzes subscription data for Pakistan's major cellular networks from October 2012 to March 2013, finding subscription rates increased and remained high, between 67-70% of the population. It then evaluates features of the top cellular networks in Pakistan.
Security challenges as threats to national unity in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document discusses security challenges threatening national unity in Nigeria. It examines the causes of security challenges, including a failing state as evidenced by inability to ensure national security and food/social security, bad governance including corruption, duplicated/inefficient security agency functions and inadequate training/equipment, and religious ideologies that divide people. The document aims to enhance national unity by suggesting ways to prevent security challenges that endanger Nigeria's heterogeneous state and development.
Port scanning is the process of examining IP addresses to determine what services are running on a network. It can be used by administrators to verify security policies and by attackers to identify vulnerabilities. Nmap is one of the most popular port scanners that adds features like OS detection. Shadow Security Scanner is a port scanning tool that audits services like FTP, SSH, SMTP, and supports expanding capabilities through an open ActiveX architecture. To prevent attacks, network devices should implement IP spoofing and firewalls should only allow necessary traffic while detecting and blocking potentially malicious behavior over time.
Significance of material planning, production control in actualization of org...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the significance of material planning and production control in helping organizations achieve their goals and objectives. It explains that material planning involves forecasting material needs based on sales and production forecasts, planning purchases and inventory levels. Production control aims to satisfy customers by meeting delivery deadlines and quality standards. The document emphasizes that proper material planning and control, including optimizing material, worker and machine utilization, is crucial for organizations to avoid issues like losing market share or customers.
análisis sobre Filter Bubble, a través de lo dicho por el creador de Facebook Mark Zuckerberg:
“una ardilla muriendo al frente de tu casa puede ser mucho más relevante para tus intereses que una persona muriendo en África. Explique con sus palabras como esta frase se relaciona problemática planteado por el libro de Filter Bubble, y cuáles solo los potenciales efectos que ésta podría acarrear a su vida personal y a la sociedad”
El documento habla sobre Joel Bernal y su apoyo a las asociaciones benéficas internacionales como líderes comunitarios. También menciona que la próxima edición del concurso Miss Universo se llevará a cabo el 20 de diciembre en Las Vegas y que actualmente se están recopilando escenas y reacciones de las concursantes del evento.
Perception and individual decision making are influenced by various factors. Perception depends on the perceiver's characteristics and attitudes, the target being perceived, and the situation. Decision making involves identifying problems, developing alternatives, and making choices that can be biased by perceptual distortions. Common biases include overconfidence, anchoring, confirmation bias, availability bias, and escalation of commitment. Managers must consider how perception and biases can influence evaluation, rewards, regulations, precedents, and decision making.
Study the effects of antecedents of employee satisfaction in banking sector o...Alexander Decker
The document discusses a study on the factors affecting employee satisfaction in the banking sector of Pakistan. It examines six hypothesized antecedents of employee satisfaction: autonomy, challenge, performance measures, feedback, instrumentality, and stability/security. Data was collected through questionnaires from 180 employees of top banks in Pakistan. The results of the study found that all six factors had a positive and significant correlation with employee satisfaction. Autonomy had the strongest effect, followed by instrumentality, performance measures, challenge, feedback, and stability/security. The study provides evidence that enhancing these workplace factors can increase levels of employee satisfaction in the banking industry.
Significance of public priorities from telecommunication to cellular communic...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the shift in public priorities from telecommunication to cellular communication in Pakistan. It finds that cellular communication has grown rapidly due to its affordability and accessibility compared to telecommunication. Cellular networks provide more mobility and opportunities for information sharing. The document analyzes subscription data for Pakistan's major cellular networks from October 2012 to March 2013, finding subscription rates increased and remained high, between 67-70% of the population. It then evaluates features of the top cellular networks in Pakistan.
Security challenges as threats to national unity in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document discusses security challenges threatening national unity in Nigeria. It examines the causes of security challenges, including a failing state as evidenced by inability to ensure national security and food/social security, bad governance including corruption, duplicated/inefficient security agency functions and inadequate training/equipment, and religious ideologies that divide people. The document aims to enhance national unity by suggesting ways to prevent security challenges that endanger Nigeria's heterogeneous state and development.
Welcome to my prsentation on graph and treeDyuti Islam
Binary Tree
12. Binary Tree Binary Tree is a rooted tree in which root can have maximum two children such that each of them is again a binary tree. That means, there can be 0,1, or 2 children of any node.
13. Strict Binary Tree
14. Strict Binary Tree Strict Binary Tree is a Binary tree in which root can have exactly two children or no children at all. That means, there can be 0 or 2 children of any node.
15. Complete Binary Tree
16. Complete Binary Tree Complete Binary Tree is a Strict Binary tree in which every leaf node is at same level. That means, there are equal number of children in right and left subtree for every node.
Staff welfare as an antecedent to service delivery among civil servants in ke...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between staff welfare and service delivery among civil servants in Nandi County, Kenya. The study used a survey of 350 county employees to examine how flexible scheduling, safety/health programs, and retirement plans affected service delivery. The results found low levels of safety/health services and retirement plans for employees, but high levels of flexible scheduling. Statistical analysis showed that safety/health, retirement plans, and flexible scheduling had a significant positive effect on service delivery. The document reviews several other studies that also found workplace health programs, pension plans, and other welfare benefits improved employee motivation, satisfaction, and performance. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the importance of adequately providing welfare services to civil servants in order to
El documento describe las principales funciones del Congreso de Colombia. Estas incluyen la función constituyente de reformar la constitución, la función legislativa de crear leyes, la función de protocolo como recibir a jefes de estado extranjeros, la función de control político sobre el ejecutivo mediante citaciones y mociones de censura, la función electoral de elegir algunos altos funcionarios, y la función judicial de juzgar a altos funcionarios del estado.
Plano de despiece en cad para el portafolioLizeth Bernal
Este documento es un dibujo de ingeniería entregado por Mayra Lizeth Bernal Molina a Helen Rocio Martínez de la Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia en Sogamoso, Boyacá el 27 de noviembre de 2015. Consiste en un plano de despiece.
Seasonal variations in heavy metal status of the calabar river, cross river s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that examined seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations in the Calabar River in Cross River State, Nigeria. Surface water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons across five stations and analyzed for heavy metals. Results showed that iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, and total hydrocarbon concentrations were low in both seasons and within WHO standards. Chromium, cadmium, barium, nickel, vanadium and mercury were not detected. Some metals like iron, zinc, copper, lead and hydrocarbons varied significantly between seasons. The sources of heavy metals included runoff from industrial, agricultural and residential areas in the wet season and effluent discharges in the dry season. The river's heavy
Sophia’s correspondence with president obama a durkheimian analysis of contem...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes a correspondence between 10-year-old Sophia Bailey Klugh and President Obama regarding gay rights and same-sex marriage using Durkheim's sociological theories. Sophia, adopted by a gay couple, wrote Obama thanking him for supporting gay marriage after facing teasing from classmates. Obama responded with compassion. The authors argue Sophia's letter reflects an "anomic" situation in American society due to tensions between traditional and modern values on this issue. However, Obama's response emphasizes democratic principles of freedom and equality, aiming to overcome this pathological condition, as Durkheim theorized healthy societies regulate individuals to maximize both social order and individual liberty. The document uses Durkheim's concepts of mechanical vs
This one sentence document does not provide enough context or information to create an accurate 3 sentence summary. The document contains only one word - "Lorem" - which is not meaningful on its own.
Supplementation with goat follicular fluid in the in vitroAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that examined the effects of supplementing goat follicular fluid (GFF) at different levels in an in vitro maturation medium on cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation of goat oocytes. The results showed that cumulus expansion increased with higher levels of GFF in the medium, with the highest levels at 10% GFF. Lower or no GFF in the medium resulted in less cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation, suggesting oocyte needs were not supported without hormones and nutrients from GFF. The study concludes GFF supplementation in maturation medium can improve oocyte development in vitro.
This document summarizes the preliminary sizing of columns for a building with three floors. It provides the tributary areas, axial loads, and required cross-sectional areas for various corner, edge, and central columns. The corner columns for the first and third floors range from 12x12cm to 20x10cm. Edge columns range from 12x12cm to 17x16cm. The central column on the second floor requires a 20x18cm section.
Synthesis and identification of nickel (ll) , cobalt (ll) and copper (ll) com...Alexander Decker
1. Nickel(II), cobalt(II), and copper(II) complexes were synthesized using sodium-1-amino-9,10-dioxo-4-phenylamin anthracene-2-sulphonate (acid blue 25) as a ligand.
2. The complexes were characterized using techniques like elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and UV-VIS spectroscopy. Their physical properties like electrical conductivity and magnetic properties were also determined.
3. Nickel(II) complex was found to be diamagnetic while cobalt(II) and copper(II) complexes were paramagnetic. Cobalt complex did not conduct electricity while the ligand, nickel(II) complex, and copper(
El documento describe diferentes componentes internos y periféricos de una computadora. Explica la memoria, tarjeta gráfica, CPU y puertos que permiten la entrada y salida de datos. También describe la placa base, fuente de poder y buses de datos que transportan información dentro de la computadora. Finalmente, define conceptos de multimedia e identifica periféricos como altavoces, micrófonos, cámaras web y tarjetas de video, sonido y red.
An Extensive Review of Methods of Identification of Bat Species through Acous...Editor IJCATR
This document summarizes various computer techniques that have been used to identify bat species through their acoustic signals. It discusses methods like artificial neural networks, support vector machines, and synergetic pattern recognition that have been applied to classify bats based on parameters of their echolocation calls. These automated methods allow large numbers of bat calls to be classified at continental scales, providing more objective and standardized species identification than traditional qualitative methods performed by experts listening to calls. However, the document also notes that variability within bat calls of the same species remains a challenge and affects the accuracy of automated identification systems.
Do Crickets Use Vibrations to Detect Potential Predators.docxelinoraudley582231
Do Crickets Use Vibrations to Detect Potential Predators?
ABSTRACT
Predator detection in any environment is necessary for survival. The aim of the paper is to find out whether crickets use vibrations to detect potential predators. The experimental design involved 10 males and 5 females. Music was used as the source of predation at varying music volumes. In the control experiment, the crickets were not exposed to any music, but in two successive tests, the crickets were exposed to slow and high music. The number of chirping per test was recorded and the numbers of chirps were counted for each test. The experiment was repeated three times. The results showed that the number of chirps decreased as the music volume increased. But the decrease was tremendous when the crickets were exposed to high volume music. Chirping in crickets is used to communicate but when they sense that predators are eavesdropping, they immediately stop chirping or reduce the number of chirps. The study showed that crickets definitely use vibration to sense the presence of predators. When the music volume increased, the numbers of chirps reduce completely.
INTRODUCTION
Predator detection is an important aspect of survival in any given environment. Crickets are defenseless insects compared to other animals that can rapidly fly or use venomous stingers (Yager, 2012). Therefore it is appropriate for them to detect predators as early as possible to be able to hide or fly away. Without predator detection techniques, then predators can easily locate them given their courtship communication by chirping at night. Communication through vibration detection is not uncommon in crickets. It is essential that crickets communicate and locate potential mates to sustain their population but also evade predators at the same time. A study done by researchers at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and Hyderabad Central University, found out that a particular species of bushcricket use disguised vibrations to seek the male (Vaidya, 2015). In usual circumstances, the female would come looking for the calling male to mate. But the bushcricket females camouflage themselves by hiding under jackfruit leaves and silent. The female send the vibration through the tree to guide the male where she is. The researchers found out that the bushcricket has evolved some unusual low frequency call that cannot be detected by predators.
Crickets commonly use acoustical communication to relay messages to one another especially during courtship (Yager, 2012) Crickets produce air-borne sounds which can be heard by humans. Therefore, this kind of communication has been extensively studied for a long time meaning that there is possibility of communication through vibrations. However, vibrational communication has been known to exist for many years but it was thought to be of less importance. In the recent years substrate-borne vibrations have become clear that it is important and widespread. Therefore the p.
Bats use echolocation to navigate and hunt at night. They produce ultrasounds, frequencies above the range of human hearing, and can hear the echoes when the sounds bounce off objects. This allows bats to detect obstacles, prey, and navigate while flying even in darkness. Bats are divided into microbats and megabats and are found worldwide except at the poles. They emit ultrasounds from their mouth and can hear the vibrations that return from nearby objects as they fly.
- The axolotl was tested to characterize its baseline hearing sensitivity from 0.1-6 kHz and determine if it could recover hearing after sound exposure.
- Baseline audiograms found peaks in sensitivity at 0.6 and 3 kHz.
- After 48 hours of 150 Hz sound at 170 dB, axolotls experienced temporary threshold shifts (TTS) of 6-12 dB greatest near 150 Hz.
- Hearing recovered to baseline levels within 8 days post-sound exposure, indicating the axolotl can regenerate inner ear hair cells like other amphibians.
Why Do Instruments Have Its Own Unique SoundNicole Jones
This document discusses techniques for collecting primary and secondary data and making statistical inferences. It compares primary and secondary data collection methods, and how to interpret data distributions that are skewed, symmetric, or bimodal by examining the mean, median, histograms, and back-to-back stem-and-leaf plots. The purpose is to study how to appropriately collect and analyze different types of data distributions for making statistical inferences.
Bioacoustics is a cross-disciplinary science combining biology and acoustics that investigates sound production, dispersion, and reception in animals. It involves studying the neurophysiological and anatomical basis of sound production and detection, and how acoustic sounds relate to the medium they disperse through. Bioacoustics also examines animal sounds to estimate biomass, especially for fisheries management using sonar technology. The field was established by biologist Ivan Regen in the 1920s through his studies of insect sounds. Modern bioacoustics research analyzes animal acoustic signals recorded with specialized equipment to understand sound production, detection, and use across different animal species.
1. Sound is produced by the vibration of an object that propagates in the form of waves through a medium.
2. Humans can hear sounds within the audiosonic range, while some animals like bats and dolphins can hear sounds outside this range using echolocation.
3. Many animals have specialized organs or structures that allow them to hear, such as the inner ear structures of vertebrates, the otoliths in fish, and the air sacs in dolphins that focus ultrasonic sounds.
Sound Strategies: the 65-million-year-old battle between Bats and InsectsJayantyadav94
An ancient battle rages high above our heads in the night sky as bats, the consummate nocturnal predators hunt their insect prey using ultrasonic sonar. One of the most important factors in the successful adaptive radiation of bats is their effective echolocation system. Echolocating bats emit ultrasonic pulses and listen for the presence, delay, and harmonic structure of the echoes reflected from the objects in the environment (Jones and Teeling, 2006). The frequency of the echolocation calls varies from 8 to 215 kHz depending on the bat species. The pulse repetition rate of the calls can vary from roughly 3 to approximately 200 pulses s−1 (Simmons et al., 1979). The echolocation sequence of hunting insectivorous bats involves three main phases: search, approach, and terminal (buzz) (Griffin et al., 1960). Many, if not most, cases of insect hearing probably originated as a means for detecting and avoiding predators such as sensitivity to ultrasound appears to have coevolved with echolocation signaling by insectivorous bats (Greenfield, 2016). In moths bat-detection was the principal purpose of hearing, as evidenced by comparable hearing physiology with best sensitivity in the bat echolocation range, 20–60 kHz, across moths in spite of diverse ear morphology (Nakano et al., 2015). Tympanic organs (ears) of moths are sufficiently sensitive to detect the echolocation cries of most bats before the bats can register their echo (Greenfield, 2014 and Goerlitz et al., 2010). In addition to hearing ultrasound, many moths belonging to sub-family Arctiinae are also capable of producing ultrasound in the form of short, repetitive clicks in response to tactile stimulation and the ultrasonic signals of echolocating bats when they detect the sonar signals of attacking bats (Corcoran et al., 2010). Anti-bat sounds function in acoustic aposematism, startle, Batesian mimicry, Mullerian mimicry and sonar jamming. Beetles, mantids, lacewings, crickets, mole crickets, katydids, and locusts can detect the sonar emissions of bats and exhibit various forms of anti-bat behavior. Researchers are beginning to use sophisticated high-speed infrared videography and high-frequency microphone arrays to study bat-insect interactions under natural conditions that will yield a multitude of exciting predator-prey interactions in the future.
This document discusses sound and its properties. It describes how sound is produced through vibration and how it needs a medium like air, water or solid material to travel. Key points covered include the propagation of sound waves, their characteristics like wavelength and frequency, reflection of sound, and uses of both audible and ultrasonic sound including in SONAR systems.
1. The document discusses Heinrich Hertz's experiments with sound and how it is produced through vibration and propagates as longitudinal waves through a medium like air.
2. Key experiments shown include using a vibrating tuning fork to produce compressions and rarefactions in air, demonstrating that sound needs a material medium to travel, and that the speed of sound depends on the medium and temperature.
3. Applications of sound reflection, resonance, infrasound, ultrasound, and SONAR are also summarized.
Heinrich Hertz's document discusses sound, including its production, propagation through a medium like air, and characteristics as a mechanical wave. It describes experiments showing sound's reflection, reverberation, and need for a medium using a bell jar. The document also covers infrasonic and ultrasonic sounds, uses of ultrasound like SONAR, and the range of human hearing.
Welcome to my prsentation on graph and treeDyuti Islam
Binary Tree
12. Binary Tree Binary Tree is a rooted tree in which root can have maximum two children such that each of them is again a binary tree. That means, there can be 0,1, or 2 children of any node.
13. Strict Binary Tree
14. Strict Binary Tree Strict Binary Tree is a Binary tree in which root can have exactly two children or no children at all. That means, there can be 0 or 2 children of any node.
15. Complete Binary Tree
16. Complete Binary Tree Complete Binary Tree is a Strict Binary tree in which every leaf node is at same level. That means, there are equal number of children in right and left subtree for every node.
Staff welfare as an antecedent to service delivery among civil servants in ke...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between staff welfare and service delivery among civil servants in Nandi County, Kenya. The study used a survey of 350 county employees to examine how flexible scheduling, safety/health programs, and retirement plans affected service delivery. The results found low levels of safety/health services and retirement plans for employees, but high levels of flexible scheduling. Statistical analysis showed that safety/health, retirement plans, and flexible scheduling had a significant positive effect on service delivery. The document reviews several other studies that also found workplace health programs, pension plans, and other welfare benefits improved employee motivation, satisfaction, and performance. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the importance of adequately providing welfare services to civil servants in order to
El documento describe las principales funciones del Congreso de Colombia. Estas incluyen la función constituyente de reformar la constitución, la función legislativa de crear leyes, la función de protocolo como recibir a jefes de estado extranjeros, la función de control político sobre el ejecutivo mediante citaciones y mociones de censura, la función electoral de elegir algunos altos funcionarios, y la función judicial de juzgar a altos funcionarios del estado.
Plano de despiece en cad para el portafolioLizeth Bernal
Este documento es un dibujo de ingeniería entregado por Mayra Lizeth Bernal Molina a Helen Rocio Martínez de la Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia en Sogamoso, Boyacá el 27 de noviembre de 2015. Consiste en un plano de despiece.
Seasonal variations in heavy metal status of the calabar river, cross river s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that examined seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations in the Calabar River in Cross River State, Nigeria. Surface water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons across five stations and analyzed for heavy metals. Results showed that iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, and total hydrocarbon concentrations were low in both seasons and within WHO standards. Chromium, cadmium, barium, nickel, vanadium and mercury were not detected. Some metals like iron, zinc, copper, lead and hydrocarbons varied significantly between seasons. The sources of heavy metals included runoff from industrial, agricultural and residential areas in the wet season and effluent discharges in the dry season. The river's heavy
Sophia’s correspondence with president obama a durkheimian analysis of contem...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes a correspondence between 10-year-old Sophia Bailey Klugh and President Obama regarding gay rights and same-sex marriage using Durkheim's sociological theories. Sophia, adopted by a gay couple, wrote Obama thanking him for supporting gay marriage after facing teasing from classmates. Obama responded with compassion. The authors argue Sophia's letter reflects an "anomic" situation in American society due to tensions between traditional and modern values on this issue. However, Obama's response emphasizes democratic principles of freedom and equality, aiming to overcome this pathological condition, as Durkheim theorized healthy societies regulate individuals to maximize both social order and individual liberty. The document uses Durkheim's concepts of mechanical vs
This one sentence document does not provide enough context or information to create an accurate 3 sentence summary. The document contains only one word - "Lorem" - which is not meaningful on its own.
Supplementation with goat follicular fluid in the in vitroAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that examined the effects of supplementing goat follicular fluid (GFF) at different levels in an in vitro maturation medium on cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation of goat oocytes. The results showed that cumulus expansion increased with higher levels of GFF in the medium, with the highest levels at 10% GFF. Lower or no GFF in the medium resulted in less cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation, suggesting oocyte needs were not supported without hormones and nutrients from GFF. The study concludes GFF supplementation in maturation medium can improve oocyte development in vitro.
This document summarizes the preliminary sizing of columns for a building with three floors. It provides the tributary areas, axial loads, and required cross-sectional areas for various corner, edge, and central columns. The corner columns for the first and third floors range from 12x12cm to 20x10cm. Edge columns range from 12x12cm to 17x16cm. The central column on the second floor requires a 20x18cm section.
Synthesis and identification of nickel (ll) , cobalt (ll) and copper (ll) com...Alexander Decker
1. Nickel(II), cobalt(II), and copper(II) complexes were synthesized using sodium-1-amino-9,10-dioxo-4-phenylamin anthracene-2-sulphonate (acid blue 25) as a ligand.
2. The complexes were characterized using techniques like elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and UV-VIS spectroscopy. Their physical properties like electrical conductivity and magnetic properties were also determined.
3. Nickel(II) complex was found to be diamagnetic while cobalt(II) and copper(II) complexes were paramagnetic. Cobalt complex did not conduct electricity while the ligand, nickel(II) complex, and copper(
El documento describe diferentes componentes internos y periféricos de una computadora. Explica la memoria, tarjeta gráfica, CPU y puertos que permiten la entrada y salida de datos. También describe la placa base, fuente de poder y buses de datos que transportan información dentro de la computadora. Finalmente, define conceptos de multimedia e identifica periféricos como altavoces, micrófonos, cámaras web y tarjetas de video, sonido y red.
An Extensive Review of Methods of Identification of Bat Species through Acous...Editor IJCATR
This document summarizes various computer techniques that have been used to identify bat species through their acoustic signals. It discusses methods like artificial neural networks, support vector machines, and synergetic pattern recognition that have been applied to classify bats based on parameters of their echolocation calls. These automated methods allow large numbers of bat calls to be classified at continental scales, providing more objective and standardized species identification than traditional qualitative methods performed by experts listening to calls. However, the document also notes that variability within bat calls of the same species remains a challenge and affects the accuracy of automated identification systems.
Do Crickets Use Vibrations to Detect Potential Predators.docxelinoraudley582231
Do Crickets Use Vibrations to Detect Potential Predators?
ABSTRACT
Predator detection in any environment is necessary for survival. The aim of the paper is to find out whether crickets use vibrations to detect potential predators. The experimental design involved 10 males and 5 females. Music was used as the source of predation at varying music volumes. In the control experiment, the crickets were not exposed to any music, but in two successive tests, the crickets were exposed to slow and high music. The number of chirping per test was recorded and the numbers of chirps were counted for each test. The experiment was repeated three times. The results showed that the number of chirps decreased as the music volume increased. But the decrease was tremendous when the crickets were exposed to high volume music. Chirping in crickets is used to communicate but when they sense that predators are eavesdropping, they immediately stop chirping or reduce the number of chirps. The study showed that crickets definitely use vibration to sense the presence of predators. When the music volume increased, the numbers of chirps reduce completely.
INTRODUCTION
Predator detection is an important aspect of survival in any given environment. Crickets are defenseless insects compared to other animals that can rapidly fly or use venomous stingers (Yager, 2012). Therefore it is appropriate for them to detect predators as early as possible to be able to hide or fly away. Without predator detection techniques, then predators can easily locate them given their courtship communication by chirping at night. Communication through vibration detection is not uncommon in crickets. It is essential that crickets communicate and locate potential mates to sustain their population but also evade predators at the same time. A study done by researchers at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and Hyderabad Central University, found out that a particular species of bushcricket use disguised vibrations to seek the male (Vaidya, 2015). In usual circumstances, the female would come looking for the calling male to mate. But the bushcricket females camouflage themselves by hiding under jackfruit leaves and silent. The female send the vibration through the tree to guide the male where she is. The researchers found out that the bushcricket has evolved some unusual low frequency call that cannot be detected by predators.
Crickets commonly use acoustical communication to relay messages to one another especially during courtship (Yager, 2012) Crickets produce air-borne sounds which can be heard by humans. Therefore, this kind of communication has been extensively studied for a long time meaning that there is possibility of communication through vibrations. However, vibrational communication has been known to exist for many years but it was thought to be of less importance. In the recent years substrate-borne vibrations have become clear that it is important and widespread. Therefore the p.
Bats use echolocation to navigate and hunt at night. They produce ultrasounds, frequencies above the range of human hearing, and can hear the echoes when the sounds bounce off objects. This allows bats to detect obstacles, prey, and navigate while flying even in darkness. Bats are divided into microbats and megabats and are found worldwide except at the poles. They emit ultrasounds from their mouth and can hear the vibrations that return from nearby objects as they fly.
- The axolotl was tested to characterize its baseline hearing sensitivity from 0.1-6 kHz and determine if it could recover hearing after sound exposure.
- Baseline audiograms found peaks in sensitivity at 0.6 and 3 kHz.
- After 48 hours of 150 Hz sound at 170 dB, axolotls experienced temporary threshold shifts (TTS) of 6-12 dB greatest near 150 Hz.
- Hearing recovered to baseline levels within 8 days post-sound exposure, indicating the axolotl can regenerate inner ear hair cells like other amphibians.
Why Do Instruments Have Its Own Unique SoundNicole Jones
This document discusses techniques for collecting primary and secondary data and making statistical inferences. It compares primary and secondary data collection methods, and how to interpret data distributions that are skewed, symmetric, or bimodal by examining the mean, median, histograms, and back-to-back stem-and-leaf plots. The purpose is to study how to appropriately collect and analyze different types of data distributions for making statistical inferences.
Bioacoustics is a cross-disciplinary science combining biology and acoustics that investigates sound production, dispersion, and reception in animals. It involves studying the neurophysiological and anatomical basis of sound production and detection, and how acoustic sounds relate to the medium they disperse through. Bioacoustics also examines animal sounds to estimate biomass, especially for fisheries management using sonar technology. The field was established by biologist Ivan Regen in the 1920s through his studies of insect sounds. Modern bioacoustics research analyzes animal acoustic signals recorded with specialized equipment to understand sound production, detection, and use across different animal species.
1. Sound is produced by the vibration of an object that propagates in the form of waves through a medium.
2. Humans can hear sounds within the audiosonic range, while some animals like bats and dolphins can hear sounds outside this range using echolocation.
3. Many animals have specialized organs or structures that allow them to hear, such as the inner ear structures of vertebrates, the otoliths in fish, and the air sacs in dolphins that focus ultrasonic sounds.
Sound Strategies: the 65-million-year-old battle between Bats and InsectsJayantyadav94
An ancient battle rages high above our heads in the night sky as bats, the consummate nocturnal predators hunt their insect prey using ultrasonic sonar. One of the most important factors in the successful adaptive radiation of bats is their effective echolocation system. Echolocating bats emit ultrasonic pulses and listen for the presence, delay, and harmonic structure of the echoes reflected from the objects in the environment (Jones and Teeling, 2006). The frequency of the echolocation calls varies from 8 to 215 kHz depending on the bat species. The pulse repetition rate of the calls can vary from roughly 3 to approximately 200 pulses s−1 (Simmons et al., 1979). The echolocation sequence of hunting insectivorous bats involves three main phases: search, approach, and terminal (buzz) (Griffin et al., 1960). Many, if not most, cases of insect hearing probably originated as a means for detecting and avoiding predators such as sensitivity to ultrasound appears to have coevolved with echolocation signaling by insectivorous bats (Greenfield, 2016). In moths bat-detection was the principal purpose of hearing, as evidenced by comparable hearing physiology with best sensitivity in the bat echolocation range, 20–60 kHz, across moths in spite of diverse ear morphology (Nakano et al., 2015). Tympanic organs (ears) of moths are sufficiently sensitive to detect the echolocation cries of most bats before the bats can register their echo (Greenfield, 2014 and Goerlitz et al., 2010). In addition to hearing ultrasound, many moths belonging to sub-family Arctiinae are also capable of producing ultrasound in the form of short, repetitive clicks in response to tactile stimulation and the ultrasonic signals of echolocating bats when they detect the sonar signals of attacking bats (Corcoran et al., 2010). Anti-bat sounds function in acoustic aposematism, startle, Batesian mimicry, Mullerian mimicry and sonar jamming. Beetles, mantids, lacewings, crickets, mole crickets, katydids, and locusts can detect the sonar emissions of bats and exhibit various forms of anti-bat behavior. Researchers are beginning to use sophisticated high-speed infrared videography and high-frequency microphone arrays to study bat-insect interactions under natural conditions that will yield a multitude of exciting predator-prey interactions in the future.
This document discusses sound and its properties. It describes how sound is produced through vibration and how it needs a medium like air, water or solid material to travel. Key points covered include the propagation of sound waves, their characteristics like wavelength and frequency, reflection of sound, and uses of both audible and ultrasonic sound including in SONAR systems.
1. The document discusses Heinrich Hertz's experiments with sound and how it is produced through vibration and propagates as longitudinal waves through a medium like air.
2. Key experiments shown include using a vibrating tuning fork to produce compressions and rarefactions in air, demonstrating that sound needs a material medium to travel, and that the speed of sound depends on the medium and temperature.
3. Applications of sound reflection, resonance, infrasound, ultrasound, and SONAR are also summarized.
Heinrich Hertz's document discusses sound, including its production, propagation through a medium like air, and characteristics as a mechanical wave. It describes experiments showing sound's reflection, reverberation, and need for a medium using a bell jar. The document also covers infrasonic and ultrasonic sounds, uses of ultrasound like SONAR, and the range of human hearing.
Echolocation is the process by which animals such as bats and dolphins use sound waves to detect objects and navigate their environment. Bats emit ultrasonic pulses and analyze the echoes that bounce back to determine attributes of nearby objects like size, shape, texture, and motion. The mustached bat has evolved sophisticated echolocation abilities through specialized adaptations in its auditory system. Its auditory cortex contains neurons that are sharply tuned to detect minute Doppler shifts in echoes, allowing it to precisely track moving insects. The bat also compensates for Doppler shifts by adjusting its pulse frequency, and analyzes time delays between pulses and echoes to determine target distance. These adaptations reveal how echolocation abilities arise from neural specializations for analyzing complex acoustic
This document discusses insect communication. It begins by defining communication and noting that most insect communication is innate and species-specific. It then discusses the main reasons insects communicate, including recognition, mating, finding food/danger. The major ways insects communicate are visually, tactilely, acoustically, and chemically. Specific examples are given for each type, such as firefly flashing, antennation in ants/termites, cricket chirping, and moth sex pheromones. Sensory reception and specialized glands/organs used in communication are also covered.
Mechanical Stimulation of Tibial Companiform Sensilla of a Periplaneta americ...omarhallouda
A lab report written for BIO409(Laboratory Physiology) by Omar Hallouda on the varied electrical responses of mechanically stimulated companiform sensilla on American cockroaches (Before final edit).
The Burgess Shale was discovered in 1909 in Canada and contains fossils over 500 million years old. It is one of the most important fossil formations because it preserves not just hard body parts but also soft tissues and organs, providing evidence that soft-bodied creatures lived at that time. Similar formations have been found around the world.
This document provides an overview of biocommunication in insects. It discusses the main types of insect communication: visual communication using colors/patterns, chemical communication using pheromones, tactile communication through physical contact, and acoustic communication using sounds. Specific examples are given for each type, such as fireflies using light flashes, bees using dance movements to indicate food locations, and grasshoppers rubbing legs to produce sounds. The document aims to explain how insects acquire and share information through their senses of sight, smell, touch, hearing and taste.
This document summarizes different types of communication used by insects, including visual, chemical, tactile, and acoustic communication. It discusses how insects communicate through color patterns, pheromones, touch, dance, sounds, and vibrations to recognize others of their species, find mates, locate food, warn of danger, and more. The key forms of communication are chemical signals like pheromones that convey information between individuals of the same species, and visual signals from patterns, flashes of light, or dances that help with tasks like attracting mates or locating food sources. Insects rely on these innate communication abilities to survive and thrive in their environments.
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of offspring (as eggs, as and as Scientists studied how perceived predation (hearing per clutch.
the calls and sounds of predators). in the absence of direct NPT group produce 2 clutches
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shrub with a net to protect the nest from aerial predators. The nests were evenly divided into 2
groups: a preda 2.4 tor treatment (PT) group and a nonpredator treatment 2.2 (NPT group. A
speaker that broadcast the calls and sounds of predators of M. melodia was set up near each nest
in the 2.0 first clutch PT group. A speaker that broadcast the calls and sounds of 1.8 nonpredators
of M. melodia was set up near each nest in second clutch 1.6 the NPT group 1.2 Throughout the
breeding season, each speaker broad- cast the appropriate calls and sounds every few minutes on
a 4-day-on, 4-day-off cycle. The parents and offspring associated with each nest did not hear
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The document describes how sound travels through the ear to be heard, with sound waves entering the outer ear and causing the eardrum and bones of the middle ear to vibrate, which transmits the vibrations to the fluid and hair cells of the inner ear that send signals to the brain. It details the roles of the outer, middle, and inner ear, including how different parts like the pinna, eardrum, bones, and cochlea work together to detect sound and transmit information to the brain. The process is explained as mechanical rather than chemical like other senses.
Similar to Sexava nubila behavioral analysis in every changes of imitation sound from level of intensity (20)
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A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
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A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
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This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
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This innovative blend of technology aims to enhance cybersecurity measures and protect users from potential threats hidden within QR codes 🖥 🔒
This study was my first introduction to using ML which has shown me the immense potential of ML in creating more secure digital environments!
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Відео та деталі заходу: https://bit.ly/45tILxj
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Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
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* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
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* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
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In this talk, Lee will share his lessons learned from over 30 years of working with, and mentoring, hundreds of Test Automation Engineers. Whether you’re looking to get started in test automation or just want to improve your trade, this talk will give you a solid foundation and roadmap for ensuring your test automation efforts continuously add value. This talk is equally valuable for both aspiring Test Automation Engineers and those managing them! All attendees will take away a set of key foundational knowledge and a high-level learning path for leveling up test automation skills and ensuring they add value to their organizations.
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QA or the Highway - Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend appl...
Sexava nubila behavioral analysis in every changes of imitation sound from level of intensity
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
www.iiste.org
Sexava Nubila Behavioral Analysis In Every Changes Of Imitation
Sound From Level Of Intensity
1*
Bahrun1 *, Jootje Warouw2, Sartje.J.Rondonuwu2 and Max Tulung2
Postgraduate student, Department of Entomology, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
2
Department of Entomology, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
*E-mail of the Corresponding Author: drsbahrun@rocketmail.com
Abstract
Sexava Nubila is a native Indonesian insect who live in Eastern part of Indonesia, particularly in areas of Talaud
Islands in North Sulawesi and a coconut pests that harm farmers so that needs to be eradicated, the insect to be
an insect pest is a young insect (nymphs). Sexava Nubila while doing activities such as mating using sound to the
opposite sex and they are active at night, the insect which emit sound is male and the female no wheezes. These
insects are active at night starting at 18.00 until 05.00, for male insects produce sounds up both wings to with
intensity levels ranging from 50-70 dB in the measurement results using a sound level meter and recorded using
VOICE RECORDER. Nubila sexava sound is modified into a tool that can be applied to sound nubila sexava to
see how the behavior of females after listening to the sound of this modification.
Keywords: aids sound, Sexava Nubila, intensity
1. Introduction
Sexava Nubila is a type of locust destroyer coconut plants, included in the family Tettigonidae ordo Orthoptera.
Sexava Nubila be in many islands, Kei, Aru, Talaud, Nanusa, Seram Island and Papua Bacan, long Sexava
Nubila females from 9.5 to 10.5 cm, while the males 9 to 9.5 cm, length of ovipositor 3.2 to 4 , 5 cm. Sexava
Nubila families included in the ordo Orthoptera Tettigonidae. This insect group known as the grasshopper long
tentacle, his trademark is a long, flat antennae that resemble blades, as well as the tympanum located on the front
of
the
base.
When laying, the female mantis flew down. No eggs are laid in the ground as deep as 1-5 cm, between the roots
at the base of the stem, in the wood was rotten, above ground, in the stem of the plants, or branches and leaves of
the fibrous sheath. Egg shape resembling grains of the existing gap. Egg kind of its length 10-12 mm. The
number of eggs approximately 58 grains, eggs initially very flat, but the eggs swell after the embryo develops.
After the 50 day old eggs, nymphs hatch in the evening at around 7:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.. nymphs then walked to
the top of the tree the place where they hatched, nymphs about 13 mm long with long antennae 8-9 cm. Nymphs
consuming coconut leaves, bark, nut, sago, pandanus, bananas and cardamom sabrang, sometimes nymphs eat
nuts, cloves and mangosteen, but the leaves are eaten to be very rude. Palm trees that originally eaten usually
older leaves, then the young leaves, but occasionally eat flowers nymphs (Virgin) and young coconut S. nubila
nymph period around 70 days.
Figure 1. Nimfa Sexava nubile
167
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
www.iiste.org
Figure 2. Palm leaves that were damaged by Nimfa Sexava nubile
II. Equipment and Materials
A. Sound analysis in the field
To determine the level of sound intensity in the field using nubila sexava Sound Levelmeter NM-3 NORIS
models made in Japan, while for the sound recording that will be applied to a tool using Voice Recorder Model
No..
W900
made
in
Korea.
B. Tool-making.
Sexava Nubila sound tools.
This tool is made the center of Surabaya Tile Electronic Markets. The tools used are: (1). for the amplifier circuit
using 2 capacitors, 470 nF, and 100 µF, 3 pieces each resistor 560 kΩ, 470 kΩ and 2.2 kΩ, a single transistor
C828 NPN type, (2). to use the tone control circuit 5 pieces each resistor 1 kΩ, 8.2 kΩ, 2.2 kΩ, 3.3 kΩ, 5
capacitors and potentiometers and 1 piece (3). final amplifier consisting of an NPN transistor 1 fruit type 828, 1
resistor and 2 capacitors. This tool has been created in the laboratory and applied in habitat Sexava Nubila to see
the behavior occurs.
C. Behavior analysis in the laboratory
Make a cage with the size, length 300 cm, width 30 cm, and 60 cm Cleaner, made into 10 plots with size 30 cm x
30 cm x 30 cm, then every cage placed one tail S. nubila. The first step cages placed S. nubila male then heard
the sound made starting at a distance of 1 m to 5 m and then observe the behavior of all S. nubila, it turns out that
all S. nubila males did not react after hearing sounds ranging from 50 to 80 dB. The next step S. nubila males
issued later replaced by S. nubila females and played sounds like the treatment of S. nubila male turns out that all
S. nubila females interact with each change of sound intensity level.
1. The sound production on Sexava Nubila
Insect sounds generated using a diverse mechanisms, such as those generated from wing vibrations in flight and
may occur sporadically and do not have a specific value for the insects, but usually they have some real meaning
and special mechanisms established for the production of their sound. Many examples of the sound produced by
the movement of the top row of serrations on the lines at a number of other parts of the body that can vibrate.
Dragging mechanism so famous on Orhtoptera Ordo, Coleoptera ordo and several of Homoptera ordo and
Lepidoptera ordo, the membrane that vibrates by working directly cause a muscle (Chapman, 1971).
Sounds that have meaning in higher intra specific organized consisting of one sound exploded repeatedly in an
orderly way. Some insects have a number of different songs and sounds characterized by having different
intervals and are usually used for different situations. Intraspecific sounds commonly used in marriage, but can
also in sexual, social groupings and on insects, other behaviors are only used for communication (Chapman,
1971).
Insects produce sound only under special circumstances surrounding, this situation may be regulated by
hormones. In certain circumstances, the production of sound (noise) under the control of the central nerves in the
brain coordinate sensory input and provide cues to centers ganglia resulting singing (sounds) are suitable.
2. These sounds mechanisms and the resulting
The resulting sound of insects can be defined as mechanical disruption and potentially carried by insects to an
external source and a limited (Pumphrey, 1940). The sound is not only propagate through the air and fluid, but
also can be propagated through the substratum / solid (Broughton, 1963). Cricket can produce several series of
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3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
www.iiste.org
pulses, and can be defined as a series of waves of different sounds. Each pulse produced by a single vibration
stridulasi swiping motion and thus produce a series of pulses. pulse sequence is repeated regularly called one
phrase. Sexava Nubila to produce sound by raising both wings as she rubbed the back.
Figure 3. Sound mechanism produced by Sexava Nubila
Figure 4. Audiospektoraf of sounds Sexava Nubila:
a. d, e, and f. calling chants
b. aggressive chants
c. Song of seduction marriage.
3. Sound Design Build Tools Sexava Nubila
Sounds literally can be defined as something that we hear, is the result of vibration of the particles in the air
(Sound Research Laboratories Ltd, 1976), and the energy contained in sound can rise rapidly and can travel a
great distance (Egan, 1972). Before designing tools, then first of all the original sound recording of Sexava
Nubila field, then made tools. The shape of the spectrum and the sound signal can be seen in Figure 5 and Figure
6.
4. Sound spectrum insect
Sexava Nubila sound recording spectra can be seen in Figure 5 and the signal shape can be seen in Figure 6.
These results using software adobe audition by looking spectral view of the speech signal.
Figure 5. Sound spectrum Sexava Nubila on tape
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4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
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Figure 6. Form of sound signals are analyzed
Dominant frequency content analyzed using frequency analysis in the program menu adobe audition. Obtained
from the analysis of the character of the frequency of the highest frequency sounds of insects and issued by
insects. From the picture above shows that the dominant noise signals at a frequency of about 7 kHz, and turns
on when there are insects that approached the tape recorder.
5. Beep-making tool Sexava Nubila
The recordings that have been recorded Sexava Nubila, then applied in the form of equipment where the level of
intensity can be varied according to the level of intensity of the sound produced Sexava Nubila original. Form
made the instrument as shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8.
Speaker
Input DC
Output
Speaker
Figure 7. Physical Form Tools Beep Sexava Nubila
The circuit schematics Tools
Speaker
Power
Master
Figure 8. Block Diagram of Series of Tool
Figure 9. Master Tone Control
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Figure 10. Power series
III. Results and Discussion
Sexava Nubila recorded sound was later modified into a tool where the intensity level may be changed at the will
start from the original level of sound intensity S. nubila 50 dB to 120 dB. Spectrum of sound modification tools
can be seen in Figure 11 and the sound signal can be seen in Figure 12.
Picture 11.Sound spectra modification tool 50 db
Picture 12. Sound signals Sexava Nubila modified 50 dB
In figure 10 shows the results of this modification to the structure of the singing waves of Sexava Nubila calls
according to S. nubila original in nature.
Table 1. S.nubila percentage Approaching Sound Source
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------Intensity sound level (db)
Percentage (%)
---------------------------------------------- --------------1m
2m
3m
4m
5m
-------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------40
16.5
8.5
5.0
5.0
0.0
50
35.0
18.5
8.5
5.0
5.0
60
85.0
75.0
60.0
50.0
42.5
70
85.0
83.5
75.0
68.5
58.5
80
73.5
71.5
75.0
78.5
70.0
-------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------Table 1 above shows that the highest percentage of female insects approach the source of the sound intensity
level is 60 dB and 70 dB for a distance of 1 m is located at the intensity level of 60 dB, while for a distance of
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ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
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2 m is the intensity level of 70 dB with a percentage value of 85.0%
Based on the results of data processing, obtained the average value and standard deviation at each level of each
factor (there are five levels in the distance and the average value of deviation standart) in each combination on
both factor . Table 2 shows the highest average for many S. nubila in 1 metre high, 3,40+ 0,94 insects and the
lowest is in 5 Metres high that is 2,45 + 1,30 insects.
Table 2. The average insects who approaching the source of the tool sound
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------Distance (m)
S. nubila approaching
sound source (tail)
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------1,0
3,40 ± 0.94
2,0
3.09 ± 1.15
3,0
2.82 ± 1.26
4,0
2.69 ± 1.27
5,0
2.45 ± 1.30
-------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------Table 3. Average S. nubila is Approaching Sound Source Based on Sound Intensity
Levels.
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------Sound intensity level (dB)
S. nubila approaching (tail)
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------40.0
1.31 ± 0.43
50.0
1.73 ± 0.61
60.0
3.58 ± 0.49
70.0
3.91 ± 0.29
80.0
3.90 ± 0.12
-------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------Table 3 shows that the highest average number of S.nubila there was the sound of 70 dB, which is 3.9 ± 0.29 tail,
while the lowest at 40 dB sound, ie, 1.31 ± 0.43 tail
Table 4. Average S. nubila Approaching Sound Source Based on Distance and Sound
Intensity Level
Specification
Table
4:
Average number followed by the same letter are not significantly different states between the distance and the
sound intensity level (p> 0,05). Average figures followed by the same letter are not significantly different states
between
distance
and
sound
intensity
levels
(p
<0.05)
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7. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
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Table 4 shows that
1. The highest average number of S. nubila at a distance of 1 m was there at the sound of 70 dB, which is 4.22 ±
0.07 insects, while the lowest at 40 dB sound, ie, 1.95 ± 0.14 insects
2. The highest average number of S. nubila at a distance of 2 m was there at the sound of 70 dB, which is 4.14 ±
0.07 insects, while the lowest at 40 dB sound, ie, 1.46 ± 0.21 insects
3. The highest average number of S. nubila at a distance of 3 m was there at the sound of 70 dB and 80 dB, ie,
3.94 ± 0.00 insects, while the lowest at 40 dB sound, ie, 1.22 ± 0.00 insects
4. The highest average number of S. nubila at a distance of 4 m was there at the sound of 80 dB, which is 4.02 ±
0.07 insects, while the lowest in the sound of 40 dB and 50 dB, ie, 1.22 ± 0.00 insects.
5. The highest average number of S. nubila at a distance of 5 m was there at the sound of 80 dB, which is 3.81 ±
0.13 insects, while the lowest at 40 dB sound, ie, 0.71 ± 0.00 insects.
6. The analysis showed that most behavior is not meaningful at a distance of 3 m and 4 m with a sound intensity
level of 40 dB and a very significant that at a distance of 4 m and 5 m with sound intensity level. The analysis
showed that most behavior is not meaningful at a distance of 3 m and 4 m with a sound intensity level of 40
dB and a very significant that at a distance of 4 m and 5 m with a sound intensity level of 50 dB
Picture 13. The influence of interactions towards the number of insects according to the sound factor
IV. conclusion
All forms of sound or noise, including the sound of Sexava Nubila can be converted into a tool which
can change the intensity level changed in accordance with the wishes and the exposure time can sound 1 x 24
hours without stopping. These tools use either electrical energy from the source of electricity or batteries. The
observation turns out that this tool can be used as a controller Sexava Nubila the coconut pest Talaud Islands in
North Sulawesi, which resulted in decreased oil production.
References
Broughton, W. B. 1963. In ‘Acoustic behaviour of animals’ (ed. R.-G. Busnel), Method in bioterminology, pp. 3-24. Elsevier, Amsterdam
acoustic
Chapman. R.F. 1971. The Insects, Structure and Function, American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc. New
York
Egan, M. D. (1989). Architectural acoustics. New York: McGraw Hill.
Pumphrey, R. J. (1940). Hearing in insects, Biological Reviews 15: 107 –132
Sound Research Laboratories Limited (SRL), (1976), “Practical Building Acoustic ”, Halsted Press, New York.
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