This document summarizes a study on TORCH infections (Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes simplex virus) in 180 pregnant women in Babylon Province, Iraq. The study found the highest prevalence of infection was Cytomegalovirus (57.2%), followed by Toxoplasma gondii (55.5%), Rubella (53.9%), Herpes simplex II (28.9%), and Chlamydia trachomatis (24.4%). Abortions were most common for Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella, and Cytomegalovirus infections. Neonatal deaths were low (<1
Need To Protect Childbearing Age Girls against Rubellapaperpublications3
Abstract: Rubella, though a mild skin infection but show disastrous effects during pregnancy and causes damage to fetus. The disease is vaccine- preventable diseases can manifest with severe Teratogenic effects in fetus known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) due to primary maternal infection such as heart disorders, blindness, deafness or other life threatening organ disorders. During pregnancy, explore to disease can lead to disastrous results such as bad obstetric history (BOH), repeated pregnancy loss (RPL) or may cause deformities in fetuses whereas it also responsible for infertility and maternal mortality. In the study124 teenage girls and 176 women of different background were selected, out of them 3.23% girls and 11.36 % women were found susceptible and were at risk to have Rubella infection. In the study it was detected that immunity against Rubella was decreasing with increasing age, i.e. the vaccination in childbearing age should be included in schedule.
Comparative seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis among three subg...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis among three subgroups (pregnant women, immunocompromised patients, and immunocompetent controls) in Nigeria. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 31.5%. Pregnant women had significantly higher seroprevalence than the other two groups. Living with cats was found to increase the risk of toxoplasmosis four times compared to those not living with cats. Seroprevalence increased with age among pregnant women and immunocompromised patients.
This study analyzed 103 stool samples from infants under 12 months old with diarrhea in Iraq. Rapid immunochromatography tests found that 52 samples (50.5%) were positive for rotavirus, 30 (29.1%) for norovirus, and 21 (20.4%) for adenovirus. The most affected age group was 1-4 months. Rural infants had higher rates of viral diarrhea than urban infants. Mixed feeding was associated with more cases than breastfeeding alone. Common symptoms included watery stool, fever, weakness, abdominal pain, and vomiting. The major causes of infantile diarrhea in the study area were identified as rotavirus, followed by norovirus and adenovirus.
This document describes a compartmental model for modeling the spread of Chlamydia, a sexually transmitted disease, among the population of Puerto Rico. The model divides the population into susceptible, incubation, infected, and recovered compartments. It uses parameters like infection rate and incubation period to develop mathematical formulas describing transitions between compartments. The results show that increasing the incubation period from 5 to 13 days leads to more people being susceptible and less being infected or recovered, as the disease spreads more slowly. This model could help demonstrate the trajectory of Chlamydia infection over time in a given population.
A single low-cost 2.5mg dose of vitamin D was found to boost the immune system's ability to fight tuberculosis (TB) for at least 6 weeks in a randomized controlled trial. Over 90% of TB patients studied in London hospitals had vitamin D deficiency. While vitamin D supplements were commonly used to treat TB before antibiotics, this is the first study to show that vitamin D supplementation can enhance immunity against mycobacteria that cause TB. A single large dose of vitamin D was found to enhance immunity at low cost and with no safety risks, suggesting vitamin D supplements could significantly impact people most at risk for TB.
CHICKENPOX VACCINATION FOR WOMEN DR. SHARDA JAINLifecare Centre
1. Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster virus and infection during pregnancy can increase risks for the fetus and mother.
2. For the fetus, infection during the first or second trimester increases the risk of congenital varicella syndrome which can cause limb abnormalities and organ damage in up to 12% of cases.
3. For the mother, infection during the third trimester increases the risk of pneumonia which has a mortality rate of up to 14% without treatment.
1. The document discusses various studies on HIV and AIDS. It examines how PCR techniques can detect HIV even in asymptomatic patients, and how HIV replicates poorly in macaque models due to species-specific differences in CD4 receptors and co-factors.
2. Accidental needlestick infections and transmission from dentists to patients are discussed as examples of HIV transmission. The depletion of CD4+ T-cells during clinical latency is also summarized, as HIV production outstrips the immune system's ability to replace cells.
3. The latency period allows the immune system to be depleted enough for opportunistic infections to take hold, as HIV remains latent in memory T-cells. Variability in clinical latency depends on viral mutations
Dr. Robert Tauxe - Antimicrobial Resistance and The Human-Animal Interface: T...John Blue
Antimicrobial Resistance and The Human-Animal Interface: The Public Health Concerns - Dr. Robert Tauxe, Deputy Director, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Need To Protect Childbearing Age Girls against Rubellapaperpublications3
Abstract: Rubella, though a mild skin infection but show disastrous effects during pregnancy and causes damage to fetus. The disease is vaccine- preventable diseases can manifest with severe Teratogenic effects in fetus known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) due to primary maternal infection such as heart disorders, blindness, deafness or other life threatening organ disorders. During pregnancy, explore to disease can lead to disastrous results such as bad obstetric history (BOH), repeated pregnancy loss (RPL) or may cause deformities in fetuses whereas it also responsible for infertility and maternal mortality. In the study124 teenage girls and 176 women of different background were selected, out of them 3.23% girls and 11.36 % women were found susceptible and were at risk to have Rubella infection. In the study it was detected that immunity against Rubella was decreasing with increasing age, i.e. the vaccination in childbearing age should be included in schedule.
Comparative seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis among three subg...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis among three subgroups (pregnant women, immunocompromised patients, and immunocompetent controls) in Nigeria. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 31.5%. Pregnant women had significantly higher seroprevalence than the other two groups. Living with cats was found to increase the risk of toxoplasmosis four times compared to those not living with cats. Seroprevalence increased with age among pregnant women and immunocompromised patients.
This study analyzed 103 stool samples from infants under 12 months old with diarrhea in Iraq. Rapid immunochromatography tests found that 52 samples (50.5%) were positive for rotavirus, 30 (29.1%) for norovirus, and 21 (20.4%) for adenovirus. The most affected age group was 1-4 months. Rural infants had higher rates of viral diarrhea than urban infants. Mixed feeding was associated with more cases than breastfeeding alone. Common symptoms included watery stool, fever, weakness, abdominal pain, and vomiting. The major causes of infantile diarrhea in the study area were identified as rotavirus, followed by norovirus and adenovirus.
This document describes a compartmental model for modeling the spread of Chlamydia, a sexually transmitted disease, among the population of Puerto Rico. The model divides the population into susceptible, incubation, infected, and recovered compartments. It uses parameters like infection rate and incubation period to develop mathematical formulas describing transitions between compartments. The results show that increasing the incubation period from 5 to 13 days leads to more people being susceptible and less being infected or recovered, as the disease spreads more slowly. This model could help demonstrate the trajectory of Chlamydia infection over time in a given population.
A single low-cost 2.5mg dose of vitamin D was found to boost the immune system's ability to fight tuberculosis (TB) for at least 6 weeks in a randomized controlled trial. Over 90% of TB patients studied in London hospitals had vitamin D deficiency. While vitamin D supplements were commonly used to treat TB before antibiotics, this is the first study to show that vitamin D supplementation can enhance immunity against mycobacteria that cause TB. A single large dose of vitamin D was found to enhance immunity at low cost and with no safety risks, suggesting vitamin D supplements could significantly impact people most at risk for TB.
CHICKENPOX VACCINATION FOR WOMEN DR. SHARDA JAINLifecare Centre
1. Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster virus and infection during pregnancy can increase risks for the fetus and mother.
2. For the fetus, infection during the first or second trimester increases the risk of congenital varicella syndrome which can cause limb abnormalities and organ damage in up to 12% of cases.
3. For the mother, infection during the third trimester increases the risk of pneumonia which has a mortality rate of up to 14% without treatment.
1. The document discusses various studies on HIV and AIDS. It examines how PCR techniques can detect HIV even in asymptomatic patients, and how HIV replicates poorly in macaque models due to species-specific differences in CD4 receptors and co-factors.
2. Accidental needlestick infections and transmission from dentists to patients are discussed as examples of HIV transmission. The depletion of CD4+ T-cells during clinical latency is also summarized, as HIV production outstrips the immune system's ability to replace cells.
3. The latency period allows the immune system to be depleted enough for opportunistic infections to take hold, as HIV remains latent in memory T-cells. Variability in clinical latency depends on viral mutations
Dr. Robert Tauxe - Antimicrobial Resistance and The Human-Animal Interface: T...John Blue
Antimicrobial Resistance and The Human-Animal Interface: The Public Health Concerns - Dr. Robert Tauxe, Deputy Director, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
This study reviewed 92 pregnant women with acute brucellosis at a Saudi Arabian hospital between 1983-1995. The incidence of spontaneous abortion in the first and second trimesters was 43%, and the incidence of intrauterine fetal death in the third trimester was 2%. Antepartum antimicrobial therapy with cotrimoxazole or cotrimoxazole/rifampin was protective against spontaneous abortion, with a relative risk of 0.14. Treatment was most beneficial for women presenting with febrile illness; vaginal bleeding at presentation usually led to spontaneous abortion. This demonstrates that brucellosis increases the risk of spontaneous abortion in pregnant women and prompt antimicrobial treatment is important.
This document discusses a study examining gender differences in immune biomarkers in active tuberculosis (TB) patients and how these biomarkers correlate with treatment efficacy. The study found that female TB patients had significantly higher levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10, while males had higher levels of PDGF-BB. Antibody levels against TB antigens were also higher in males. Biomarker levels of CXCL9, CXCL10, PDGF-BB, IFNg, and IL-18 decreased substantially over the course of treatment in patients, correlating with treatment success. The results suggest gender differences in immune responses to TB infection and that immune biomarkers may help monitor treatment efficacy.
Cervical cancer (CC) is 80% of global burden, the second most common cancer in women worldwide and leading cancer in Indian women. Approximately 40 Human papillomavirus (HPV) types infect cervix through sexual transmission [1,2]. HPV is a chronic disease and product of infection of sexually active women along with poverty, lower education level, low standards, multiparity, multiple sexual partners, using oral contraceptive pills, tobacco smoking, illiteracy, malnutrition and poor genital hygiene, dietary deficiencies of vitamins, co-infection with HIV, Herpes simplex virus type 2, Chlamydia trachomatis, bacterial vaginosis immunosuppressant drugs are all co-factors that progress from HPV infection to CC [3]. These co-factors are un-addressed widespread issues in the undeveloped sectors of the world. Intervention to increase program to prevent the development of unhealthy life behaviors and reduce the non-HPV risk factors can have immense impact on decreasing morbidity and mortality of genital malignancies and many preventable communicable and non-communicable human ailments [4]. It is unrecognized infection without any specific discern signs and symptoms.
Infection in the couple may lead to failure of fertility treatment ,hence proper screening and management of the condition is mandatory before starting fertility treatment.
Actualizacion Sifilis congenita del 2018 Original Oriana López
This document discusses congenital syphilis, which occurs when the syphilis bacterium is transmitted from an infected mother to her fetus during pregnancy. Key points:
- Congenital syphilis remains a major public health problem worldwide and cases are increasing in the US.
- It can be prevented through prenatal screening and treatment of infected mothers and their newborn infants.
- Clinical manifestations in infants may include rash, snuffles, hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, and radiographic bone abnormalities. Both early and late symptoms are described.
The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in children below 12 years presenting...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, responsible for over 1 million deaths annually. It is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia. Certain populations are at higher risk of pneumococcal disease, including the elderly, young children, smokers, and those with chronic medical conditions. Pneumococcal infections have seasonal peaks in the winter. Multidrug resistant strains are increasing globally. Guidelines from organizations like the WHO and ACIP recommend pneumococcal vaccination for high risk groups like all adults over 65 and those with chronic lung, heart or liver disease.
PREVALENCE AND DEGREE OF INFECTION OF TOXOCARIASIS IN DAIRY CALVES (HOLSTEIN ...IAEME Publication
Background: Worm infection is one of the most common diseases affecting
livestock, one of those diseases is Toxocara vitulorum. Infection can cause diarrhea,
reduced productivity, intestinal and bile obstruction, to death in livestock. However,
this disease is often ignored by farmers. Observing from an economic perspective, this
disease results in very high losses for farmers.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of dairy calves age on the
prevalence of toxocariasis and determine the effect of different degrees of toxocariasis
infection on dairy calves (Holstein Friesian).
Methods: This study used a descriptive laboratory method. The samples studied
were 120 stool or feces samples of calves aged 0-6 months. The number of samples in
each age group of 0-2 months, 2-4 months and 4-6 months were 40 samples. The
independent variable of this study was the age of dairy calves. The dependent variables
were the prevalence and degree of toxocariasis infection. Whereas, the control
variables were feed and cattle nation.
Results: From 120 samples studied, 5 feces samples were positively infected with
T. vitulorum. From 5 samples that were positively infected, 4 of them came from the
age group of 0-2 months and the other 1 from the age group of 2-4 months. Whereas,
in the 4-6 month age group all negative samples were from T. vitulorum infection. The
mean value of infection rates in the 0-2 month age group was 4.219, in the 2-4 month
age group was 1.066 and in the 4-6 month age group was 0.707.
Conclusion: The prevalence of toxocariasis and the degree of toxocariasis infection
based on the most influential age differences were at the age of 0-2 months.
Bacteriuria in Pregnant and Non Pregnant Women in Benghazi Acomparative StudyIOSRJPBS
Background: Bacteriuria is associated with significant maternal and foetal risks. However, its prevalence is not well known in our community. Objectives: Determine the prevalence and predictors of bacteriuria in women of the Benghazi, Libya as well as the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates. Methods: Across-sectional study was carried out amongst pregnant and non pregnant women attending many poly clinics in Benghazi. We recruited 120 consenting women (60 pregnant and 60 non pregnant) for the study. Demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaire. Clean catch midstream urine was collected from each participant. Samples were examined biochemically, microscopically and by culture. Significant bacteriuria was defined as the presence of 105 bacteria per ml of cultured urine. Identification and susceptibility of isolates was performed using API (BioMerieux, France Company) . Results: Significant bacteriuria was found in the urine of 13.3 % (16) of all women with prevalence of 16.7% in pregnant women. Asymptomatic bacteriuria was detected in 8.3 % (10). The most frequent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus(31.2%),Escherichia coli (25%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (18.9%), and were sensitive to gentamycin (GN) 87.5%, azithromycin (AZM)75%, and the less effective antibiotics were cephalexine (CL) and ampicillin(AMP) Conclusion: Bacteriuria is frequent in women particularly pregnant women suggesting the need for routine screening by urine culture,which would allow early treatment to avoid the complications. In addition, urinary tract infections appears to be multifactorial.
Vitamin D has wide-ranging effects throughout the body that help support immune function, respiratory health, digestive health, nervous system function, and brain development. It helps regulate inflammation, supports innate and adaptive immunity, and may downregulate the recruitment and activation of immune cells during infection. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to increased risk of respiratory infections like pneumonia as well as autoimmune diseases and some cancers. The active form of vitamin D also induces the production of antimicrobial peptides that can help destroy pathogens like M. tuberculosis.
This document summarizes information about Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis, including its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatment, antimicrobial resistance, and vaccine development. Serotype Choleraesuis is primarily a pathogen of pigs that can cause invasive infections in humans. While it is an infrequent cause of human salmonellosis in Western countries, it is of particular concern in Asia, especially Taiwan, where it is one of the most common Salmonella serotypes isolated from human patients.
Acute Gastroenterıtıs Agents Under 5 Years Old Age Chıldren: Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersMedical
This document summarizes a study examining the prevalence of acute gastroenteritis agents in 216 children under 5 years old in Turkey over one year. Rotaviruses were the most common pathogen identified (40.74% of cases), followed by bacteria (24.98%) and parasites (20.82%). Some agents like rotavirus and salmonella peaked in winter and summer respectively. The highest proportion of dual infections was found in February, March and April. The study aims to identify the most common causes of pediatric diarrhea by season to help guide treatment and prevention efforts.
Malaria infection during pregnancy is a major public health problem- especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions; with substantial risks for the mother, her foetus and the new-born, Pregnant women are particularly susceptible to malaria, and in low transmission settings they have a greater risk of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This study aimed at investigating the rate of parasitaemia amongst pregnant and none pregnant women was conducted among people attending clinics at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Mambo hospital, Nosam medical laboratory services in Calabar Cross River state. They fall within the age group 18 to 60 years. They were pregnant women who came for Antenatal clinic, controls were sampled from patients who came to request for medical examination and blood donors. Thick and thin blood smears were made from finger prick samples of 400 candidates attending Antenatal clinics 200 of them were from established pregnant women and the other 200 were from non-pregnant women to serve as control. The blood films were dried and fixed in absolute methanol dried and stained with 2% Giemsa stain for 30 min. it was then rinse in clean water and allowed to dry in a draining rack. Dried slides were viewed using x100 oil immersion objective. Result revealed a parasitic rate of 132 (55.9 %) among pregnant women and104 (44.1%) parasitaemia among none pregnant women. The difference between pregnant women and none pegnant women were significantly different at p < 0.05. Similarly, the mean parasite density of the pregnant women was higher 28.9 against 14.2 of control none pregnant women. In conclusion there was a significant density of malaria parasitaemia amongst pregnant women in this study.
This document summarizes risk factors and response actions related to influenza A H1N1. It outlines background information on influenza strains and pandemics. The 2009 H1N1 strain was a combination of genes from swine, avian, and human influenza viruses. Studies identified higher risk groups as American Indians, younger/older individuals, and those with pre-existing medical conditions. Vaccination timing and strategies were modeled in Canada, showing reduced infection risk with vaccination. Key response actions included isolation, hand washing, and informing healthcare providers.
Hepatitis A is an under rated infectious disease in children , with high morbidity and a major cause of fulminant hepatitis in children.There has been a longstanding debate between the LIVE VACCINE FOR HEPATITIS A AND THE KILLED INACTIVATED VACCINE FOR HEPATITIS A. Recent CDC guidelines and INDIAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS GUIDELINES and recent references were studied before making these slides. Hope you find these useful.
Microbial Risk Assessment of Salmonella in Ready-To-Eat fruit and vegetablesFrank Higgins
This document discusses a microbial risk assessment project that aims to identify the risk of Salmonella infections from consuming ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables in Ireland. It identifies Salmonella as a hazard, noting that it is commonly found in animal intestinal tracts and can be transmitted through feces. The document characterizes the hazard by examining host factors like age and immune status that influence pathogenicity. It also reviews Salmonella's ability to infect cells and symptoms like gastroenteritis. The summary provides an overview of the purpose, hazard identification and characterization sections.
This study evaluated risk behaviors in 153 HIV-positive adolescents receiving care in Bucharest, Romania. While most acquired HIV perinatally during Nicolae Ceausescu's regime, 20% reported sexual acquisition, suggesting sexual transmission is increasing. Participants showed deficits in HIV knowledge, attitudes, norms, control, and intentions regarding risk behaviors. Many reported unprotected sex with both HIV-positive and negative partners, despite access to treatment. Results imply Romania's HIV epidemiology is changing, with growing sexual transmission among adolescents. Discussion centers on interpreting these patterns and improving HIV prevention for young people.
IBacterial Pathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infections and Their Antimicrobial...Dr. Aisha M Elbareg
This document summarizes a study on urinary tract infections conducted in Libya. Urine samples were collected from 250 patients and cultured to isolate bacterial pathogens. Only 25.2% of samples showed significant bacterial growth. The most common isolates were gram-negative bacilli like E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas. E. coli was the predominant pathogen. Antibiotic susceptibility testing found that isolates were generally sensitive to aminoglycosides like amikacin and gentamicin but less sensitive to cephalosporins and highly resistant to ampicillin. The study concludes that gram-negative bacteria are the main urinary pathogens and regular monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility is needed to guide effective
Genetic study of torch infections in women with bad obstetric history multipl...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining TORCH infections (Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus,
Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus) in women with bad obstetric histories using polymerase chain reaction
(PCR). The study found Toxoplasma in 36.36% of women, Rubella in 20.45%, Cytomegalovirus in 29.55%, and
Herpes simplex virus in 13.64%. Maximum abortion and preterm labor cases were associated with Toxoplasma,
while early neonatal deaths were associated with Toxoplasma and CMV. Congenital malformations were most
strongly linked to
Chlamydia is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection that often has no symptoms. It can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and lead to infertility by damaging fallopian tubes. Studies found chlamydia infection in 15-28% of women tested in India, with higher rates in infertile women. Screening and treatment is recommended to prevent complications and further transmission. While the risk of infertility from chlamydia is low, ongoing research aims to better understand disease progression and develop a protective vaccine.
Maternal infections can negatively impact both mother and baby's health. Common infections include syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and group B streptococcus. Infections may cause issues like preterm birth, low birthweight, stillbirth, or congenital diseases in the baby. Screening and treatment programs aim to identify infections early to provide appropriate care and reduce risks. Prevention through education and behavior modification can also lower infection rates.
This study reviewed 92 pregnant women with acute brucellosis at a Saudi Arabian hospital between 1983-1995. The incidence of spontaneous abortion in the first and second trimesters was 43%, and the incidence of intrauterine fetal death in the third trimester was 2%. Antepartum antimicrobial therapy with cotrimoxazole or cotrimoxazole/rifampin was protective against spontaneous abortion, with a relative risk of 0.14. Treatment was most beneficial for women presenting with febrile illness; vaginal bleeding at presentation usually led to spontaneous abortion. This demonstrates that brucellosis increases the risk of spontaneous abortion in pregnant women and prompt antimicrobial treatment is important.
This document discusses a study examining gender differences in immune biomarkers in active tuberculosis (TB) patients and how these biomarkers correlate with treatment efficacy. The study found that female TB patients had significantly higher levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10, while males had higher levels of PDGF-BB. Antibody levels against TB antigens were also higher in males. Biomarker levels of CXCL9, CXCL10, PDGF-BB, IFNg, and IL-18 decreased substantially over the course of treatment in patients, correlating with treatment success. The results suggest gender differences in immune responses to TB infection and that immune biomarkers may help monitor treatment efficacy.
Cervical cancer (CC) is 80% of global burden, the second most common cancer in women worldwide and leading cancer in Indian women. Approximately 40 Human papillomavirus (HPV) types infect cervix through sexual transmission [1,2]. HPV is a chronic disease and product of infection of sexually active women along with poverty, lower education level, low standards, multiparity, multiple sexual partners, using oral contraceptive pills, tobacco smoking, illiteracy, malnutrition and poor genital hygiene, dietary deficiencies of vitamins, co-infection with HIV, Herpes simplex virus type 2, Chlamydia trachomatis, bacterial vaginosis immunosuppressant drugs are all co-factors that progress from HPV infection to CC [3]. These co-factors are un-addressed widespread issues in the undeveloped sectors of the world. Intervention to increase program to prevent the development of unhealthy life behaviors and reduce the non-HPV risk factors can have immense impact on decreasing morbidity and mortality of genital malignancies and many preventable communicable and non-communicable human ailments [4]. It is unrecognized infection without any specific discern signs and symptoms.
Infection in the couple may lead to failure of fertility treatment ,hence proper screening and management of the condition is mandatory before starting fertility treatment.
Actualizacion Sifilis congenita del 2018 Original Oriana López
This document discusses congenital syphilis, which occurs when the syphilis bacterium is transmitted from an infected mother to her fetus during pregnancy. Key points:
- Congenital syphilis remains a major public health problem worldwide and cases are increasing in the US.
- It can be prevented through prenatal screening and treatment of infected mothers and their newborn infants.
- Clinical manifestations in infants may include rash, snuffles, hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, and radiographic bone abnormalities. Both early and late symptoms are described.
The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in children below 12 years presenting...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, responsible for over 1 million deaths annually. It is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia. Certain populations are at higher risk of pneumococcal disease, including the elderly, young children, smokers, and those with chronic medical conditions. Pneumococcal infections have seasonal peaks in the winter. Multidrug resistant strains are increasing globally. Guidelines from organizations like the WHO and ACIP recommend pneumococcal vaccination for high risk groups like all adults over 65 and those with chronic lung, heart or liver disease.
PREVALENCE AND DEGREE OF INFECTION OF TOXOCARIASIS IN DAIRY CALVES (HOLSTEIN ...IAEME Publication
Background: Worm infection is one of the most common diseases affecting
livestock, one of those diseases is Toxocara vitulorum. Infection can cause diarrhea,
reduced productivity, intestinal and bile obstruction, to death in livestock. However,
this disease is often ignored by farmers. Observing from an economic perspective, this
disease results in very high losses for farmers.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of dairy calves age on the
prevalence of toxocariasis and determine the effect of different degrees of toxocariasis
infection on dairy calves (Holstein Friesian).
Methods: This study used a descriptive laboratory method. The samples studied
were 120 stool or feces samples of calves aged 0-6 months. The number of samples in
each age group of 0-2 months, 2-4 months and 4-6 months were 40 samples. The
independent variable of this study was the age of dairy calves. The dependent variables
were the prevalence and degree of toxocariasis infection. Whereas, the control
variables were feed and cattle nation.
Results: From 120 samples studied, 5 feces samples were positively infected with
T. vitulorum. From 5 samples that were positively infected, 4 of them came from the
age group of 0-2 months and the other 1 from the age group of 2-4 months. Whereas,
in the 4-6 month age group all negative samples were from T. vitulorum infection. The
mean value of infection rates in the 0-2 month age group was 4.219, in the 2-4 month
age group was 1.066 and in the 4-6 month age group was 0.707.
Conclusion: The prevalence of toxocariasis and the degree of toxocariasis infection
based on the most influential age differences were at the age of 0-2 months.
Bacteriuria in Pregnant and Non Pregnant Women in Benghazi Acomparative StudyIOSRJPBS
Background: Bacteriuria is associated with significant maternal and foetal risks. However, its prevalence is not well known in our community. Objectives: Determine the prevalence and predictors of bacteriuria in women of the Benghazi, Libya as well as the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates. Methods: Across-sectional study was carried out amongst pregnant and non pregnant women attending many poly clinics in Benghazi. We recruited 120 consenting women (60 pregnant and 60 non pregnant) for the study. Demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaire. Clean catch midstream urine was collected from each participant. Samples were examined biochemically, microscopically and by culture. Significant bacteriuria was defined as the presence of 105 bacteria per ml of cultured urine. Identification and susceptibility of isolates was performed using API (BioMerieux, France Company) . Results: Significant bacteriuria was found in the urine of 13.3 % (16) of all women with prevalence of 16.7% in pregnant women. Asymptomatic bacteriuria was detected in 8.3 % (10). The most frequent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus(31.2%),Escherichia coli (25%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (18.9%), and were sensitive to gentamycin (GN) 87.5%, azithromycin (AZM)75%, and the less effective antibiotics were cephalexine (CL) and ampicillin(AMP) Conclusion: Bacteriuria is frequent in women particularly pregnant women suggesting the need for routine screening by urine culture,which would allow early treatment to avoid the complications. In addition, urinary tract infections appears to be multifactorial.
Vitamin D has wide-ranging effects throughout the body that help support immune function, respiratory health, digestive health, nervous system function, and brain development. It helps regulate inflammation, supports innate and adaptive immunity, and may downregulate the recruitment and activation of immune cells during infection. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to increased risk of respiratory infections like pneumonia as well as autoimmune diseases and some cancers. The active form of vitamin D also induces the production of antimicrobial peptides that can help destroy pathogens like M. tuberculosis.
This document summarizes information about Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis, including its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatment, antimicrobial resistance, and vaccine development. Serotype Choleraesuis is primarily a pathogen of pigs that can cause invasive infections in humans. While it is an infrequent cause of human salmonellosis in Western countries, it is of particular concern in Asia, especially Taiwan, where it is one of the most common Salmonella serotypes isolated from human patients.
Acute Gastroenterıtıs Agents Under 5 Years Old Age Chıldren: Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersMedical
This document summarizes a study examining the prevalence of acute gastroenteritis agents in 216 children under 5 years old in Turkey over one year. Rotaviruses were the most common pathogen identified (40.74% of cases), followed by bacteria (24.98%) and parasites (20.82%). Some agents like rotavirus and salmonella peaked in winter and summer respectively. The highest proportion of dual infections was found in February, March and April. The study aims to identify the most common causes of pediatric diarrhea by season to help guide treatment and prevention efforts.
Malaria infection during pregnancy is a major public health problem- especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions; with substantial risks for the mother, her foetus and the new-born, Pregnant women are particularly susceptible to malaria, and in low transmission settings they have a greater risk of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This study aimed at investigating the rate of parasitaemia amongst pregnant and none pregnant women was conducted among people attending clinics at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Mambo hospital, Nosam medical laboratory services in Calabar Cross River state. They fall within the age group 18 to 60 years. They were pregnant women who came for Antenatal clinic, controls were sampled from patients who came to request for medical examination and blood donors. Thick and thin blood smears were made from finger prick samples of 400 candidates attending Antenatal clinics 200 of them were from established pregnant women and the other 200 were from non-pregnant women to serve as control. The blood films were dried and fixed in absolute methanol dried and stained with 2% Giemsa stain for 30 min. it was then rinse in clean water and allowed to dry in a draining rack. Dried slides were viewed using x100 oil immersion objective. Result revealed a parasitic rate of 132 (55.9 %) among pregnant women and104 (44.1%) parasitaemia among none pregnant women. The difference between pregnant women and none pegnant women were significantly different at p < 0.05. Similarly, the mean parasite density of the pregnant women was higher 28.9 against 14.2 of control none pregnant women. In conclusion there was a significant density of malaria parasitaemia amongst pregnant women in this study.
This document summarizes risk factors and response actions related to influenza A H1N1. It outlines background information on influenza strains and pandemics. The 2009 H1N1 strain was a combination of genes from swine, avian, and human influenza viruses. Studies identified higher risk groups as American Indians, younger/older individuals, and those with pre-existing medical conditions. Vaccination timing and strategies were modeled in Canada, showing reduced infection risk with vaccination. Key response actions included isolation, hand washing, and informing healthcare providers.
Hepatitis A is an under rated infectious disease in children , with high morbidity and a major cause of fulminant hepatitis in children.There has been a longstanding debate between the LIVE VACCINE FOR HEPATITIS A AND THE KILLED INACTIVATED VACCINE FOR HEPATITIS A. Recent CDC guidelines and INDIAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS GUIDELINES and recent references were studied before making these slides. Hope you find these useful.
Microbial Risk Assessment of Salmonella in Ready-To-Eat fruit and vegetablesFrank Higgins
This document discusses a microbial risk assessment project that aims to identify the risk of Salmonella infections from consuming ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables in Ireland. It identifies Salmonella as a hazard, noting that it is commonly found in animal intestinal tracts and can be transmitted through feces. The document characterizes the hazard by examining host factors like age and immune status that influence pathogenicity. It also reviews Salmonella's ability to infect cells and symptoms like gastroenteritis. The summary provides an overview of the purpose, hazard identification and characterization sections.
This study evaluated risk behaviors in 153 HIV-positive adolescents receiving care in Bucharest, Romania. While most acquired HIV perinatally during Nicolae Ceausescu's regime, 20% reported sexual acquisition, suggesting sexual transmission is increasing. Participants showed deficits in HIV knowledge, attitudes, norms, control, and intentions regarding risk behaviors. Many reported unprotected sex with both HIV-positive and negative partners, despite access to treatment. Results imply Romania's HIV epidemiology is changing, with growing sexual transmission among adolescents. Discussion centers on interpreting these patterns and improving HIV prevention for young people.
IBacterial Pathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infections and Their Antimicrobial...Dr. Aisha M Elbareg
This document summarizes a study on urinary tract infections conducted in Libya. Urine samples were collected from 250 patients and cultured to isolate bacterial pathogens. Only 25.2% of samples showed significant bacterial growth. The most common isolates were gram-negative bacilli like E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas. E. coli was the predominant pathogen. Antibiotic susceptibility testing found that isolates were generally sensitive to aminoglycosides like amikacin and gentamicin but less sensitive to cephalosporins and highly resistant to ampicillin. The study concludes that gram-negative bacteria are the main urinary pathogens and regular monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility is needed to guide effective
Genetic study of torch infections in women with bad obstetric history multipl...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining TORCH infections (Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus,
Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus) in women with bad obstetric histories using polymerase chain reaction
(PCR). The study found Toxoplasma in 36.36% of women, Rubella in 20.45%, Cytomegalovirus in 29.55%, and
Herpes simplex virus in 13.64%. Maximum abortion and preterm labor cases were associated with Toxoplasma,
while early neonatal deaths were associated with Toxoplasma and CMV. Congenital malformations were most
strongly linked to
Chlamydia is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection that often has no symptoms. It can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and lead to infertility by damaging fallopian tubes. Studies found chlamydia infection in 15-28% of women tested in India, with higher rates in infertile women. Screening and treatment is recommended to prevent complications and further transmission. While the risk of infertility from chlamydia is low, ongoing research aims to better understand disease progression and develop a protective vaccine.
Maternal infections can negatively impact both mother and baby's health. Common infections include syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and group B streptococcus. Infections may cause issues like preterm birth, low birthweight, stillbirth, or congenital diseases in the baby. Screening and treatment programs aim to identify infections early to provide appropriate care and reduce risks. Prevention through education and behavior modification can also lower infection rates.
This document summarizes a student's paper on HIV/AIDS pathogenesis. It begins by outlining the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS, including its origins in 1959 in Congo and transmission routes. It then describes the structure and replication cycle of HIV in detail. The stages of HIV disease progression are explained as acute infection, asymptomatic chronic phase, and symptomatic AIDS. The paper also reviews presentations by HIV experts and fellow student presentations addressing treatment options and the social impacts of HIV/AIDS.
Cryptococcus neoformans antigenemia in hiv positive pregnant women attending ...Alexander Decker
This study determined the prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans infection among 160 HIV-positive pregnant women attending an PMTCT clinic in southeast Nigeria. A prevalence rate of 13.1% was observed among the HIV-positive women, while none of the 120 HIV-negative controls tested positive. Cryptococcal antigenemia correlated with decreasing CD4 counts, with most positive women having CD4 counts below 200 cells/μl. Targeted cryptococcal screening is recommended for HIV-positive pregnant women with low CD4 counts to reduce preventable deaths and improve obstetric outcomes in this vulnerable group.
HIV was first recognized in 1981 in the United States. It is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, and from mother to child. The virus was identified in 1983 and proven to cause AIDS in 1984. It is predominantly sexually transmitted worldwide. Transmission can occur through anal sex, vaginal sex, needle sharing, and from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. Risk is reduced through antiretroviral treatment and screening of blood and organ supplies.
This document provides an overview of trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis. Trichomoniasis is caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis and spreads through sexual contact. It commonly causes symptoms like abnormal discharge and irritation, but is often asymptomatic. Left untreated, it can increase risks of other infections like HIV. Bacterial vaginosis results from a disruption of the normal vaginal flora and an overgrowth of certain bacteria. It is associated with increased risks of other STDs during pregnancy complications. Both infections are treatable but their lack of recognition has posed public health challenges.
The study of congenital cytomegalovirus, Rubella and Herpes Simplex Virus-2 i...Apollo Hospitals
The study was conducted to analyze the role of Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Rubella and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-2) as an etiological agent in congenital infections in infants. The study was carried out at National Reference Centre i.e. NCDC, Delhi where samples are referred from various government hospitals of Delhi from the period of January 2013–December 2013. The samples were tested for CMV, Rubella and HSV specific IgM antibodies by μ capture ELISA (Enzyme linked Immunoassay).
This document provides an overview of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It discusses the identification and emergence of AIDS in 1981, the global impact and transmission of HIV, clinical manifestations of AIDS, and methods for controlling and managing the epidemic.
TORCH syndrome is a group of symptoms caused by Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex, and other organisms including syphilis, Varicella zoster, and parvovirus.
There are nearly 100 viruses of the herpes group that infect many different animal species.
Official name of herpesviruses that commonly infect human is Humans herpesvirus (HHV)
herpes simplex virus types 1 (HHV 1)
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HHV 2)
Varicella-zoster virus (HHV 3)
Epstein-Barr virus, (HHV 4)
Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV 6)
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV 7)
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8) (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus).
Herpes B virus of monkeys can also infect humans
hELMINTHS#corona virus#Aspergillosis#BUGANDO#CUHAS#CUHAS#CUHAS
This document provides an overview of pediatric HIV/AIDS in Uganda, including:
- HIV causes immune system depletion by destroying CD4 cells.
- Uganda has a high prevalence of HIV, especially among women ages 15-24.
- Children can show signs of infection like oral thrush or recurrent infections.
- Diagnosis involves viral testing for children under 18 months and antibody tests after.
- Clinical staging from asymptomatic to conditions like pneumonia or dermatitis is used.
- Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy and prophylaxis.
Infections during pregnancy can harm the fetus if they are transmitted vertically. Certain infections like HIV, HBV, CMV, rubella, and toxoplasmosis pose particular risks. It is important for pregnant women to be screened for these infections. Clinical microbiology services play an important role in diagnosing infections and informing physicians about test implications. Proper specimen collection and interpretation of results are crucial. Bacterial infections like urinary tract infections and group B streptococcal infection also require screening and treatment to prevent complications.
The document discusses TORCH testing, which screens for 5 infections - Toxoplasmosis, Other (Syphilis), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes Simplex Virus. These infections can be transmitted from mother to fetus and cause birth defects if acquired during pregnancy. TORCH testing measures IgG and IgM antibodies in blood to determine if a woman has had or has a current infection. Serial testing allows detection of a recent infection based on a rise in antibody levels. Positive IgM indicates a current/recent infection while only IgG indicates a past infection. TORCH screening helps identify women and infants at risk of congenital or neonatal infections.
This document discusses neonatal sepsis. It defines key terms like infection, SIRS, bacteremia, toxemia, and septicemia. It describes the pathogenesis of neonatal sepsis, noting deficiencies in the neonatal immune system that increase susceptibility to infection. It discusses the epidemiology of neonatal sepsis globally and risk factors like prematurity. Common causes of early-onset and late-onset sepsis are bacterial and viral pathogens transmitted from mother to infant during or after birth.
This document discusses neonatal sepsis. It defines key terms like infection, SIRS, bacteremia, toxemia, and septicemia. It describes the pathogenesis of neonatal sepsis, noting deficiencies in the infant's immune system that increase susceptibility. It also discusses the epidemiology, noting higher rates in developing countries and preterm/low birthweight infants. Common causes include group B streptococcus, E. coli, and other gram-negative bacteria. Morbidity and mortality remain high without prompt treatment.
This document summarizes information on four common infections that can cause complications if acquired during pregnancy: cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, varicella zoster virus (VZV), and toxoplasmosis. It discusses the prevalence, transmission, clinical presentations, risks of perinatal transmission, and maternal, fetal, and infant effects of each infection. CMV is the most common congenital infection, occurring in 0.2-2.2% of neonates. Parvovirus B19 can cause hydrops fetalis in up to 10-18% of cases. VZV exposure in the first or second trimester poses risks of congenital varicella syndrome.
This document reviews research on HIV transmission through breastfeeding in sub-Saharan Africa. Some key points:
- Breastfeeding is an important part of motherhood in sub-Saharan Africa but has been compromised by HIV/AIDS, which is a major public health issue in the region.
- Vertical HIV transmission rates in sub-Saharan Africa are estimated at 35%, with one third to one half of that attributed to breastfeeding. Longer durations of breastfeeding increase infant risk of contracting HIV.
- Maternal factors like high viral load, immune suppression, and breast conditions can increase the risk of transmitting HIV to infants through breastfeeding. Co-factors like STIs, tuberculosis, malnutrition, and malaria
This document discusses sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It notes that 448 million new curable STI cases occur annually worldwide, including syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis. STIs can exist without symptoms and lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, stillbirth, and neonatal death if left untreated. Common bacterial, viral, and parasitic STIs are described. The document emphasizes that STIs increase HIV transmission and recommends abstinence or mutual monogamy for prevention, with condom use providing additional protection.
Similar to Seroprevalence study of ig g and igm antibodies (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
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This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
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This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
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1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.10, 2012
Seroprevalence study of IgG and IgM Antibodies to
Toxoplasma, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Chlamydia
trachomatis and Herpes simplex II in Pregnancy women in
Babylon Province
Ali H. M. Al-Marzoqi1* Raad A. Kadhim2 Diyar K. F. Al-Janabi3 Hussein J. Hussein4 Zahraa M. Al
Taee5
1. Babylon UniversityCollege of Science for women PO box 435, Al-Hillah city, Babylon,
Iraq. Tel: 009647710336121 E-mail: ali_almarzoqi@yahoo.co.uk
2. Babylon UniversityCollege of Science for women
3. Al-Qadisiyah UniversityCollege of Science
4. Babylon UniversityCollege of Science for women
5. Babylon UniversityCollege of Science
* E-mail of the corresponding author: ali_almarzoqi@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract
In this work 180 blood samples was collected from pregnant women in Babylon province, Babylon
maternity and children hospital from October/2008 to April/2009. It revealed that TORCH infections
was; Cytomegalovirus formed (CMV) 57.2% followed by Toxoplasma gondii 55.5% Rubella 53.9%,
Herpes simplex II 28.9% and Chlamydia trachomatis 24.4%.
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma, Rubella, CMV, Chlamydia trachomatis and Herpes IgM Antibodies
according to various obstetric losses showed that Abortions happened in all causes with high
percentage (Over than 30%) except Herpes infections (less than 6%), while congenital anomalies and
premature delivery formed high ratio with some different in some cases. Neonatal deaths are very low
under 1% except in CMV infections which formed 4.9%.
Distribution of age with type of infection according IgM Antibodies to Toxoplasma, Rubella, CMV,
Chlamydia trachomatis and Herpes simplex revealed that major age group for infection was between
<20 to 40 years which formed more than two third of all infection cases.
Residential distribution with type of infection according IgM Antibodies shows that most infection
occurred in rural area (over than 50% in all agents) except in Herpes simplex infections which formed
82.7% in urban area.
TORCH (Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes simplex) infections with incidence
of abortion in pregnant women in this study revealed that First trimester was the highest ratio of
infection than other two trimesters.
Introduction
The acronym TORCH [toxoplasmosis, ‘other’, rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Herpes simplex
(HSV-1 and HSV-2)] was introduced two decades ago to refer to those pathogens causing infection in
utero, presenting with similar clinical features. The ‘O’ in TORCH (other) includes a list of pathogens
that grows longer over time, including not only syphilis and varicella (VZV), but also newer pathogens
such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and parvovirus B19 [1].
Pregnancy induces a transient immunosuppression, which is thought to increase the vulnerability of
pregnant women to viral infections. Since the abrogation of congenital rubella infections by
vaccination, cytomegalovirus (CMV), varicella zoster virus (VZV) and parvovirus B19 are the most
important viruses to cause clinically significant intrauterine fetal infections.
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2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.10, 2012
Viruses of the herpesvirus group, CMV and VZV are potentially teratogenic, whereas parvovirus can
cause fatal anemia to the fetus. In case of VZV and parvovirus; the risk of a congenital infection is
connected only with a maternal primary infection. Herpes simplex virus (HSV), although extremely
rarely the cause of a congenital infection, can infect the newborn during vaginal delivery with poor [2,
3].
The first trimester of pregnancy is an important period often fraught with complications like bleeding
and pain, leading to severe apprehension in the mother [4]. Pregnancy loss has been attributed to
several factors involved in human reproduction. Genetic and uterine abnormalities, endocrine and
immunological dysfunctions, infectious agents, environmental pollutants, psychogenetic factors and
endometriosis are most important causes of spontaneous abortion. Spontaneous abortion is a new issue
in terms of its social and economic impact.
Today majority of women decide to conceive in their thirties or forties, since they are career-oriented
during the age of maximum fecundity [5]. After the age of 30-35 years, potential fertility declines and
the rate of spontaneous abortion increases. But on the other hand, teenage pregnancy is a fairly
common occurrence in countries like India. Other studies pointed out those pregnant teenagers are at
greater risk and require additional care. Stress, pollutants, smoking etc. also increase the risk of
miscarriage [6].
Materials and Methods
In this study 180 blood samples was collected from pregnant women in Babylon province, Babylon
maternity and children hospital from October/2008 to April/2009. For detection Rubella, Toxoplasma
gondii and Chlamydia trachomatis IgG and IgM we use Elisa detection kits [Rubella and Toxoplasma
IgG and IgM, from DRG, Germany]. While Herpes simplex Type II and CMV IgG and IgM we use
Elisa detection kits [Herpes Type II and CMV IgG and IgM, from Biocheck, CA, USA].
Results and Discussion
Table 1 shows the main causative agents that infected pregnant women depending on IgG and IgM titer
by ELISA. It revealed that Cytomegalovirus formed (CMV) 57.2% followed by Toxoplasma gondii
55.5% Rubella 53.9%, Herpes II 28.9% and Chlamydia 24.4% depending on IgM.
These results agreed with other studies, Saudi study revealed Toxoplasma IgG antibodies were detected
in 35.6%, CMV total IgG antibodies were found in 92.1%, rubella IgG antibodies in 93.3%, HSV-1
IgG antibodies in 90.9%, HSV-2 IgG in 27.1% [7]. Other study confirmed our results IgM
seropositivity to Toxoplasma was 42.5%, Rubella was 17.5% and CMV was 29.5%. The highest
percentage of these antibodies to Toxoplasma, Rubella and CMV was in cases of abortions i.e. 71.8%,
59.9% and 61% respectively [8]. Other Turkish study shows Of 1972 pregnant women, seropositivity
for anti-toxoplasma IgG antibody was found in 952 (48.3%), while 8 (0.4%) of the subjects tested were
positive for the anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibody only, and 31 (1.6%) of the subjects tested were positive
for anti-Toxoplasma IgG+IgM antibodies together. The seropositivities for anti-rubella IgG, IgM and
IgG+IgM together were found in 1896 (96.1%), 4 (0.2%) and 35 (1.8%) of the pregnant women,
respectively [9]. Other study revealed Chlamydia trachomatis is now recognized as the most common
sexually transmitted disease organism in the United States. Although the potential for vertical
transmission of C. trachomatis from pregnant women to their infants is well established, the extent to
which infection adversely affects pregnancy and causes perinatal complications remains controversial
[10].
Toxoplasma, Rubella and CMV are known to cause infection in utero and are often responsible for
abortion, still birth, premature delivery and congenital malformation. Detection and timely treatment of
such infections can prevent morbidity and mortality of the infants born to such mothers. Abortion
according to Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella, CMV, Chlamydia trachomatis and Herpes was (67%, 45.5%,
55.3%, 36.3% and 5.8% respectively) these results are confirmed by other studies [8] which found
(71.8% for Toxoplasma gondii, 59.9% for Rubella, CMV 61%). An Ethiopian study revealed that
prevalence of chlamydial infection was assessed in 1,846 Ethiopian women attending clinics in Addis
Ababa. Sera were tested for type-specific anti-chlamydial antibodies using purified chlamydial antigens
[11].
Other obstetric losses like Neonatal death, premature delivery and Congenital Anomalies was nearly
agreed with Indian study [12], which found that Neonatal death was below 2% for all causative
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ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
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describe above, Premature delivery ranged from 25-35% of all pregnant women, Congenital Anomalies
was below the 25% except in CMV infection there are no infection.
In table 3, the distribution of age with type of infection according IgM Antibodies to Toxoplasma,
Rubella, CMV, Chlamydia and Herpes shows that the main age of infection was from (25-40 years),
this results was agreed with Abtihal study, 2007 [13], which found that infection with toxoplasmosis in
pregnant women occurred with age range (31-35). Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus,
cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus infections (TORCH) and syphilis were determined in order to
assess the immune/susceptibility status in Jamaican pregnant women in 1986. The positive rates were
57% (T. gondii), 69% (rubella), 97% (CMV), 91% (HSV), and 4.9% (syphilis), respectively and it
occurs in pregnant adults women [14].
Other study for seroprevalence and incidence and fetal transmission of varicella zoster virus (VZV),
cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 and Chlamydia trachomatis
revealed that were 96.2% for VZV, 56.3% for CMV, 54.3% for HSV, 46.8% for HSV-1, 9.3% for
HSV-2 and 58.6% for parvovirus B19 infections during pregnancy in adult women with age over than
25 years old [15]. In this study, there is highly difference between rural and urban infection, it showed
that in rural patients Toxoplasma, Rubella, CMV, Chlamydia and Herpes formed (73%, 58.7%, 66%,
81.8% and 17.3% for urban area respectively) while other studies revealed that area of residence
(urban or rural) had no effects [15].
That the rate of Toxoplasma seropositivity in pregnant women by LATEX was highest in first trimester
of pregnancy (41.66%) followed by second (35.29%) and third trimester (32.45%) respectively,
although statistically there was no significant difference between seropositivity and stage of pregnancy
[12].
TORCH (Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes simplex) infections with incidence
of abortion in pregnant women in this study revealed that First trimester was the highest ratio of
infection than other two trimesters as shown in table 5, in order to establish basic knowledge for future
pregnancy care. The incidence of first trimester miscarriage among the teenagers under this study was
14.3%. This is higher to the 5.5% miscarriage rate observed among the teenagers in other parts of India
(Bhalerao et al., 1990) [16]. The teenage pregnancy rates reported from various parts of the world
ranged from 8 - 14%. The mean age of the miscarriage cases here was 23.8 years, and is found as very
close to that of normal pregnant women, which is 23.9 years [17].
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Table.1 Prevalence of IgG and IgM positively abortion cases from 180 patients
IgG and IgM antibodies present No. of sera positive %
IgG 112 62.2
Toxoplasma gondii
IgM 100 55.5
IgG 133 73.9
Rubella
IgM 97 53.9
IgG 140 77.8
CMV
IgM 103 57.2
IgG 78 43.3
Chlamydia trachomatis
IgM 44 24.4
IgG 40 22.2
Herpes simplex II
IgM 52 28.9
Unknown 19 10.5
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Vol 2, No.10, 2012
Table2: Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma, rubella, CMV, Chlamydia and Herpes IgM Antibodies
according to various obstetric losses.
No. of IgM positively to Major Pathogens
Toxoplasma Chlamydia Herpes
Obstetrical History Rubella CMV
gondii trachomatis simplex
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Abortions 67 67 44 45.5 57 55.3 16 36.3 3 5.8
Neonatal death 2 2 1 1 5 4.9 - - 1 1.9
Premature delivery 6 6 32 32.9 37 35.9 12 27.4 18 34.6
Congenital Anomalies 25 25 20 20.6 4 3.9 16 36.3 30 57.7
Total 100 97 103 44 52
Table 3: Distribution of age with type of infection according IgM Antibodies to Toxoplasma, Rubella,
CMV, Chlamydia and Herpes
No. of IgM positively to Major Pathogens
Age group Toxoplasma Chlamydia Herpes
Rubella CMV
years gondii trachomatis simplex
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
<20 31 31 44 45.4 37 35.9 11 25 26 50
21-30 42 42 18 18.6 35 34 23 52.4 20 38.5
31-40 18 18 26 26.8 26 25.3 8 18.1 4 7.7
41-50 8 8 9 9.2 3 2.9 2 4.5 2 3.8
>50 1 1 - - 2 1.9 - - - -
Total 100 97 103 44 52
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Table 4: Residential Distribution with type of infection according IgM Antibodies to Toxoplasma,
Rubella, CMV, Chlamydia and Herpes
No. of IgM positively to Major Pathogens
Herpes
Residential Distribution Toxoplasma Rubella CMV Chlamydia
simplex
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Rural 73 73 57 58.7 68 66 36 81.8 9 17.3
Urban 27 27 40 41.3 35 34 8 18.2 43 82.7
Total 100 97 103 44 52
Table 5: Distribution of IgM Antibodies to Toxoplasma, Rubella, CMV, Chlamydia and Herpes
seropositivity according to trimester of pregnancy
Toxoplasma Rubella CMV Chlamydia Herpes
Trimester of pregnancy
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
First trimester 43 43 51 52.6 44 42.7 30 68.2 9 17.3
Second trimester 22 22 35 36.1 23 22.3 14 31.8 33 63.5
Third trimester 25 25 11 11.3 36 35 - - 10 19.2
Total 100 97 103 44 52
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