SCM Migration Webinar - English
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In this informative webinar, learn how migrating from a proprietary SCM solution such as Rational® ClearCase®, Serena PVCS®, CA® Harvest, etc., to Subversion or Git will make an impact on your organization and/or enterprise. Join us as we take the lessons we've learned from successfully migrating thousands of users to today's market leading SCM solutions, and provide you with best practices in building an actionable business case and conducting a smooth transition. Key Takeaways: Build a business case to adopt Git and/or Subversion in your organization How CollabNet's TeamForge platform can provide the enterprise capabilities to enable Git and/or Subversion in your enterprise Our recommended migration strategy proven with thousands of users Considerations for extending your SCM solution
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SCM Migration Webinar - English
- 1. CollabNet 1 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved. SCM Migration Moving to Git and/or Subversion
- 2. Bob Jenkins Bob Jenkins is Director of Version Control services at CollabNet. His background includes over 18 years focused on Application Lifecycle Management tools with a particular focus on version controls from ClearCase to Subversion and Git. At CollabNet, he primarily focuses on consulting with enterprises planning to adopt Git and Subversion along with developing end user training materials for both versioncontrol tools. Presenter 2 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 3. • Introduction • Building the Business Case • Migration Strategy • Why CollabNet • Questions 3 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Agenda
- 4. Evolution in Proprietary SCM 2015 RTC Dimensions PTC Integrity Perforce TFS Rational: Serena: PTC: Perforce: 2003 Clear Case PVCS MKS Integrity Perforce Microsoft: Visual SourceSafe IncumbentRecommendation • The Market is in a transition from LAN to WAN based SCM • Each transition requires a migration, opening up the opportunity for competitive change to more impactful SCM systems and strategies – Tools &platforms – Developmentprocesses 4 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 5. Not Meeting the Needs 4.6% 13.3% 12.8% 51.3% 2.6% 8.9% 4.4% 23.2% 46.0% 3.6% 4.5% 6.0% 30.3% 37.8% 2.1% 3.7% 9.6% 33.3% 30.7% Mercurial CVS GitHub Git Subversion What is the primary source code managementsystem you typically use? (Choose one.) 2014 2013 2012 2011 Source: Eclipse CommunitySurvey 2014 Proprietary SCM Solutions are no longer the marketleaders 5 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 6. Costs – New Equipment – New tooling – Upgrades – Integrations migration – Datamigration – Build process modifications – Training 6 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Building the Business Case: theCosts
- 7. Benefit Analysis – Supported tool – Server retirements – Data Center retirements – License / maintenance – Upgrade costs – Reduction in administration – Consistent adoption anduse 7 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Building the Business Case: theBenefits
- 8. Version Control Does Not Stand Alone • Build Scripts • Issue Tracking • Continuous Integration • Binary management • Code Review • Other 8 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 9. Tools, People and Process 9 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 10. Migration Overview SCMMigration Inventory Checklist Discover +Plan ProjectSpecific Scheduling &Workflow Archive forgovernance/compliance Active CodeMigration Migration Workshop Sustainment &Expansion 10 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 11. Discover and Plan Project Repo IP Address 11 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 12. • Full – all historical revisions of files and folders are imported along with their relationships (such as branches and labels) and metadata (such as comments). – Pro: • All historicaldata easily accessible in the new tool – Cons: • Repository is filled with cruft which limits the effectiveness of the newtool • Expensive in time and money with no guarantee of success and data lost • Snapshot – only selected baselines/milestones are imported. Much of the relationship and nearly all the metadata is necessarily and acceptably left behind. – Pros: • Only the most useful historical data is present • Cost is limited and definable – Con: • All historicaldata is not accessible in the new tool 12 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Migration Strategies
- 13. Team/Application Migration (Snapshot Migration) Migration Workshop Active CodeMigration Archive forgovernance/compliance Training 13 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 14. Sustainment and Expansion After SCM 14 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 15. SCM & ALM Adoption Plan and Rollout Discover Plan Active Code Migration Sustainment& Expansion • Inventory – Repositories – Infrastructure – Projects • PerformCostBenefitsAnalysis – Infrastructure Retirement – LicenseConsolidation – AdministrationConsolidation – CapitalInvestment – TrainingInvestment – Inactive ProjectArchive • PerformEnterpriseAgile Assessment(optional) – DefineGaps – IdentifyNeeds/SolutionAreas – ForecastEconomicValue 4 Weeks 3 Months 3 – 12 Months > 1 Year • CreateWorkgroupPlan – Inventory toolsandassets connectedtoSCM – Createa Tool Platformand migrationstrategy – UnifySCMAdmins – Integrateusersintothe developmentprocess • CreateProcessReuse Plan – Define“Active Code” – Template-izeMigration Scripts – Template-ize SCMpractices • EstablishCommunityPlan – Restrict“ShadowAdmin” – Archive legalrecords – Lock migratedrepositories – Enablesearch, discoveryand reuse of SCM assets – Establishreportingand enterprise widevisibility • EstablishProjectWorkspace – Tool integrations – Workflow – Roles-Based-Access-Controls • Train Users – ProjectAdmins – TeamMembers – ReleaseManagers • MigrateData – Finalizescripts – MigrateActive Code and relateddesigndata • TeamSignOff – Verifymigrateddata • AnalyzeOtherALMNeeds – Devthroughdeployment • DriveCommunityManagement – NewUserOnboarding – New ProjectOnboarding – NewBestPractices – IPreuse & collaboration – Measure EnterpriseMetrics • OngoingPlatformMaintenance – PlatformUpgrades – ToolUpgrades – ToolIntegrations • PerformEnterprise Agile Assessment – DefineGaps – IdentifyNeeds/SolutionAreas – ForecastEconomicValue • CreateSolutionPlan – EnterpriseSCM – AgileDevelopment – ContinuousDelivery &DevOps 15 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 16. Who is CollabNet? AgileTransformations OpenAgile ALM 2014 1st Cloud-BasedALM Apache /Subversion 1999 2005 2010 16 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Leader • ALM, SCM, cloud, agile, open source • Transformed 100s of largest, most respected IT orgs • Enterprise agileexperts – 17,000+ ScrumMasters trained Pioneer • Creator of Subversion(SVN) • 1st cloud-based ALM solution Proven Scale • 10,000+ customers • 6M+ users • 280 employees
- 17. TeamForge Platform Open ALM Platform Flexible Process Templates Connect disparate development and collaboration tools todrive SW lifecycle traceability Createlibrariesof common,repeatable workflows Collaboration Architecture Map EA into business and technology hierarchies to enable organizational-wide discovery,collaboration,re-useandreporting 17 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 18. Manage Git and Subversion | One Platform Host TeamForge in Your Datacenter or CollabNet’s 24 x 7 Support 18 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 19. Central, Governed Master Repository 19 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 20. RBAC, Permissions, &Authentication Automate authentication,and ensuresecurity Centrally manage usersand permissions (view,commit) Enact Read AND Write branch- levelsecurity 20 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • RBAC • LDAP • AD • SSH • SSL
- 21. Event Data Store TeamForge Platform Architecture Trackers Project /Portfolio Administration Collaboration Run time Event Mgmt. Operational Data StoreToolChain setup Teams Users Roles/Perms EventSources Associations Domain Objects Activities Native Federated Universal Lifecycle Activity Pipeline Notification External ArtifactUI ToolUI Search Reports Streams Monitors Listeners Activities, Objects,Associations Events Events UserWorkspace Configure Configure Store FederatedTools Native Artifacts Custom Objects 21 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 22. Training 22 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved. SCM Training Offerings Duration Delivery Subversion for Developers –Standard Learn the coreessentialsof Subversion. This course coverseverythingyouneedtomasterSubversion includingthe typicaldevelopmentworkcycle,mixed revisionsand branchingandmergingoperations. 4 hours Onsite Remote Web-based Subversion for Developers – Enterprise w/labs Learn the core essentials plus get ahands-on lab. The course covers the complete spectrum of using Subversion:fromthe typical developmentworkcycle,mixed revisions,branchingand mergingoperations and specificenterprisefeatures. 1 day Onsite Remote Web-based Subversion for Configuration Managersw/labs This course coversthe operationalaspectsof doingconfigurationmanagementwithSubversion aswellas an overview of the bestpractices usedwithSubversion forconfigurationmanagement. 1 day Onsite Subversion for DevelopersTrain the Trainer This course is designed forlarge organizations withadedicatedtrainingstaff thatwanttolearn how to conductthe SubversionforDeveloperstrainingfortheirorganization. 2-3 days Onsite Git for Developers – Enterprise This course offers a complete introductiontoGit.ItincludestopicsonGitbasicslike the repository, revisioning, historylogs,Gitworkcycles,Gitmerging, branchingand tagging,andbestpractices. 1 day Remote Web-based Git for Developers – Enterprise w/labs This course offers a complete introductiontoGit.ItincludestopicsonGitbasicslike the repository, revisioning, historylogs,Gitworkcycles,Gitmerging, branchingandtagging,andbestpractices. A hands-onlabis included. 2 days Onsite Git for Developers Train the Trainer This course is designed forlarge organizations withadedicated trainingstaff thatwanttolearn how to conductthe SubversionforDeveloperstrainingfortheirorganization. 2 days Onsite
- 23. Consulting 23 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved. SCM Consulting Offerings Duration Delivery Subversion Applied Workshop The Subversion Applied Workshop is focused on formulating aprocess that meets an organization’s needs for versioncontrolandconfiguration managementanddefininghow tobestutilizeSubversiontomeetthose needs. 2 days Onsite Subversion MigrationMentoring Workshop The SubversionMigrationMentoringWorkshopis focusedonpreparing anorganization tomigrate existing versioncontroldataintoSubversion. 2 days Onsite Subversion CustomConsulting CustomSubversionconsultingspecifictoacustomer’s needsdelivered by aCollabNetSCMexpertonsiteor remotely. PerSOW Onsite Remote Git Applied Workshop The Subversion Applied Workshop is focused on formulating aprocess that meets an organization’s needs for versioncontroland configuration managementanddefininghow tobestutilizeSubversion tomeetthose needs. 2 days Onsite Git Migration Mentoring Workshop The Git MigrationMentoringWorkshopis focusedonpreparinganorganization tomigrate existingversion control data intoSubversion. 2 days Onsite Git CustomConsulting CustomGitconsultingspecifictoacustomer’sneeds delivered by aCollabNetSCMexpertonsiteor remotely. PerSOW Onsite Remote
- 24. Questions? 24 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 25. Thank You Contact Details: BobJenkins Director, Version ControlServices bob@collab.net 25 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 26. © 2015 CollabNet, Inc., All rights reserved. CollabNet is a trademark or registered trademark of CollabNet Inc., in the US and other countries. All other trademarks, brand names, or product names belong to their respective holders. CollabNet, Inc. 8000 Marina Blvd., Suite 600 Brisbane, CA 94005 www.collab.net +1-650-228-2500 +1-888-778-9793 blogs.collab.net twitter.com/collabnet www.facebook.com/collabnet www.linkedin.com/company/collabnet-inc 26 Copyright ©2015CollabNet, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Editor's Notes
- Who is CollabNet? For 15+ years CollabNet has pioneered collaborative and agility driven software development for globally distributed teams. Instead of struggling with disparate and disconnected processes and tools, we realized that organizations and distributed development teams could realize greater innovation through a set of modern and transparent collaborative methodologies on a Web-based platform, which we call CollabNet TeamForge. Along with TeamForge, CollabNet provides services that focus on helping companies overcome their software engineering challenges by bringing the benefits of open, agile and collaborative development methods to its teams of developers – inside and outside of their company. As such, we have trained 14,000+ individuals on Agile Scrum, in Public and Private Classes, across the globe. We have created best-practice development environments to facilitate the enterprise shift from On-premise and Packaged Software using Waterfall; to On-Demand and Cloud/SaaS/Mobile Applications using Agile. Our tool platform and services approach embrace automated or manual practices, local or distributed teams, tightly centralized or loosely connected client tools and flows, while at the same time provides unsurpassed organizational wide governance and visibility. The business returns to our clients have been impressive, with enterprise rollouts achieving gains into the 10s of millions of dollars annually while achieving time-to-market and productivity gains of 10% - 70% depending upon the amount of i) agile approaches, and ii) collaboration employed by these organizations. These gains are just not possible with silo’d based tools and processes. Some of the best companies in the world, literally # 1 in their respective markets - FedEx, American Express, Walmart, HP, Capgemini, Deutsche Bank, the US DOD and many others - have standardized on CollabNet. CollabNet’s core product, TeamForge, is the innovation and collaboration backbone for these organizations. Due to our unique product differentiators and our deep experience in open source, agile development, and enterprise scale collaborative software development, CollabNet stands alone in being able to provide these results for global enterprises such as these and such as your company. Let us highlight the key components of the CollabNet solution capabilities that have enabled these companies to achieve these results, and how your company can do the same.
- Connect Teams, Processes, and Tools This conceptual graphic will help prove context on how TeamForge enables globally distributed software development before diving into further details. The key differentiating TeamForge product pillars are represented by the sides of the triangle – i) Open ALM Platform, ii) Flexible Process Templates, and iii) Collaboration Architecture. Open ALM Platform – (Note: The benefit of this left side of the triangle product pillar is “tool reuse”; The typical client contact is a “VP” or “C-level executive”) TeamForge enables individual teams to integrate the desired mix of TeamForge tools with their favorite point tools to accelerate development, be innovative, and be responsive to their business needs. This is empowered by the TeamForge ability to have: Integrated ALM and Collaboration Tools – Communication by all lifecycle stakeholders is critical At the workgroup level, TeamForge uniquely provides users with a completely integrated set of i) development tools and ii) collaboration tools in a single platform, which enables all users –technical and business alike - to collaborate on the ALM activities from concept to deployment. This integrated set of ALM and collaboration tools is critical in today’s highly agile development world where timely communication is required for all stakeholders – business owners, the software development team, the support and deployment teams, and even users, - to collaborate on the development and delivery of the application. Contrast this to other vendor provided or homegrown environments where disconnected development tools and collaboration tools (e.g., Microsoft, HP, IBM, Atlassian) require the cost and error prone configuration of various point tools. Lifecycle Traceability – Workgroups require solutions that provide traceability throughout the ALM lifecycle TeamForge provides an integrated tool chain which spans the range of tools from requirements gathering and planning through delivery and deployment. More critically, as all of the ALM and collaboration tools are tied to a single database, TeamForge enables the complete traceability of the software lifecycle artifacts from concept to deployment, enabling rapid association of team members, tools, design data and decisions, and issues/tasks. All of this visibility and traceability is also guided by role based access controls as well as real-time alerts and monitoring – which ensures that just the right subset of information will be made visible to the right team members in real time. This traceability across the history of the development lifecycle is just not possible with the disconnected tools provided by most other vendors. Open Integration – Workgroups need to be able to interface with an ALM platform using their favorite tools and environment TeamForge builds upon CollabNet's long history in open standards, open source development communities and agile software development tools. The TeamForge platform enable users to integrate their favorite open source, commercial, and home-grown point tools into the software lifecycle, thereby accelerating tool adoption as well as enabling users to use specialized tools required to perform their ALM tasks. In summary, workgroups are very satisfied with TeamForge as it enables them to integrate the right mix of TeamForge tools and development processes with their favorite point tools to accelerate development and be responsive to their business needs. As a result, workgroup teams have been able to easily onboard TeamForge, and cut their development times in half due to the employment of agile and response development approaches. However, the question that remains is how can an enterprise scale this success across their organization in a uniform, repeatable and measureable way? This question of global scalability is answered by the other two sides of the triangle in the graphic. It’s critical that these TeamForge architectural capabilities are well understood by your management and architecture teams if you want to achieve the scale achieved by CollabNet’s customers. Flexible Process Templates – (Note: The benefit of this right side of the triangle product pillar is “tool chain and process reuse”; The typical client contact is a “Director or VP of development or IT”) CollabNet provides an organization with the ability to define and publish “development through deployment” tools, processes, data models and reference architectures that can be reused by other teams. These out-of-the-box templates allow new workgroup teams to provision common and repeatable workflows within seconds. This codification and provisioning of repeatable templates enable: Company-wide Development Velocity – New workgroups will be up and running in minutes versus spending time and money to building and maintaining their own error prone tool chains and processes which can take weeks and months to get right, if ever. Management Measurement – Management will have consistent group reporting visibility enabled by common artifacts and development processes to measure and compare development velocity, thereby driving organizational transparency and improvement Application Integration – Enabled by the data consistency and common development tools chains, organizations can more rapidly integrate application SW built by various workgroups and subsequently trace and fix development issues. Flexible Process templates provide an organization with “process reuse” – the sharing of tools, processes and methods to drive uniformity, measurement and integration across a company. But even more critical to driving organizational development velocity and business responsiveness is “SW IP reuse”, which is enabled by the 3rd side of the TeamForge triangle. Collaboration Architecture - (Note: The benefit of this bottom of the triangle product pillar is “IP reuse”; The typical client contact is a “developer” or “first line manager”) The TeamForge Collaboration Architecture drives global visibility and organizational improvement across projects by allowing the mapping of your business lines and enterprise technology architectures into categories, groups and projects across your organization. For instance, a Bank may set up hierarchies of business line categories/groups/projects such as Consumer Credit, Commercial Banking and International Trading, technology categories such Company Wide SOA Apps, or process categories such as Application Release Automation and Release Workflow Standards. This Collaboration Architecture, unparalleled by other industry tools, enables global organizations with: Global IP Reuse: Enabled by the ability to search, discover, collaborate and reuse software IP built by other teams in the organization. Note that search and discovery is controlled down to the project and user level by role-based access controls, enabling organizations to govern usage according to their Intellectual Property strategy. Dramatic improvements in application software productivity gains are possible with TeamForge as the centralized Collaboration Architecture enables unparalleled global leverage of i) code (lifecycle artifacts), ii) community (the people behind the code who are ready and willing to help), and iii) context (the historical communication and context regarding design decisions). Along with the implementation of agile software development approaches at the workgroup level, this “cutting and pasting” or collaboration of other teams software IP is the primary driver of operational productivity and the reason why some CollabNet clients claim 50-70% company-wide time-to-market acceleration. Global Standards: the ability to collaborate and implement common technology and process standards, such as application release automation packages and workflows, will have a dramatic effect on improving overall release cycle velocity, software quality and costs. For instance, several of CollabNet’s clients such as Deutsche Post and others, claim a 50% reduction in the time it now takes to go from concept through deployment across 100s of projects and 1000s of developers, with an increase in SLAs and a development-through-operations cost reduction that is reaching the high 10s of millions of dollars per year. For the first time, these firms have an end-to-end view and DevOps processes provided by the insight and collaboration of the TeamForge Community Architecture. Global Reporting – the combination of consistent standards and organized project hierarchies combined with the TeamForge reporting capabilities and a CollabNet provided reference architecture will provide executives and managers with unprecedented reporting and visibility across their company – in real time. In summary, TeamForge will uniquely provide your company with both workgroup agility and organizational wide governance. Workgroups can, within reason, utilize a mix of TeamForge tools with their favorite point tools to be agile and responsive to the individual teams’ business needs. At the same time, the TeamForge Flexible Process Templates and Collaboration Architecture allow organizations to scale their workgroup success across their organization in a uniform, repeatable and measureable way.
- Manage Git and Subversion with One Enterprise Platform Git is the world's leading DVCS (distributed version control system). Enterprise adoption for Git however has been slow. Concerned with security breaches, compliance violations and lack of governance, many have chosen to take a 'wait and see' approach. With TeamForge, Git is ready for the enterprise. TeamForge lets you realize all the benefits of Git while ensuring the security, governance and manageability your business demands. And with TeamForge you can even manage Git and Subversion together, within each individual project. Enterprise-grade Git Management: Security: Keep data secure and safe. On and off board staff easily, without compromising compliance or productivity Governance: Industrialize your software delivery processes, from code to deployment, with full transparency and control Manageability: De-risk projects with enterprise support, and enable project management across distributed teams Hybrid Source Code Management (SCM): Manage Git alongside other SCM (including Subversion), across sites and even within projects
- While the use of a central master repository (also referred to as a ‘golden’, ‘canonical’ or ‘blessed’ repository) is ideal, Git does not mandate such a repository. For the enterprise, this lack of governance can pose a serious risk of IP or data loss. With dozens or hundreds of servers, it is a challenge to locate code, or enforce strategies for backup, disaster recovery or failover. With TeamForge, there always is a master repository – the "one truth" for the development teams. Centralized repository management ensures integrity of code. It’s easy to create and clone Git repositories using TeamForge, and to synchronize master repositories with satellite Git repositories, whether on-premise or in the cloud. Using TeamForge to securely manage Git repositories assures you all the flexibility that Git provides, without compromising on governance and IP protection.
- TeamForge provides rock-solid enterprise-grade security with RBAC, permissions management, authentication and encryption. Git originally was designed as a low-level version control system engine, on top of which others could write front ends. While the product has evolved since then, still today Git lacks many of the inherent security controls that are standard with more mature SCM products like Subversion. For example, natively Git relies merely on file system and transport protocols for read/write access. Even commonly available add-ons (such as Gitosis or Gitolite) only address access control at the repository level. This is a problem for most enterprises, given their diverse, changing and distributed teams require robust role-based access control, combined with fine-grained permissions management. TeamForge effectively addresses these challenges, providing both role based access control and fine-grained permissions management - even down to the individual branch level. TeamForge provides both read and write branch based access*. By deeply embedding Gerrit, the open source tool, into the TeamForge management console, administrators and project managers are able to govern and manage roles and permissions, for all of their Git repositories enterprise-wide from one management console. With TeamForge one can choose from pre-defined roles, or quickly define and create new roles. Furthermore, with TeamForge role management is fully integrated into the entire lifecycle of the application or project. With a single role you can control access to code, documents, and wikis and you can govern management of workflows and tracker artifacts. Authentication and data encryption is frequently desired, if not mandated within most enterprises. This is to drive developer productivity, secure data communications across applications, and meet internal or external regulatory security requirements. TeamForge supports out of-the-box, all common authentication methods (LDAP, PKI, AD), in addition to Single Sign-on (SSO). Furthermore, both SSL and SSH (asymmetric key cryptography) protocols can be used with Git to encrypt all transferred data. TeamForge with Gerrit lets administrators easily set up SSH public keys as needed, to secure enterprise data communications (Note: This is a big deal. none of our competitors can say that except IBM because their solution is also based on Gerrit) Detail on Gerrit’s permission management – which is optimized for Git: Fine-grained Permissions Management with Gerrit TeamForge embeds Gerrit, the industry’s leading permissions management framework for Git. By deeply embedding Gerrit, into the TeamForge management console, administrators and project managers are able to govern and manage roles and permissions, for all Git repositories enterprise-wide from one management console. Granular permissions let you control what users can view, create or modify, and can be used to manage access down to the individual branch level. Not only are you able to control both read and write permissions, but you have powerful, fine-grained control over individual branch permissions. To be specific, there are 9 different permissions categories at the branch level and some of these categories allow you 5 separate access levels. You can control who can create new branches, use push –f, push plain tags, annotated tags, signed tags, forge author, commit, server identity, upload change sets, merge commits and more. TeamForge includes templates that shield users from Gerrit’s technical complexity and make it easy for the masses to use.