Dental materials

1. Tooth
Anatomy and
Physiology
Terminology

2. Reference books
 Tooth Morphology and anatomy – Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz
 Dental Anatomy and Physiology – Lütfi İhsan Aladag
 Woelfel Dental anatomy – Rickne C. Scheid
 Wheelers Dental Anatomy, Physiology and
Occlusion, 10th Ed by Stanley J Nelson
 DENTAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LESSON
NOTES MORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE OF TEETH
WITH GRAPHIC DRAWINGS – Gökhan Aksoy

3. Functions of teeth
 * Chewing
 * Swallowing
 * Aesthetic
 * Speech
 * Psychological Criteria
 * Sociological Criteria

4. jaw bones
Upper jaw bone «MAXILLA» Lower jaw bone «MANDIBULA»

5.  MAXILLARY frefers to the upper jaw
 MANDIBULAR refers to the lower jaw

6. Teeth are located in the " alveolar bone ( pars
alveolaris ) part" in the bones.
In alveolar bone,
spaces belonging
to the teeth are
called “alveolus
dentis” .

7.  Teeth are connected to the
alveolar bone with
“periodontal ligament or
periodontal membrane ”.

8. 4 Incisors
2 Canine
4 Premolars
6 Molars
Permanent teeth
and dental arch
Front group
Rear group

9.  Anterior teeth, incisors
( dentes anteriores )
◦Central
◦Lateral
◦Canine

10. Posterior group of teeth
Premolars Molars

11. Oral cavity ( Cavum oris )
Main oral cavity
Cavitas Oris proprium
Anterior oral cavity
Vestibulum Oris

12. Externally bounded by the lips and cheeks
- separated from cavitas oris propria by
processus alveolaris maxillae and mandibulae
- covered by mucous and by dentes (teeth)
- it communicates with the surface of the
body by orifice of mouth - rima oris
- communicates with the proper mouth cavity:
jaws are closed by narrow clefts between
opposing teeth and by apertures on either
side behind the molars
Anterior oral cavity
Vestibulum Oris

13. - Laterally and anteriorly:
bound by the alveolar processes of maxilla
and mandibula and by the teeth
- Posteriorly:
communicates with pharynx by a constricted
aperture: isthmus faucium
- roofed by:
hard and soft palate
- floor:
three muscles
Main oral cavity
Cavitas Oris proprium

14. Morphologies of teeth and surrounding tissues
DENTIS: Tooth
DENTAL: Referring to teeth
DENTISTRY

15. parts of the tooth
Corona Dentis
Radix Dentis
Apex

16. FURCATION AREAS
 Bifurcation Area (between
2 roots)
 Trifurcation area (between
3 roots)

17. Collum Dentis
(tooth neck)
Dental Column
Cervical Line

18. DENTAL
TISSUES
 Hard tissues
◦ Enamel
◦ Dentine
◦ Cement
 Soft tissues
◦ pulp

19. Enamel
Dentine
gingiva
alveolar bone
pulp canal
cement

20. Surrounding tissues of teeth: Periodonsium
GINGIVA
TOOTH – GİNGİVA CONNECTİON ( dentogingival junction)
PERIODONTAL MEMBRANE ( periodontal ligament )
ALVEOL BONE

21. Gum
Vestibular mucosa
Mucogingival junction line
Attached gingiva
Free gingival margin
Gingival papilla

22. Dentogingival junction
Free gingival margin
Attached gingiva
Gree gingival sulcus
Connective tissue
Alveolar bone
Periodontal ligament
Enamel
Dentine
Cement

23. Anatomical descriptions of
tooth surfaces
Dental surfaces:
Line angles: A line angle is formed by the junction of two surfaces and
derives its name from the combination of the two surfaces that
join. For example, on an anterior tooth, the junction of the
mesial and labial surfaces is called the mesiolabial line angle.
Point angles: A point angle is formed by the junction of three surfaces.

24. Dental surfaces
 LABIAL Surface
 BUCCAL Surface
 VESTIBULAR Surface
 FACIAL Surface
 LINGUAL Surface
 ORAL Surface
 PROXIMAL Surface
 MESIAL Surface
 DISTAL Surface
 CONTACT Surface
 INCISAL Surface
 OCLUSAL Surface
The surfaces are named according to their positions and uses.

25. Labial surface
In the incisors and canines, the surfaces toward the lips are called labial surfaces
In the premolarsa and molars, the surfaces toward cheeks are called buccal surfaces

26. Labial surface + Buccal surfaces = Facial surfaces

27. Lingual surface
All surfaces facing toward the tongue are called lingual surfaces

28. Palatal surface
Sometimes surfaces on maxilla, facing toward the palatinal area are called palatal surfaces

29. Lingual surface, Oral surface, Palatal surface

30. Middle axis ( Median axis)

31. Proximal surface
The surfaces of the teeth facing toward
adjoining teeth in the same dental arch
are called proximal or proximate surfaces.
• Mesial proximal surface: It is
the surface of the teeth closer
to the midline.
• Distal proximal surface: The
surface of the teeth away from
the midline.

32. Proximal contact area
When two teeth in the same arch are in contact,
their curvatures adjacent to the contact areas form
spillway spaces called embrasures. These spaces
widen out from the contact area.
The area of the mesial or distal surface of a tooth that
touches its neighbor in the arch is called the contact area.

33. Incisal and Occlusal
surfaces
The surfaces of the premolars and molars that come in
contact (occlusion) with those in the opposite jaw during
the act of closure are called Occlusal surfaces.
The cutting edges of the anterior teeth, the incisors
and canines, which come into contact with those
of the opposite teeth during protrusive occlusion
are called incisal surfaces.

34. Occlusion
Relationship between the incisal-occlusal surfaces of the
lower and upper teeth is called occlusion .

36. Division into thirds

37. Line Angles
Anterior group
Labioincisal line angle
Mesiolingual line angle
Mesiolabial line angle
Linguoincisal line angle
Distolingual line angle
Dystolabial line angle
Posterior group
Mesioocclusal line angle
Mesiolingual
Mesiobuccal
Buccooclusal
Linguoocclusal line angle
Distolingual
Distobuccal
Distoocclusal

38. Labio incisal
linguo incisal

39. Point angles
Anterior group Posterior group
Mesiolabioincisal point
angle
Mesiolinguoincisal Distolinguoincisal
Distolabioincisal
Mesiolinguoocclusal Distolinguoocclusal
Distobuccoocclusal
Mesiobukkooklusal

40. Formations on tooth surfaces
• ELEVATIONS on teeth structure (positive
elements )
• DEPRESSIONS on teeth structure
(negative elements )

41. Elevation-like formations
• Tubercles
• Ridges
 Marginal ridges
 Triangular ridges
 Transverse ridge
 Oblique ridge
• Occlusal Table
• Singulum
• Cervical ridge

42. Tubercle
It is a smaller elevation on some
portion of the crown produced by
an extra formation of enamel.

43. Cusp
A cusp is an elevation or mound on the crown portion of a
tooth making up a divisional part of the occlusal surface.

44. Ridge
It is any linear elevation on the surface of a tooth and is named
according to its location (e.g., buccal ridge, incisal ridge, marginal
ridge)..
• Ridges on cusps
• Ridges on occlusal and lingual surfaces

45. Back
Ridges on cusps
• Buccal ridge
• Lingual ridge
• Mesial ridge
• Distal ridge
• Triangular ridge Mesial ridge
Triangular ridge
Buccal ridge
Distal ridge
Triangular ridge
Distal ridge
Lingual ridge
Mesial ridge

46. Buccal ridge

47. Lingual ridge

48. Mesial and Distal ridges

49. Triangular ridge
Triangular ridges descend from the tips of the cusps of molars and premolars
toward the central part of the occlusal surfaces.
They are so named because the slopes of each side of the ridge are inclined to
resemble two sides of a triangle.

50. Triangular ridge ( Triangular ridge)
Transverse ridge: When a buccal
and a lingual triangular ridge join,
they form a transverse ridge.
A transverse ridge is the union of
two triangular ridges crossing
transversely the surface of a
posterior tooth.
Oblique ridge: The oblique ridge is a ridge
crossing obliquely the occlusal surfaces of
maxillary molars and formed by the union of
the triangular ridge of the distobuccal cusp and
the distal cusp ridge of the mesiolingual cusp.

51. Occlusal table
The occlusal surface, or occlusal table as it is sometimes
Termed is within the confines of the cusp ridges and marginal
ridges.

52. Cingulum
A cingulum (Latin word for “girdle”) is the lingual lobe of an anterior tooth. It makes up the bulk of the
cervical third of the lingual surface. Its convexity mesiodistally resembles a girdle encircling the lingual
surface at the cervical third.

53. Depression-like formations
• Fossa
• Sulcus
• Developmental groove
• Supplemental groove
• Pit

54. Fossa
A fossa is an irregular depression or concavity.
• Lingual Fossa
• Occlusal Fossa
* Central Fossa
* Triangular Fossa
- Mesial Triangular Fossa
- Distal Triangular Fossa

55. Developmental groove
A sulcus is a long depression or valley in the surface of a
tooth between ridges and cusps, the inclines of which
meet at an angle. A sulcus has a developmental groove
at the junction of its inclines. (The term sulcus should
not be confused with the term groove.)
Sulcus
It is a shallow groove or line between the primary parts
of the crown or root.
Buccal groove
Lingual groove
Central groove
Supplemental
groove

56. Pit
Pits are small pinpoint depressions located at the junction of developmental
grooves or at terminals of those grooves. For example, central pit is a term
used to describe a landmark in the central fossa of molars where
developmental grooves join.

57. Metric concepts on teeth
Length of Crown
Length of Root
Mesiodistal Diameter of Crown
Labio- or buccolingual diameter of Crown

58. Length of Crown
The distance between the Crest of curvature at cementoenamel junction and
Incisal edge of anterior teeth and occlusal surface of posterior teeth. It is also
called Anatomical crown.

59. Length of Root
The distance between the Crest of curvature at cementoenamel junction and the apex
of the root.

60. Mesiodistal diameter of crown
A distance between the crests of mesial and disatal curvatures or contact
areas.

61. Labiolingual diameter ( Buccolingual
diameter)
It is the distance between the Crest of curvature on labial surface and
the Crest of curvature on lingual surface

62. Length of tooth
It is the total length of a tooth, which includes lengths of the crown and the root.

63. Nomenclature

64. Palmer system
The Zsigmondy/Palmer notation for the permanent dentition is a four-quadrant symbolic
systemin which, beginning with the central incisors, the teeth are numbered 1 through
8 (or more) in each arch. For example, the right maxillary first molar is designated as , and the
left mandibular central incisor as . The Palmer notation for the entire permanent dentition is as
follows:
Right Left
Top
Lower
• Upper right 1. premolar: 4
• Lower left 2. incisor : 2

65. FDI system
Thus, as in the two-digit FDI system for the primary dentition, the first digit indicates the
quadrant: 1 to 4 for the permanent dentition, and 5 to 8 for the primary dentition. The
second digit indicates the tooth within a quadrant: 1 to 8 for the permanent teeth, and 1 to 5 for
the primary teeth. For example, the permanent upper right central incisor is 11 (pronounced
“one one,” not “eleven”).
• Upper right first molar:
• Lower left second premolar:
• Upper left lateral incisor:
• Lower right canine :
16
35
22
43

66. Universal system
In the universal notation system for the permanent dentition, the maxillary teeth are numbered
from 1 through 16, beginning with the right third molar. Beginning with the
mandibular left third molar, the teeth are numbered 17 through 32. Thus, the right maxillary first
molar is designated as 3, the maxillary left central incisor as 9, and the right mandibular first
molar as 30. The following universal notation designates the entire permanent dentition:

67. End