Session 5.1: Secombe
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Lid is a histone demethylase that regulates Myc-induced cell growth. It interacts with and is required for the Myc transcription factor dMyc to activate target genes like Nop60B. Lid specifically demethylates trimethylated histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me3), but this demethylase activity is not required for dMyc function. Lid's PHD3 domain binds to H3K4me2/3, and Lid may recruit dMyc to sites enriched for H3K4 methylation to activate transcription.
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Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Session 5.1: Secombe
- 1. Regulation of Myc-induced cell growth by the histonedemethylase Lid AECC May 5th, 2010
- 2. Myc genes are deregulated in human cancers Myc gene deregulated Cancer type c-myc Bladder, breast, colon, gastric, melanoma, myeloma, ovary, prostate, lung N-myc Neuroblastoma, breast, lung L-myc Breast, lung
- 3. Myc target genes - Myc target genes are involved in proliferation, vasculogenesis, cell adhesion RNA POL I ribosomal RNA Myc RNA POL II Growth metabolism, translation, ribosomal proteins RNA POL III tRNAs
- 4. Myc expression induces cell growth Control dMyc (GMM) Gal4 GMR Gal4 dMyc Gal4 UAS dMyc dMyc dMyc Expression of dMyc in post-mitotic cells during eye development GMR-Gal4, UAS-dMyc
- 5. Identifying regulators of dMyc-induced growth Co-activators Negative regulators dMyc dMyc targets Cell growth Large, rough eye
- 6. Identifying regulators of dMyc-induced growth Co-activators Negative regulators dMyc dMyc targets Cell growth Large, rough eye Less rough (suppressed)
- 7. Identifying regulators of dMyc-induced growth Co-activators Negative regulators dMyc dMyc targets Cell growth + apoptosis Large, rough eye More rough (enhanced)
- 8. GMM UAS-lid GMM lid +/- WT GMM -dMyc -Histone H3 Little ImaginalDiscs (Lid) is limiting for dMyc-induced cell growth GMM, lid/+ Control GMM
- 9. GMM UAS-lid GMM lid +/- WT GMM -dMyc -Histone H3 Little Imaginal Discs (Lid) is limiting for dMyc-induced cell growth GMM, lid/+ GMM, UAS-Lid Control GMM
- 11. KDM5b is overexpressed in breast, bladder and prostate cancer
- 13. Lid co-IPs with dMyc
- 14. Lid is required for dMyc to activate Nop60B ? Lid Nop60B E-box
- 15. JmjC is a lysine demethylase domain Nature, 2006 - JHDM1A demethylates histone H3 lysine 36 - Enzymatic activity requires the JmjC domain, Fe2+ and a-ketoglutarate
- 16. M M M M M M CH3 CH3 CH3 H3C CH3 CH3 trimethyl dimethyl monomethyl unmodified N+ NH+ NH2+ NH3+ JmjC-dependent demethylase activities H3 ARTKYTARKSTGGKAPRKQLATKAARKSAPATGGVK..K..K H4 SGRGKGGKGLGKGGAKRHRKVLR
- 17. What is the mechanism of Lid function? JmjC PHD PHD PHD ARID JmjN C5HC2 Is Lid a histone demethylase? Is this activity required for dMyc-induced cell growth?
- 18. Lid demethylates trimethyl H3 lysine 4 JmjC PHD PHD PHD ARID JmjN C5HC2 NLS hs-FLP ; UAS-Lid actin>CD2>Gal4, UAS-GFP GFP a-Lid a-H3K4me3 GFP Larval Fat Body Cells
- 19. Histone H3 lysine 4 methylation correlates with transcriptional activation Correlation with transcription + K4me3 + K4me2 +/- K4me1 Adapted from Li and Workman, 2007 - Lid’s demethylase activity implicates it as a transcriptional repressor
- 20. * * dMyc Lid-JmjC* Lid’s JmjC-encoded demethylase activity is not required for dMyc function JmjC PHD PHD PHD ARID JmjN C5HC2 NLS dMyc Lid dMyc - Expression of either wildtype or JmjC* Lid alone has no effect on eye development
- 21. Myc What is the mechanism of Lid function? ? Lid Nop60B E-box
- 22. Enhanced? dMyc Lid dMyc dMyc Lid-JmjC* dMyc Lid-D Identifying domains of Lid required for Myc-induced cell growth? Lid domain UAS
- 23. Domains of Lid required for dMyc function Enhance dMyc phenotype? JmjN JmjC PHD PHD PHD ARID C5HC2 NLS * * X ( ) ( ) ( ) X ( ) ( ) nd X
- 24. TFIID TAF3 H3K4me3 Transcriptional initiation PHD fingers read the histone code Nurf BPTF Pygo BHC80 H3K4me0 H3K4me2 H3K4me2/3 Wnt-induced transcriptional activation Tethers the LSD1 repressor to chromatin Nucleosome remodeling
- 25. Lid’s PHD3 binds to H3K4me2/3 JmjN ARID PHD PHD PHD JmjC C5HC2 ECRAENCHKPTGREVDWVPCDGGCNEWFHMYCVGLNRSQIKPDDDYICIRCT H3 21-40 H3K4 H3K9 H3K27 5% input H3 1-21 Beads H4 me1 me2 me3 me1 me2 me3 me1 me2 me3 49 PHD3 38
- 26. c-Myc binding correlates with high levels of di and trimethylated H3K4 - Histone H3 lysine 4 methylation precedes and is independent of Myc binding.
- 28. One of the functions on Lid might be to ‘recruit’ Myc to sites that are enriched for H3K4me2/3
- 29. Thank you Einstein Christina Greer FHCRC Ling Li Bob Eisenman Salk institute Satchin Panda Hiep Le
- 31. Lid co-IPs with dMyc