6. Bookkeeping: routine gathering of information
Financial accounting: reporting for outsiders
Management accounting: analytical information for insiders
7.
8. Verify income
Verify assets and debts
Personal financial statements
Income statements – W2
Assets – Bank statements, 401K, etc.
Loans, Credit Card Debt - Credit Report
9. Income Statement
How much money did your department make or lose?
Balance Sheet
List of resources (assets) and obligations (liabilities)
Statement of Cash Flows
How much cash came in, how much went out
10. The Accounting Equation
Assets = Liabilities + Fund Balance
(Resources) (Source of financing)
7,000 = 5,000 + 2,000
(Cash in bank) (borrowing) (capital contribution)
11. Cash in bank
Kitchen equipment
Cafeteria furniture
Accounts receivable
Inventory
“Resources,
either owned
or controlled
by you that will
likely provide
future benefit”
12. Accounts payable
Wages payable
Student account deposits (deferred revenue)
Borrowing
“Obligations that
require sacrifice
of future benefit
– transferring
assets or
providing
services”
13. Shareholder Equity - ownership interest in the
assets
Paid-In Capital (Capital Contributions)
Retained Earnings
“The amount the
district originally
or subsequently
invested plus
income left in the
organization”
14. Balance Sheet Accounts
Asset Accounts
Liability Accounts
Fund Balance Accounts
Income Statement Accounts
Revenue Accounts
Expense Accounts
“A record that
provides an
efficient way to
categorize
similar
transactions”
15. Net Income = Revenues – Expenses
“Overall
measure of
economic
performance”
17. Food used
Wages and benefits
Utilities
Equipment maintenance
“Amount of
assets
consumed in
generating
revenues”
18. Balance Sheet
As of right now:
What do you have?
How much do you owe?
As of a Point in time (Snapshot)
Income Statement
How much did you make?
This week
This month
This year
For a Period of Time
21. Coca-Cola: 650 billion servings sold a year
Walmart: 10 billion customer visits a year
Houston Independent School District: 44,000,000 meals a year
23. Journal: Record transactions
General Ledger: Summary by account
G/L Accounts categories
Assets, Liabilities, Fund Balance, Revenue, Expense
Debits = Credits
24. Assets = Liabilities + Fund Balance
(Resources) (Source of financing)
Assets Liabilities Shareholder Equity
Apple 290 171 119
Facebook 40 4 36
Google 131 27 104
Microsoft 176 96 80
25. District invests $50,000 into the School Nutrition Department
Fund Balance
(Transferred Funds)
$50,000
Assets
(Cash)
$50,000
Assets Liabilities Fund Balance
1 Fund Transfer-In 50,000 0 50,000
Total 50,000 0 50,000
26. Students make $25,000 prepayments
Liabilities
(Deferred Revenue)
$25,000
Assets
(Cash)
$25,000
Assets Liabilities Fund Balance
1 Fund Transfer-In 50,000 0 50,000
2 Prepayments 25,000 25,000 0
Total 75,000 25,000 50,000
27. Purchase $10,000 of food on credit
Liabilities
(Accounts Payable)
$10,000
Assets
(Inventory)
$10,000
Assets Liabilities Fund Balance
1 Fund Transfer-In 50,000 0 50,000
2 Prepayments 25,000 25,000 0
3 Food Purchase (credit) 10,000 10,000 0
Total 85,000 35,000 50,000
28. Purchase $500 of supplies with cash
Assets
(Inventory)
$500
Assets
(Cash)
$500
29. Assets = Liabilities + Fund Balance
(Resources) (Source of financing)
Assets Liabilities Fund Balance
1 Fund Transfer-In 50,000 0 50,000
2 Prepayments 25,000 25,000 0
3 Food Purchase (credit) 10,000 10,000 0
4 Supplies Purchase
(cash)
+500
-500
0 0
Total 85,000 35,000 50,000
30. Asset accounts usually have debit balances
Liability and Fund Balance accounts usually have credit balances
At least one debit and one credit
Debits = Credits
Assets = Liabilities + Fund Balance
DR
(+)
CR
(-)
DR
(-)
CR
(+)
DR
(-)
CR
(+)
31. Assets = Liabilities + Fund Balance
1 Fund Transfer-In DR (+) Cash CR (+)
Transferred Funds
2 Prepayments DR (+) Cash CR (+)
Deferred Revenue
3 Food Purchase (credit) DR (+) Inventory CR (+)
Accounts Payable
4 Supplies Purchase (cash) DR (+) Inventory
CR (-) Cash
32. Net Income = Revenues – Expenses
Retained Earnings (Net Income) major part of Fund Balance
Revenues increase Fund Balance
Expenses decrease Fund Balance
Assets = Liabilities + Fund Balance
DR
(+)
CR
(-)
DR
(-)
CR
(+)
DR
(-)
CR
(+)
33. Assets = Liabilities + Fund Balance
DR
(+)
CR
(-)
DR
(-)
CR
(+)
DR
(-)
CR
(+)
Revenues
DR
(-)
CR
(+)
Expenses
DR
(+)
CR
(-)
34. School makes $200 in cash sales
Meal Sales
(Revenues)
$200
Cash
(Assets)
$200
Debit Credit
35. School makes $200 in sales from prepaid accounts
Meal Sales
(Revenues)
$200
Deferred Revenue
(Liabilities)
$200
Debit Credit
42. Summary by account
G/L Accounts categories
Assets, Liabilities, Fund Balance, Revenues, Expenses
Assets & Expenses have debit balances
Liabilities, Fund Balance & Revenues have credit
balances
Revenue and Expense balances are zeroed for the
beginning of the year
“A record of all
transactions
categorized by
account”
43.
44. Restaurant 1
Very traditional
Pay bills on time
Pay salaries
Restaurant 2
Tracks detailed data
Item-by-item costs
Sales by time of day
Customer demographics
Popular combinations
46. By school
Lunch, breakfast participation
Day of week
Season
Theme Lines
Specific items
Student demographics – girls/boys, race, income levels
47. Product costing – recipe cost, menu cost
Performance evaluation – Participation, Food costs, Labor costs, Overheads
To CEP or not to CEP
Investing in long-term projects
Replacing old equipment
Adding lines, kiosks
51. A plan to meet a specified goal
Comparison between actual results and the plan
Helps Decisions
Employees
Scheduling
Pricing
Cost Control
52. Motivate staff to achieve budget goals
Deviations from the budget
Not find fault, assign blame
Loss of motivation, defensive attitude
Budgetary slack
Provide help
53. Projecting accurate sales is difficult
Uncontrollable external factors
USDA and state regulation changes
Demographics
Changes to economy
Customer tastes
Weather patterns
Unexpected events – hurricanes, water supply
68. Adult meals
Student second meals
A la carte
Contract meals
Catered food or meals
“Foods and beverages
sold in a participating
school, other than
reimbursable meals,
and purchased using
funds from the
nonprofit foodservice
account.”
69. Total Non-Program Foods Revenue
Total Revenue
Total Non-Program Food Costs
Total Food Costs>
70. Total costs to produce a meal
Meal costs per expenditure category
Percentages of operational costs to total revenue (operating ratios)
Costs to produce a meal compared with the average revenue generated per
meal