AUTOMATION

1.  Milestone 1:
 At the culmination of the 6TH
session each group shall be expected to
provide a brief introduction (Max 1000 words) on the selected topic that
highlights a problem in the field of I/O Psychology along with a “gap” in
the literature (5-10 citations are enough at this point). The students are to
search the top journals in the field of Industrial and Organizational
Psychology (appended in the Resources section) and provide key words
for their topic along with an initial title that warrants further research.

2. Session 4: Automation
and work stress
MEGA TRENDS AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES
DEBATE/DISCUSSION: “ARE AUTOMATED SYSTEMS SUPPORTING HUMANS OR
TAKING OVER THEIR JOBS?”

3. “Automation and Workers-I”

4. Specific Questions:
1. How Is the Interaction Between Workers and Technology Changing?
2. How can we expect it to affect employment and equality in the future?
 Debate: Are automated systems supporting humans or taking over their jobs?

5.  What is Automation?
Automation is the technology by which a process or procedure is performed
with minimal human assistance
Introduction

9. Application???

12.  In the current era, technology is bringing about many changes in the realm of work:
a) the way in which businesses create and capture value,
b) when, where and how people do their work and
c) the ways in which individuals interact and communicate with
each other
Importance for I-O Psychology

13.  Together with some mega trends, these changes may affect:
• The future of employment
• Individuals’ economic, psychological and physical well-being
• Morale and Training
• Relationships/Interactions with AI
• Big data and Performance
• Ethical questions
• Micro, Meso and Macro level interventions
Importance for I-O Psychology

14.  How Is the Interaction Between Workers and Technology Changing?
• Theories for Human-Robot Interaction
1. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)
(Venkatesh, 2003)
2. USUS model (Weiss et al, 2009)
Interaction between Worker and Technology

15.  Aims to explain individuals’ intentions to use an information system and subsequent
usage behavior
 Consolidation of eight models:
1. Theory of reasoned action
2. Technology acceptance model
3. Motivational model
4. Theory of planned behavior
5. A combined theory of planned behavior/technology acceptance model
6. Model of personal computer use
7. Diffusion of innovations theory
8. Social cognitive theory
The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of
Technology (UTAUT)

16.  four key constructs:
1) Performance expectancy
2) Effort expectancy
3) Social influence
4) Facilitating conditionss
The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of
Technology (UTAUT)

17. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)

18. The USUS Evaluation
Framework for Human-
Robot
Interaction

21. 1. Social acceptance
• Machines as social actors
• Effective communication
• Stages:
1. Fear
2. Apprehension
3. Curiosity
4. Tolerance
5. Satisfaction
Changing Interaction between Workers and Technology

23. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)

24. The USUS Evaluation
Framework for Human-
Robot
Interaction
https://
www.researchgate.net/
publication/
313559458_The_USUS_e
valuation_framework_fo
r_human-
robot_interaction

25. Main goal of the evaluation framework is to guide research in answering
the question on how people experience robots as a support for
collaborative work and accept them as part of society.

26. Changing Interaction between Workers and Technology
1. Social Acceptance
• Machines as social actors
• Effective communication
• Stages:
1. Fear
2. Apprehension
3. Curiosity
4. Tolerance
5. Satisfaction

27. Changing Interaction between Workers and Technology
 2. Speed and Efficiency
3. Technology Creating Growing Pains
 Being glued to your email disrupts productivity.
 Automated voicemails can make customers upset.

28. Changing Interaction between Workers and Technology
4. Distrust of automation
• Supporting or Sabotaging role
• Trustworthy and Reliable
• Time, transparency, and accountability

29. Changing Interaction between Workers and Technology
5. Misuse, abuse, and disuse,
• Use: voluntary activation
• Misuse: over reliance on automation
• (Automation )Abuse: the automation of functions without due regard for
the consequences for human performance
• Disuse: the neglect or underutilization of automation

30. Changing Interaction between Workers and Technology
6. Gig Economy
• Flexibility and new task arrangements
• Gigging, the process of jumping from job to job or taking on multiple
freelance jobs at one time
• grow to over 40 percent of the workforce by 2020
• Contractors

31. Changing Interaction between Workers and Technology
8. Reduction in human relationships at the workplace
• Effect of detachment on Employees’ performance, engagement and
wellbeing
• working longer hours, well beyond their work day, over the weekend or
even while sick
• Social Isolation and Burnout: Remote workers
9. Labor Market Polarization
• Low & High Skilled Jobs
• Wage inequality

32. Technology and Wellbeing
 How Do New Kinds of Technology Affect People’s Psyche and Well-Being?
1. Positive Effects :
a) Faster Communication
b) More comfort
c) Virtual Meetings
d) Speed
e) Performance Management
2. Technology and Leisure Time
3. Technology Addiction
4. Lack of Autonomy and Counterproductive work behaviors
5. Sense of oppression
6. Transformation in the meaning of work

33. Technology and Wellbeing
 Technostress driven by Technology and enabled by:
• Invasion
• Overload
• Complexity
• Insecurity
• Uncertainty

34.  Techno-overload: Feeling overwhelmed by a constant stream of information. It occurs
as a result of continuous messages and notifications coming in from multiple sources.
 Techno-invasion: The feeling of being “always on.” It results from receiving other work-
related notifications after hours and feeling the need to respond right away. Remote
workers cite the inability to switch off or disconnect as a top concern.
 Techno-complexity: This occurs when an employee struggles to adopt new
technology because they perceive it to be especially complicated.
 Techno-uncertainty: Feeling disoriented or unsure because of fast-paced
digital transformation. If a company continually adopts new technology or uses
software that updates often, it can be overwhelming for some employees to keep up.
 Techno-insecurity: This involves concern from employees that they will lose their job or
status because new technology will replace or change their position.

35. Technology and Wellbeing
Technostress: The stress and negative psychological impact of introducing new
technologies at work.
a) More Expectation
b) Fear of Losing a Job
c) Adapt to Changes Quickly
d) Less Personal Interaction
e) Expectation to be Available 24/7
f) High Risk of Losing Data
g) Poor Sleep

36. Symptoms of “Techno-Stress”
By: Ahmad Al Shami, MSc. - © 2008 _ New York Institute of
Technology (NYIT)
Overdoing work and never feeling finished…
 Believing faster is better
 Not knowing how to function successfully without
Technology
Inability to Concentrate on Single Issue
Feeling of Loss of Control
Unfinished Tasks Creep Into your Mind
Increased Irritability
Loss of Memory

37. Technology and Wellbeing
 Dealing with Technostress
• Step 1: Assess the risk
• Step 2: Increase general awareness
• Step 3: Encourage work boundaries
• Step 4: Carry out technology-specific training
• Step 5: Put the right person in the right job
• Step 6: Review processes and procedures
• Step 7: Reduce unnecessary communication: communication
debt

38. Articles reading: Effect of Artificial Intelligence on
Employees Working in Industry 4.0 Led
Organisations

39.  Quiz 1 in the coming week