The document discusses several of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World including: The Great Wall of China, which stretches over 6,000 km across northern China to protect against nomadic groups. The Egyptian pyramids, including the famous pyramids at Giza, were large tombs built for pharaohs during ancient Egypt's Old and Middle Kingdoms. The Lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the tallest man-made structures at the time, was built on the island of Pharos in Egypt to guide ships into the harbor.

1.  SUBJECT:ENGLISH
 THEME:SEVEN MIRACLES OF THE ANCIENT
WORLD
 DONE BY: EGLI TAFA

2. Great Wall of
China
Great Wall of China is a series
of fortications made of
stone,brick,tamped earth wood
and other materials,generally
built along an east-to-west line
across historical northern
borders of China in part to
protect the Chinese Empire or
its prototypical states against
intrusionsby various nomadic
groups .The wall built from
220-260BC by the first
Emeperor of China , Qin Shi
Huang.The main Great Wall
line stretches from
Shanhaiguan in the east, to
Lop Lake in the west.This is
made up of 6.259 km.

3. History of Great
Wall
The Chinese were already familiar
with the techniques of wall bulding
by the time of spring and autumn
between the 8th and 5th
centuries.During this time the
states of Qin,Wei,Zhao,Yan all
constructed extensive fortifications
to defend their own borders .Qin
Shi Huang conquered all opposing
states and unifed China.To potion
the empire against the Xiongnu
people from the north, he ordered
the building of new walls to
connect the remaining fortifications
along the empire’s northern
frontier.Transporting the large
material required is difficult.

4. Egyptian
pyramids
The ancient pyramid-shaped
masonry structures located in
Egypt.There are 138 pyramids
discovered in Egypt as of 2008.Most
were built tombs for the country’s
Pharaohs and their consorts during
the Old and Middle Kindom
periods.The earliest known Egyptian
pyramids are found at Saqqara ,
northwest of Memphis.The earliest
among these is the Pyramid of
Djoser which was build during the
third dynasty.The most famous
Egyptian pyramids are those found
at Giza, on the outskirts of Cario
Several of the Giza pyramids.The
estimate of the number of workers
to build the pyramids range from a
few thousand, twenty thousand and
up to 100.000.

5. All Egyptian pyramids were
built on the west the Nile,
which as the site of the setting
sun was associated with the
realm of the dead Egyptian
mythology.In 1842 Karl
Richard Lepsius produced the
firt modern list of pyramids-
see Lepsius list of pyramids-
in which he counted 67.A
great many more have since
been discovered.As of
November 2008, 118 Egyptian
pyramids have been
identified.The location of
Pyramid 29, which Lepsius
called the ‘Headless Pyramid’
was lost for a second time
when the structure was buried
by desert sands.

6. Lighthouse of
Alexandria
The Lighthouse of
Alexandria, sometimes called
the Pharos of Alexandria was
a lofty tower between 280 and
247 BC and between 393 and
450 ft (120 and 137 m) tall.
Pharos was a small island just
off the coast of the Nile
Delta’s western edge. In 332
BC when Alexander the
Great founded the city of
Alexandria opposite to
Pharos, he caused the island to
be united to the coast by a
mole more than three-quarters
of a mile long (1260 m/4,100+
feet) The east side of the mole
became the Great Harbour

7. The lighthouse was constructed
in the 3rd century BC.
After Alexander the Great died of
a fever at age 32, the first
Ptolemy announced himself king
in 305 BC, and commissioned its
construction shortly thereafter.
The building was finished during
the reign of his son, the second
Ptolemy . It took 12 years to
complete, at a total cost of
800 talentns and served as
a prototype for all
later lighthouses in the world.
Judith McKenzie writes that "The
Arab descriptions of the
lighthouse are remarkably
consistent, although it was
repaired a number of times
especially after earthquake
damage. In 796, the lighthouse
may have lost its upper tier,
which apparently went without
repair for about a century.

8. Hanging Gardens of
Babylon
The Hanging Gardens of
Babylon were one of
the Seven Wonders of the
Ancient World, and the only
one whose location has not
been definitely established.
Traditionally they were said to
have been built in the ancient
city of Babylon. According to
one legend, Nebuchadnezzar II
built the Hanging Gardens for
his Median wife, Queen
Amytis, because she missed
the green hills and valleys of
her homeland. He also built a
grand palace that came to be
known as 'The Marvel of the
Mankind'.

9. To date, no archaeological
evidence has been found at
Babylon for the Hanging
Gardens. It is possible that
evidence exists beneath the
Euphrates, which cannot be
excavated safely at present.
The river flowed east of its
current position during the
time of Nebuchadnezzar II,
and little is known about the
western portion of Babylon.A
recent theory proposes that the
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
were actually constructed by
the
Assyrian king Sennacherib (rei
gned 704 – 681 BC) for his
palace at Nineveh.

10. Sphynks
A sphinx is a mythical
creature with, as a minimum,
the body of a lion and a
human head. Greek tradition,
it has the haunches of a lion,
sometimes with the wings of
a great bird, and the face of a
human. It is mythicised as
treacherous and merciless.
The largest and most famous
sphinx is the Great Sphinx of
Giza, situated at the Giza
Plateau adjacent to the Great
Pyramids of Giza on the west
bank of the Nile River and
facing due east
(29°58′31″N 31°08′15″E). The
sphinx is located to the east of
and below the pyramids.

11. What names their builders gave
to these statues is not known.
the Great Sphinx site, the
inscription on
a stele by Thutmose IV in 1400
BCE, lists the names of three
aspects of the local sun deity of
that period, Khepera–Rê–
AtumPerhaps .The first sphinx
in Egypt was one
depicting Queen Hetepheres II,
of the fourth dynasty that lasted
from 2723 BCE to 2563. She
was one of the longest-lived
members of the royal family of
that dynasty. The Great Sphinx
has become an emblem of
Egypt, frequently appearing on
its stamps, coins, and official
documents

12. Coloseum
The Colosseum or Coliseum, also
known as the Flavian Amphitheatre is
an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of
the city of Rome, Italy. Built
of concrete and stone, it was the largest
amphitheatre of the Roman Empire, and
is considered one of the greatest works
of Romam architecture and engineering.
It is the largest amphitheatre in the
world. The Colosseum could hold, it
is estimated, between 50,000 and
80,000 spectators, and was used
for gladiatorial contests and public
spectacles such as mock sea
battles, animal hunts, executions, re-
enactments of famous battles, and
dramas based on Classical
mythology. The building ceased to
be used for entertainment in
the early medieval era. It was later
reused for such purposes as housing,
workshops, quarters for a religious
order, a fortress, a quarry, and a
Christian shrine.

13. The Colosseum's original Latin name
was Amphitheatrum Flavium, often
anglicized as Flavian Amphitheater.
The building was constructed by
emperors of the Flavian dynasty,
following the reign of Nero. This
name is still used in modern English,
but generally the structure is better
known as the Colosseum. In antiquity,
Romans may have referred to the
Colosseum by the unofficial
name Amphitheatrum
Caesareum (adjective pertaining to the
title Caesar), but this name may have
been strictly poetic as it was not
exclusive to the Colosseum; Vespasian
and Titus, builders of the Colosseum,
also constructed an amphitheater of
the same name in Puteoli (modern
Pozzuoli). Construction of the
Colosseum began under the rule of the
Emperor Vespasian in around 70–72
AD, funded by the spoils taken from
the Jewish Temple after the Siege of
Jerusalem.

14. Parthenon
The Parthenon Ancient Greek Mode
rn Greek is a former temple on
the Athenian Acropolis, Greece,
dedicated to the goddess Athena,
whom the people of Athens considered
their patron. Construction began in
447 BC when the Athenian
Empire was at the height of its power.
It was completed in 438 BC although
decoration of the building continued
until 432 BC. It is the most important
surviving building of Classical
Greece, generally considered the
zenith of the Doric order. Its
decorative sculptures are considered
some of the high points of Greek art.
The Parthenon is regarded as an
enduring symbol of Ancient
Greece, Athenian democracy and
western civilization, and one of the
world's greatest cultural monuments.

15. The Parthenon itself replaced an older
temple of Athena, which historians
call the Pre-Parthenon or Older
Parthenon, that was destroyed in
the Persian invasion of 480 BC. The
temple is archaeoa
stronomically aligned to the Hyades.
While a sacred building dedicated to
the city's patron goddess, the
Parthenon was actually used primarily
as a treasury. For a time, it served as
the treasury of the Delian League,
which later became the Athenian
Empire. In the 5th century AD, the
Parthenon was converted into
a Christian church dedicated to
the Virgin Mary. The origin of the
Parthenon's name is from the Greek
word (parthenon), which referred to
the "unmarried women's apartments"
in a house and in the Parthenon's case
seems to have been used at first only
for a particular room of the temple. It
is debated which room this is and how
the room acquired its name.