This document outlines the constitution for the Seeds of Love non-profit organization, which is modeled after the World Health Organization. It establishes the objective to promote health and well-being for all people without distinction. The key organs are the Seeds of Love Assembly, Executive Board, and Secretariat. Membership is open to public/private entities, governments, and UN organizations. The Assembly will determine policies, appoint Board members and the Director-General, and review the budget. The Board will carry out the work of the organization under the Assembly.
History and Development of the Right to HealthLyla Latif
This document discusses the history and development of the right to health under international law. It begins by outlining key documents and agreements where the right to health was established, including Roosevelt's 1944 state of the union address calling for economic rights, the UN Charter, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, establishment of the WHO, International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights, Alma-Ata Declaration, and General Comment 14 on the Right to Health. It then discusses debates around recognizing universal human rights and differing philosophical perspectives. The document outlines the international legal framework for the right to health and provides an example of how countries establish national legal frameworks and health strategies. It concludes by discussing challenges in arriving at international consensus on implementing the right to health
An Overview of Human Rights, Health Related Rights & HIV/AIDS in KenyaLyla Latif
This document provides an overview of human rights and health-related rights in the context of HIV/AIDS. It discusses key human rights principles and international conventions that establish rights to health, non-discrimination, privacy, and informed consent. Violations of these rights can exacerbate the HIV epidemic by preventing access to services, education, and protection. Upholding human rights is crucial for effective HIV prevention, treatment, and care. The document also outlines the link between human rights, health, and HIV, giving examples of how policies can either violate rights or promote health.
The document discusses the evolution of health rights from ancient concepts to modern international agreements. It notes that 142 countries have ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which recognizes the right to health. National constitutions in 193 countries also recognize some form of right to health. International organizations like the WHO and cooperation between agencies like PAHO and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights have helped promote and protect health rights.
HIV/AIDS & Human Rights In Southern Africaclac.cab
The document provides an overview of the AIDS and Rights Alliance for Southern Africa (ARASA). It discusses ARASA's mission, vision, structure and activities.
ARASA is a regional partnership of non-governmental organizations working to promote human rights in the context of HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa through advocacy, training, capacity building and treatment literacy programs. Its central strategy is building civil society capacity, particularly people living with HIV/AIDS organizations, to advocate for human rights-based responses to HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. ARASA's vision is for human rights to be at the center of all responses in Southern Africa, with the rights of people living with HIV/AIDS respected and protected.
Perspectives and Controversies surrounding human rightsUWGlobalHealth
This document discusses the right to health from a human rights perspective. It begins by defining key concepts like health, human rights, and the relationship between health and human rights. It then examines how the right to health is established under international law through conventions like the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The document also summarizes commentary on the right to health from the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Finally, it discusses some controversies and challenges regarding a human rights-based approach to health, such as issues of universality and developing appropriate indicators.
This document discusses human rights and healthcare. It defines human rights and outlines their history. Some key human rights discussed include the right to life, education, religion, and dignity. The document also covers patients' bill of rights, responsibilities of patients and healthcare workers, and principles of the right to health. These include availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of healthcare. The importance of upholding human rights in healthcare is emphasized to ensure dignity and autonomy for all.
The document discusses the legislative process and its relation to health policy in the United States. It covers the branches of government involved in legislation, including the House, Senate and President. It explains how a bill becomes law, from recognizing a problem through drafting, building support, committee reviews, votes, reconciling differences and presidential approval. It also covers the roles of federal, state and local governments in developing health policy and issues around access, cost and quality of care.
History and Development of the Right to HealthLyla Latif
This document discusses the history and development of the right to health under international law. It begins by outlining key documents and agreements where the right to health was established, including Roosevelt's 1944 state of the union address calling for economic rights, the UN Charter, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, establishment of the WHO, International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights, Alma-Ata Declaration, and General Comment 14 on the Right to Health. It then discusses debates around recognizing universal human rights and differing philosophical perspectives. The document outlines the international legal framework for the right to health and provides an example of how countries establish national legal frameworks and health strategies. It concludes by discussing challenges in arriving at international consensus on implementing the right to health
An Overview of Human Rights, Health Related Rights & HIV/AIDS in KenyaLyla Latif
This document provides an overview of human rights and health-related rights in the context of HIV/AIDS. It discusses key human rights principles and international conventions that establish rights to health, non-discrimination, privacy, and informed consent. Violations of these rights can exacerbate the HIV epidemic by preventing access to services, education, and protection. Upholding human rights is crucial for effective HIV prevention, treatment, and care. The document also outlines the link between human rights, health, and HIV, giving examples of how policies can either violate rights or promote health.
The document discusses the evolution of health rights from ancient concepts to modern international agreements. It notes that 142 countries have ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which recognizes the right to health. National constitutions in 193 countries also recognize some form of right to health. International organizations like the WHO and cooperation between agencies like PAHO and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights have helped promote and protect health rights.
HIV/AIDS & Human Rights In Southern Africaclac.cab
The document provides an overview of the AIDS and Rights Alliance for Southern Africa (ARASA). It discusses ARASA's mission, vision, structure and activities.
ARASA is a regional partnership of non-governmental organizations working to promote human rights in the context of HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa through advocacy, training, capacity building and treatment literacy programs. Its central strategy is building civil society capacity, particularly people living with HIV/AIDS organizations, to advocate for human rights-based responses to HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. ARASA's vision is for human rights to be at the center of all responses in Southern Africa, with the rights of people living with HIV/AIDS respected and protected.
Perspectives and Controversies surrounding human rightsUWGlobalHealth
This document discusses the right to health from a human rights perspective. It begins by defining key concepts like health, human rights, and the relationship between health and human rights. It then examines how the right to health is established under international law through conventions like the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The document also summarizes commentary on the right to health from the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Finally, it discusses some controversies and challenges regarding a human rights-based approach to health, such as issues of universality and developing appropriate indicators.
This document discusses human rights and healthcare. It defines human rights and outlines their history. Some key human rights discussed include the right to life, education, religion, and dignity. The document also covers patients' bill of rights, responsibilities of patients and healthcare workers, and principles of the right to health. These include availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of healthcare. The importance of upholding human rights in healthcare is emphasized to ensure dignity and autonomy for all.
The document discusses the legislative process and its relation to health policy in the United States. It covers the branches of government involved in legislation, including the House, Senate and President. It explains how a bill becomes law, from recognizing a problem through drafting, building support, committee reviews, votes, reconciling differences and presidential approval. It also covers the roles of federal, state and local governments in developing health policy and issues around access, cost and quality of care.
Sufficient information on WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION, a medico 3rd year MBBS should know.
This PPT is made by using various textbooks and reference books like- K. Park, etc.
For any issue or query, please write to me dr.kaushik.apaar@gmail.com.
This document discusses several UN agencies and mechanisms that work to promote and protect human rights, including:
- The International Commission on Human Rights, which was the first UN body dedicated to human rights. It was replaced by the UN Human Rights Council.
- The UN Human Rights Council, which aims to strengthen human rights globally and address human rights violations. It oversees various bodies like the Universal Periodic Review.
- Other key agencies mentioned are the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, International Labour Organization, and UNICEF. The roles and functions of these agencies in upholding human rights are described.
The document summarizes the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1966. It describes the ICCPR's recognition of inherent human dignity and equal rights. The ICCPR guarantees civil and political rights including the right to self-determination, equal protection, liberty, due process, privacy, freedom of speech and religion. It establishes a Human Rights Committee to monitor implementation of the ICCPR and receive reports from state parties. In conclusion, it notes that the ICCPR sets basic principles for upholding minimum human rights standards.
- The World Health Organization (WHO) was established on April 7, 1948 as a specialized agency of the United Nations.
- WHO is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters and its vision is the attainment of the highest level of health for all people.
- The organization works on prevention and control of diseases, development of health services, and cooperation with other organizations.
WHO SEARO provides leadership on health matters, articulates evidence-based policy options, provides technical support to countries and monitors health trends.
Human rights 5th sem- Regional Conventions of HR; NHRC & SHRCDr. SMITA SATAPATHY
This document provides an overview of human rights, including:
1) It defines different types of rights like natural rights, legal rights, fundamental rights, and distinguishes human rights from fundamental rights.
2) It describes the three generations of rights - civil/political rights, economic/social/cultural rights, and collective/solidarity rights.
3) It discusses regional human rights conventions and organizations in Europe, Americas, Africa and their structure, jurisdiction and complaint mechanisms.
4) It provides background on national human rights commissions and their role in implementation of human rights.
The document discusses the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the Philippines' commitment to upholding universal human rights standards. It outlines 4 thematic objectives for the Philippines' Second Human Rights Plan of Action (PHRP II): 1) mainstreaming international human rights standards into domestic laws and policies, 2) enhancing mechanisms to address impunity for human rights violations, 3) establishing a coordinated monitoring system for ICCPR compliance, and 4) strengthening measures on International Humanitarian Law and the Rule of Law. Key indicators and accountable agencies are identified for each thematic objective.
The emergence of the concept of "International Health." Traces back to the pre/post world war period and how it impacted the formation of various international health organization for various strata of the society.
The WHO was established in 1948 and aims to attain the highest level of health for all people. It originated from discussions during the 1945 UN conference. The WHO constitution was drafted and approved in 1946-1947. As the health agency of the UN, the WHO works to prevent diseases, develop health services, promote family and environmental health, and collaborate with other organizations. It is governed by the World Health Assembly, Executive Board, and Secretariat led by the Director General.
who and other public health organisations Bala Vidyadhar
The document provides information on the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) and other health organizations in public healthcare. It discusses the history of international cooperation on healthcare issues dating back to 1851. It then describes the establishment of WHO in 1948 and its objectives to promote public health worldwide. The summary outlines WHO's structure, membership, programs, and collaboration with other international bodies to improve global health.
The right to health for people who are homeless and access to entitlements, p...FEANTSA
Presentation given by Fiona Crowley, Research & Legal Manager, Amnesty International (Irish Section) at a FEANTSA conference on "The Right to Health is a Human Right: Ensuring Access to Health for People who are Homeless", 2006
The document outlines the Philippine Human Rights Action Plan related to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It identifies 4 thematic objectives: 1) mainstreaming international human rights standards domestically through laws and policies, 2) enhancing institutional remedies and commitment to end impunity, 3) establishing a monitoring system for ICCPR compliance, and 4) strengthening mechanisms for international humanitarian law. It discusses laws enacted or being considered to support these objectives and challenges to effective implementation like lack of resources, personnel transfers, and information dissemination. The plan is to prepare state reports on its human rights situation for international review in 2016.
Health Legislations - Dr. Suraj ChawlaSuraj Chawla
The document discusses health legislations in India. It provides an overview of the National Health Bill 2009, which aims to legally recognize the right to health. The bill seeks to ensure good treatment, emergency care without denial of service, address patient complaints, and recognize rights of healthcare providers. It also calls for collaboration between central and state governments to provide essential public health services and monitor health rights.
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Taxationriyasvpmyas
The document discusses how the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights relates to taxation and protects taxpayers' rights. It was adopted by the UN in 1966 to uphold the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Covenant requires states to provide access to judicial authorities and remedies for persons alleging human rights violations. Specific articles address rights like freely pursuing economic development, not being deprived of subsistence, and access to fair hearings in determining rights and obligations, including potentially tax disputes. It establishes a Human Rights Committee to hear complaints between states regarding alleged infringements.
The document discusses three international courts:
1. The International Court of Justice settles disputes between states and gives advisory opinions. It is the primary judicial organ of the UN.
2. The International Criminal Court prosecutes individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes of aggression. It is intended to complement national courts.
3. The European Court of Justice ensures the uniform application and interpretation of EU law across the European Union.
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. It was established in 1948 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. WHO aims to attain the highest level of health for all people worldwide. It fulfills this mission through setting norms and standards, monitoring health issues, providing technical support to countries, and producing valuable guidance and research.
Lecture 4 international un agencies and healthtifffanymb
This document provides an overview of international agencies and the World Health Organization (WHO). It discusses the structure, functions, and roles of UN agencies including WHO. WHO is the leading public health agency of the UN. It is governed by the World Health Assembly and has six regional offices. Key functions of WHO include providing leadership on health issues, setting norms and standards, and building health system capacity. However, only about 25% of WHO's budget comes from member fees, with the majority from voluntary contributions controlled by donors.
This document provides information on sexual and reproductive health and rights for migrants, sex workers, and adolescents and youth. It discusses key objectives and learning outcomes, human rights frameworks, and international, regional, and national legal instruments relevant to migrants' access to healthcare. The document also defines sexual and reproductive health and rights, outlines considerations for migrants, women, sex workers, and adolescents, and proposes a minimum healthcare package to promote these populations' sexual and reproductive health and rights.
This document summarizes a report on intimidation and reprisals against those cooperating with UN human rights mechanisms. It describes activities within the UN to address such acts, including condemnations by the General Assembly and Human Rights Council. It notes cases addressed by UN special procedures and treaty bodies. It also discusses how COVID-19 disrupted cooperation and required new virtual engagement methods. The Secretary-General reported on intimidation faced by national human rights institutions.
1. The approval of the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights establishes an important mechanism for victims of violations of ESC rights. It creates a system for individuals to file complaints with the Committee on ESC Rights and for the Committee to investigate serious and systematic violations.
2. The Optional Protocol allows individuals to file communications with the Committee after exhausting domestic legal options. It also establishes procedures for the Committee to investigate violations, including field visits with state approval, and issue recommendations to states.
3. The Protocol will help address interdependence of all human rights and protect victims of Colombia's armed conflict, who often suffer violations of ESC rights like housing, education, and subsistence rights
Este documento presenta un guion para un video educativo sobre mitos y leyendas para estudiantes de primer año de secundaria. El video utilizará una historia para explicar la diferencia entre mitos y leyendas, y mostrará sus características a través de ejemplos. Después habrá actividades para que los estudiantes apliquen lo aprendido, como completar un cuadro comparativo y debatir sobre el impacto de transmitir estas historias de forma oral o escrita.
This document provides a summary of Edward Trevino's experience and qualifications. He has over 24 years of experience in aerospace/aviation medicine in the Air Force and 16 years of civilian experience processing waivers for aviators. He has gathered research data and provided medical standards guidance across various roles. His experience includes being a senior medical quality assurance analyst and senior aerospace medicine case manager for private contractors supporting the Air Force. He has an MBA with a specialization in international management and a bachelor's degree in business administration in health care administration.
Sufficient information on WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION, a medico 3rd year MBBS should know.
This PPT is made by using various textbooks and reference books like- K. Park, etc.
For any issue or query, please write to me dr.kaushik.apaar@gmail.com.
This document discusses several UN agencies and mechanisms that work to promote and protect human rights, including:
- The International Commission on Human Rights, which was the first UN body dedicated to human rights. It was replaced by the UN Human Rights Council.
- The UN Human Rights Council, which aims to strengthen human rights globally and address human rights violations. It oversees various bodies like the Universal Periodic Review.
- Other key agencies mentioned are the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, International Labour Organization, and UNICEF. The roles and functions of these agencies in upholding human rights are described.
The document summarizes the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1966. It describes the ICCPR's recognition of inherent human dignity and equal rights. The ICCPR guarantees civil and political rights including the right to self-determination, equal protection, liberty, due process, privacy, freedom of speech and religion. It establishes a Human Rights Committee to monitor implementation of the ICCPR and receive reports from state parties. In conclusion, it notes that the ICCPR sets basic principles for upholding minimum human rights standards.
- The World Health Organization (WHO) was established on April 7, 1948 as a specialized agency of the United Nations.
- WHO is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters and its vision is the attainment of the highest level of health for all people.
- The organization works on prevention and control of diseases, development of health services, and cooperation with other organizations.
WHO SEARO provides leadership on health matters, articulates evidence-based policy options, provides technical support to countries and monitors health trends.
Human rights 5th sem- Regional Conventions of HR; NHRC & SHRCDr. SMITA SATAPATHY
This document provides an overview of human rights, including:
1) It defines different types of rights like natural rights, legal rights, fundamental rights, and distinguishes human rights from fundamental rights.
2) It describes the three generations of rights - civil/political rights, economic/social/cultural rights, and collective/solidarity rights.
3) It discusses regional human rights conventions and organizations in Europe, Americas, Africa and their structure, jurisdiction and complaint mechanisms.
4) It provides background on national human rights commissions and their role in implementation of human rights.
The document discusses the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the Philippines' commitment to upholding universal human rights standards. It outlines 4 thematic objectives for the Philippines' Second Human Rights Plan of Action (PHRP II): 1) mainstreaming international human rights standards into domestic laws and policies, 2) enhancing mechanisms to address impunity for human rights violations, 3) establishing a coordinated monitoring system for ICCPR compliance, and 4) strengthening measures on International Humanitarian Law and the Rule of Law. Key indicators and accountable agencies are identified for each thematic objective.
The emergence of the concept of "International Health." Traces back to the pre/post world war period and how it impacted the formation of various international health organization for various strata of the society.
The WHO was established in 1948 and aims to attain the highest level of health for all people. It originated from discussions during the 1945 UN conference. The WHO constitution was drafted and approved in 1946-1947. As the health agency of the UN, the WHO works to prevent diseases, develop health services, promote family and environmental health, and collaborate with other organizations. It is governed by the World Health Assembly, Executive Board, and Secretariat led by the Director General.
who and other public health organisations Bala Vidyadhar
The document provides information on the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) and other health organizations in public healthcare. It discusses the history of international cooperation on healthcare issues dating back to 1851. It then describes the establishment of WHO in 1948 and its objectives to promote public health worldwide. The summary outlines WHO's structure, membership, programs, and collaboration with other international bodies to improve global health.
The right to health for people who are homeless and access to entitlements, p...FEANTSA
Presentation given by Fiona Crowley, Research & Legal Manager, Amnesty International (Irish Section) at a FEANTSA conference on "The Right to Health is a Human Right: Ensuring Access to Health for People who are Homeless", 2006
The document outlines the Philippine Human Rights Action Plan related to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It identifies 4 thematic objectives: 1) mainstreaming international human rights standards domestically through laws and policies, 2) enhancing institutional remedies and commitment to end impunity, 3) establishing a monitoring system for ICCPR compliance, and 4) strengthening mechanisms for international humanitarian law. It discusses laws enacted or being considered to support these objectives and challenges to effective implementation like lack of resources, personnel transfers, and information dissemination. The plan is to prepare state reports on its human rights situation for international review in 2016.
Health Legislations - Dr. Suraj ChawlaSuraj Chawla
The document discusses health legislations in India. It provides an overview of the National Health Bill 2009, which aims to legally recognize the right to health. The bill seeks to ensure good treatment, emergency care without denial of service, address patient complaints, and recognize rights of healthcare providers. It also calls for collaboration between central and state governments to provide essential public health services and monitor health rights.
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Taxationriyasvpmyas
The document discusses how the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights relates to taxation and protects taxpayers' rights. It was adopted by the UN in 1966 to uphold the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Covenant requires states to provide access to judicial authorities and remedies for persons alleging human rights violations. Specific articles address rights like freely pursuing economic development, not being deprived of subsistence, and access to fair hearings in determining rights and obligations, including potentially tax disputes. It establishes a Human Rights Committee to hear complaints between states regarding alleged infringements.
The document discusses three international courts:
1. The International Court of Justice settles disputes between states and gives advisory opinions. It is the primary judicial organ of the UN.
2. The International Criminal Court prosecutes individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes of aggression. It is intended to complement national courts.
3. The European Court of Justice ensures the uniform application and interpretation of EU law across the European Union.
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. It was established in 1948 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. WHO aims to attain the highest level of health for all people worldwide. It fulfills this mission through setting norms and standards, monitoring health issues, providing technical support to countries, and producing valuable guidance and research.
Lecture 4 international un agencies and healthtifffanymb
This document provides an overview of international agencies and the World Health Organization (WHO). It discusses the structure, functions, and roles of UN agencies including WHO. WHO is the leading public health agency of the UN. It is governed by the World Health Assembly and has six regional offices. Key functions of WHO include providing leadership on health issues, setting norms and standards, and building health system capacity. However, only about 25% of WHO's budget comes from member fees, with the majority from voluntary contributions controlled by donors.
This document provides information on sexual and reproductive health and rights for migrants, sex workers, and adolescents and youth. It discusses key objectives and learning outcomes, human rights frameworks, and international, regional, and national legal instruments relevant to migrants' access to healthcare. The document also defines sexual and reproductive health and rights, outlines considerations for migrants, women, sex workers, and adolescents, and proposes a minimum healthcare package to promote these populations' sexual and reproductive health and rights.
This document summarizes a report on intimidation and reprisals against those cooperating with UN human rights mechanisms. It describes activities within the UN to address such acts, including condemnations by the General Assembly and Human Rights Council. It notes cases addressed by UN special procedures and treaty bodies. It also discusses how COVID-19 disrupted cooperation and required new virtual engagement methods. The Secretary-General reported on intimidation faced by national human rights institutions.
1. The approval of the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights establishes an important mechanism for victims of violations of ESC rights. It creates a system for individuals to file complaints with the Committee on ESC Rights and for the Committee to investigate serious and systematic violations.
2. The Optional Protocol allows individuals to file communications with the Committee after exhausting domestic legal options. It also establishes procedures for the Committee to investigate violations, including field visits with state approval, and issue recommendations to states.
3. The Protocol will help address interdependence of all human rights and protect victims of Colombia's armed conflict, who often suffer violations of ESC rights like housing, education, and subsistence rights
Este documento presenta un guion para un video educativo sobre mitos y leyendas para estudiantes de primer año de secundaria. El video utilizará una historia para explicar la diferencia entre mitos y leyendas, y mostrará sus características a través de ejemplos. Después habrá actividades para que los estudiantes apliquen lo aprendido, como completar un cuadro comparativo y debatir sobre el impacto de transmitir estas historias de forma oral o escrita.
This document provides a summary of Edward Trevino's experience and qualifications. He has over 24 years of experience in aerospace/aviation medicine in the Air Force and 16 years of civilian experience processing waivers for aviators. He has gathered research data and provided medical standards guidance across various roles. His experience includes being a senior medical quality assurance analyst and senior aerospace medicine case manager for private contractors supporting the Air Force. He has an MBA with a specialization in international management and a bachelor's degree in business administration in health care administration.
10 questions you need to ask before creating a mobile applicationClustox
Do you really know what do you want out of your dream mobile app? How will it look, what purpose it will serve and who are the people it is developed for? If not, ask yourself these 10 questions before you create your app!
Este documento proporciona un formato para planear una presentación animada sobre el tema del humanismo. Incluye instrucciones para completar secciones con datos generales, una secuencia de diapositivas con imágenes, acciones y texto. El objetivo es dar a conocer la importancia del modelo pedagógico humanista, sus orígenes, autores principales y filosofía. El formato incluye ejemplos para 25 diapositivas que cubrirían estas ideas clave sobre el humanismo.
This document discusses whether animal activism that breaks the law, termed "animal terrorism", can ever be considered virtuous. It analyzes an example of two activists, Lang and Johnson, who released 2000 mink from a fur farm in 2014. Using a virtue ethics framework, the document analyzes whether their actions demonstrated virtuous traits or not. It concludes that virtue ethics is a developmental approach rather than providing simple labels of actions as good or bad, and that views on civil disobedience often change over time as social movements are seen differently by future generations.
Ejemplo estrategias de búsqueda y manejo de la información en internet (1)Gladis Ramos Ruíz
Este documento describe estrategias para buscar, seleccionar, evaluar y manejar información en Internet sobre e-learning, b-learning y entornos virtuales de aprendizaje. Explica cómo utilizó palabras clave y sitios web específicos para encontrar artículos relevantes sobre cada tema. Resume los hallazgos más importantes de varios artículos identificados como relevantes. El propósito es obtener información confiable para elaborar un mapa conceptual que englobe estos tres conceptos en la educación a distancia.
America is in the midst of an opioid epidemic that has affected communities throughout the nation without regard to racial or socio-economic status. Opioid overdose deaths have skyrocketed in the last several years and our state and federal governments have begun to treat the opioid epidemic as a public health concern, focusing on treatment rather than criminalization and incarceration.
This resume summarizes the qualifications and experience of S.Karthish as a maintenance engineer. He has over one year of experience maintaining electrical systems, injection molding machines, and other equipment. Currently he works as a Maintenance Engineer for Majestic Polymers in Bangalore, where his responsibilities include installation and commissioning of new machines, preventative maintenance planning, and maintenance of electrical substations, generators, and auxiliary equipment. He holds an M.E. in Power Systems Engineering and a B.E. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
L'Oreal achieved global success through continuous innovation, acquiring local beauty companies, and adapting products for different markets. It communicates a strong message of empowering women through diverse ambassadors and spends significantly on research and development. L'Oreal enters new markets through strategic acquisitions of strong local brands that understand local consumer sentiments. It uses effective mass communication through various advertising, promotions, events, and publicity campaigns.
Ruby on Rails is an open source web framework based on Ruby that allows for high productivity coding. It was created in 2004 and has grown in popularity, with over 15.5 million downloads in 2015. Popular websites like Airbnb, Groupon, and Twitter were built using Ruby on Rails. The framework benefits from an active developer community that releases many plugins, called gems, to extend its functionality.
The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, affirming that access to health care, including reproductive health, is a basic right under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, decided at its twentieth session, pursuant to article 21, to elaborate a general recommendation on article 12 of the Convention.
Background
States parties' compliance with article 12 of the Convention is central to the health and well-being of women. It requires States to eliminate discrimination against women in their access to health-care services throughout the life cycle, particularly in the areas of family planning, pregnancy and confinement and during the post-natal period. The examination of reports submitted by States parties pursuant to article 18 of the Convention demonstrates that women's health is an issue that is recognized as a central concern in promoting the health and well-being of women.
For the benefit of States parties and those who have a particular interest in and concern with the issues surrounding women's health, the present general recommendation seeks to elaborate the Committee's understanding of article 12 and to address measures to eliminate discrimination in order to realize the right of women to the highest attainable standard of health.
Recent United Nations world conferences have also considered these objectives. In preparing this general recommendation, the Committee has taken into account relevant programmes of action adopted at United Nations world conferences and, in particular, those of the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights, the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development and the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women.
The Committee has also noted the work of the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and other United Nations bodies. It has collaborated with a large number of non-governmental organizations with a special expertise in women's health in preparing this general recommendation. The Committee notes the emphasis that other United Nations instruments place on the right to health and to the conditions that enable good health to be achieved.
The document is the Charter of the United Nations that was agreed upon in San Francisco in 1945 to establish the UN. It lays out the purposes of the UN which include maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, achieving international cooperation, and being a center for harmonizing actions to attain common ends. It establishes the main organs of the UN including the General Assembly, Security Council, and others. It provides that membership in the UN is open to peace-loving states that accept the charter's obligations, and allows for suspension or expulsion of member states for violating the charter.
The document is the Charter of the United Nations that was agreed upon in San Francisco in 1945 to establish the UN. It lays out the purposes of the UN which include maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, achieving international cooperation, and being a center for harmonizing actions to attain common ends. It establishes the main organs of the UN including the General Assembly, Security Council, and others. It provides that membership in the UN is open to peace-loving states that accept the charter's obligations, and allows for suspension or expulsion of member states for violating the charter.
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that works to promote health worldwide. It was established in 1948 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. WHO aims to direct international health within the UN and help countries strengthen their health services. It regulates areas like disease prevention and control, comprehensive healthcare, and environmental health. WHO provides guidelines for quality assurance, good manufacturing practices, and more to promote public health globally.
This document discusses the key aspects of the right to health under international human rights law. It defines the right to health as an inclusive right that encompasses access to healthcare as well as underlying determinants of health like safe drinking water, adequate housing, and healthy working conditions. The right to health contains both freedoms from non-consensual medical treatment and entitlements like access to essential medicines and maternal and child healthcare. Health services, goods and facilities must be provided without discrimination, and be available, accessible, acceptable and of good quality.
This document is the Charter of the United Nations that was agreed upon in San Francisco in 1945 to establish the UN. The key points are:
1) The preamble states the aims of the UN to save future generations from war, promote human rights and justice, and establish conditions for social and economic progress.
2) Chapter 1 outlines the purposes of the UN including maintaining international peace and security through collective action, developing friendly relations, achieving cooperation on economic and social issues, and promoting human rights.
3) The charter establishes the main organs of the UN including the General Assembly, Security Council, and others and outlines basic principles of sovereignty, peaceful dispute resolution, and non-intervention.
world health organization ppt 2023.pptMehta Tejash
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a UN agency that connects nations and partners to promote health globally. It is headquartered in Geneva and has 6 regional offices and 150 country offices. WHO is funded by both mandatory membership dues from member states and voluntary contributions. It works to expand universal healthcare coverage, coordinate responses to health emergencies, and promote healthier lives for all.
This document summarizes a Supreme Court of the Philippines decision regarding a petition challenging the constitutionality of the Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Milk Code.
The Supreme Court found that the petitioner association had standing to challenge the RIRR on behalf of its member companies. The Court also found that international agreements like the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes became part of domestic law through their incorporation in the Milk Code, but not other World Health Assembly resolutions which were not incorporated locally. The Court ruled that some provisions of the RIRR violated due process or were in restraint of trade, but upheld other parts as consistent with the Milk Code and international agreements.
The right to reproductive health_2012_Dushanbe_Tajikistan (1)Subhiya Mastonshoeva
This document provides a summary of the situation regarding reproductive health and rights in Tajikistan. It notes that while maternal and infant mortality rates have declined in recent years, the numbers remain high. Some of the key issues identified are inadequate quality of reproductive health services; lack of referral systems, transportation, and education; and low awareness among women. The document also cites weak preventative measures, family planning programs in rural areas, shortage of medical personnel, and deteriorating infrastructure as contributing factors. A UNICEF study found that poor prenatal care was responsible for 43.5% of neonatal deaths in some regions of Tajikistan.
Anand Grover, UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Healthlegislation
The document discusses the right to mental health under international law. It outlines that major depression is a leading cause of disability globally and will become the second leading cause of disease burden within 20 years. Both physical and mental health are recognized under international laws and treaties. The right to health includes availability, accessibility, acceptability and good quality of mental health services and facilities without discrimination. States have a duty to respect, protect and fulfill this right through appropriate policies, monitoring and participation of those with mental health issues. The document examines Ireland's mental health policies and laws and notes that A Vision for Change established a community-based, rights-respecting approach.
Anand Grover, UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Healthlegislation
1) The document discusses mental health and the right to health under international law. It notes that major depression is a leading cause of disability globally and will become the second leading cause of disease burden within 20 years.
2) It outlines that both physical and mental health are recognized in international laws and conventions. The UN Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness state that all persons have the right to mental healthcare.
3) The document analyzes Ireland's mental health policies and A Vision for Change plan. However, it notes concerns that budget allocations remain hospital-focused rather than on community care, and legislative and implementation challenges remain.
The International Health Regulations (IHR) provide the framework for global health security and require reforms to address new initiatives. The World Health Organization is responsible for overseeing the IHR and its leadership is critical for effective implementation. The IHR establish procedures for reporting and coordinating responses to public health emergencies of international concern. Member countries must develop capabilities for detection, assessment, reporting and response. The IHR were revised in 2005 and went into effect in 2007 to address new health risks.
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that focuses on international public health. It was established on April 7, 1948 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. WHO aims to coordinate international health initiatives and promote healthcare for all people. It works with 194 member states through regional offices and provides technical support to build sustainable public health programs worldwide.
The document discusses two key international organizations - the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It provides details on their establishment, principles, objectives, functions, governance structures and membership. Specifically, it notes that WHO was established in 1948 to promote public health globally and coordinates international health initiatives. It also outlines IMF's purpose of ensuring monetary stability and cooperation between nations to promote global economic growth. The governance of both involves assemblies, executive boards and secretariats.
This document summarizes a Philippine Supreme Court decision regarding a petition challenging the constitutionality of regulations on breastmilk substitutes implemented by the Department of Health.
The Court ruled that the petitioner, a pharmaceutical industry association, has standing to challenge the regulations on behalf of its member companies. The Court also found that international agreements like the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes have been incorporated into domestic law through the Milk Code, but that WHO resolutions have not attained the status of customary international law and therefore are not directly part of domestic law. The Court upheld some challenged provisions of the regulations but struck down others as exceeding the scope of the enabling Milk Code legislation.
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The United Nations Charter was signed in 1945 in San Francisco. It established the UN and its main organs including the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, and International Court of Justice. The Charter outlines the purposes of the UN in maintaining international peace and security. It also establishes principles of sovereign equality among states and peaceful settlement of disputes. Subsequent amendments expanded UN membership on certain organs.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that focuses on international public health. It was established on April 7, 1948 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. WHO aims to coordinate international health initiatives and promote healthcare access globally. It works with 194 member states and multiple partners to improve health outcomes through policies, programs, and evidence-based recommendations.
1. CONSTITUTION OF THE SEEDS OF LOVE
NON-FOR PROFIT ORGANIZATION1
THE STATES Parties to this Constitution declare, in conformity with the Charter of the United
Nations, that the following principles are basic to the happiness, harmonious relations and
security of all peoples:
• Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.
• The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental
rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic
or social condition.
• The health of all peoples is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security and is
dependent upon the fullest co-operation of individuals and States.
• The achievement of any State in the promotion and protection of health is of value to all.
• Unequal development in different countries in the promotion of health and control of
disease, especially communicable disease, is a common danger.
• Healthy development of the child is of basic importance; the ability to live harmoniously
in a changing total environment is essential to such development.
• The extension to all peoples of the benefits of medical, psychological and related
knowledge is essential to the fullest attainment of health.
• Informed opinion and active co-operation on the part of the public are of the utmost
importance in the improvement of the health of the people.
• Governments have a responsibility for the health of their peoples which can be fulfilled
only by the provision of adequate health and social measures.
ACCEPTING THESE PRINCIPLES, and for the purpose of co-operation among themselves
and with others to promote and protect the health of all peoples, the Contracting Parties
agree to the present Constitution and hereby establish the World Health Organization as a
specialized agency within the terms of Article 57 of the Charter of the United Nations.
1
The Constitution was adopted by the International Health Conference held in New York from 19 June to 22 July 1946, signed
on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Off. Rec. Wld Hlth Org., 2, 100), and entered into force on 7 April 1948.
Amendments adopted by the Twenty-sixth, Twenty-ninth, Thirty-ninth and Fifty-first World Health Assemblies (resolutions
WHA26.37, WHA29.38, WHA39.6 and WHA51.23) came into force on 3 February 1977, 20 January 1984, 11 July 1994 and 15
September 2005 respectively and are incorporated in the present text. Seeds Of Love is basing the documentation model on this
template and affiliating with this global organization.
2. CHAPTER I – OBJECTIVE
Article 1
The objective of the World Health Organization (hereinafter called the Organization)
shall be the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health.
CHAPTER II – FUNCTIONS
Article 2
In order to achieve its objective, the functions of the Organization shall be:
. (a) to act as the directing and co-ordinating authority on international health
work;
. (b) to establish and maintain effective collaboration with the United Nations,
specialized agencies, governmental health administrations, professional groups
and such other organizations as may be deemed appropriate;
. (c) to assist Governments, upon request, in strengthening health services;
. (d) to furnish appropriate technical assistance and, in emergencies, necessary aid
upon the request or acceptance of Governments;
. (e) to provide or assist in providing, upon the request of the United Nations,
health services and facilities to special groups, such as the peoples of trust
territories;
. (f) to establish and maintain such administrative and technical services as may be
required, including epidemiological and statistical services;
. (g) to stimulate and advance work to eradicate epidemic, endemic and other
diseases;
3. . (h) to promote, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary,
the prevention of accidental injuries;
. (i) to promote, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary,
the improvement of nutrition, housing, sanitation, recreation, economic or working
conditions and other aspects of environmental hygiene;
. (j) to promote co-operation among scientific and professional groups which
contribute to the advancement of health;
. (k) to propose conventions, agreements and regulations, and make
recommendations with respect to international health matters and to perform such
duties as may be assigned thereby to the Organization and are consistent with its
objective;
. (l) to promote maternal and child health and welfare and to foster the ability to live
harmoniously in a changing total environment;
. (m) to foster activities in the field of mental health, especially those affect- ing the
harmony of human relations;
. (n) to promote and conduct research in the field of health;
. (o) to promote improved standards of teaching and training in the health,
medical and related professions;
. (p) to study and report on, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where
necessary, administrative and social techniques affecting public health and medical
care from preventive and curative points of view, including hospital services and
social security;
. (q) to provide information, counsel and assistance in the field of health;
. (r) to assist in developing an informed public opinion among all peoples
on matters of health;
4. . (s) to establish and revise as necessary international nomenclatures of dis- eases,
of causes of death and of public health practices;
. (t) to standardize diagnostic procedures as necessary;
. (u) to develop, establish and promote international standards with respect
. (v) to food, biological, pharmaceutical and similar products; generally to take all
necessary action to attain the objective of the Organization.
CHAPTER III – MEMBERSHIPAND ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP
Article 3
Membership in the Organization shall be open to the public, private corporations, the
State and federal government officials/employees, global organizations, all countries
respective government officials, and United Nations, etc.
Article 4
Members may become Members of the Organization by signing or otherwise accepting
this Constitution in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XIX and in accordance
with their constitutional processes.
Article 5
The States whose Governments have been invited to send observers to the International
Health Conference held in New York, 1946, may become members by signing or
otherwise accepting this Constitution in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XIX
and in accordance with their constitutional processes provided that such signature or
acceptance shall be completed before the first session of the Health Assembly.
Article 6
Subject to the conditions of any agreement between the United Nations and the
Organization, approved pursuant to Chapter XVI, States which do not become Members
in accordance with Articles 4 and 5 may apply to become Members and shall be admitted
as Members when their application has been approved by a simple majority vote of the
Health Assembly.
5. Article 7
If a Member fails to meet its financial obligations to the Organization or in other
exceptional circumstances, the Health Assembly may, on such conditions as it thinks
proper, suspend the voting privileges and services to which a Member is entitled. The
Health Assembly shall have the authority to restore such voting privileges and services.
Article 8
Territories or groups of territories which are not responsible for the conduct of their
international relations may be admitted as Associate Members by the Health Assembly
upon application made on behalf of such territory or group of territories by the Member
or other authority having responsibility for their international relations. Representatives
of Associate Members to the Health Assembly should be qualified by their technical
competence in the field of health and should be chosen from the native population. The
nature and extent of the rights and obligations of Associate Members shall be determined
by the Health Assembly.
CHAPTER IV – ORGANS
Article 9
The work of the Organization shall be carried out by:
(a) The Seeds Of Love Assembly (herein called the Love Assembly);
(b) The Executive Board (here in after called the Board);
(c) The Secretariat.
Article 10
The Love Assembly shall be composed of delegates representing Members.
Article 11
Each Member shall be represented by not more than three delegates, one of whom shall
be designated by the Member as chief delegate. These delegates should be chosen from
among persons most qualified by their technical competence in the field of health,
preferably representing the national health administration of the Member.
6. Article 12
Alternates and advisers may accompany delegates.
Article 13
The Love Assembly shall meet in regular annual session and in such special sessions as
may be necessary. Special sessions shall be convened at the request of the Board or of a
majority of the Members.
Article 14
The Love Assembly, at each annual session, shall select the country or region in which
the next annual session shall be held, the Board subsequently fixing the place. The Board
shall determine the place where a special session shall be held.
Article 15
The Board, after consultation with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, shall
determine the date of each annual and special session.
Article 16
The Love Assembly shall elect its President and other officers at the beginning of each
annual session. They shall hold office until their successors are elected.
Article 17
The Love Assembly shall adopt its own rules of procedure.
Article 18
The functions of the Love Assembly shall be:
. (a) to determine the policies of the Organization;
. (b) to name the Members entitled to designate a person to serve on the Board;
. (c) to appoint the Director-General;
. (d) to review and approve reports and activities of the Board and of the Director-
General and to instruct the Board in regard to matters upon which action, study,
7. investigation or report may be considered desirable;
. (e) to establish such committees as may be considered necessary for the work of
the Organization;
. (f) to supervise the financial policies of the Organization and to review and
approve the budget;
. (g) to instruct the Board and the Director-General to bring to the attention of
Members and of international organizations, governmental or non-governmental,
any matter with regard to health which the Health Assembly may consider
appropriate;
. (h) to invite any organization, international or national, governmental or non-
governmental, which has responsibilities related to those of the Organization, to
appoint representatives to participate, without right of vote, in its meetings or in
those of the committees and conferences convened under its authority, on
conditions prescribed by the Love Assembly; but in the case of national
organizations, invitations shall be issued only with the consent of the Government
concerned;
. (i) to consider recommendations bearing on health made by the General
Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, the Security Council or Trusteeship
Council of the United Nations, and to report to them on the steps taken by the
Organization to give effect to such recommendations;
. (j) to report to the Economic and Social Council in accordance with any
agreement between the Organization and the United Nations;
. (k) to promote and conduct research in the field of health by the personnel of the
Organization, by the establishment of its own institutions or by co-operation with
official or non-official institutions of any Member with the consent of its
Government;
. (l) to establish such other institutions as it may consider desirable;
8. . (m)to take any other appropriate action to further the objective of the Organization.
Article 19
The Love Assembly shall have authority to adopt conventions or agreements with respect
to any matter within the competence of the Organization. A two-thirds vote of the Health
Assembly shall be required for the adoption of such conventions or agreements, which
shall come into force for each Member when accepted by it in accordance with its
constitutional processes.
Article 20
Each Member undertakes that it will, within eighteen months after the adoption by the
Love Assembly of a convention or agreement, take action relative to the acceptance of
such convention or agreement. Each Member shall notify the Director-General of the
action taken, and if it does not accept such convention or agreement within the time limit,
it will furnish a statement of the reasons for non-acceptance. In case of acceptance, each
Member agrees to make an annual report to the Director-General in accordance with
Chapter XIV.
Article 21
The Love Assembly shall have authority to adopt regulations concern- ing:
. (a) sanitary and quarantine requirements and other procedures designed to prevent
the international spread of disease;
. (b) nomenclatures with respect to diseases, causes of death and public health
practices;
. (c) standards with respect to diagnostic procedures for international use;
. (d) standards with respect to the safety, purity and potency of biological,
pharmaceutical and similar products moving in international commerce;
. advertising and labelling of biological, pharmaceutical and similar products
moving in international commerce.
9. Article 22
Regulations adopted pursuant to Article 21 shall come into force for all Members after
due notice has been given of their adoption by the Love Assembly except for such
Members as may notify the Director-General of rejection or reservations within the
period stated in the notice.
Article 23
The Health Assembly shall have authority to make recommendations to Members with
respect to any matter within the competence of the Organization.
CHAPTER VI – THE EXECUTIVE BOARD
Article 24
The Board shall consist of thirty-four persons designated by as many Members. The Love
Assembly, taking into account an equitable geo- graphical distribution, shall elect the
Members entitled to designate a per- son to serve on the Board, provided that, of such
Members, not less than three shall be elected from each of the regional organizations
established pursuant to Article 44. Each of these Members should appoint to the Board a
person technically qualified in the field of health, who may be accompanied by alternates
and advisers.
Article 25
These Members shall be elected for three years and may be re-elected, provided that of
the Members elected at the first session of the Love Assembly held after the coming into
force of the amendment to this Constitution increasing the membership of the Board from
thirty-two to thirty- four the term of office of the additional Members elected shall,
insofar as may be necessary, be of such lesser duration as shall facilitate the election of at
least one Member from each regional organization in each year.
Article 26
The Board shall meet at least twice a year and shall determine the place of each meeting.
Article 27
The Board shall elect its Chairman from among its members and shall adopt its own rules
of procedure.
10. Article 28
The functions of the Board shall be:
. (a) to give effect to the decisions and policies of the Love Assembly;
. (b) to act as the executive organ of the Love Assembly;
. (c) to perform any other functions entrusted to it by the Love Assembly;
. (d) to advise the Love Assembly on questions referred to it by that body and on
matters assigned to the Organization by conventions, agreements and regulations;
. (e) to submit advice or proposals to the Health Assembly on its own initiative;
. (f) to prepare the agenda of meetings of the Love Assembly;
. (g) to submit to the Love Assembly for consideration and approval a general
programme of work covering a specific period;
. (h) to study all questions within its competence;
. (i) to take emergency measures within the functions and financial resources of the
Organization to deal with events requiring immediate action. In particular it may
authorize the Director-General to take the necessary steps to combat epidemics, to
participate in the organization of health relief to victims of a calamity and to undertake
studies and research the urgency of which has been drawn to the attention of the Board by
any Member or by the Director-General.
Article 29
The Board shall exercise on behalf of the whole Health Assembly the powers delegated to
it by that body.
11. CHAPTER VII – THE SECRETARIAT
Article 30
The Secretariat shall comprise the Director-General and such technical and administrative
staff as the Organization may require.
Article 31
The Director-General shall be appointed by the Love Assembly on the nomination of the
Board on such terms as the Health Assembly may deter- mine. The Director-General,
subject to the authority of the Board, shall be the chief technical and administrative
officer of the Organization.
Article 32
The Director-General shall be ex officio Secretary of the Love Assembly, of the Board, of
all commissions and committees of the Organization and of conferences convened by it.
She/He may delegate these functions.
10 BASIC DOCUMENTS
Article 33
The Director-General or his representative may establish a procedure by agreement with
Members, permitting him, for the purpose of discharging his duties, to have direct access
to their various departments, especially to their health administrations and to national
health organizations, govern- mental or non-governmental. She/He may also establish
direct relations with international organizations whose activities come within the
competence of the Organization. She/He shall keep regional offices informed on all
matters involving their respective areas.
Article 34
The Director-General shall prepare and submit to the Board the financial statements and
budget estimates of the Organization.
Article 35
The Director-General shall appoint the staff of the Secretariat in accordance with staff
regulations established by the Love Assembly. The paramount consideration in the
employment of the staff shall be to assure that the efficiency, integrity and internationally
representative character of the Secretariat shall be maintained at the highest level. Due
12. regard shall be paid also to the importance of recruiting the staff on as wide a
geographical basis as possible.
Article 36
The conditions of service of the staff of the Organization shall conform as far as possible
with those of other United Nations organizations.
Article 37
In the performance of their duties the Director-General and the staff shall not seek or
receive instructions from any government or from any authority external to the
Organization. They shall refrain from any action which might reflect on their position as
international officers. Each Member of the Organization on its part undertakes to respect
the exclusively international character of the Director-General and the staff and not to
seek to influence them.
CHAPTER VIII – COMMITTEES
Article 38
The Board shall establish such committees as the Health Assembly may direct and, on its
own initiative or on the proposal of the Director-General, may establish any other
committees considered desirable to serve any purpose within the competence of the
Organization.
Article 39
The Board, from time to time and in any event annually, shall review the necessity for
continuing each committee.
Article 40
The Board may provide for the creation of or the participation by the Organization in
joint or mixed committees with other organizations and for the representation of the
Organization in committees established by such other organizations.
CHAPTER IX – CONFERENCES
Article 41
The Health Assembly or the Board may convene local, general, technical or other special
conferences to consider any matter within the competence of the Organization and may
provide for the representation at such conferences of international organizations and, with
13. the consent of the Government concerned, of national organizations, governmental or
non- governmental. The manner of such representation shall be determined by the Love
Assembly or the Board.
Article 42
The Board may provide for representation of the Organization at conferences in which
the Board considers that the Organization has an interest.
CHAPTER X – HEADQUARTERS
Article 43
The location of the headquarters of the Organization shall be determined by the Love
Assembly after consultation with the United Nations.
CHAPTER XI – REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
Article 44
(a) The Love Assembly shall from time to time define the geographical areas in which it
is desirable to establish a regional organization.
(b) The Love Assembly may, with the consent of a majority of the Members situated
within each area so defined, establish a regional organization to meet the special needs of
such area. There shall not be more than one regional organization in each area.
Article 45
Each regional organization shall be an integral part of the Organization in accordance
with this Constitution.
Article 46
Each regional organization shall consist of a regional committee and a regional office.
Article 47
Regional committees shall be composed of representatives of the Member States and
Associate Members in the region concerned. Territories or groups of territories within the
region, which are not responsible for the conduct of their international relations and
which are not Associate Members, shall have the right to be represented and to participate
in regional committees. The nature and extent of the rights and obligations of these
territories or groups of territories in regional committees shall be determined by the Love
14. Assembly in consultation with the Member or other authority having responsibility for
the international relations of these territories and with the Member States in the region.
Article 48
Regional committees shall meet as often as necessary and shall determine the place of
each meeting.
Article 49
Regional committees shall adopt their own rules of procedure.
Article 50
The functions of the regional committee shall be:
. (a) to formulate policies governing matters of an exclusively regional char- acter;
. (b) to supervise the activities of the regional office;
. (c) to suggest to the regional office the calling of technical conferences and such
additional work or investigation in health matters as in the opinion of the regional
committee would promote the objective of the Organization within the region;
. (d) to co-operate with the respective regional committees of the United Nations
and with those of other specialized agencies and with other regional international
organizations having interests in common with the Organization;
. (e) to tender advice, through the Director-General, to the Organization on
international health matters which have wider than regional significance;
. (f) to recommend additional regional appropriations by the Governments of the
respective regions if the proportion of the central budget of the Organization
allotted to that region is insufficient for the carrying-out of the regional functions;
. (g) such other functions as may be delegated to the regional committee by the
Love Assembly, the Board or the Director-General.
15. Article 51
Subject to the general authority of the Director-General of the Organization, the regional
office shall be the administrative organ of the regional committee. It shall, in addition,
carry out within the region the decisions of the Health Assembly and of the Board.
Article 52
The head of the regional office shall be the Regional Director appointed by the Board in
agreement with the regional committee.
Article 53
The staff of the regional office shall be appointed in a manner to be determined by
agreement between the Director-General and the Regional Director.
Article 54
The Pan American Sanitary Organization1 represented by the Pan American Sanitary
Bureau and the Pan American Sanitary Conferences, and all other inter-governmental
regional health organizations in existence prior to the date of signature of this
Constitution, shall in due course be integrated with the Organization. This integration
shall be effected as soon as practicable through common action based on mutual consent
of the competent authorities expressed through the organizations concerned.
1
Renamed “Pan American Health Organization” by decision of the XV Pan American Sanitary Conference, September-October
1958.
CHAPTER XII – BUDGET AND EXPENSES
Article 55
The Director-General shall prepare and submit to the Board the budget estimates of the
Organization. The Board shall consider and submit to the Love Assembly such budget
estimates, together with any recommendations the Board may deem advisable.
Article 56
Subject to any agreement between the Organization and the United Nations, the Love
Assembly shall review and approve the budget estimates and shall apportion the expenses
among the Members in accordance with a scale to be fixed by the Love Assembly.
16. Article 57
The Love Assembly or the Board acting on behalf of the Love Assembly may accept and
administer gifts and bequests made to the Organization provided that the conditions
attached to such gifts or bequests are acceptable to the Love Assembly or the Board and
are consistent with the objective and policies of the Organization.
Article 58
A special fund to be used at the discretion of the Board shall be established to meet
emergencies and unforeseen contingencies.
CHAPTER XIII – VOTING
Article 59
Each Member shall have one vote in the Health Assembly.
Article 60
(a) Decisions of the Love Assembly on important questions shall be made by a two-thirds
majority of the Members present and voting. These questions shall include: the adoption
of conventions or agreements; the approval of agreements bringing the Organization into
relation with the United Nations and inter-governmental organizations and agencies in
accordance with Articles 69, 70 and 72; amendments to this Constitution.
(b) Decisions on other questions, including the determination of additional categories of
questions to be decided by a two-thirds majority, shall be made by a majority of the
Members present and voting.
(c) Voting on analogous matters in the Board and in committees of the Organization shall
be made in accordance with paragraphs (a) and (b) of this Article.
CHAPTER XIV – REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES
Article 61
Each Member shall report annually to the Organization on the action taken and progress
achieved in improving the health of its people.
17. Article 62
Each Member shall report annually on the action taken with respect to recommendations
made to it by the Organization and with respect to conventions, agreements and
regulations.
Article 63
Each Member shall communicate promptly to the Organization important laws,
regulations, official reports and statistics pertaining to health which have been published
in the State concerned.
Article 64
Each Member shall provide statistical and epidemiological reports in a manner to be
determined by the Love Assembly.
Article 65
Each Member shall transmit upon the request of the Board such additional information
pertaining to health as may be practicable.
CHAPTER XV – LEGAL CAPACITY, PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES
Article 66
The Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each Member such legal capacity as may
be necessary for the fulfillment of its objective and for the exercise of its functions.
Article 67
(a) The Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each Member such privileges and
immunities as may be necessary for the fulfillment of its objective and for the exercise of
its functions.
(b) Representatives of Members, persons designated to serve on the Board and technical
and administrative personnel of the Organization shall similarly enjoy such privileges and
immunities as are necessary for the independent exercise of their functions in connection
with the Organization.
18. Article 68
Such legal capacity, privileges and immunities shall be defined in a separate agreement to
be prepared by the Organization in consultation with the Secretary-General of the United
Nations and concluded between the Members.
CHAPTER XVI – RELATIONS WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
Article 69
The Organization shall be brought into relation with the United Nations as one of the
specialized agencies referred to in Article 57 of the Charter of the United Nations. The
agreement or agreements bringing the Organization into relation with the United Nations
shall be subject to approval by a two-thirds vote of the Love Assembly.
Article 70
The Organization shall establish effective relations and co-operate closely with such other
inter-governmental organizations as may be desirable. Any formal agreement entered into
with such organizations shall be subject to approval by a two-thirds vote of the Health
Assembly.
Article 71
The Organization may, on matters within its competence, make suitable arrangements for
consultation and co-operation with non-governmental international organizations and,
with the consent of the Government concerned, with national organizations,
governmental or non-governmental.
Article 72
Subject to the approval by a two-thirds vote of the Love Assembly, the Organization may
take over from any other international organization or agency whose purpose and
activities lie within the field of competence of the Organization such functions, resources
and obligations as may be conferred upon the Organization by international agreement or
by mutually acceptable arrangements entered into between the competent authorities of
the respective organizations.
19. CHAPTER XVII – AMENDMENTS
Article 73
Texts of proposed amendments to this Constitution shall be communicated by the
Director-General to Members at least six months in advance of their consideration by the
Health Assembly. Amendments shall come into force for all Members when adopted by a
two-thirds vote of the Love Assembly and accepted by two-thirds of the Members in
accordance with their respective constitutional processes.
CHAPTER XVIII – INTERPRETATION
Article 74 1
The Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts of this Constitution shall be
regarded as equally authentic.
Article 75
Any question or dispute concerning the interpretation or application of this Constitution
which is not settled by negotiation or by the Love Assembly shall be referred to the
International Court of Justice in conformity with the Statute of the Court, unless the
parties concerned agree on another mode of settlement.
Article 76
Upon authorization by the General Assembly of the United Nations or upon authorization
in accordance with any agreement between the Organization and the United Nations, the
Organization may request the International Court of Justice for an advisory opinion on
any legal question arising within the competence of the Organization.
Article 77
The Director-General may appear before the Court on behalf of the Organization in
connexion with any proceedings arising out of any such request for an advisory opinion.
She/He shall make arrangements for the presentation of the case before the Court,
including arrangements for the argument of different views on the question.
20. CHAPTER XIX – ENTRY-INTO-FORCE
Article 78
Subject to the provisions of Chapter III, this Constitution shall remain open to all States
for signature or acceptance.
Article 79
(a) States may become parties to this Constitution by:
. (i) signature without reservation as to approval;
. (ii) signature subject to approval followed by acceptance; or
. (iii) acceptance.
1
The amendment to this Article adopted by the Thirty-first World Love Assembly (resolution WHA31.18) has not yet come into
force.
(b) Acceptance shall be effected by the deposit of a formal instrument with the Secretary-
General of the United Nations.
Article 80
This Constitution shall come into force when twenty-six Members of the United Nations
have become parties to it in accordance with the provisions of Article 79.
Article 81
In accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations, the Secretary-
General of the United Nations will register this Constitution when it has been signed
without reservation as to approval on behalf of one State or upon deposit of the first
instrument of acceptance.
Article 82
The Secretary-General of the United Nations will inform States parties to this
Constitution of the date when it has come into force. He will also inform them of the
dates when other States have become parties to this Constitution.
21. IN FAITH WHERE OF the undersigned representatives, having been duly authorized for that
purpose, sign this Constitution.
__________________________
Name
__________________________
Date
__________________________
Witness Signature
__________________________
Date
__________________________
Directors Signature
DONE in the City of New York this twenty-second day of July 1946, in a single copy in the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
languages, each text being equally authentic. The original texts shall be deposited in the archives of the United Nations. The Secretary-General of
the United Nations will send certified copies to each of the Governments represented at the Conference.