The document discusses various software development process models including:
- Waterfall model - A linear sequential model that progresses through requirements, design, implementation, testing, integration, and maintenance.
- V-Model - A variation of waterfall that incorporates validation and verification at each stage.
- Incremental model - Combines elements of linear and parallel flows by delivering incremental versions of software.
- Evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral model - Iteratively develop increasingly complete versions of software to accommodate changing requirements.
- Concurrent model - Allows activities like modeling to occur concurrently rather than sequentially.
It also discusses process frameworks, patterns, assessment, and personal software process models. The goal is to provide structure while allowing for flexibility
Software Process Models, The Linear Sequential Model, The Prototyping Model, The RAD Model, Evolutionary Process Models, Agile Process Model, Component-Based Development, Process, Product and Process.
Lightweight processes are beginning to replace more formal methods. The motivation for this transition is based on many factors. The Internet, time to market, cost reduction, quality increases, market pressures, as well as the popularization of these programming methods. This series of articles will investigate the various lightweight methods, their impact on the management of software development projects and the processes by which managers can determine the appropriateness and usefulness of the various processes. The definition of a lightweight Process is more difficult than it would first appear. This article outlines the foundations of a heavyweight process and describes the appropriate pieces that can be converted to lightweight.
Identification of required software, Analysis of the software requirements, Detailed specification of the software requirements, Software design, Programming, Testing, Maintenance
Software Process Models, The Linear Sequential Model, The Prototyping Model, The RAD Model, Evolutionary Process Models, Agile Process Model, Component-Based Development, Process, Product and Process.
Lightweight processes are beginning to replace more formal methods. The motivation for this transition is based on many factors. The Internet, time to market, cost reduction, quality increases, market pressures, as well as the popularization of these programming methods. This series of articles will investigate the various lightweight methods, their impact on the management of software development projects and the processes by which managers can determine the appropriateness and usefulness of the various processes. The definition of a lightweight Process is more difficult than it would first appear. This article outlines the foundations of a heavyweight process and describes the appropriate pieces that can be converted to lightweight.
Identification of required software, Analysis of the software requirements, Detailed specification of the software requirements, Software design, Programming, Testing, Maintenance
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
For more such content visit: https://nttftrg.com/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. Social Learning Process
• Software is embodied knowledge that is initially dispersed,
tacit and incomplete.
• In order to convert knowledge into software, dialogues are
needed between users and designers, between designers and
tools to bring knowledge into software.
• Software development is essentially an iterative social
learning process, and the outcome is “software capital”.
2
3. What / who / why is
Process Models?
What: Go through a series of predictable steps--- a road map that helps you
create a timely, high-quality results.
Who: Software engineers and their managers, clients also. People adapt the
process to their needs and follow it.
Why: Provides stability, control, and organization to an activity that can if left
uncontrolled, become quite chaotic. However, modern software engineering
approaches must be agile and demand ONLY those activities, controls and
work products that are appropriate.
What Work products: Programs, documents, and data
What are the steps: The process you adopt depends on the software that you
are building. One process might be good for aircraft avionic system, while an
entirely different process would be used for website creation.
How to ensure right: A number of software process assessment mechanisms
that enable us to determine the maturity of the software process. However, the
quality, timeliness and long-term viability of the software are the best
indicators of the efficacy of the process you use.
3
4. Definition of Software
Process
• A framework for the activities, actions, and tasks that are
required to build high-quality software.
• SP defines the approach that is taken as software is
engineered.
• Is not equal to software engineering, which also
encompasses technologies that populate the process–
technical methods and automated tools.
4
6. A Generic Process Model
As we discussed before, a generic process framework for software
engineering defines five framework activities-communication, planning,
modeling, construction, and deployment.
In addition, a set of umbrella activities- project tracking and control, risk
management, quality assurance, configuration management, technical
reviews, and others are applied throughout the process.
Next question is: how the framework activities and the actions and
tasks that occur within each activity are organized with respect to
sequence and time? See the process flow for answer.
6
8. Process Flow
Linear process flow executes each of the five activities in
sequence.
An iterative process flow repeats one or more of the activities
before proceeding to the next.
An evolutionary process flow executes the activities in a
circular manner. Each circuit leads to a more complete version
of the software.
A parallel process flow executes one or more activities in
parallel with other activities ( modeling for one aspect of the
software in parallel with construction of another aspect of the
software.
8
9. Identifying a Task Set
Before you can proceed with the process model, a key
question: what actions are appropriate for a framework activity
given the nature of the problem, the characteristics of the
people and the stakeholders?
A task set defines the actual work to be done to accomplish the
objectives of a software engineering action.
A list of the task to be accomplished
A list of the work products to be produced
A list of the quality assurance filters to be applied
9
10. Identifying a Task Set
For example, a small software project requested by
one person with simple requirements, the
communication activity might encompass little more
than a phone all with the stakeholder. Therefore, the
only necessary action is phone conversation, the work
tasks of this action are:
1. Make contact with stakeholder via telephone.
2. Discuss requirements and take notes.
3. Organize notes into a brief written statement of
requirements.
4. E-mail to stakeholder for review and approval.
10
11. Example of a Task Set
for Elicitation
The task sets for Requirements gathering action for a
simple project may include:
1. Make a list of stakeholders for the project.
2. Invite all stakeholders to an informal meeting.
3. Ask each stakeholder to make a list of features and
functions required.
4. Discuss requirements and build a final list.
5. Prioritize requirements.
6. Note areas of uncertainty.
11
12. Example of a Task Set for Elicitation
The task sets for Requirements gathering action for a big
project may include:
1. Make a list of stakeholders for the project.
2. Interview each stakeholders separately to determine overall wants and needs.
3. Build a preliminary list of functions and features based on stakeholder input.
4. Schedule a series of facilitated application specification meetings.
5. Conduct meetings.
6. Produce informal user scenarios as part of each meeting.
7. Refine user scenarios based on stakeholder feedback.
8. Build a revised list of stakeholder requirements.
9. Use quality function deployment techniques to prioritize requirements.
10. Package requirements so that they can be delivered incrementally.
11. Note constraints and restrictions that will be placed on the system.
12. Discuss methods for validating the system.
Both do the same work with different depth and formality.
Choose the task sets that achieve the goal and still maintain
quality and agility. 12
13. Process Patterns
• A process pattern
• describes a process-related problem that is encountered
during software engineering work,
• identifies the environment in which the problem has been
encountered, and
• suggests one or more proven solutions to the problem.
• Stated in more general terms, a process pattern provides you
with a template [Amb98]—a consistent method for describing
problem solutions within the context of the software process.
( defined at different levels of abstraction)
1. Problems and solutions associated with a complete process
model (e.g. prototyping).
2. Problems and solutions associated with a framework activity
(e.g. planning) or
3. an action with a framework activity (e.g. project estimating).
13
14. Process Pattern Types
• Stage patterns—defines a problem associated with
a framework activity for the process. It includes
multiple task patterns as well. For example,
EstablishingCommunication would incorporate the
task pattern RequirementsGathering and others.
• Task patterns—defines a problem associated with a
software engineering action or work task and
relevant to successful software engineering practice
• Phase patterns—define the sequence of framework
activities that occur with the process, even when the
overall flow of activities is iterative in nature.
Example includes SprialModel or Prototyping.
14
15. An Example of Process Pattern
• Describes an approach that may be applicable when stakeholders have a general idea of
what must be done but are unsure of specific software requirements.
• Pattern name. RequiremetnsUnclear
• Intent. This pattern describes an approach for building a model that can be assessed
iteratively by stakeholders in an effort to identify or solidify software requirements.
• Type. Phase pattern
• Initial context. Conditions must be met (1) stakeholders have been identified; (2)
a mode of communication between stakeholders and the software team has been
established; (3) the overriding software problem to be solved has been identified
by stakeholders ; (4) an initial understanding of project scope, basic business
requirements and project constraints has been developed.
• Problem. Requirements are hazy or nonexistent. stakeholders are unsure of what
they want.
• Solution. A description of the prototyping process would be presented here.
• Resulting context. A software prototype that identifies basic requirements.
(modes of interaction, computational features, processing functions) is
approved by stakeholders. Following this, 1. This prototype may evolve through
a series of increments to become the production software or 2. the prototype
may be discarded.
• Related patterns. CustomerCommunication, IterativeDesign,
IterativeDevelopment, CustomerAssessment, RequirementExtraction. 15
16. Process Assessment and Improvement
SP cannot guarantee that software will be delivered on time, meet the needs, or has the desired
technical characteristics. However, the process can be assessed to ensure that it meets a set of
basic process criteria that have been shown to be essential for a successful software engineering.
•Standard CMMI Assessment Method for Process Improvement (SCAMPI) — provides a five
step process assessment model that incorporates five phases: initiating, diagnosing, establishing,
acting and learning.
•CMM-Based Appraisal for Internal Process Improvement (CBA IPI)—provides a
diagnostic technique for assessing the relative maturity of a software organization; uses the
SEI CMM as the basis for the assessment [Dun01]
•SPICE—The SPICE (ISO/IEC15504) standard defines a set of requirements for software
process assessment. The intent of the standard is to assist organizations in developing an
objective evaluation of the efficacy of any defined software process. [ISO08]
•ISO 9001:2000 for Software—a generic standard that applies to any organization that
wants to improve the overall quality of the products, systems, or services that it provides.
Therefore, the standard is directly applicable to software organizations and companies.
[Ant06]
16
17. Prescriptive Models
• Originally proposed to bring order to chaos.
• Prescriptive process models advocate an orderly approach to software
engineering. However, will some extent of chaos (less rigid) be beneficial
to bring some creativity?
That leads to a few questions …
• If prescriptive process models strive for structure and order (prescribe a set
of process elements and process flow), are they inappropriate for a
software world that thrives on change?
• Yet, if we reject traditional process models (and the order they imply) and
replace them with something less structured, do we make it impossible to
achieve coordination and coherence in software work?
17
18. The Waterfall Model
18
It is the oldest paradigm for SE. When requirements are well
defined and reasonably stable, it leads to a linear fashion.
(problems: 1. rarely linear, iteration needed. 2. hard to state all requirements explicitly.
Blocking state. 3. code will not be released until very late.)
The classic life cycle suggests a systematic, sequential approach
to software development.
19. The V-Model
19
A variation of waterfall model
depicts the relationship of
quality assurance actions to
the actions associated with
communication, modeling and
early code construction
activates.
Team first moves down the left
side of the V to refine the
problem requirements. Once
code is generated, the team
moves up the right side of the
V, performing a series of tests
that validate each of the
models created as the team
moved down the left side.
21. The Incremental Model
• When initial requirements are reasonably well defined, but
the overall scope of the development effort precludes a
purely linear process. A compelling need to expand a
limited set of new functions to a later system release.
• It combines elements of linear and parallel process flows.
Each linear sequence produces deliverable increments of
the software.
• The first increment is often a core product with many
supplementary features. Users use it and evaluate it with
more modifications to better meet the needs.
21
22. Evolutionary Models
• Software system evolves over time as requirements often change
as development proceeds. Thus, a straight line to a complete end
product is not possible. However, a limited version must be
delivered to meet competitive pressure.
• Usually a set of core product or system requirements is well
understood, but the details and extension have yet to be defined.
• You need a process model that has been explicitly designed to
accommodate a product that evolved over time.
• It is iterative that enables you to develop increasingly more
complete version of the software.
• Two types are introduced, namely Prototyping and Spiral
models. 22
23. Evolutionary Models: Prototyping
• When to use: Customer defines a set of general objectives but does not identify detailed
requirements for functions and features. Or Developer may be unsure of the efficiency
of an algorithm, the form that human computer interaction should take.
• What step: Begins with communication by meeting with stakeholders to define the
objective, identify whatever requirements are known, outline areas where further
definition is mandatory. A quick plan for prototyping and modeling (quick design) occur.
Quick design focuses on a representation of those aspects the software that will be
visible to end users. ( interface and output). Design leads to the construction of a
prototype which will be deployed and evaluated. Stakeholder’s comments will be used
to refine requirements.
• Both stakeholders and software engineers like the prototyping paradigm. Users get a feel
for the actual system, and developers get to build something immediately. However,
engineers may make compromises in order to get a prototype working quickly. The less-
than-ideal choice may be adopted forever after you get used to it. 23
25. Evolutionary Models: The Spiral
• It couples the iterative nature of prototyping with the controlled and systematic aspects of the waterfall
model and is a risk-driven process model generator that is used to guide multi-stakeholder concurrent
engineering of software intensive systems.
• Two main distinguishing features: one is cyclic approach for incrementally growing a system’s degree of
definition and implementation while decreasing its degree of risk. The other is a set of anchor point
milestones for ensuring stakeholder commitment to feasible and mutually satisfactory system solutions.
• A series of evolutionary releases are delivered. During the early iterations, the release might be a model or
prototype. During later iterations, increasingly more complete version of the engineered system are
produced.
• The first circuit in the clockwise direction might result in the product specification; subsequent passes
around the spiral might be used to develop a prototype and then progressively more sophisticated versions
of the software. Each pass results in adjustments to the project plan. Cost and schedule are adjusted based
on feedback. Also, the number of iterations will be adjusted by project manager.
• Good to develop large-scale system as software evolves as the process progresses and risk should be
understood and properly reacted to. Prototyping is used to reduce risk.
• However, it may be difficult to convince customers that it is controllable as it demands considerable risk
assessment expertise. 25
27. Three Concerns on Evolutionary
Processes
• First concern is that prototyping poses a problem to project planning because of
the uncertain number of cycles required to construct the product.
• Second, it does not establish the maximum speed of the evolution. If the
evolution occur too fast, without a period of relaxation, it is certain that the
process will fall into chaos. On the other hand if the speed is too slow then
productivity could be affected.
• Third, software processes should be focused on flexibility and extensibility
rather than on high quality. We should prioritize the speed of the development
over zero defects. Extending the development in order to reach high quality
could result in a late delivery of the product when the opportunity niche has
disappeared.
27
28. Concurrent Model
• Allow a software team to represent iterative and concurrent elements of any of the
process models. For example, the modeling activity defined for the spiral model is
accomplished by invoking one or more of the following actions: prototyping, analysis
and design.
• The Figure shows modeling may be in any one of the states at any given time. For
example, communication activity has completed its first iteration and in the awaiting
changes state. The modeling activity was in inactive state, now makes a transition into
the under development state. If customer indicates changes in requirements, the
modeling activity moves from the under development state into the awaiting changes
state.
• Concurrent modeling is applicable to all types of software development and provides an
accurate picture of the current state of a project. Rather than confining software
engineering activities, actions and tasks to a sequence of events, it defines a process
network. Each activity, action or task on the network exists simultaneously with other
activities, actions or tasks. Events generated at one point trigger transitions among the
states.
28
30. Still Other Process Models
• Component based development—the process to apply when reuse is a
development objective ( like spiral model)
• Formal methods—emphasizes the mathematical specification of
requirements ( easy to discover and eliminate ambiguity,
incompleteness and inconsistency)
• Aspect Oriented software development (AOSD)—provides a process
and methodological approach for defining, specifying, designing, and
constructing aspects
• Unified Process—a “use-case driven, architecture-centric, iterative
and incremental” software process closely aligned with the Unified
Modeling Language (UML) to model and develop object-oriented
system iteratively and incrementally. 30
34. Personal Software Process (PSP)
• Planning. This activity isolates requirements and develops both size and resource estimates. In
addition, a defect estimate (the number of defects projected for the work) is made. All metrics are
recorded on worksheets or templates. Finally, development tasks are identified and a project
schedule is created.
• High-level design. External specifications for each component to be constructed are developed
and a component design is created. Prototypes are built when uncertainty exists. All issues are
recorded and tracked.
• High-level design review. Formal verification methods (Chapter 21) are applied to uncover errors
in the design. Metrics are maintained for all important tasks and work results.
• Development. The component level design is refined and reviewed. Code is generated,
reviewed, compiled, and tested. Metrics are maintained for all important tasks and work results.
• Postmortem. Using the measures and metrics collected (this is a substantial amount of data that
should be analyzed statistically), the effectiveness of the process is determined. Measures and
metrics should provide guidance for modifying the process to improve its effectiveness.
34
35. Team Software Process (TSP)
Build self-directed teams that plan and track their work,
establish goals, and own their processes and plans. These can
be pure software teams or integrated product teams (IPT) of
three to about 20 engineers.
Show managers how to coach and motivate their teams and
how to help them sustain peak performance.
Accelerate software process improvement by making CMM
Level 5 behavior normal and expected.
The Capability Maturity Model (CMM), a measure of the effectiveness
of a software process, is discussed in Chapter 30.
Provide improvement guidance to high-maturity organizations.
Facilitate university teaching of industrial-grade team skills.
35