Sergio Osmeña was the fourth president of the Philippine Republic and second president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. He co-founded the Nacionalista Party and had a long political career serving in the House of Representatives, Senate, and as vice president under Manuel Quezon. During World War II, he served as president from 1944-1946 after Quezon died in exile, overseeing the restoration of the Philippine government and liberation from Japanese occupation with the help of US General Douglas MacArthur.
Sergio Osmeña was a Filipino politician who served as the 4th President of the Philippines from 1944 to 1946. He was previously the Vice President under Manuel Quezon. As President, he oversaw the Philippines during World War II and continued the fight for independence after the war. Osmeña co-founded the Nacionalista Party and served in the House of Representatives, Senate, and as Governor of Cebu prior to becoming Vice President and later President.
Sergio Osmena was born in 1878 in Cebu City to an unmarried mother. He had a successful political career, serving as governor of Cebu, speaker of the House of Representatives, senator, and vice president. During World War 2, he succeeded Manuel Quezon as the second president of the Philippines after Quezon's death. As president during the Japanese occupation, he went into exile in the US and oversaw the Philippine government-in-exile. He returned to the Philippines for its liberation and served as president until the end of his term in 1946, making policy changes and working with General Douglas MacArthur. Osmena had a long political career spanning different roles in the Philippine government over several decades.
Manuel Roxas served as the 5th President of the Philippines and the 1st President of the Third Republic from 1946 to 1948. He held several important political positions prior, including Speaker of the House. As president, his priorities included national reconstruction, relief efforts, and social reforms. However, some of his policies, such as agreements that benefited the US more than the Philippines, were controversial and faced opposition. Roxas' term as president was cut short when he suffered a fatal heart attack in 1948.
Manuel Roxas was the first president of the independent Third Philippine Republic after the country gained independence from the US in 1946. He faced many challenges as the country recovered from the devastation of WWII, including ruined farms and factories, bombed infrastructure, high unemployment, and a weakened education system. His policies focused on reviving the economy through increased production and employment, with assistance from US financial organizations. However, some of the agreements he signed, such as the Bell Trade Act and Parity Amendment, curtailed Philippine sovereignty by granting Americans equal rights to exploit the country's resources.
Manuel L. Quezon was a Filipino statesman and politician who served as president of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944. Some key facts about him:
1) He was born in 1878 in Baler, Philippines and served as a representative and then senator for the Philippines, lobbying for greater autonomy and independence.
2) As president from 1935-1944, he established the Commonwealth of the Philippines and oversaw the country's transition towards full independence.
3) He died in 1944 in Saranac Lake, New York from tuberculosis. Quezon is honored widely in the Philippines, with places, universities and currency named after him.
A Filipino politician was born on November 4, 1896 in Talibon, Bohol. He studied law at the Philippine Law School and married Leonila Dimayuga, with whom he had a daughter named Linda. The politician passed away on June 14, 1971 in Quezon City.
Sergio Osmeña was a Filipino politician who served as the 4th President of the Philippines from 1944 to 1946. He was previously the Vice President under Manuel Quezon. As President, he oversaw the Philippines during World War II and continued the fight for independence after the war. Osmeña co-founded the Nacionalista Party and served in the House of Representatives, Senate, and as Governor of Cebu prior to becoming Vice President and later President.
Sergio Osmena was born in 1878 in Cebu City to an unmarried mother. He had a successful political career, serving as governor of Cebu, speaker of the House of Representatives, senator, and vice president. During World War 2, he succeeded Manuel Quezon as the second president of the Philippines after Quezon's death. As president during the Japanese occupation, he went into exile in the US and oversaw the Philippine government-in-exile. He returned to the Philippines for its liberation and served as president until the end of his term in 1946, making policy changes and working with General Douglas MacArthur. Osmena had a long political career spanning different roles in the Philippine government over several decades.
Manuel Roxas served as the 5th President of the Philippines and the 1st President of the Third Republic from 1946 to 1948. He held several important political positions prior, including Speaker of the House. As president, his priorities included national reconstruction, relief efforts, and social reforms. However, some of his policies, such as agreements that benefited the US more than the Philippines, were controversial and faced opposition. Roxas' term as president was cut short when he suffered a fatal heart attack in 1948.
Manuel Roxas was the first president of the independent Third Philippine Republic after the country gained independence from the US in 1946. He faced many challenges as the country recovered from the devastation of WWII, including ruined farms and factories, bombed infrastructure, high unemployment, and a weakened education system. His policies focused on reviving the economy through increased production and employment, with assistance from US financial organizations. However, some of the agreements he signed, such as the Bell Trade Act and Parity Amendment, curtailed Philippine sovereignty by granting Americans equal rights to exploit the country's resources.
Manuel L. Quezon was a Filipino statesman and politician who served as president of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944. Some key facts about him:
1) He was born in 1878 in Baler, Philippines and served as a representative and then senator for the Philippines, lobbying for greater autonomy and independence.
2) As president from 1935-1944, he established the Commonwealth of the Philippines and oversaw the country's transition towards full independence.
3) He died in 1944 in Saranac Lake, New York from tuberculosis. Quezon is honored widely in the Philippines, with places, universities and currency named after him.
A Filipino politician was born on November 4, 1896 in Talibon, Bohol. He studied law at the Philippine Law School and married Leonila Dimayuga, with whom he had a daughter named Linda. The politician passed away on June 14, 1971 in Quezon City.
Ramon Magsaysay was a Filipino president born in 1907. He received degrees from José Rizal University and University of the Philippines. As Secretary of Defense, he led military reforms that effectively ended the Huk rebellion through new tactics. In 1953, Magsaysay was elected president promising reform. As president, he enacted agrarian reform and established a citizen grievance process, maintaining a reputation for incorruptibility until his term ended tragically in a 1957 plane crash that killed him.
Carlos P. Garcia Biography by Moriset Tanmoriset49
Carlos P. Garcia was the 8th President of the Philippines. He was born in Bohol and pursued education in Bohol, Cebu, and Manila. Garcia entered politics in 1925 as a representative in Bohol and later served as governor of Bohol and a senator. He became vice president in 1953 and assumed the presidency in 1957 after Ramon Magsaysay's death. As president, Garcia emphasized the "Filipino First Policy" to promote Philippine economic independence. He died in 1971 while serving as president of the Constitutional Convention.
Jose P. Laurel served as president of the Philippines from 1943-1945 during the Japanese occupation in World War II. As a lawyer for the local Japanese community before the war, he was able to build strong ties with Japan. Laurel emphasized the importance of developing good, economic, and universal Filipinos through education. He introduced educational policies that upheld national character even during the difficult wartime period. Laurel continued his political involvement after the war and participated in ratifying treaties restoring normal relations with Japan.
Elpidio Quirino was the second president of the postwar Philippines. He was born in 1890 in Vigan, Ilocos Sur and served in various political roles including representative, senator, and secretary of finance and interior before becoming vice president in 1946 and then president in 1948 after Manuel Roxas' death. As president, he oversaw postwar reconstruction efforts but faced threats from the communist Huk rebellion and issues of corruption. He lost reelection in 1953 and died in 1956.
Elpidio Quirino was the second president of the Philippines, holding office from 1948 to 1953. He had a long career of public service before becoming president, including as a representative, senator, and secretary of finance and interior. As president during the Huk rebellion, he granted amnesty to Huk guerrillas but agrarian reforms proved insufficient. Quirino supported various industrial and infrastructure projects but was unpopular due to corruption and losing the 1953 election to Ramon Magsaysay.
Carlos P. Garcia (by Morris John S. Diazjanjandiaz
Carlos P. Garcia was the fourth president of the Philippines, known for instituting the Filipino First Policy to guarantee economic independence. He was born in Bohol in 1896 and had a law career before being elected to several political positions, including senator. As president in 1957, Garcia emphasized austerity and nationalism, stressing that foreign business dominance in the Philippines must end. However, corruption and U.S. opposition to his policies contributed to his defeat in the 1961 election.
This document provides biographical information on 12 Philippine presidents from Manuel Roxas to Benigno Aquino III. It discusses their backgrounds, careers prior to becoming president, key achievements and events during their terms. The presidents covered political and economic reforms, reconstruction after WWII, periods of martial law, restoration of democracy, and improving economic growth.
The document discusses the economic development of the Philippines under President Carlos Garcia's administration from 1957 to 1961. It summarizes that Garcia implemented three main policies: an austerity program to curb corruption, a "Filipino First" policy to prioritize Filipino businesses, and a cultural revival program. The austerity program aimed to reduce government spending and prioritize essential imports. The Filipino First policy aimed to increase Filipino ownership and participation in the economy. The cultural revival program supported Filipino artists and culture.
Elpidio Quirino was a Filipino politician who served as the sixth President of the Philippines from 1948 to 1953, succeeding Manuel Roxas. Quirino had a long career in politics prior to becoming president, serving as a representative, senator, and cabinet member under Manuel Quezon. Manuel Roxas was the first president of the independent Third Republic of the Philippines and the fifth president overall from 1946 until his sudden death in 1948. Upon Roxas' death, Vice President Elpidio Quirino succeeded him to become the sixth president.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of politics and governance in the Philippines from pre-Spanish times to the present. It discusses the different forms of government under Spanish rule, the American regime, the Commonwealth, Japanese occupation, and independence. Key figures like Emilio Aguinaldo, Manuel Quezon, Ferdinand Marcos, Corazon Aquino, and Rodrigo Duterte who served as President are also mentioned along with brief descriptions of their administrations.
Ramon Magsaysay was a Filipino president born in 1907. He received degrees from José Rizal University and University of the Philippines. As Secretary of Defense, he led military reforms that effectively ended the Huk rebellion through new tactics. In 1953, Magsaysay was elected president promising reform. As president, he enacted agrarian reform and established a citizen grievance process, maintaining a reputation for incorruptibility until his term ended tragically in a 1957 plane crash that killed him.
Carlos P. Garcia Biography by Moriset Tanmoriset49
Carlos P. Garcia was the 8th President of the Philippines. He was born in Bohol and pursued education in Bohol, Cebu, and Manila. Garcia entered politics in 1925 as a representative in Bohol and later served as governor of Bohol and a senator. He became vice president in 1953 and assumed the presidency in 1957 after Ramon Magsaysay's death. As president, Garcia emphasized the "Filipino First Policy" to promote Philippine economic independence. He died in 1971 while serving as president of the Constitutional Convention.
Jose P. Laurel served as president of the Philippines from 1943-1945 during the Japanese occupation in World War II. As a lawyer for the local Japanese community before the war, he was able to build strong ties with Japan. Laurel emphasized the importance of developing good, economic, and universal Filipinos through education. He introduced educational policies that upheld national character even during the difficult wartime period. Laurel continued his political involvement after the war and participated in ratifying treaties restoring normal relations with Japan.
Elpidio Quirino was the second president of the postwar Philippines. He was born in 1890 in Vigan, Ilocos Sur and served in various political roles including representative, senator, and secretary of finance and interior before becoming vice president in 1946 and then president in 1948 after Manuel Roxas' death. As president, he oversaw postwar reconstruction efforts but faced threats from the communist Huk rebellion and issues of corruption. He lost reelection in 1953 and died in 1956.
Elpidio Quirino was the second president of the Philippines, holding office from 1948 to 1953. He had a long career of public service before becoming president, including as a representative, senator, and secretary of finance and interior. As president during the Huk rebellion, he granted amnesty to Huk guerrillas but agrarian reforms proved insufficient. Quirino supported various industrial and infrastructure projects but was unpopular due to corruption and losing the 1953 election to Ramon Magsaysay.
Carlos P. Garcia (by Morris John S. Diazjanjandiaz
Carlos P. Garcia was the fourth president of the Philippines, known for instituting the Filipino First Policy to guarantee economic independence. He was born in Bohol in 1896 and had a law career before being elected to several political positions, including senator. As president in 1957, Garcia emphasized austerity and nationalism, stressing that foreign business dominance in the Philippines must end. However, corruption and U.S. opposition to his policies contributed to his defeat in the 1961 election.
This document provides biographical information on 12 Philippine presidents from Manuel Roxas to Benigno Aquino III. It discusses their backgrounds, careers prior to becoming president, key achievements and events during their terms. The presidents covered political and economic reforms, reconstruction after WWII, periods of martial law, restoration of democracy, and improving economic growth.
The document discusses the economic development of the Philippines under President Carlos Garcia's administration from 1957 to 1961. It summarizes that Garcia implemented three main policies: an austerity program to curb corruption, a "Filipino First" policy to prioritize Filipino businesses, and a cultural revival program. The austerity program aimed to reduce government spending and prioritize essential imports. The Filipino First policy aimed to increase Filipino ownership and participation in the economy. The cultural revival program supported Filipino artists and culture.
Elpidio Quirino was a Filipino politician who served as the sixth President of the Philippines from 1948 to 1953, succeeding Manuel Roxas. Quirino had a long career in politics prior to becoming president, serving as a representative, senator, and cabinet member under Manuel Quezon. Manuel Roxas was the first president of the independent Third Republic of the Philippines and the fifth president overall from 1946 until his sudden death in 1948. Upon Roxas' death, Vice President Elpidio Quirino succeeded him to become the sixth president.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of politics and governance in the Philippines from pre-Spanish times to the present. It discusses the different forms of government under Spanish rule, the American regime, the Commonwealth, Japanese occupation, and independence. Key figures like Emilio Aguinaldo, Manuel Quezon, Ferdinand Marcos, Corazon Aquino, and Rodrigo Duterte who served as President are also mentioned along with brief descriptions of their administrations.
History report about American and Japan Colonization.pptx.pdfBerhamCollineLeron
The document summarizes the history of Spanish and American colonization in the Philippines from 1521 to 1946. It discusses how Spain established colonial rule in 1565 and introduced Christianity and centralized government, but also exploited the indigenous peoples. The Philippines gained independence from Spain after the Spanish-American War in 1898, but the US then took control of the islands as a new colonial ruler. The US established democratic institutions but also pursued policies that favored American interests. The Commonwealth of the Philippines was established in 1935, gaining self-governance and paving the way for full independence by 1946.
The document summarizes the restoration of the Commonwealth government in the Philippines after World War 2 and the declaration of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1972. It discusses the presidents of the Third Philippine Republic from Manuel Roxas to Diosdado Macapagal and their achievements. It also outlines the human rights abuses during Marcos' dictatorship, the factors that led to his downfall in 1986, and the return of democratic government under Corazon Aquino.
The Commonwealth of the Philippines was established in 1935 as a transitional government before the country gained full independence from the United States. It replaced the Insular Government and was governed by a president and vice president elected in 1935, Manuel Quezon and Sergio Osmeña. During World War II when Japan occupied the Philippines from 1942-1945, the Commonwealth government went into exile in the US. The Commonwealth ended in 1946 when the Philippines regained independence and became a republic as outlined in the 1935 constitution.
Sergio Osmeña y Suico served as the 4th President of the Philippines from 1944 to 1946, taking over the presidency upon the death of Manuel L. Quezon. As president, Osmeña thanked the US for liberating Manila and began reorganizing the Philippine government and restoring provinces. He also established the country's delegation to the newly formed United Nations. Osmeña created the Office of Foreign Relations to prepare the Philippines for independence and negotiated a trade agreement with the US Congress.
Elpidio Quirino was the second president of the postwar Philippines. He was born in 1890 in Vigan, Ilocos Sur and served in various political roles including representative, senator, and secretary of finance and interior before becoming vice president in 1946 and then president in 1948 after Manuel Roxas' death. As president, he oversaw postwar reconstruction efforts but faced threats from the communist Huk rebellion and issues of corruption. He ran again in 1953 but was defeated by Ramon Magsaysay. Quirino then retired and died in 1956.
The document summarizes the history of leadership in the Philippines from independence to present day. It describes the establishment of the First Commonwealth in 1935 and lists the secretaries under President Emilio Aguinaldo. It then discusses the different periods of government including the Second Republic under Japanese occupation, the Third Commonwealth after independence in 1946, and presidents up to Rodrigo Duterte. Key events mentioned include the declaration of martial law by Ferdinand Marcos and the People Power revolutions.
The document summarizes the evolution of Philippine politics and governance from pre-historic times to the present. It describes how the early Filipinos had a system of government led by Datu or Rajah. When Spain colonized the Philippines, a centralized government was established headed by a Governor-General appointed by the King of Spain. The Philippine revolution against Spain established the first Philippine Republic led by President Emilio Aguinaldo. The U.S. then took control and established civil government. This eventually transitioned to a Commonwealth and independence in 1946. The 1987 Constitution established the current system with executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.
The document summarizes the evolution of Philippine politics and governance from pre-historic times to the present. It describes how the early Filipinos had a system of government led by Datu or Rajah. When Spain colonized the Philippines, a centralized government was established headed by a Governor-General appointed by the King of Spain. The Philippine revolution against Spain established the first Philippine Republic led by President Emilio Aguinaldo. The U.S. then took control and established civil government. This eventually transitioned to a Commonwealth and independence in 1946. The 1987 Constitution established the current system of three independent branches of government.
The document summarizes the American colonial period in the Philippines from 1898 to 1946. It discusses three key points:
1. The Americans implemented a military then civil government and promised to establish democracy and independence. They developed the economy and infrastructure.
2. The Filipinos resisted occupation through literature, peasant revolts, and a political campaign for independence. This led to the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935.
3. The Commonwealth existed as a semi-independent government until 1946, though World War 2 interrupted this when the Philippines fell under Japanese occupation from 1942-1944.
This document provides information on the different presidents of the Philippines from Emilio Aguinaldo's presidency of the First Republic in 1899 to Benigno Aquino III's presidency of the Fifth Republic. For each president, it outlines their term in office, the kind of government during their presidency, the president's strengths and weaknesses, and whether their presidency succeeded or failed. The document focuses on the different eras of Philippine government and the accomplishments and challenges of each president.
This document contains summaries of four past presidents of the Philippines:
1. Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina was the second president of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944, succeeding Emilio Aguinaldo.
2. Corazon Aquino was the first female president of the Philippines, leading the 1986 People Power Revolution that ousted Ferdinand Marcos. She is considered the Mother of Asian Democracy.
3. Carlos Polistico Garcia was the eighth president from 1957 to 1961, implementing a "Filipino First" policy.
4. Elpidio Rivera Quirino was the sixth president from 1948 to 1953, having a career in law and politics prior to becoming president.
This document provides biographical information and contributions of 15 presidents of the Philippines from Emilio Aguinaldo, the first president of the Philippine Republic, to the current president Benigno Aquino III. It discusses the terms of each president, key events and policies during their presidency, and their achievements. The presidents span the First Philippine Republic established after independence from Spain, the Commonwealth period under US rule, the Third Republic after independence, the Fourth Republic under martial law, and the current Fifth Republic.
Juan Sumulong was a Filipino politician born in 1874 in Antipolo, Rizal. He received his bachelor's degrees from Colegio de san juan de letran and University of Sto. Tomas. He had a career in law and journalism. As a senator, he advocated for Philippine independence and opposed legislation he believed would lead to an oligarchy. Though in failing health, he ran against Manuel Quezon for president in 1941 advocating for social justice until his death shortly after.
Juan Sumulong was a Filipino politician born in 1874 in Antipolo, Rizal. He received his bachelor's degrees from Colegio de san juan de letran and University of Sto. Tomas. He had a career in law and journalism. As a senator, he advocated for Philippine independence and opposed legislation he believed would lead to an oligarchy. Though in failing health, he ran against Manuel Quezon for president in 1941 advocating for social justice until his death shortly after.
The document provides biographical information on several Philippine presidents from Emilio Aguinaldo to Corazon Aquino. It includes their personal details like date of birth, place of birth, parents, spouse and children. It also mentions their term as president and some of their key contributions or policies during their presidency.
The document provides biographical information on several Philippine presidents from Emilio Aguinaldo to Corazon Aquino. It includes their personal details like date of birth, place of birth, parents, spouse and children. It also mentions their term as president and some of their key contributions or policies during their presidency.
- Filipinos campaigned for independence from 1919-1934, sending 12 missions to the US to lobby for independence.
- In 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established as a transitional period before full independence.
- On July 4, 1946, the Third Philippine Republic was established, granting the Philippines its full independence after years of campaigning and negotiations with the US.
1. PRES. SERGIO OSMEÑA, SR. (1878 – 1961)
Fourth President of the Philippine Republic. Second President of the Commonwealth of the
Philippines. Founder of the Nacionalista Party. Patriarch of the prominent Osmeña family.
-o0o-
Name: Sergio Suico Osmeña, Sr.
Birth:
Date: 9 September 1878
Place: Cebu City
Death:
Date: 1961
Age: 83
Place: Veteran’s Memorial Hospital, Quezon City
Cause: Natural Causes related to old age
Family:
2. Father: Owing to the circumstances of his birth, the identity of his father had been a closely guarded family secret.
Mother: Juana Osmeña y Juico
Spouse/s:
o 1st: Estefania Chiong Veloso
o 2nd: Esperenza Limjap
Children:
o From 1st Spouse: 5
o From 2nd Spouse: 3
Education:
San Carlos Seminary
Bachelor of Arts – Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1894)
Bachelor of Laws – University of Santo Tomas (1903)
Timeline and Highlights:
Classmate and best friend of Manuel Quezon in Letran and UST
Launched and Edited the newspaper El Nuevo Dia together with Jaime de Veyra and Rafael
Palma in 1900
Allowed by the Supreme Court to take the Bar Examination even though he only completed
3 years in Law School
o Placed 2nd among the Bar Topnotchers
Appointed temporary governor of Cebu in 1903
o appointed by the American Governor-General as reliever of Juan Climaco
Provincial Fiscal of Cebu
Governor of Cebu in 1904
3. Representative of hte 2nd District of Cebu in the First Philippine Assembly in 1907
o Organized and became the first president of the Nacionalista Party
o Speaker of the House – a post he held fo 15 years
Elected Senator in 1922
Congressional career
House of Representatives
While governor, he ran for election to the first Philippine Assembly of 1907 and was elected Speaker of that
body. Osmeña was 29 years old and already the highest-ranking Filipino official. He and another provincial
politician, Manuel L. Quezon of Tayabas, set up the Nacionalista Party as a foil to thePartido Federalista of
Manila-based politicians. The two would engage in a rivalry for political dominance ever since.[citation needed]
Senate
Osmeña was elected to the Philippine National Assembly in 1907 and remained a member of the lower house
until 1922. In 1922 he was elected to the Senate. He went to the United States as part of the OsRox Mission in
1933, to secure passage of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Independence Bill which was superseded by the Tydings-
McDuffie Act in March 1934.[citation needed]
OFFICE NAME TERM
President Manuel L. Quezón 1941–1944 (extended, 1943)
Vice President Sergio Osmeña 1941–1944 (extended, 1943)
Secretary of Justice and
Finance
José Abad Santos 24 December 1941 – 26 March 1942
Secretary of Justice José Abad Santos 26 March 1942 – 8 May 1942
Secretary of Finance,
Agriculture, and
Commerce
Andrés Soriano 26 March 1942 – 31 July 1944
Secretary of National
Defense, Public Works,
Communications and
Labor
Basilio Valdes 24 December 1941 – 1 August 1944
Secretary of Public
Instruction, Health, and
Public Welfare
Sergio Osmeña 24 December 1941 – 1 August 1944
Secretary to the
President
Manuel Roxas 24 December 1941 – 8 May 1942
Arturo Rotor 8 May 1942 – 1 August 1944
Secretary to the Cabinet Manuel Nieto 19 May 1944
Secretary without
Portfolio
Andrés Soriano 2 March 1942 – 26 March 1942
Treasurer of the
Philippines
Andrés Soriano 19 February 1942 – 26 March 1942
Manuel Roxas 26 March 1942 – 8 May 1942
4. Vice-presidency
In 1924, Quezon and Osmeña reconciled and joined forces in what was denominated the Partido
Nacionalista Consolidado against the threat of an emerging opposition from the Democrata Party. The
reunited Nacionalista Party dominated the political scene until the second break-up when the
members polarized into Pros and Antis in 1934. Quezon and Osmeña again reconciled for the 1935
Presidential Election. In 1935 Quezon and Osmeña won the Philippine's first national presidential
election under the banner of the Nacionalista Party. Quezon obtained nearly 68% of the vote against
his two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay.[citation needed]
They were inaugurated on 15 November 1935. Quezon had originally been barred by the Philippine
constitution from seeking re-election. However, in 1940, constitutional amendments were ratified
allowing him to seek re-election for a fresh term ending in 1943. In the 1941 presidential elections,
Quezon was re-elected over former Senator Juan Sumulong with nearly 82% of the vote. Re-elected
in 1941, Osmeña remained vice president during the Japanese occupation when the government was
in exile. As Vice-President, Osmeña concurrently served as Public Instruction Secretary from 1935–
40, and again from 1941–44.
The outbreak of World War II and the Japanese invasion resulted in periodic and drastic changes to
the government structure. Executive Order 390, 22 December 1941 abolished the Department of the
Interior and established a new line of succession. Executive Order 396, 24 December 1941, further
reorganized and grouped the cabinet, with the functions of Secretary of Justice assigned to the Chief
Justice of the Philippines.
Administration and cabinetWar Cabinet 1944–45
President Osmeña with members of his cabinet. Front row; left to right: Jaime Hernandez,
Secretary of Finance; President Osmeña; Col. Carlos P. Romulo, Resident Commissioner and
Secretary of Information. Back row, left to right: Col. Mariano A. Erana, Judge Advocate
General of the Philippine Army and Secretary of the Department of Justice, Labor, and
Welfare; Dr. Arturo B. Rotor, Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce; Ismael Mathay, Budget
and Finance Commissioner; Colonel Alejandro Melchor, Undersecretary of National Defense,
representing General Basilio Valdes, Secretary of National Defense.
Auditor-
General[disambiguation needed] Jaime Hernández (Filipino) 30 December 1941 – 1 August 1944
Resident Commissioner Joaquín Miguel Elizalde 30 December 1941 – 1 August 1944 (given cabinet rank on 8 May 1942)
Secretary of Information
and Public Relations
Carlos P. Rómulo 1943–1944
5. On 8 August 1944, President Osmeña issued Executive Order 15-W reorganizing and
consolidating the Executive Departments of the Commonwealth government. The
reorganization of the government after it was reestablished on Philippine soil was undertaken
with Executive Order No. 27; 27 February 1945.
OFFICE NAME TERM
President Sergio Osmeña
1944–
1946
Secretary of Finance Jaime Hernández
1944–
1945
Secretary of National Defense and
Communications
Basilio Valdes
1944–
1945
Secretary of Information and Public Relations
Carlos P. Romulo (concurrent
capacity)
1944–
1945
Secretary of Justice, Labor and Welfare Mariano A. Eraña (acting capacity)
1944–
1945
Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce Manuel Nieto
1944–
1945
Secretary to the President Arturo Rotor
1944–
1945
Resident Commissioner Carlos P. Romulo
1944–
1945
Budget and Finance Commissioner Ismael Mathay
1944–
1945
Judge Advocate General of the Army Mariano Eraña
1944–
1945
Economic Adviser Urbano Zafra
1944–
1945
Military Adviser Alejandro Melchor
1944–
1945
Cabinet and judicial appointments 1945–46
Executive Order No. 27; 27 February 1945 was issued upon the restoration of civilian authority to
the government of the Commonwealth, and members of the new cabinet appointed on 8 March
1945. Subsequent renaming and mergers of departments have separate listings.
6. OFFICE NAME TERM
President Sergio Osmeña 1944–1946
Secretary of the Interior Tomás Confesor 1945
Secretary of Finance and Reconstruction Jaime Hernández 1945–1946
Secretary of Justice, Agriculture and Commerce Delfin Jaranilla 1945
Secretary of Justice Ramon Quisumbing 1945–1946
Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce Vicente Singson Encarnacion 1945–1946
Secretary of National Defense Tomás Cabili 1945
Secretary of National Defense and Interior Alfredo Montelibano, Sr. 1945–1946
Secretary of Health and Public Welfare Basilio Valdes 1945
José Locsin 1945–1946
Secretary of Public Instruction and Information Francisco Benitez 1945
Secretary of Education Francisco Benitez 1945–1946
Secretary of Public Works and Communications Sotero Cabahug 1945–1946
Secretary of the Budget Ismael Mathay 1944–1945
Secretary to the President José S. Reyes 1945–1946
Secretary of Labor Marcelo Aduru 1946
Resident Commissioner Carlos P. Romulo 1945–1946
Liberation
7. Off Leyte, October 1944 Left to right: Lieutenant General George Kenney, Lieutenant GeneralRichard
K. Sutherland, President Sergio Osmeña, General Douglas MacArthur.
President Sergio Osmeña together with GeneralDouglas MacArthur during the historic landing
atLeyte in 1944.
Osmeña accompanied U.S. General Douglas MacArthur during the landing of U.S. forces in
Leyte on 20 October 1944, starting the liberation of the Philippines during the Second World
War was both the combined Filipino and American soldiers including the recognized guerrilla
units was fought to the Japanese Imperial forces. Upon establishing the beachhead,
MacArthur immediately transferred authority to Osmeña, the successor of Manuel Quezon, as
Philippine Commonwealth president.
Domestic policies
Restoration of the Commonwealth
With Manila liberated,General of the Army, Douglas MacArthur, on behalf of the United
States, turned over the reins of government of the Philippines to Commonwealth President,
Sergio Osmeña, on 27 February 1945, amidst brief, but impressive, ceremonies held at
the Malacañan Palace. President Osmeña, after thanking the United States through General
MacArthur, announced the restoration of the Government of the Commonwealth of the
Philippines and work out the salvation of the Philippines from the ravages of war.
8. Government reorganization
President Osmeña proceeded with the immediate reorganization of the government and its
diverse dependencies. On 8 April 1945, he formed his Cabinet, administering the oath of office to
its component members. Later, President Osmeña received the Council of State to help him solve
the major problems confronting the nation. Government offices and bureaus were gradually
reestablished. A number of new ones were created to meet needs then current. Also restored
were the Supreme Court of the Philippines and the inferior courts. The Court of Appeals was
abolished and its appellate jurisdiction was transferred to the Supreme Court, the members of
which were increased to eleven – one Chief Justice and ten Associate Justice – in order to attend
to the new responsibilities. Slowly but steadily, as the liberating forces freed the other portions of
the country, provincial and municipal governments were established by the Commonwealth to
take over from the military authorities.
Rehabilitation of the Philippine National Bank
Following the restoration of the Commonwealth Government, the Congress was
reorganized. Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino were elected Senate President and Senate
President pro tempore respectively. At the House of Representatives, Jose Zulueta of Iloilo was
elected Speaker and Prospero Sanidad as Speaker pro tempore. The opening session of the
Congress was personally addressed by President Osmeña, who reported on the Commonwealth
Government in exile and proposed vital pieces of legislation.
The First Commonwealth Congress earnestly took up the various pending assignments to solve
the pressing matters affecting the Philippines, especially in regard to relief, rehabilitation, and
reconstruction. The first bill enacted was Commonwealth Act No. 672 – rehabilitating the
Philippine National Bank.
People's court
Yielding to American pressure, on 25 September 1945, the Congress enacted C.A. No. 682
creating the People's Court and the Office of Special Prosecutors to deal with the pending cases
of "collaboration".
Foreign Policies
President Sergio Osmeña and his family at the Malacañang gardens.
9. United Nations Charter
President Osmeña sent the Philippine delegation, which was headed by Carlos P. Romulo, to the
San Francisco gathering for the promulgation of the Charter of the United Nations on 26 June
1945. Other members of the delegation were Maximo Kalaw, Carlos P. Garcia, Pedro Lopez,
Francisco Delegado, Urbano Zafra, Alejandro Melchor, and Vicente Sinco. The 28th signatory
nation of the United Nations, the Philippines was one of the fifty-one nations that drafted the UN
Charter. Once approved by Philippine delegation, the UN Charter was ratified by the Congress of
the Philippines and deposited with the U.S State Department on 11 October 1945.
Foreign Relations Office
To prepare for the forthcoming independent status of the Philippine, President Osmeña created
the Office of Foreign Relations.[4]
Vicente Sinco was appointed as its first Commissioner, with
cabinet rank. In this connection, President Osmeña also entered into an agreement with
the United States Government to send five Filipino trainees to the U.S. State Department to
prepare themselves for diplomatic service. They were sent by U.S. State Department to the
United States embassies in Moscow and Mexico Cityand consulates in Saigon and Singapore.
International banking
On 5 December 1945, President Osmeña appointed Resident Commissioner Carlos P. Romulo as
his representative to accept Philippine membership in the International Monetary Fund and in the
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which bodies had been conceived in the
Bretton Woods Agreement, in which the Philippine had also taken part. Romulo signed said
membership on 27 December 1945 on behalf of the Philippines.
Bell Trade Act
On 30 April 1946, the United States Congress, at last approved the Bell Act, which as early as 20
January had been reported to the Ways and Means Committee of the lower house, having been
already passed by the Senate. President Osmeña and Resident Commissioner Ramulo had urged
the passage of this bill, with United States High Commissioner, Paul V. McNutt, exerting similar
pressure.
The Act gave the Philippines eight years of free trade with the United States, then twenty years
during which tariffs would be upped gradually until they were in line with the rest of the American
tariff policy. The law also fixed some quotas for certain products: sugar – 850,000 long
tons; cordage – 6,000,000 pounds; coconut oil – 200,000 long tons; cigars – 200,000,000
pounds. This aid was coupled with that to be obtained from the recently passed Tydings Damage
bill, which provided some nine hundred million dollars for payment of war damages, of which one
million was earmarked to compensate for church losses. The sum of two hundred and forty
million dollars was to be periodically allocated by the United States President as good will. Also,
sixty million pieces of surplus property were transferred to the Philippines government.
1946 presidential election
Main article: Philippine presidential election, 1946
Soon after the reconstitution of the Commonwealth Government in 1945 Senators Manuel
Roxas, Elpidio Quirino and their allies called for the holding on an early national election to
choose the president and vice president of the Philippines and members of the Congress. In
December, 1945 the House Insular Affairs of the United States Congress approved the joint
resolution setting the election date no later than 30 April 1946. Prompted by this congressional
action, President Sergio Osmeña called the Philippine Congress to a three-day special session.
Congress enacted Commonwealth Act No. 725, setting the election on 23 April 1946, and was
approved by President Osmeña on 5 January 1946.
Three parties presented their respective candidates for the different national elective positions.
These were the Nacionalista Party- Conservative (Osmeña) Wing, the Liberal Wing of the
Nacionalista Party, and the Partido Modernista. The Nacionalistas had Osmeña and
10. Senator Eulogio Rodriguez as their candidates for president and vice president, respectively. The
Modernistas chose Hilario Camino Moncado and Luis Salvador for the same positions. On the
other hand, the standard bearers of the Liberals were Senators Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino.
On 3 January 1946, President Osmeña announced his re-election bid. On 22 January 1946
Eulogio Rodriguez was nominated as Osmeña's running mate for Vice President, in a convention
held at Ciro's Club in Manila. According to the Manila Chronicle:
The convention opened at 10:15 in the morning when the acting secretary of the party, Vicente
Farmoso, called the confab to order. Congressman José C. Romero, who delivered the keynote
speech accused Senate President Manuel Roxas and his followers "of fanning the flames of
discontent among the people, of capitalizing on the people's hardship, and of minimizing the
accomplishment of the [Osmeña] Administration. These men with the Messiah complex have
been the bane of the country and of the world. This is the mentality that produces Hitlers and the
Mussolinis, and their desire to climb to power. they even want to destroy the party which placed
them where they are today."
Senator Carlos P. Garcia, who delivered the nomination speech for President Sergio Osmeña,
made a long recital of Osmeña's achievements, his virtues as public official and as private citizen.
A statue of President Osmeña in front of the Osmeña Museum in Cebu City.
Entering the convention hall at about 7:30 p.m, President Osmeña, accompanied by the
committee on notification, was greeted with rounds of cheer and applause as he ascended
the platform. President Osmeña delivered his speech which was a general outline of his
future plans once elected. He emphasized that as far as his party is concerned, independence
is a close issue. It is definitely coming on 4 July 1946[5]
On 19 January 1946, Senator Roxas announced his candidacy for President in a convention
held in Santa Ana Cabaret in Manila. According to the Manila Chronicle:
...more than three thousand (by conservative estimate there were only 1,000 plus)
delegates, party members and hero worshipers jammed into suburban, well known Santa
Ana Cabaret (biggest in the world) to acclaim ex-katipunero and Bagong Katipunan organizer
Manuel Acuña Roxas as the guidon bearer of the Nacionalista Party's Liberal Wing. The
delegates, who came from all over the Islands, met in formal convention from 10:50 am and
did not break up till about 5:30 pm.
They elected 1. Mariano J. Cuenco, professional Osmeñaphobe, as temporary chairman; 2.
José Avelino and ex-pharmacist Antonio Zacarias permanent chairman and secretary,
11. respectively; 3. nominated forty-four candidates for senators; 4. heard the generalissimo
himself deliver an oratorical masterpiece consisting of 50 per cent attacks against the
(Osmeña) Administration, 50 per cent promises, pledges. Rabid Roxasites greeted the Roxas
acceptance speech with hysterical applause.[6]
President Osmeña tried to prevent the split in the Nacionalista Party by offering Senator
Roxas the position of Philippine Regent Commissioner to the United States but the latter
turned down the offer. As a result of the split among the members of the Nacionalista Party,
owing to marked differences of opinion on certain vital issues of which no settlement had
been reached, a new political organization was born and named the Liberal Wing of the
Nacionalista Party, which would later become the Liberal Party. The election was generally
peaceful and orderly except in some places where passions ran high, especially in the
province of Pampanga. According to the "controversial" decision of the Electoral Tribunal of
the House of Representatives in re Meliton Soliman vs. Luis Taruc, "Pampanga was under the
terroristic clutches and control of the Hukbalahaps. So terrorized were the people of Arayat,
at one time, 200 persons abandoned their homes, their work, and their food, all their
belongings in a mass evacuation to the poblacion due to fear and terror.
A total of 2,218,847 voters went to the polls to elect their President and Vice President who
was to be the Commonwealth's last and the Republic's first. Four days after election day, the
Liberal party candidates were proclaimed victors. Roxas registered an overwhelming majority
of votes in 34 provinces and 9 cities: Abra,
Agusan, Albay, Antique, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines
Norte, Camarines Sur, Capiz, Cavite, Cotabato, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, La
Union, Leyte, Marinduque, Mindoro, Misamis Oriental, Negros Occidental, Nueva
Vizcaya, Palawan, Pangasinan, Rizal, Romblon, Samar, Sorsogon, Sulu,
Surigao, Tayabas, Zambales, Manila, Quezon City, Bacolod City (Negros Occidental), Iloilo
City (Iloilo),Baguio City (Mountain Province), Zamboanga City (Zamboanga), Tagaytay
City (Cavite), Cavite City (Cavite) and San Pablo City (Laguna). Likewise, the Liberal Party
won nine out of 16 contested senatorial seats. In the House of Representatives, the Liberals
won an overwhelming majority with 50 seats while the Nacionalistas and the Democratic
Alliance only got 33 and 6 seats, respectively.