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- 1. World History Chapter 24 The West Between the Wars 1919 - 1939
- 2. Section 1: The Futile Search for Stability Objectives • Explain why peace and prosperity were short-lived after World War I • Describe how a global economic depression weakened the Western democracies after 1929
- 4. I. Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security • New Boundaries & new states • Nations unhappy • Border disputes in Eastern Europe • Germans wanted to revise the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
- 6. A. A Weak League of Nations • Not very effective in maintaining peace • Problem: Failure of the U.S. to join the league • Automatically weakened the organization’s effectiveness
- 7. B. French Demands • Desire for security • Reparations • 1921, German makes its first payment • Financial problems, unable to pay any more • France sends troops into the Ruhr Valley, Germany’s chief industrial and mining center
- 8. C. Inflation in Germany • Germany prints more money • This only added to the inflation (rise in prices) • German mark soon became worthless • Workers used wheelbarrows to carry home their weekly pay
- 9. C. Inflation in Germany • 1924, The Dawes Plan reduced German reparations & coordinated annual payments with its ability to pay • $200 million dollar loan to open the door to heavy American investment • Brief period of prosperity (1924 - 1929)
- 10. D. The Treaty of Locarno • 1925, Treaty of Locarno guaranteed Germany’s new western borders with France & Belgium • New Era of European Peace • “France & Germany Ban War Forever” • “Peace at Last” • Germany joined the League of Nations
- 11. D. The Treaty of Locarno • Treaty based on little real substance • Promises were worthless without enforcement • Nations did not reduce their military
- 12. II. The Great Depression • Economic collapse, known as the Great Depression • Depression, a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment
- 14. A. Causes of the Depression • 1. Series of downturns in the economies of individual nations in the second half of the 1920’s • Ex. Prices for farm products, esp. wheat, were falling rapidly because of overproduction • 2. international financial crises involving the U.S. stock market
- 15. A. Causes of the Depression • Oct. 1929, the U.S. stock market crashed, and the prices of stocks plunged • In a panic, U.S. investors withdrew even more money from Germany & other European markets • Industrial production was declining & unemployment was rising
- 16. B. Responses to the Depression • Britain 1 and 4 unemployed • 6 million Germany’s or 40% of labor force were out of work • Governments did not know how to deal with the crisis • Cut costs by lowering wages & raising tariffs to exclude foreign goods from home markets • This made the economic crisis worse
- 17. During the Great Depression, many people had to resort to desperate measures
- 18. B. Responses to the Depression • Increased government activity in the economy • Goes against Laissez faire tradition • Renewed interest in Marxist doctrines • Communism became more popular • Led masses to follow political leaders who offered simple solutions
- 19. III. Democratic States after the War • Women were rewarded for their contributions to the war effort by granting them voting rights • Return to normalcy was difficult
- 20. A. Germany • Germany is no longer an empire or ruled by William II, now known as the Weimar Republic. • Many problems with the Republic including no strong political leaders and economic problems. • The Great Depression also affects Germany. • *Depression led to the fear and rise of extremist parties.
- 21. B. France • Also affected by the depression, but not as bad until 1932. • This led to political chaos, six different cabinets in 19 months. • The Popular Front government is formed and they start the French New Deal.
- 22. B. France • The French New Deal gave workers the right to Collective bargaining, the right of unions to negotiate a 40- hour workweek, 2 week paid vacation, min. wage. • Popular Front’s policies fail and there is little confidence in the political system.
- 23. C. Great Britain • Many of the markets are lost to US and Japan leading to unemployment. • John Maynard Keynes believed that the gov’t should interfere in solving the depression, unlike the old theory (Laissez faire) • Wrote General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. • He believed in Deficit spending, a belief that the gov’t should spend money to get out of a depression even if it means going into debt by putting people to work.
- 24. D. The United States • The US is hit the hardest by the depression, more than 12 million were unemployed in 1933. • President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) knew the capitalist system had to be reformed. • His New Deal (or active gov’t intervention) increased public works that employed about 3 million people. • Bridges, roads, post offices, and airports are built because of the New Deal and its programs like the WPA.
- 27. D. The United States • Social Security for the elderly and the unemployed. • The New Deal prevents social chaos unlike the European nations, but does not fix the depression. • In 1938, more than 10 million people are still unemployed. • Not until War World II and the growth of weapons industry does the US get out of the Depression.
- 28. people standing in a line free food They are out of work and have no money to buy food.
- 29. Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes • Objectives • Characterize the modern totalitarian state established by Mussolini • Report how Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, eliminated people who threatened his power
- 31. I. The Rise of Dictators • *Totalitarian state is a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens. • Power of the Central State • Wanted passive obedience • Conquer the minds & hearts of their subjects
- 32. I. The Rise of Dictators • Mass propaganda & modern communication • Single leader & a single party • Rejected limited government power & individual freedoms • “collective will of the masses” • Determined by the leader • Active involvement of the massess
- 33. II. Fascism in Italy • Early 1920’s, *Benito Mussolini fascist ruler of Italy • *Fascism, glories the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler. • People are controlled by the government & any opposition is suppressed
- 35. A. Rise of Fascism • Economic problems • Inflation • Industrial & agricultural workers strike • Fear of Communism & Socialism • Black-shirts, armed Fascists attacked socialist offices & newspapers • Used violence to break up strikes
- 36. A. Rise of Fascism • Industrialist & large landowners supported Mussolini’s Fascist movement • He demanded more land for Italy • Mussolini threatened to march on Rome, if not given more power • King makes Mussolini Prime Minister • Created new laws, suspended publications, increased police powers
- 37. A. Rise of Fascism • By 1926, the Fascists had outlawed all other political parties • Mussolini now known as “Il Duce” (eel DOO*chay), “The Leader”
- 39. B. The Fascist State • Created a secret police, OVRA to watch citizens, but not as savage as Hitler’s • Control over most media to spread propaganda • Used simple slogans in the media • “Mussolini is Always Right” • Youth groups were used to promote ideals
- 40. B. The Fascist State • Although the Fascists tried to make Italian citizens disciplined, and war- loving, they still kept their traditional values –Ex. Women were the pillars of the state, but as homemakers and mothers. • Mussolini never achieved the status that Hitler did with his Germany. –Ex. Victor Emmanuel still kept his kingship.
- 41. III. A New Era in the Soviet Union • Lenin followed a policy of war communism • Peasants began to sabotage the communist program • Drought caused a great famine between 1920 & 1922, 5 million lives were lost • Industrial output decreased to 1913 levels
- 42. A. Lenin’s New Economic Policy • Lenin abandoned war communism in favor of his *New Economic Policy (NEP), a modified version of the old capitalist system. • Peasants allowed to sell their produce, retail stores & small industries could be privately owned & operated • Heavy industry, banking & mines remained in the hands of the government
- 43. A. Lenin’s New Economic Policy • 1922, a new Communist state called the *Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, USSR or Soviet Union was created. • NEP saved the Soviet Union from complete economic disaster, but threatened the goals of the communism
- 44. B. The Rise of Stalin • Lenin dies in 1924, a struggle for power began • Leon Trotsky vs. Joseph Stalin • *Politburo, a committee that had become the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party • Stalin used his post as general secretary of the Politburo to gain complete control of the Communist Party
- 46. B. The Rise of Stalin • By 1929, Stalin had eliminated from the Politburo the Bolsheviks of the revolutionary era and had established a dictatorship. • Trotsky was expelled in 1927 • Murdered in 1940, probably on Stalin’s orders
- 47. C. Five-Year Plans • 1928, *Five-Year Plans, set of economic goals emphasized maximum production of capital goods (heavy machines) & armaments • 1928 to 1937 double & quadrupled production • Little provision for caring of labor force • Housing declined, pitiful living conditions, real wages declined, movement limited
- 48. C. Five-Year Plans • *Collectivization, private farmers were eliminated, government owned all of the land while the peasants worked it. • Strong resistance to plan, peasants hoarded crops & killed livestock • By 1934, 26 million farms had been collectivized
- 50. D. Costs of Stalin’s Programs • 10 million died in the famines of 1932 & 1933 • Those who resisted were sent into forced labor camps in Siberia • Purges or removals of the Old Bolsheviks • Put on trial and condemned to death
- 52. D. Costs of Stalin’s Programs • Purged army officers, diplomats, union officials, party members, intellectuals, and numerous ordinary citizens • 8 million Russians were arrested • Millions sent to forced labor camps (Gulag) in Siberia, from which they never returned • Others were executed
- 54. 596 They did not have as much power as higher officials. probably because records of the executions were not kept, and numbers could not be released while Stalin was alive
- 55. D. Costs of Stalin’s Programs • Equal rights for women • Divorce process easier • Women encouraged to work outside the home • Family values, hard work, duty, discipline to their children • Divorced fathers who did not support their children were heavily fined
- 56. IV. Authoritarian States in the West • Western world were not totalitarian but were authoritarian • Use of police powers • Create a new kind of mass society, but to preserve the existing social order
- 57. A. Eastern Europe • New states of Eastern Europe • Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary • All adopted parliamentary systems, but soon replaced by authoritarian regimes
- 59. A. Eastern Europe • Why did the Parliamentary systems failed in E. Europe? – Not used to it, a rural & agrarian society, illiteracy, ethnic problems • Landowners, the church, some middle class turned to authoritarian gov’ts to keep the old system. • Czechoslovakia only one to maintain political democracy.
- 60. B. Spain • *Francisco Franco, led a revolt against the democratic gov’t in 1936 and the Spanish Civil War began. • Aided by Italy and German with arms, money, and men. • Hitler helped Franco so he could test his air force.
- 61. Francisco Franco
- 62. B. Spain • Spanish Republican party aided by the Soviet Union with trucks, volunteers, tanks, and military advisers. • Civil War came to an end with Franco capturing the city of Madrid in 1939 and set up a dictatorship. • Franco’s gov’t not a totalitarian, but an authoritarian because it still allowed traditional groups in people’s lives.