Scientific mind (november december 2017)

www.scientificmind.com.np Scientific Mind: November-December 2017 1
In recognition of the outstanding works, people/
organizations are awarded prizes throughout the world.
The basic motto to present the award is to recognize the
contribution and encourage them for further future works
in their field.
Nobel Prize is undoubtedly the most renowned prize
given to any individual in the planet. Every year people are
nominated for the prize and maximum three of them are
selected for this prestigious prize. The prize established in
previous century has acknowledged the achievements of
people from all over the world. Most of the winners have
been from North America and Europe. Many modern day
researchers get involved in different fields of science hoping
to get a Nobel Prize.
The motivation and encouragement that prizes like Nobel
Prize gives to an individual is really extraordinary. People
work for years to finally find out new things that can be
helpful to the humanity. Their hard work and dedication
have to be appreciated and acknowledged. Nobel Prize is
oneof themostrewardingprizesthatonecanreceive.Nobel
Prize is given to the highest contributor to the mankind in
that year. Surprisingly, there are some instances where
people deny the prizes given to them. One of the instances
is in 2006, when Grigori Perelman was awarded the
Fields Medal (often considered highest level of prize in
Mathematics) and he denied to accept the prize.
When a person’s work is valued, then it not only motivates
the individual receiving the prize but also to larger group
of people. Many other people get encouraged through the
recognition, respect and financial benefit that the person
gets afterwinning the prize. It is needless to say, hard labor,
dedication and intellect are the key factors for winning any
significant prize. To win a prize like Nobel Prize, the degree
of these key factors has to be maximum.
Editorial Advisory Board
Prof. Dr. Rameshwar Adhikari
Prof. Dr. Deepak Prasad Subedi
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Mr. Nischal Shrestha
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Value of Acknowledgment
Editor

Scientific Mind: November-December 2017 www.scientificmind.com.np2
Including diverse areas of science and technology
and latest news relevant to new inventions of
science are the best part of the Scientific Mind
magazine. It acts as a bridge between us and
scientific community around the globe. We,
students of science, feel very glad to reading
this magazine.
Binita Dhakal
Manahari, Makawanpur
I am a regular reader of Scientific Mind
magazine. I found that Scientific Mind covers
almost every science topics and provides
opportunity to publish articles, essays and many
more things relevant to science and technology.
I hope this magazine will increase the readers
and become a best magazine of Nepal by
giving such wonderful contents.
Binod Bhattari
Chitwan
I came to know about this magazine from social
media. It is good for students but still many of us
are out of reach of this magazine.
Aashish Gurung
Liverpool College, Kathmandu
I have been reading Scientific Mind since the first issue. It is a very useful magazine that caters to the
needs of the science enthusiasts in Nepal. The contents are also of good value. However, I have a small
suggestion. I’ve noticed in many issues that you express distances exclusively in miles. Since mile is not
commonly used in Nepal, it sometimes gets a little difficult for everyone to get the actual picture of the
distance in question. It would be better, I believe, if you use kilometers instead.
On that note, here’s a mnemonic to convert miles to kilometers using the Fibonacci series (0, 1, 1, 2, 3,
5, 8, 13, …):
3 mi ≈ 5 km
5 mi ≈ 8 km
8 mi ≈ 13 km and so on.
Also, it’s worth noting that the ratio between 1 mile and 1 kilometer is very close to the Golden Ratio
≈ 1.61.
Rohit Neopane
Kathmandu
This magazine truely increases my desire
regarding the mistery of science and techonlogy.
I will feel glad if this magazine wiill give chance
to post our articles related to science.
Susmita Sahi (Thakuri)
Golden Gate International College
If possible, I request the Scientific Mind team to
increase the section of contents in Nepali language
because it may be easy to learn about new
invention and news regarding the development
of science and technology for all general public.
Srijana Khanal
Kathmandu
This magazine is very good. I am pleased by the
posting of articles of this magazine. It enhances
and enriches the action of working with someone
to create something.
Sailesh Singh
Kathmandu
Feedback

Contents
Graphene:
A Miracle Material
Turnip
16
15
Parasites, bridge to human:
Integrated Health Approach
Winners of
Nobel Prize
2017
7
21

Articlesinmagazinedonotnecessarilyreflectviewofthe
magazine.
Contents
Scientific Fun Facts 9
Science Experiment 10
Quotes 11
Do You Know? 11
News 12
Science Quiz 14
Hand Washing 19
Electronic Fibres and their Potentials 22
Far Solar System: An Overview 24
Indigenous Technology and Knowledge
in Nepal 26
Antibiotic: Misuse Proven to be Fatal 29
Medical/Engineering Quiz 31
Pascal's Triangle 33
Reader's Questions 35
27
Space Observation: Solar System
Scientific
Instrument:
Hydrometer
A for Astronomy 36
Essay: Technology 40
Fun Stuff 41
Math Test 42
Crossword Puzzle 43
37

Best Universities of the World- 2017
Founded on: 1891
No. of Students: 15,658
No. of students per staff: 7.7
International students: 22%
Annual tuition fee: $44,757
Acceptance Rate: 4.8% (2016)
Notable alumni: Larry Page, Sergey Brin,
Sundar Pichai, Marissa Mayer, Tablo
Founded on: 1891
Acceptance Rate: 8% (2016)
Notable alumni: Kip Thorne, William Shockley,
Satish Dhawan, Adam D'Angelo, Carver Mead
Founded on: 1209
Annual tuition fee: $20,400 - $37,800
Acceptance Rate: 21% (2015)
Notable alumni: Isaac Newton, Stephen
Hawking, Srinivasa Ramanujan, Alan Turing,
Ernest Rutherford, Jagdish Chandra Bose
1. University of Oxford 3. Stanford University
2. California Institute of Technology (Caltech) 4. University of Cambridge
Everyone is curious about Higher Education. We here at Scientific Mind, responding to the curiosity,
present a list of top 20 universities of the world. We have adopted the rankings done by Times Higher
Education.
Image : www.ox.ac.uk Image : wikipedia.org
Image : www.kicc.cam.ac.ukImage : en.wikipedia.org
Founded on: c.1096
Annualtuitionfee(Overseas):£16,230-£23,885
Notable alumni: Stephen Hawking, Indira
Gandhi, T.S. Eliot, Bill Clinton, Tony Blair
By Suman Kandel

5. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Founded on: 1861
Notable alumni: Richard Feynman, Salman
Khan, Gilbert Strang, Pranav Mistry, Benjamin
Netanyahu
6. Harvard University
Founded on: 1636
Notable alumni: Barack Obama, Helen Keller,
Bill Gates, Mark Zukerberg, William James
7. Princeton University
Founded on: 1746
Notable alumni: John Nash, Jeff Bezos,
John F. Kennedy, John Bardeen, Eric Schmidt
8. Imperial College London
Founded on: 1851
Annual tuitionfee(EU): £9250
Notable alumni: Alexander Fleming, H.G.
Wells, Derek Barton, John Ambrose Fleming,
Cyrus Mistry
9.ETH Zurich- Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology
Founded on: 1855
Annual tuition fee: CHF 580 (per semester)
Acceptance Rate: 27%
Notable alumni: Albert Einstein, Wilhelm
Röntgen, Fritz Haber,Rudolf Clausius, Richard
R. Ernst
10.University of Calfornia, Berkeley
Founded on: 1868
No. of students per staff: 12
Notable alumni: Michio Kaku, Steve Wozniak,
Gordon Moore, Timothy Leary
11. University of Chicago
12. Yale University
13. University of Pennsylvania
14. University of California Los Angeles (LA)
15. University College London
16. Columbia University
17. Johns Hopkins University
18. Duke University
19. Cornell University
20. Northwestern University

Graphene : A Miracle Material
Amit Dawadi
M.Sc. Physics 4th
Semester
After awarding Andre and Kostya by
2010's Nobel Prize, the weight of the topic
“Graphene” became much heavier. Large number
of researchers’ brain and money are being invested
for its research why? Actually what is Graphene?
Why, this topic is so emerging? What miracle does
it do ? It’s quite interesting to know.
Two dimensional hexagonal shape of single
atomic layer of carbon is Graphene i.e. one
atom thick layer of graphite. Graphene is basic
structural element of other allotropes including
graphite, charcoal, carbon nanotubes and
fullerenes. Its supreme properties like mechanical
strength, optical properties, thermal conductivity,
electrical conductivity coercion to accept its
nick-name as “Miracle Material”. Its optical and
electrical properties make researcher crazy
(about 97.3% transparent and known lowest
resistivity at room temperature~10-6ohm.cm-1).
Flexibility with good electrical conductivity and
optical properties endorse the concept of flexible
optoelectronic devices. Many characteristics (1.
Room temperature electron mobility 2. Young
modulus 3. Intrinsic strength 4. Thermal conductivity
5. Optical absorption 6. Complete impermeability
to any gases 7. Aability to sustain extremely
high electric current densities ~ 1,000,000 times
higher than copper) measured in experiment have
exceeded those obtained in any other material(
reaching some theoretically predicted limits also).
But some characteristics have been achieved only
in mechanically exfolicated graphane.
Electronic application
Since, sheet resistance reaching 30 Ω/ cm-2
of
2D area in highly doped graphene sample; it
meets electrical and optical requirement by giving
excellent transmittance (~97.7% per layer) for
Transparent Conductive Coating(TCC), widely used
in electronic products like touch screen displays,
e-paper (electronic paper) and organic light-
emitting diodes (OLEDs). Outstanding flexibility
(fracture strain of graphene = 10 times of ITO)
and chemical durability (better endurance than
other available candidates ) of graphene can
be used to make flexible electronic devices; in
which ITO usually fails. Furthermore, for TCC, ITO
deposition is expensive, so Graphene can replace
the ITO and has a full capacity to secure good
fraction of the market.
Many researchers believe that graphene transistors
might have an opportunity to replace Silicon
Technology only after 2020. New structures of
graphene is needed to use it as a logic transistor.
Grapheme's supreme electrical and thermal
conductivities and its excellent barrier properties
might open door for this material towards being
used as interconnects and for thermal dissipation
in ICs.
Photonics
Wavelength-independent absorption (π × α
= 2.3%) takes place due to massless electron
in graphene for normal incidence of light
below~3eV. When optical energy < 2 × fermi
energy for mono and bi-layer of graphene they
become completely transparent. Such properties
would push this material towards being used as
controlled photonic devices. In photonics it can be
used as Photodetector, Tunable fibre mode-locked
laser, Solid-state mode-locked laser, Polarization
controller, Optical modulator, Isolator etc., but for
these purposes there are a few unsolved issues,
which we need to address first.
Photodetectors
Graphene's high operating bandwidth (in principle

from ultraviolet to infrared) makes it suitable
for high-speed data communications (presently
bandwidth of photodetectors in Ga. As for optical
communication and Ge for optical interconnection
are limited to ~150 GHz and ~80 GHz
respectively). But for its practical implementation it
may require a new structure or doping control, and
the modulator bandwidth must follow suit.
Tunable fibre mode-locked lase
Wide spectral range of Graphene brings the best
possibility of making tunable fibre mode-locked
laser.
Optical modulator
High-quality graphene with low sheet resistance is
needed to increase bandwidth to over 100 GHz
this is the special challenge.
Solid State Mode-locked laser
Compact graphene is very easy to integrate with Si
than bulky current polarization controlling devices.
But first need to achieve full control on parameters
of high-quality graphene.
Composite materials, paints and coating
Different outstanding properties along with its
high aspect ratio are fruitful for its applications
in composite materials. Many companies’
attraction is being shifted towards graphene.
After some substantial developments and
chemical modifications on graphene, however the
commercial position held by carbon fibres are so
strong, it is believed that within few years carbon
fibres might be replaced by graphene and its
oxide. Graphenes conductive ink, electromagnetic-
interference shielding and gas barrier applications
are the main areas where graphene based paint
can be used very interestingly. Because of its high
chemical stability it can act as a corrosion barrier
against water and oxygen diffusion. Impermeable
graphene membrane can be used as gas and
moisture barrier, electromagnetic shielding is its
next interesting application. It might increase the
operating temperature level of composites, reduce
moisture uptake, induce antistatic behaviour, give
lightning strike protection and improve composite
compressive strength.
Graphene for sensors and metrology
There is enough possibility for the uses of graphene
as sensor, it is natural to consider using graphene
from measurements of magnetic field to DNA
sequencing and from the monitoring of the velocity
of surrounding liquid to strain gauges (device used
to measure strain on an object).
Graphene crystal is stretchable, so it can enhance
the working of such sensor significantly but it is
most competitive application. Graphene can be
used for the design of multidimensional devices
(single device can work to measure strain, gas
environment, pressure and magnetic field) so it can
revolutionize the whole electronic world. It is more
suitable for bio-sensing because functionalization
for enhancing its selectivity for other sensors is
expensive.
Its unique band structure i.e., anomalously splitted
large energy between zero and first landau levels
makes it an ideal material to develop the universal
resistance standard based on the quantum Hall
effect.
Graphene has beautiful uses in energy generation
& storage devices and Bio-applications but there
are also a few major issues need to address to
obtain high performance. After addressing all
issues the earth will be revolutionized. Paper
computer & super capacitors are not so far.
References
1. Novoselov, K. S.; Colombo, L.; Gellert, P. R.;
Schwab, M. G.; Kim, K. A roadmap for graphene.
11October 2012 |vol.490|NATURE|199
2. Joseph Scott Bunch A Dissertation for Doctor
of Philosophy Presented to the Faculty of the
Graduate School of Cornell University|may
2008.
Bulletproof Graphene material

Scientific Fun Facts
Acronyms
• It takes 8 minutes 17 seconds for light to travel
from the Sun’s surface to the Earth.
• 10 percent of all human beings ever born are
alive at this very moment.
• The speed of light is generally rounded down
to 186,000 miles per second. In exact terms it
is 299,792,458 m/s (metres per second – that
is equal to 186,287.49 miles per second).
• Every year over one million earthquakes
shake the Earth.
• The largest ever hailstone weighed over 1kg
and fell in Bangladesh in 1986.
• If you could drive your car straight up you
would arrive in space in just over an hour.
• October 12th, 1999 was declared “The
Day of Six Billion” based on United Nations
projections.
• The Earth spins at 1,000 mph but it travels
through space at an incredible 67,000 mph.
• When Krakatoa erupted in 1883, its force was
so great it could be heard 4,800 kilometres
away in Australia.
• Every second around 100 lightning bolts strike
the Earth.
• Every year lightning kills 1000 people.
• In October 1999 an Iceberg the size of London
broke free from the Antarctic ice shelf .
• Human tapeworms can grow up to 22.9m.
• The Earth is 4.56 billion years old…the same
age as the Moon and the Sun.
• The dinosaurs became extinct before the
Rockies or the Alps were formed.
• Female black widow spiders eat their males
IP : Internet Protocol
SAT : Scholastic Aptitude Test
GRE : Graduate Records Examination
CIO : Chief Information Officer
CMA : Certified Medical Assistant
CADAC : Certified Alcohol and Drug Abuse
Counselor
ME : Master's of Engineering
BTech : Bachelor's of Technology
USB : Universal Serial Bus
WWW : World Wide Web
MAC : Media Access Control
WPA : Wi-Fi Protected Access
VLAN : Virtual Local Area Network
EDTA : Ethlenediaminetetraacetic acid
DPT : Diptheria Pertussis Tetanus Vaccine
GST : Goods and Services Tax
By Prakriti Sapkota
after mating.
• When a flea jumps, the rate of acceleration
is 20 times that of the space shuttle during
launch.
• If our Sun were just an inch in diameter, the
nearest star would be 445 miles away.
• The Australian billygoat plum contains 100
times more vitamin C than an orange.
• Astronauts cannot belch – there is no gravity
to separate liquid from gas in their stomachs.

Science Experiment: Lava Lamp
You will need:
1. Empty two liter pet bottle.
2. Vegetable oil.
3. Fizzing tablets (like Alka Seltzer).
4. Food color and glitters.
5. Flash light.
What to do?
1. Clean-up the bottle.
2. Pour half liters of water in bottle.
3. Fill the bottle full with vegetable oil and wait
till oil and water gets separated.
4. Add 10 drops of food coloring and glitters in
the bottle.
5. Break a Alka seltzer tablet in half and drop
one by one inside the bottle.
How does it work?
According as the steps above when we pour oil
in water, they do not mix but get separated. Oil
stays above the water because it is less dense than
water. When we add food coloring, drops will pass
through the oil and then mix with the water below.
While dropping the tablet piece, it sinks to the
bottom and start dissolving and creating gas. As
the gas bubbles rise to top with some, they take
some colored water with them. When gas bubbles
reaches the top, gas escapes and colored water
comes down. To store the colored gas in bottle, put
the cap on.
To keep the effect going on, keep adding tablet
piece. For true lava lamp effect, light a flash light
through the bottom of bottle.
Reference: www.sciencebob.com
By Bir Bikram Sah

Quotes Do You Know?
• Intelligence is the ability to adapt to change.
-Stephen Hawking
• It is strange that only extraordinary men make
the discoveries, which later appear so easy
and simple.
– Georg C. Lichtenberg
• The saddest aspect of life right now is that
science gathers knowledge faster than society
gathers wisdom.
– Isaac Asimov
• A man who dares to waste one hour of time
has not discovered the value of life.
– Charles Darwin
• The study of mathematics, like the Nile, begins
in minuteness but ends in magnificence.
– Charles Caleb Colton
• Life is a math equation. In order to gain
the most, you have to know how to convert
negatives into positives.
– Anonymous
• Every aspect of the world today – even politics
and international relations – is affected by
chemistry.
– LINUS PAULING
• Chemistry is necessarily an experimental
science: its conclusions are drawn from data,
and its principles supported by evidence from
facts.
– MICHAEL FARADAY
• Just because something doesn’t do what you
planned it to do doesn’t mean it’s useless.
– Thomas Edison
 Light would take 13 seconds to travel around
the Earth.
 If you drilled a tunnel straight through the
Earth and jumped in, it would take you exactly
42 minutes and 12 seconds to get to the other
side.
 A medium-sized cumulus cloud weighs about
the same as 80 elephants.
 A single bolt of lightning contains enough
energy to cook 100,000 pieces of toast.
 There are 8 times as many atoms in a
teaspoonful of water as there are teaspoonfuls
of water in the Atlantic Ocean.
 If the Sun were the size of a beach ball then
Jupiter would be the size of a golf ball and
the Earth would be as small as a pea.
 If you could drive your car straight up you
would arrive in space in just over an hour.
 The human brain takes in 11 million bits of
information every second but is aware of only
40.
 More germs are transferred shaking hands
than kissing.
 A red blood cell can make a complete circuit
of your body in 20 seconds.
 One in ten European babies is conceived in an
IKEA bed. (Not much science in this one, but
funny enough to know.
 Males produce one thousand sperm cells each
second – 86 million each day.
 One in every 2000 babies is born with a
tooth.
 Girls have more taste buds than boys.
 Gorillas and potatoes have two more
chromosomes than humans do.
 A pig’s orgasm lasts for 30 minutes.
 Koalas sleep an average of 22 hours a day,
two hours more than the sloth.

Khalti won the Google Business Group storytelling contest, 2017
Monster planet discovered with size of Jupiter
News
Astartup Khalti.com from Nepal has won
prestigious and international storytelling
contest which was held in Singapore by Google
Business Group (GBG) along with other three
companies which are Cafe Yagam and Virtualahan
of Philipines, Riliv of Indonesia . Not only being
the winner, Khalti has also won People's choice
Award. Three startups from Nepal were selected
among the nine finalists. Khalti along with other
three winners will get opportunity to travel to GBG
An exoplanet has been discovered by the research
team led by University of Warwick in collaboration
with University of Leicester, University of
Cambridge, Queen's University Belfast, Geneva
Observatory, DLR Berlin and University of Chile.
This planet which is named as NGTS-1b was
spotted by help of a wide field observing facility
Fig : An artist's impression of monster planet
and its parent star
headquarters in Mountain View, California for
Google I/O in 2018 and interact with innovators,
tech thinkers and enterprise leaders. Also their
story will be shown in a video. Yellow Nepal, which
is also a nepali startup, had won this contest in
2014.
Khalti is a digital wallet and payment gateway
which is one stop payment solution for recharging
mobiles, airlines ticketing, movie ticketing, fund
transfer, DTH and ISP bills payment. Fund transfer
includes bank to wallet and vice verssa and
wallet to wallet transfer. It was first launched in
CAN infotech and has been successfully winning
people's hearts. To use the services, we need to
sign up for khalti and load money into our wallet
through e-banking or from friend's wallet. And then
there we go for all the services.
consisting of a collection of telescopes called Next-
Generation Transit Survey. The surprising fact is the
planet of size of Jupiter and mass less than 20%
of it revolves around a star of size half of that
sun. Not only this, another amazing fact is that it
revolves around its star in every two and half day
that means a year in NGTS-1b is equal to around
2.6 earth days. Observed from observatory at
Northern Chile, NGTS-1b revolves around a red
dwarf star which was seen faint. According to Dr.
Daniel Bayliss, the lead author of the research, "The
discovery of NGTS-1b was a complete surprise
to us – such massive planets were not thought to
exist around such small stars." He also said, "Our
challenge is to now find out how common these
types of planets are in the Galaxy.” This has led to
question mark on the theory we follow on formation
of a planet and has opened a new gateway of the
dire need of exploring the Universe more out of
our Solar System.
Retrieved from : www.warwick.ac.uk
By Radhika Bhandari

Internatinal Space Station (ISS) is a habitable artificial satellite in the low earth orbit. Image: nasa.gov
Star trails Image: Jason Idzerda

Science Quiz
Let's test our knowledge on Science. After attempting the questions below, check answers in
page 42.
1. What is the term given to the perimeter around a circle?
2. What is 70.3 divided by 10?
3. What is two thirds of 270?
4. How many straight edges does a cube have?
5. What is the common name for the third and final set of molars that most people develop?
6. If the number 2 = E and 1 = A, can you fill in the missing letters to reveal the name of a famous
ancient leader: 1*2*1** 2* **2 **21*
7. Paul needs 13 bottles of lemonade from the shop but he can only carry 3 bottles at a time. How
many trips to the shop will Paul need to make?
8. In humans, what is the only internal organ capable of regenerating lost tissue?
9. We have two identical balls in terms of diameter and weight. However, one of them is solid and the
other is hollow.Without knocking the ball, can you find the solid ball?
10. Replace the ? by the correct Mathematics symbol to make the expression true18 ? 12 ? 4 ? 5 = 59
11. I know a three positive numbers that will results the same when multiplied together or added together
Note : they are not fractional number.
12. Jimmy Bullard and his friend went for fishing. They got six fishes without heads, nine fishes without
the tail and eight fishes cut in two halves. How many fishes did they caught ?
13. The average age of 10 members of a committee is the same as it was 4 years ago, because an old
member has been replaced by a young member. Find how much younger is the new member ?
14. I am a son of a chemist and a mathematician. People called me Iron59. What's my name?
15. Can you solve the maths puzzle by replacing
the question mark with the correct number ?
Scientific Mind Magazine requests the science enthusiasts to send their articles
related to science and mathematics. Best articles will be published in the coming
issues. Articles can be send at
articles.scimind@gmail.com
Call For Articles

Turnip
What Is A Turnip?
Turnips are starchy vegetables belonging to the
Brassicaceae family which also includes cabbage,
kale, brussels sprouts etc. Though we usually refer
to the bulbous roots as turnips, their sprouts and
leaves are also edible and highly nutritious, and
are used in European, Asian and Eastern American
cuisines.
Are turnips good for you?
Well, the leafy green vegetables that come from
the tops of turnip bulbs are known as turnip greens.
These can be added to salads or sautéed and
served as a side dish.
Though the root is most
widely used, its top fresh
greens are much more
nutritious, being several
times richer in vitamins,
minerals and antioxidants.
All in all, turnips can be a
perfect replacement for
potatoes as it contains only
1/3 calories in comparison
to those in potatoes.
Health Benefits of Turnips
Like most other vegetables,
turnips are low in calories
and hence, quite nutritious.
There are variety of turnip health benefits, check
out what are they.
1. Cancer Prevention
These cruciferous vegetables contain high levels
of antioxidants and phytochemicals, which reduce
the risk of cancer. Presence of glucosinolates
prevents as well as reduces the effect of cancer.
These are natural plant chemicals that break into
two compounds while digesting i.e. indoles and
isothiocyanates. They help the liver process toxins,
fight the effects of carcinogens and can inhibit the
growth of tumor cells. Inclusion of this vegetable in
your daily diet can reduce the risk of breast cancer
as well as colon and rectal tumors.
2. Cardiovascular Health
Turnips possess great anti-inflammatory properties
due to the presence of large amount of vitamin
K. These help in preventing heart attacks, heart
strokes and other heart ailments. Turnip greens
aid in digestion by absorbing more amount of bile
which uses up the cholesterol present in the body.
This results in the reduction of cholesterol. Turnips
are also excellent sources of folate, which further
helps to boost up the cardiovascular system.
3. Helps in Digestion
The high fiber content in turnip greens supports
the body’s digestive system.
Researchhasproved that
glucosinolates may also help
the stomach process bacteria
like Helicobacter pylori .
4. Beneficial for Weight Loss
Turnips are low in calories and
hence, can form part of an
effective weight loss program.
Their high fiber content on
the other hand regulates
metabolism, controls body
weight and supports a healthy
and active colon.
9. Cures Asthma
The anti-inflammatory properties of turnips can be
attributed to their high content of vitamin C which
is a powerful antioxidant. These properties are
effective in curing asthma and curbing the symptoms
of asthma. Studies have proved that giving turnips
to asthmatic patients can lessen wheezing.
10. Strengthens the Immune System
Turnip root plays an important role in the proper
functioning of the body’s immune system. The
beta-carotene content in turnips helps the body in
producing healthy membranes.
Turnip is also beneficial for eyes, lungs, bones etc.
Source: http://www.stylecraze.com/articles/
benefits-of-turnips-for-skin-hair-and-health/
Image: everwilde.com

Cover Story
Winners of Nobel Prize 2017
By Nischal Shrestha
The Nobel prize ceremony in Stockholm, Sweden. Image: nbcnews.com
Nobel Prize is undoubtedly the most prestigious
award in the world. The award named after
inventor Alfred Nobel was started in the year
1901. Like in previous years, this year too, Nobel
Prize was awarded to the greatest achievements
benefitting the humankind. In the month of October,
the recipients of the Nobel Prize in six disciplines
were announced. The winner receives a medal,
diploma and about one million US dollars (approx.
10 crores Nepalese Rupees).
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017 is given
to Jacques Dubochet (University of Lausanne,
Switzerland), Joachim Frank (Columbia University,
New York) and Richard Henderson (MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, U.K.)
for discovering better ways to see the molecules at
the atomic level.
The Nobel Committee awarded the prize to trio,
"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for
the high-resolution structure determination of
biomolecules in solution". The discovery will help to
visualize the cells more clearly.
Scientists used cryo-electron imaging to determine
the shape of the Zika virus. Zika virus is assumed to
cause large number of birth defects and through
the determination of its shape, research for the
treatment will be lot more easier. It is believed that
this discovery will revolutionize chemistry and take
it to another level.
Regarding the inability of winning Nobel Prize
by Nepal, Prof. Rameshwar Adhikari, executive
director of Research Centre for Applied Science
and Technology (RECAST), Tribhuvan University
said, “Till date we did not win Nobel Prize because

One of the Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, Richard
Henderson at work. Image: nobelprize.org
Artwork of two coalescing black holes spinning in a
non-aligned fashion. Image: bbc.com
we did not identify precisely our potential and
did not seriously put efforts on discoveries on
that ground. Our efforts are too insufficient and
superficial – on part of persons, institutions as well
as the government.” He further went on to say,
“Scientists, institutions and government should put
serious efforts on new discoveries and innovations
based on our inherent potentials so that we will
be one day able to win Nobel Prize. ‘Nobel Prize
for Nepal’ should be our national agenda towards
National Pride.”
This year, the discovery of Gravitational Waves
was given the Nobel Prize in Physics. The prize
will be shared by Rainer Weiss (Massachusetts
Institute of Technology) and Kip Thorne and Barry
Barish (California Institute of Technology) for
“decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and
the observation of gravitational waves.”
Gravitational Waves detection announcement was
done a year earlier in 2016. It is widely expected
in the scientific fraternity that this discovery will
play fundamental role to know more about the
universe. Gravitational waves are the ripples in the
space-time created due to the merging of large
bodies like black holes in space. Scientists do not
know about the early universe, what happened
during the big bang. The discovery will shed light
on this mystery in the days to come. Weiss and
Thorne are pioneers of the LIGO project, while
Barish took the lead in completing it. On Sept. 14,
2015, Gravitational Waves from the black hole
collision 1.3 billion years ago were detected by
twin Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave
Observatory (LIGO) detectors in Louisiana and
Washington state, USA. Weiss and Thorne are
pioneers of the LIGO project, while for completion,
Barish took the lead.
In the context of Nobel Prize, Prof. Balasubramanian
Ananthanarayan of Indian Institute of Science
(IISc), one of the top research universities of the
world said, “Nobel prize is not the only way of
evaluating scientific contribution. It is awarded
for specific landmark contribution. Also West is
centuries ahead and invests enormous amount
of money. Thus the odds are stacked against
developing countries. South Asian people working
in the West do win. That actually proves my point.
It is also important to think beyond Nobel prize.”
2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was
given to Jeffrey C. Hall (University of Maine),
Michael Rosbash (Brandeis University), and Michael
W. Young (Rockefeller University) for the discovery
of biological clocks.
Biological clocks anticipate various activities
throughout the day like wakingup, sleeping,
eating etc. by regulating things like hormone
levels, temperature and other things. They were
acknowledged for their discovery of the 24-
hour body clock which is a microscopic biological
machinery controlling the circadian rhythm.

They were able to peek inside our biological clock
and elucidate its inner workings,” the Nobel Prize
Committee press release reads. “Their discoveries
explain how plants, animals, and humans adapt
their biological rhythm so that it is synchronized
with the Earth's revolutions.”
Dr. Young was stunned by the announcement. He
explained about the moment he heard about the
announcement, “I really had some trouble getting
my shoes on that morning,” he said. “I’d go and
pick up my shoes and then I’d realize I need socks,
and then I’d realize I need to put my pants on first.”
Adding his views on Nobel Prize and Nepal,
Prof. Adhikari further said, “This is the age of
knowledge – economy and prosperity depend on
knowledge today. We should put all our efforts to
make our country a land of innovations and new
discoveries, of course, on the basis of our potentials
and resources. We have brilliant young scientists
whom we should strive to promote and encourage
to make Nepal their ‘Centre of Living’. They will
bag Nobel Prize for Nepal. This will mean us a
lot – our country will be identified as a land of
discoveries and innovations besides being a country
of diversities, natural beauty, and with enthusiastic,
optimistic, cheerful as well as hardworking folks.”
The 2017 Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded
to Richard H. Thaler "for his contributions to
behavioural economics". The Nobel Prize in
Literature 2017 was awarded to Kazuo Ishiguro
"who, in novels of great emotional force, has
uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of
connection with the world. The Nobel Peace Prize
2017 was awarded to International Campaign to
Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) "for its work to
draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian
consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and
for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-
based prohibition of such weapons".
Source: nobelprize.org, nytimes.com, theguardian.
com
Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young, recipients of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine, were shown at the award announcement in Stockholm

Hand Washing
Hand washing, also known as hand hygiene is
act of cleansing hands off any contamination
including microorganisms. It is a very simple,
inexpensive and effective; yet much overlooked
method of disinfection. We wash our hands multiple
times a day. But then, we just do it for namesake.
There’s a proper way of hand washing which
when employed achieves high level of disinfection.
Keeping hands clean through improved hand
hygiene is one of the most important steps we
can take to avoid getting sick and spreading
germs to others. Many diseases especially those
transmitted through feco-oral route like typhoid,
cholera, intestinal amoebiasisand conditions like
diarrhea, dysentery are spread by not washing
hands with soap and clean, running water.
Superficial infections of skin like impetigo that
can be contagious through secretions, respiratory
infections that can be contagious through droplets
like influenza can also spread through unclean
hands. This is especially important for people who
handle food or work in the medical field so as to
prevent mass dissemination of pathogen, but it is
also an important practice for the general public to
keep themselves,the family and community healthy.
It is estimated that about every 1 in 3 infant suffer
from diarrheal disease. Around 1.8 million children
under the age of 5 year die around the world
every year due to acute respiratory tract infection
and another 3.5 million under 5 children deaths has
been attributed to diarrheal diseases. A simple act
of proper hand washing can reduce this mortality
by almost 50%.
When to wash hands?
Hand washing can be performed whenever
considered appropriate and is of critical
importance:
- Before, during, and after preparing food,
handling raw meat, fish or poultry,
- Before eating food,
- Before and after caring for someone who is
sick,
Dr. Anand Deo
MBBS, Kathmandu University
- Before and after treating a cut or wound,
- After using the toilet,
- After changing diapers or cleaning up a child
who has used the toilet,
- After blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing,
- After touching an animal, animal feed, or
animal waste,
- After handling pet food or pet treats,
- After touching garbage.
The World Health Organization has "Five
Moments" for washing hands for medical
personnel:
- Before patient care,
- After environmental contact,
- After exposure to blood/body fluids,
- Before an aseptic task, and
- After patient care.
How to wash hands?
- Wet your hands with clean, running water
(warm or cold), turn off the tap, and apply
soap.
- Lather your hands by rubbing them together

with the soap. Be sure to lather the backs of
your hands, between your fingers, and under
your nails (steps 1-7).
- Scrub your hands for at least 20 seconds.
Need a timer? Hum the “Happy Birthday”
song from beginning to end twice.
- Rinse your hands well under clean, running
water.
- Dry your hands using a clean towel or air dry
them.
Running water is preferred as hands could become
re-contaminated if placed in a basin of standing
water that has been contaminated through
previous use. However, washing with non-potable
water when necessary may still improve health. Not
much difference has been observed in the level of
decontamination obtained from using hot water
or cold water. So cold water is the convention as
hot water is less environment-friendly and can also
cause skin irritation. Also there is not much data
to show significant transfer of pathogen while
closing the tap after done cleaning hands. So, one
can close the faucet himself to save the water. But
this is not advised for the medical personnel who
have to maintain strict asepsis as in conditions while
performing surgery. Someone else has to close it
off for him.
Using soap and water lowers the surface tension
which lifts the dirt and microbes off the skin
surface and scrubbing takes care of the organisms
present on the skin surface. Washing off the lather
with running water removes these lifted dirt and
microbes from the hand. Hands should be dried
after washing as germs can be transferred more
easily to and from wet hands. Alternative to soap
and water are alcohol based sanitizers that contain
at least 60% alcohol. When using hand sanitizer,
apply the product to the palm of one hand and rub
the product all over the surfaces of your hands until
your hands are dry. Hand sanitizers may not be as
effective when hands are visibly dirty or greasy.
These might not remove harmful chemicals, like
pesticides and heavy metals, from hands. Quite
uncommonly one can suffer from alcohol poisoning
from accidental ingestion of sanitizers, especially
children. Another detrimental effect of too much
hand washing is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
(OCD) in which person has obsession of personal
cleanliness and has a compulsive behavior of
repeated hand washing.
To emphasize on the importance of hand washing,
WHO and the world celebrates hand washing day
on October 15. The slogan for year 2017 was
‘Our Hands Our Future’. Rightly so, the health and
future of you is in your hands. Keep it clean!
Sources:
WHO, CDC
The state of world’s children, child survival, UNICEF
"Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea
risk in the community: a systematic review". The
Lancet Infectious Diseases (May 2003)

Parasites are the integral part of the human body,
playing essential role but are we serious about the
parasites that run forming a chain from our pets
to human illness. There are several opportunistic
parasites that find their way from dogs to
human. Most common of them are Ancylostoma
spp., Toxocara spp., Taenia spp., Dipylidiumspp.,
Trichuris spp. and Diphyllobothrium spp..The most
common zoonotic diseases of the developing
countries are cutaneous and visceral larva migrans,
hydatidosis, and taeniasis (Akao & Ohta, 2007)
and giardiosis, cryptosporidiosis and echinococcosis
(Kaewthamasorn et al, 2006).
The contamination of urban public spaces with
parasitic dog faeces constitutes a public health
problem mainly in children, which is most likely
due to the close contact that children have with soil
in public parks due to their land-grabbing habit
(Ribeiro, Dracz, Mozzer & Lima, 2013; Soriano et
al., 2010). Dogs have been implicated in playing
a significant role in the contaminating soils around
poor peri-urban and urban environments(Avcioglu&
Balkaya,2011; Maśnik, 2000). Most parasites
affect the dogs subclinically and dogs may harbor
Parasites, bridge to human:
Integrated Health Approach
Dr. Birendra Shrestha
Dr. Kush Kumar Yadav
Tribhuvan University
a wide range of parasites with zoonotic potential,
thus causing a health risk to humans (Craig &
Macpherson, 2000).
Dogs are the most popular pet and famous among
kids. The more we indulge with the dogchances
of transmission are higher. Unknowingly, we do
welcome a lot of parasites by not maintaining
sanitation measures. Vaccination is not only the
way to protect themselves and dogs from diseases.
Deworming in regular interval is also the important
required preventive measure. Virus, Bacteria are
not only known for zoonotic pathogens. Paraistes
too plays major role in zoonotic disease transmission
resulting in fatal cases.
In a research conducted at Rupandehi district on
400 dogs, we found Ancylostomaspp. (46.81%),
Toxocaraspp (37.87%), Taenia spp. (9.36%),
Dipylidium spp. (22.98%) ,Trichuris spp. (5.73%)
and Diphyllobothrium spp. (2.98%) to be the
prominent parasites in the area. The study revealed
the occurrence of single helminth parasitic infection
more common (78.72%) than concurrent mixed
infection (21.28%) among positive samples. There
was higher prevalence of gastrointestinal zoonotic
helminth in non-dewormed pet dogs (61.41%) than
in dewormed pet dogs (36.81%).
Research data clearly explains the threat of
disease transmission that could lead to major
economic and health disturbances to human.
Deworming on regular basis and screening can
be the best preventive ways. Havng pets and
raising them properly following vaccination and
deworming schedule can lead to long life of dogs
and ultimately a happy company to human.Image: Getty Images

ELECTRONIC FIBERS AND THEIR
POTENTIALS
Many technological advantages have already
been extracted by mankind for daily life
utilities based on the electronic properties of
conductors and semi-conductors. This endeavor,
however, was restricted to a great extent until
the plastics were developed as bad conductors
of electricity. But with the invention of conducting
plastics changed the whole scenario of electronics
materials making inroads into human daily life
domain with exotic applications. In 1977, Alan J.
Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa
reported high conductivity in oxidized iodine-
doped polyacetylene. For this research, they were
awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for
"the discovery and development of conductive
polymers”. Polyacetylene itself however did not
find practical applications, but drew the attention
of scientists and encouraged the rapid growth of
the field.
Fibretronics
Efforts are always directed to innovate electronic
devices with better functionality, energy efficiency
and flexibility from earth-abundant materials using
eco-friendlyprocesses.Plasticororganicelectronics,
which is made from organic carbon-based
semiconductors, is one such group of technologies
that can potentially provide flexible, light-weight,
large-area and additively-manufactured devices,
which are attractive for some types of applications.
Just as in classical electronics, the construction of
electronic capabilities on textile fibers requires the
use of conducting and semi-conducting materials
such as a conductive textile. There are a number of
commercial fibers today that include metallic fibers
mixed with textile fibers to form conducting fibers
that can be woven or sewn. As both metals and
classical semiconductors are stiff material, they are
not very suitable for textile fiber applications, since
fibers are subjected to much stretch and bending
Image: https://arstechnica.com
Dr. S. S. Verma
Department of Physics, S.L.I.E.T.
Punjab, India
during use. A new class of electronic materials
that are more suitable for e-textiles is the class
of organic electronics materials, because they
can be conducting, as well as semiconducting, and
designed as inks and plastics. Future applications
for e-textiles may be developed for sports and
well-being products, and medical devices for
patient monitoring. Technical textiles, fashion and
entertainment will also be significant applications.
Electronic textiles
Experts in the field of electronics and fibers
always desired to bring both the areas together
in order to create smart textiles for clothing that
can sense their environment, store, transmit and
process information as well as harvest and store
the energy necessary to do all this. However,
creating truly smart textiles is easier said than
done as one problem is that clothing generally
has to be soft and flexible, something that chips,
wires and sensors usually are not. A second
problem is that most clothing is made from woven
materials which must be made from soft flexible
strands. Some progress has been made with
certain conducting polymers drawn into fibres and
woven into a material to form a kind of wearable

motherboard. It is then possible to fasten electronic
components such as chips, sensors and batteries
to this motherboard. Smart fabrics (combining
fabrics and electronics) are being developed with
new technologies and functionalities that provided
added value to the wearer. What makes smart
fabrics more revolutionary is their ability to do
many things that traditional fabrics cannot do
including communicate, performance enhancement,
conduct energy, purify water using nothing but the
sun as an energy source, clothes that can take an
ECG or become cool at extreme temperatures and
even grow. Performance enhancing smart textiles
is intended to be used in atheletics and military
applications. These include fabrics designed to
regulate body temperature, reduce wind resistance,
and control muscle vibration – all of which may
improve athletic performance. Other fabrics have
been developed for protective clothing, to guard
against extreme environmental hazards, such as
radiation and the effects of space travel. The health
and beauty industry is also taking advantage of
these innovations, which range from drug-releasing
medical textiles, to fabric with moisturizer, perfume,
and anti-aging properties. Many smart clothing,
wearable technology, and wearable computing
projects involve the use of e-textiles.
Power from fabrics
Scientists have already developed a flexible fabric
that makes electricity from heat or movement of
body. In order to get really good thermoelectrics,
we use exotic materials that can move lots and
lots of electrons very, very fast, but that don't
allow the transfer of heat. They're very expensive
and they're very exotic. They work very well, but
they're just not very useful in the sense that we
can't apply them in many of the places where heat
sources exist. The electric fiber material is light
weight, feels like wool felt, and can be wrapped
around surfaces or even sewn into clothing. While
fabric cannot create power but can essentially
pull electricity out of vibrations, from heat and
movement. The fabric will turn heat from- our body,
the sun, anywhere- into usable electricity e.g.,
letting a bouncing smartphone on a car seat during
a long drive could be able to charge itself. So
could a shirt flapping in the wind. Nanowires that
convert motion into current could lead to textiles
that can generate power. Researchers have taken
an important step toward creating fabrics that
could generate power from the wearer’s walking,
breathing, and heartbeats.
Future scope
The use of organic polymers for electronic functions
is mainly motivated by the low-end applications,
where low cost rather than advanced performance
is a driving force. Materials and processing
methods must allow for cheap production. Printing
of electronics using inkjets or classical printing
methods has considerable potential to deliver
this. Another technology that has been around for
millennia is weaving using fibres. Integration of
electronic functions within fabrics, with production
methods fully compatible with textiles, is therefore
of current interest, to enhance performance and
extend functions of textiles. Researchers worked
on optimizing the working of overall textile
towards producing the energy by studying the
effect of individual parameters like turboelectric
component and stress. To extract maximum energy
conversion from textiles movement (through body),
researchers have studied the role of triboelectric
component from the wave patterns and found that
plain-weave provided the highest electrical output.
Moreover, due to the breathability, flexibility, and
robustness of the textile, it is a prime candidate for
wearable electronics.
References
1. Tushar Ghosh and Anuj Dhawan, Electronic
textiles and their potential, Indian Journal of
Fiber & Textile Research, vol. 31, pp. 170-
176, 2006.
2. Jian Feng Gu, Stephan Gorgutsa, and Maksim
Skorobogatiy, Soft capacitor fibers for
electronic textiles, Applied Physics Letters, vol.
97, pp. 133305-1-3, 2010.
3. Md. Syduzzaman, Sarif Ullah Patwary, Kaniz
Farhana and Sharif Ahmed, Smart Textiles and
Nano-Technology: A General Overview, J
Textile Sci Eng, vol. 5 (1), 1000181, pp.1-7,
2015.

The history of successful
interplanetary space mission
is begun by United State in
December 1962 after sending
the Mariner 2 to the planet
Venus which collected the data
from around 35,000 km of the
Venus. In a last few decades, due
to advancement in technology,
robotic spacecraft is being used
in the space exploration. The first
robotic spacecraft is sent under
joint venture by the NASA, Indian
Space Research Organization,
Soviet Union, European
Space Agency and the Japan
Aerospace Exploration Agency
which has produced number of
discoveries and revolutionized
our view about Solar system. In
1977, the Voyager mission was
launched which was one of the
fruitful missions as it provided
many examples of the process
of discovery. Voyager revealed
that the moon of the Jupiter
named Io was volcanically
active and confirmed the
theories of tidal heating, and
another moon, Europa is nearly
crater-free icy surface which
suggests recent resurfacing and
the possibility of liquid water.
Voyager also noticed about the
Saturn’s largest moon Titan that
it’s atmosphere is thick and rich
in hydrocarbons, and another
moon, Enceladus (the sixth-
largest moon of Saturn) to have
amazingly geologically young
surface. Until now, much more
information has been obtained
about major planets of the solar
system but a little has been
known about a trans-Neptune
region, the Kuiper belt and Oort
cloud. The Kuiper belt is a disc-
shaped region of icy bodies
which includes dwarf planets
such as Pluto and comets beyond
the orbit of Neptune, extending
from the orbit of Neptune (at ~
30 AU) to approximately 50 AU
from the Sun. The astronomical
unit (symbol A.U.) is the unit of
distance in space science andit is
approximately 150 million km.
This belt is similar to the asteroid
belt, but is far larger ~ 20 times
as wide and 20 to 200 times as
massive. Beyond this Kuiper belt,
there is another belt called Oort
cloud. This article comprises an
overview on the Kuiper belt and
Oort cloud.
A sednoid is a trans-Neptunian
object with a perihelion greater
than 50 AU and a semi-major
axis greater than 150 AU.[1]
Only two objects are known from
this population, 90377 Sedna
and 2012 VP113, both of which
have perihelia greater than 75
AU, [2] but it is suspected that
there are many more. These
objects lie outside an apparently
nearly empty gap in the Solar
System starting at about 50
AU, and have no significant
interaction with the planets.
They are usually grouped with
the detached objects. Some
astronomers, such as Scott
Sheppard,[2] considered the
sednoids to be inner Oort cloud
objects (OCOs), though the
inner Oort cloud (or Hills cloud)
was originally predicted to lie
beyond 2,000 AU, several times
as far as the aphelia of the two
known sednoids.
Kuiper Belt
Kuiper belt (pronounced Kai-
per) is disc-shaped very cold
zone of the solar system which
extends from 30 to 100 A.U. and
is never inside orbits of jovian
planets. It contains materials
totalling less than a tenth the
mass of the Earth. Based on
different models developed,
scientists conclude that the entire
Kuiper belt formed closer to
the Sun and was transported
outward during the final stages
of planet formation.
The Kuiper Belt consists of Icy
rocks, and it a major source of
short-period Comets in the Solar
system. Extending beyond
the planet Neptune, Pluto was
discovered to be one of the
largest objects in the belt which
is now in the family of dwarf
planet. The Kuiper Belt is one
of the two main reservoirs of
comets in the Solar System along
with the Oort cloud. Jupiter-
Family comets are believed to
have formed here and to have
migrated inwards only later, to
their current orbits with aphelia
near the orbits of Jupiter and
the other giant planets. Mass
of all comets probablyare
comparable to the mass of
terrestrial planets. The schematic
diagrams of inner solar system,
Far Solar System: An Overview
Dr. Vinaya Kumar Jha

outer solar system and Oort
cloud have been shown in figure
above.
Oort Cloud
The mysterious Oort cloud is a
collection of Comets which is
thought to extend far beyond
the planets of the Solar
System. It is better called
‘Cloud’ as the Oort comets are
distributed spherically about
the Sun, possibly extending
as far as half way to the next
star. The orbits of OCOs are
not regular or planar like the
Asteroid and Kuiper belts, and
supposed that they are often
perturbed through gravitational
interactions during their long
journeys on highly eccentric
orbits. The belts and the Oort
cloud show just how many rocks
there are in the Solar System.
The Planets certainly may be
the largest objects, but they are
certainly not alone. This region is
filled with billions of comets.
Already mentioned above, one
of the major sources of comets
are the Oort cloud along with
the Kuiper belt. The gravity of
Jupiter, a Gas Giant planet
affects objects in the Kuiper Belt
and Oort cloud, sending them
into our Solar System towards
the Sun. In Figure above, the
right panel shows the Oort
cloud, the other main reservoir
of comets located well beyond
the outer Solar System. They
have highly eccentric orbits and
periods of around 200 years
or more. Comets from the Oort
cloud are believed to have
originated in the vicinity of the
giant planets and to have been
ejected later, via gravitational
interactions, to their current
orbits. The Oort cloud is thought
to have a roughly spherical
distribution.
Although Nemesis is assumed
to be the most distant object
in the solar system, probably
the most amazing hypothetical
trans-Neptunian object. This is
a predicted companion star to
the Sun, with an elliptical orbit
between 20,000 and 90,000
AU from the Sun and a period
of 30 million years. The IRAS
satellite surveyed the entire
sky at and could not find any
evidence about the existence of
Nemesis
In November 2015, space
scientists found the icy body
named V774101which is
supposed to be the farthest
body in the solar system. This
claim is based on its reflectivity.
[3,4] This icy body is supposed
to be 500 to 1,000 km in
diameter which is roughly half
the size of Pluto. It is around 10
billion miles from Earth, or three
times farther away than Pluto.
References
1. Sheppard, Scott S. "Known
Extreme Outer Solar System
Objects". Department of
Terrestrial Magnetism,
Carnegie Institution for
Science, April 17, 2014.
2. Chadwick A. Trujilloand Scott
S. Sheppard.“ ASedna- like
body with a perihelion of 80
astronomical units”, Nature
507, 471- 474, March 14,
2014.
3. Kelly Beautty. “ V774104:
Solar System’s Most Distant
Object”, SKY & TELESCOPE,
November 15, 2015.
4. Deborah Byrd. “New most
distant object in solar
system”, Science wire/Space,
December 1, 2015.
Image: Schematic diagram of inner solar system (left), planets and Kuiper belt (middle) and Oort cloud
(right). Source (sci.esa.int)

Indigenous Technology and Knowledge in Nepal
Indigenous refers to those practices which
is more of local origin that includes skills,
experiences and knowledge of people to sustain
their livelihood. Indigenous knowledge is and
has been developed and adapted continuously
for centuries and is still evolving. Indigenous
knowledge and technology (ITK) is passed down
from generation to generation interwoven with
people’s cultural values so, it has played a vital
role on shaping people’s life and their existence.
It is very important to understand ITK when it comes
to natural resource management. This is because
we need to consider people’s values and beliefs
for effective and efficient nature conservation. In
Nepal, we have been practicing such techniques
for years. Some of the examples are slicing the
walls of terrace risers, allowing flood water into
fields, application of farm yard manure, crop
rotations, mulching, use of forest soils and black
soil, fallowing, ashing to prevents pests and insects
Fig: Terrace farming in Chitlang
Susmina Gajurel
M.Sc. Environment and Natural Resources,
Kathmandu University
and provide organic matter to enrich soil fertility.
Rainwater harvesting, agroforestry, fire in range
land during dry period to provide organic matter
so that there will be re-growth of new sprouts and
eradication of insects and pests are few more
practices of ITK.
ITKplaysasignificantroleinpeople’slifesowehave
to acknowledge local knowledge and enable and
empower them to adapt and respond to changes
that are occurring in an unprecedented way due to
climate change. There exists a loophole in proper
understanding and transfer of such knowledge.
This entails that a serious attention is required
in an assessment and development of local and
indigenous knowledge because it is interlinked
with people, culture and their social structure. If
we could explore more into it we can promote
sustainable and efficient resource mobilization.
Heisenberg and Schrodinger are driving in
a car. A cop pulls them over. Heisenberg is
driving, and the cop asks, “Do you know how
fast you were going?”
“No, but I know exactly where I am,” replied
Heisenberg.
The cop says, “You were going at 60 in a
40-speed limit.”
Heisenberg throws up his hands in air and
shouts, “Great! Now, I’m lost.”
The cop thinks this is suspicious and asks him
to open up the trunk of the car. He checks it
out and says, “Do you know there’s a dead cat
back there?”
“We do now, idiot!” shouts Schrodinger.
JOKE

Space Observation: Solar System
There is no visual trace back to the formation of
planets. This is historical science and we may never
know what had actually happened; however, we
do have evidences that has survived from near the
zero-time. We can discern the properties of the
solar system in an attempt to find how it formed
and how it got the way it is today. In this attempt,
we look at the broad scope, depicting the patterns
within the solar system and drawing out the reasons
for such patterns and reasoning the anomalies.
The first observation we get from the planets and
the sun in the solar system is their movements. The
planets revolve around the sun in the direction in
which the sun itself rotates, and most of the planets
also revolve around the sun in the same direction.
Another common feature in the system is that the
four inner planets are small in size and mostly
rocky, while the outer planets are gaseous and
bulky. Beyond the sun and the eight planets are
the clusters of small interplanetary bodies and in
between the inner planets and outer planets lies
a ring of rocky bodies, all of which lie in a plane.
An exception to these patterns is the rotation of
Mars, which rotates in opposite direction to that of
the Sun. The Uranus has its axis tilted on its side,
an inclination of nearly 90 degrees. Let’s dive into
these broad concepts!
Inner Planets
The first four planets are the rocky and small sized
inner planets. Only the Earth harbours life and
while the other three appear similar, life sustenance
is quite impossible. This is because of the miniature
size of these three planets, which makes them hard
to hold atmosphere.
Earth and Venus are identical in size, mass and
interior structure, but since Venus is nearer from
the Sun, it gets more radiation which makes it
Madhu Lamichhane
B.E. Mechanical Engineering
difficult to harbour life. Another important factor
for sustenance of life and any of bio-feature is
volcanic worlds within the planet with magma
flow internally which makes exchange of energy
possible for carbon-based life. Mercury and the
Moon too to have tectonic activities, but their size
is the limit to hold atmosphere. Also, these small
planets have gases exceeding escape velocity.This
same thing had made Earth’s hydrogen and helium
escape the atmosphere long before. And later, O2
was formed by microbe metabolism.
Mars
The Red planet has always been the subject of
interest from Space Probes and Manned Missions. It
is the only planet that bears most similarities to the
Earth. The expectation of Mars had started from
a century ago. Parcival Lowell had constructed
two-meter telescope, the largest at the time, in
the desert of Arizona to study the Mars and much
information has been known since then.
Substaintially smaller than the Earth, Mars holds
only 1% of density of the air we breathe, which
is formed mostly of co2. Lying 50%further from
the sun than the Earth does, it receives one fourth
of radiation than the earth does. So it is a cold
place and liquid water, an important aspect of

life, doesn't form. It also has similar tilt like Earth's,
so although it lies far from the Sun, the seasonal
variations are similar.
After the telescopic view, the mission to the Mars
went further. In 1970s, Viking Landers was sent to
the Mars that collected many information, collecting
the rocks and studying their ages through carbon
dating. Phoenix Lander by University of Arizona
was another probe that went to North Pole region
of the planet. And currently, Curiosity Mission by
NASA is exploring it.
We know now that most of the surface is old and
eroded by crate, and not refurnished by volcanic
and tectonic activities like on the Earth. On the
Earth, surface ancient rocks are rarely found,
while most of the places on the Mars
are 3.5 billion years old.
However, this planet is not
completely boring as
its surface looks. The
telescope by Percivell
had suggested that
it contains mild
hydrological cycle.
Olympus Mon which is
the largest volcano in
the entire solar system
known so far also lies
here.
Jovian Planets
Four gaseous planets beyond the
asteroid belt are the large Jovian
planets. Each of these gas planets has its
magnetic field, multiple satellites and large ring
systems, but it's only Saturn whose ring systems
are prominent. Other three planets' rings were
discovered in 1970s and 1980s. Most of the
planets' atmospheres are made up of hydrogen
and helium, as these gases escaped the erosion
by the sun's radiation. The most bizarre thing is
the presence of hydrogen and helium in liquid and
even crystalline form. But, although these planets
are cold, deep in their atmosphere, it is hot with
high temperature and high pressure.
Jupiter is regarded as miniature version of the sun,
since it is mostly made up of hydrogen and helium
and is as large as three Earths. The visions from
the telescopes and the data sent by the space
missions suggest that it has enormous weather
system that last for centuries. Another heavenly
planet is Saturn on which Cassini Mission has been
exploring. Many interesting images have been sent
by the Mission. It has cluster of rings that revolve
around it in a plane, but sometimes strike with
each other. The Cassini Mission has recently sent
intriguing pictures of Europa, Saturn's moon,
where it appeared that the water
vapour was evaporating from
its surface. Other images
that show rivers and
dendritic channels are
also seen.
Solar system is the
first things that we
need to observe
if we are to know
more about the
Universe. Every
planets work in a
broad pattern and
they behave the way do
because of the impacts that
exists from the beginning. If we
have much information about it, then we can
look for other bodies in the space that work in the
similar pattern and that can sustain carbon based
life like our Earth does.
Reference
Planets – NASA Solar System Exploration http://
solarsystem.nasa.gov//
Space Exploration www.coursera.com/astro

ANTIBIOTIC: Misuse Proven to be Fatal
Asma Shrestha
B.Sc. MicrobiologyAntibiotics can be loosely defined as the variety
of substances derived from bacterial sources
(microorganisms) that control the growth of or kill
other bacteria. Antibiotic can be classified as follow:
https://explorable.com/history-of-antibiotics
Various types of antibiotics work in either of the
following two ways: Bactericidal and bacteriostatic
antibiotic
A Bactericidal antibiotic kills the bacteria
generally by either interfering with the formation
of the bacterium's cell wall or its cell contents
whereas a bacteriostatic antibiotic stops
bacteria from multiplying by interfering with
bacterial protein production, DNA replication, or
other aspects of bacterial cellular metabolism.
Penicillin, daptomycin, fluoroquinolones,
metronidazole, nitrofurantoin and co-trimoxazole
are some example of Bactericidal antibiotics.
Some bacteriostatic antibiotics is tetracyclines,
sulphonamides, spectinomycin, trimethoprim,
chloramphenicol, macrolides and lincosamides.
https://explorable.com/history-of-antibiotics
“Antibiotic misuse”, sometimes called “antibiotic
abuse” or “antibiotic overuse”, refers to the misuse
or overuse of antibiotics, with potentially serious
effects on health. It is a contributing factor to the
development of antibiotic resistance, including the
creation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria,
informally called "super bugs": relatively harmless
bacteria (such as Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and
Acinetobacter) can develop resistance to multiple
antibiotics and cause life-threatening infections.
Common situations in which antibiotics are overused
include the following:
Apparent viral respiratory illness in children should
not be treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics may
be used only when there is diagnosis of bacterial
infection.
When children with ear tubes get ear infections,
they should have antibiotic eardrops put into their
ears to go to the infection rather than having oral
antibiotics which are more likely to have unwanted
side effects and so is the case for swimmer’s ear.
Sinusitis should not be treated with antibiotics
because it is usually caused by a virus, and even
when it is caused by bacteria, antibiotics is not
indicated except in atypical circumstances as it
usually resolves without treatment.
Viral conjunctivitis should not be treated with
antibiotics. Antibiotics should only be used
with confirmation that a patient has bacterial
conjunctivitis.
Older persons often have bacteria in their urine
which is detected in routine urine tests, but unless
the person has the symptoms of a urinary tract
infection, antibiotics should not be used in response.
Eczema should not be treated with oral antibiotics.
Dry skin can be treated with lotions or other
symptom treatments.
Theuseof topicalantibioticstotreatsurgicalwounds
does not reduce infection rates in comparison
with non-antibiotic ointment or no ointment at all.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_misuse
Antibiotic resistance has been called one of the
Source: http://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/
society/the-malaise-antibiotic-overuse-1390387

world’s most pressing public health problems.
Antibiotic resistance can cause illnesses that were
once easily treatable with antibiotics to become
dangerous infections, prolonging suffering for
children and adults. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
can spread to family members, schoolmates, and
co-workers, and may threaten your community.
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are often more
difficult to kill and more expensive to treat. In some
cases, the antibiotic-resistant infections can lead to
serious disability or even death.
“Although some people think a person becomes
resistant to specific drugs, it is the bacteria, not
the person, that become resistant to the drugs.”
Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics through
several ways. Some bacteria can “neutralize” an
antibiotic by changing it in a way that makes it
harmless. Others have learned how to pump an
antibiotic back outside of the bacteria before
it can do any harm. Some bacteria can change
their outer structure so the antibiotic has no way to
attach to the bacteria it is designed to kill.
After being exposed to antibiotics, sometimes one
of the bacteria can survive because it found a
way to resist the antibiotic. If even one bacterium
becomes resistant to antibiotics, it can then multiply
and replace all the bacteria that were killed off.
That means that exposure to antibiotics provides
selective pressure making the surviving bacteria
more likely to be resistant. Bacteria can also
become resistant through mutation of their genetic
material.
https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/community/
about/antibiotic-resistance-faqs.html
Steps can be taken at all levels of society to reduce
the impact and limit the spread of resistance.
Individuals
To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic
resistance, individuals can: Only use antibiotics
when prescribed by a certified health professional,
never demand antibiotics if your health worker
says you don’t need them, always follow your
health worker’s advice when using antibiotics,
never share or use leftover antibiotics and prevent
infections by regularly washing hands, preparing
food hygienically, avoiding close contact with
sick people, practicing safer sex, and keeping
vaccinations up to date.
Policy makers
resistance, policy makers can: Ensure a robust
national action plan to tackle antibiotic resistance
is in place, improve surveillance of antibiotic-
resistant infections, strengthen policies, programs,
and implementation of infection prevention and
control measures, regulate and promote the
appropriate use and disposal of quality medicines
and make information available on the impact of
antibiotic resistance.
Health professional
resistance, health professionals can: Prevent
infections by ensuring your hands, instruments, and
environment is clean, only prescribe and dispense
antibiotics when they are needed, according
to current guidelines, report antibiotic-resistant
infections to surveillance teams and talk to your
patients how to take antibiotics correctly, antibiotic
resistance ,the dangers of misuse and about
preventing infections (for example, vaccination,
hand washing, safer sex, and covering nose and
mouth when sneezing).
Healthcare industry
resistance, the health industry can invest in research
and development of new antibiotics, vaccines,
diagnostics and other tools.
Agriculture sector
resistance, the agriculture sector can: Only give
antibiotics to animals under veterinary supervision,
notuseantibioticsforgrowthpromotionortoprevent
diseases, vaccinate animals to reduce the need for
antibiotics and use alternatives to antibiotics when
available, promote and apply good practices at all
steps of production and processing of foods from
animal and plant sources and improve biosecurity
on farms and prevent infections through improved
hygiene and animal welfare. WHO | Antibiotic
resistance http://www.who.int/mediacentre/
factsheets/antibiotic-resistance/en/

Medical/Engineering Entrance Questions and Answers
Physics
1. What is radioactive series ?
a) All the alpha and beta particles emitted
by radioactive element.
b) All changes initiated from unstable by
radioactive element to final stable
element.
c) The immediate isotope resulting from
emission of alpha and beta particles.
d) The new isotope/isotopes resulting from
emission of alpha and beta particles
and disintegration of parent element.
2. What is the degree of freedom of diatomic
gas?
a) 3 b) 4
c) 5 d) 6
3. Doppler’s effect of light is used in:
a) Electrocardiograph and star distance
measurement
b) Ultrasonography and measurement of
speed of sun rotation
c) Measurement star distances and speed
of sun rotation
d) ElectrocardiographandUltrasonography
4. Humidity is measured by :
a) Monometer b) Barometer
c) Hygrometer d) Thermometer
5. Hubble’s law states that (xxx)
a) V = r b) V = r2
c) V =1/r d) none
Chemistry
6. Which of the following order of basicity is
correct ?
a) NaCH3
< CH3
NH2
< NaOH
b) NaOH < NaCH3
< CH3
NH2
c) NaCH3
< NaOH < CH3
NH2
d) CH3
NH2
< NaCH3
< NaOH
7. Atomic weight is defined as:
a) no. of electrons
b) sum of no. of protons and neutrons
c) sum of no. of electrons and protons
d) average of the product of isotopic mass
& their relative abundances
8. Which is not a carbohydrate?
a) Starch b) Cellulose
c) Glycogen d) Haemoglobin
9. PH is defined as:
a) Logarithm of H–
b) Negative Logarithm of H+

c) Negative Logarithm of OH–
d) Logarithm of OH–
10. Human beings:
a) Degrease entropy of universe
b) Obey both laws of thermodynamics
c) Obey only the 2nd
laws of
thermodynamics
d) Transfer energy from the environment
only in the form of mass
Biology
11. Which gas contributes maximum to the
“Green house effect” on the earth ?
a) CO2
b) CCl2
F2
c) Freon d) Methane
12. Which of the following does not have an
open circulatory system ?
a) Frog’s tadpole b) Prawn
c) Chelifer d) Cockroach
13. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) genes are:
a) Single stranded RNA
b) Double stranded DNA
c) Proteinzceous
d) Double stranded RNA

Answers
1. d 2. d 3. c 4. c 5. a
6. a 7. d 8. d 9. b 10. b
11. a 12. a 13. a 14. c 15. b
16. a 17. d 18. d 19. d 20. b
14. A child’s blood group is ‘O’. The parent’s
blood group can’t be
a) A and B b) A and A
c) AB and O d) B and O
15. The plant body of moss (funaria) is:
a) Completely sporophyte
b) Predominately gametophyte with
sporophyte
c) Completely gametophyte
d) Predominately sporophyte with
gametophyte
16. 10% energy transfer law in food is given
by:
a) Liedeman b) Tanslay
c) Elton d) Raunkiar
17. One of the following is not modified green
stem
a) Cladode b) Cladophyll
c) Phylloclade d) Pistilode
18. Chloroplast containing cell is
a) Collenchymas and parenchyma
b) Collenchymas and sclerenchyma
c) Collenchymas and chlrorenchyma
d) Collenchymas and parenchyma
19. The respiratory pigment haemocyanin is in
a) Insects b) Lobasters
c) Echinodermata d) Polychaeta
20. In human sperm the cytoplasm around the
mitochondria is called
a) Acrosome b) Manchette
c) Centroplasm d) Microplasm
Sudoku
Nobel Laureates under Arrest at the
Time of the Award
Three Nobel Laureates were under arrest at
the time of the award of the Nobel Prize, all
of them Nobel Peace Prize Laureates:
German pacifist and journalist Carl von
Ossietzky
Burmese politician Aung San Suu Kyi
Chinese human rights activist Liu Xiaobo

Pascal’s Triangle
One of the most interesting number patterns in
mathematics is Pascal’s triangle. The triangle at
first was first extensively studied by Blaise Pascal,
though we find many ancient Indian scholars and
those from china and Persia also studied it.
To build the triangle, let us start with 1;
On the second, write two 1s, altogether forming
three corners of triangle.
Now on each subsequent row start and end with
1’s and compute each interior term by summing
two numbers above it.
If we observe the diagonals of triangle, the first
diagonal is of 1’s, next diagonal has counting
numbers, and the third has triangular numbers. (1,
3, 6, 10, 15 . . .)
1. Pascal's triangle up to nine rows
Interesting facts and features about Pascal’s
Triangle
1. Powers of 2
If we sum each row, we obtain power of base two
starting with;
1 = 20
1 + 1 = 21
1 + 2 + 1 = 22
1 + 3 + 3 + 1 = 23
1 + 4 + 6 + 4 + 1 = 24
And so on…
2. Powers of 11
The triangle also reveals power of base 11. All
you have to do is squish the number in each row
together.
1 = 110
11 = 111
121 = 112
1331 = 113
14641 = 114
But when you reach to fifth row, you get double
entries (two digits number, ex: 10).
In that case, we proceed as;
Now,
161051 = 115
and so on…
3. We can locate the perfect squares of natural
Kusal Thapa

numbers from the second diagonal. The square of
a number is equal to the sum of the numbers next
to it and below of this number.
4. Expanding binomials or to find formulas for
(x+y)n
We can use Pascal’s triangle to find binomial
expansions for (x+y)n
or to find the formulas for
higher powers like; (x+y)4
,(x+y)5
, etc.
For this, we proceed as follows;
In case of (x+y)2
, the coefficient are found in the
second row(see the figure1 for the notations of
rows).
1x2
+ 2xy+ 1y2
For (x+y)3
, we go to the third row.
1x3
+ 3x2
y+ 3xy2
+ 1y3
For (x+y)4
, we look into fourth row.
1x4
+ 4x3
y + 6x2
y2
+ 4xy3
+ 1y4
By this you can find the expansion for any power of
binomial expression.
5. Last but not the least!
We can split the Pascal’s triangle into two halves,
it is symmetric! The separated parts are identical.
Family Nobel Laureates
As you may notice, the Curies were a very successful
'Nobel Prize family'. Marie Curie herself was
awarded two Nobel Prizes.
Married couples
 Marie Curie and Pierre Curie
 Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot
 Gerty Cori and Carl Cori
 May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser
 Alva Myrdal and Gunnar Myrdal
Mother & daughter
 Marie Curie and Irène Joliot-Curie
Father & daughter
 Pierre Curie and Irène Joliot-Curie
Father & son
 William Bragg and Lawrence Bragg
 Niels Bohr and Aage N. Bohr
 Hans von Euler-Chelpin and Ulf von Euler
 Arthur Kornberg and Roger D. Kornberg
 Manne Siegbahn and Kai M. Siegbahn
 J. J. Thomson and George Paget Thomson
Brothers
 Jan Tinbergen and Nikolaas Tinbergen
Shared and Unshared Nobel
Prizes in Physics
47 Physics Prizes have been given to one Laureate
only.
32 Physics Prizes have been shared by two
Laureates.
32 Physics Prizes have been shared between
three Laureates.
Whyisthat? InthestatutesoftheNobelFoundation
it says: A prize amount may be equally divided
between two works, each of which is considered to
merit a prize. If a work that is being rewarded has
been produced by two or three persons, the prize
shall be awarded to them jointly. In no case may a
prize amount be divided between more than three
persons.

Reader's Questions
1. Why do people have different eye color?
The variation of eye color can be explained
on the basis of pigment melanin found in the
front part of the iris of the eye. If the pigment
present in the eye is less; you have blue eyes,
if the pigment is on average scale; you have
green eyes and if the pigment is in excess; you
have brown eyes. Scientists have found that
genes are responsible for the color of the eye.
Some of the key genes involved are, OCA2
and HERC2
.
– Ramesh Shrestha
2. Why do stars twinkle?
The twinkling of the stars depends upon the
distribution of earth’s atmosphere. If you were
to observe stars from outside the earth, you
won’t observe twinkling stars! So, frankly, stars
don’t twinkle at all! When the light from those
stars travel towards the earth, until they do
not enter the earth’s atmosphere they travel
in straight line but once they get on to the
atmosphere they get refracted. This refraction
is the reason behind beautiful twinkling stars.
– Nishant Bhujel
3. How does lightning occur?
Lightningisanelectriccurrent.Whentheground
is hot, it heats the air above it. This warm air
rises. As the air rises, water vapour cools and
forms a cloud. When air continues to rise, the
cloud gets bigger and bigger. In the top of
the clouds, temperature is below freezing and
the water vapour turns into ice. Now, the cloud
becomes a thundercloud. Lots of small bits of
ice bump into each other as they move around.
All these collisions cause a buildup of electrical
charge. Eventually, the whole cloud fills up with
electrical charges. Lighter, positively charged
particles form at the top of the cloud. Heavier,
negatively charged particles sink to the bottom
of the cloud. When the positive and negative
charges grow large enough, a giant spark -
lightning - occurs between the two charges
Scientific Mind requests the readers to
send their questions related to science and
mathematics. The answers will be given by
consulting with the exports of the relevant
subject. Questions can be send
at articles.scimind@gmail.com
Notice
within the cloud. This is like a static electricity
sparks you see, but much bigger.
– Arti Devkota
4. How much percentage of the brain do human
use in their life?
You may have heard someone saying, “We use
only 10% of our brain, what would happen if
we could use the rest 90% of it!”
Does this statement mean that we are not using
90% of our brain?
Well, this statement has no scientific evidence.
This misconception may have started with
misquote of Albert Einstein or through William
James. Brain scans and studies show that our
brains are always active. In addition to billions
of neurons, the brain has other types of cells
that are always active. Finally, the conclusion
would be, “WE ARE USING 100% OF OUR
BRAIN!”
– Hem Bidari
5. What is climate change? Is climate change even
real?
Climate change is a change in the pattern of
weather, and related changes in oceans, land
surfaces and ice sheets, occurring over time
scales of decades or longer.
Yes, climate change is real indeed! The
observable effects of climate change are
greenhouse effect, shrinking of glaciers are
few instances of it. We have to work smart
on to nullify the effects of climate change and
make earth a happy home again.
– Nek Ansari

• More than 1200 Earths can fit inside Jupiter
& more than 1 million Earths fit inside the Sun.
• The Sun,as you see now,is actually 8min 20sec
older(as light takes 8min 20sec to reach the
Earth).
• Every year, the Moon moves about 1.5 inches
(3.8 centimetres) further away from Earth.
• On 15 Feb, 2017, Satellite Launch
A for Astronomy
Vehicle(PSLV) blasted off from Satish Dhawan Space Center by Indian Space Research
Organization(ISRO) which total cost was only NRs.75crore & 104 satellites were taken by it.
• In Pluto,the mountains,Tenzing Montes, first viewed by the New Horizons spacecraft on 14 July 2015,
and announced by NASA on 15 July 2015, is named after the Nepalese mountaineer Tenzing
Norgay
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Montes
http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/top10facts/649627/top-10-facts-astronomy
Age Name Category/Year Date of birth
17 Malala Yousafzai Peace 2014 12 July 1997
25 Lawrence Bragg Physics 1915 31 March 1890
31 Werner Heisenberg Physics 1932 5 December 1901
31 Tsung-Dao Lee Physics 1957 24 November 1926
31 Carl D. Anderson Physics 1936 3 September 1905
31 Paul A. M. Dirac Physics 1933 8 August 1902
32 Frederick G. Banting Medicine 1923 14 November 1891
32 Tawakkol Karman Peace 2011 7 February 1979
32 Rudolf Mössbauer Physics 1961 31 January 1929
32 Mairead Corrigan Peace 1976 27 January 1944
33 Joshua Lederberg Medicine 1958 23 May 1925
33 Betty Williams Peace 1976 22 May 1943
33 Rigoberta Menchú Tum Peace 1992 9 January 1959
The Youngest Nobel Laureates

HYDROMTER
Hydrometer is a device used for measuring some characteristics
of a liquid, such as its density (weight per unit volume) or
specific gravity (weight per unit volume compared with water).
In simple words, hydrometer is a scientific instrument used to
measure relative density of liquids.
Hypatia of Alexandria is given credit for inventing the
hydrometer (or hydroscope) in late 4th
century or early 5th
century. The two Baumé hydrometers (invented by Antoine
Baumé), one for specific-gravity determinations in liquids
denser than water and the other for liquids less dense than
water, are calibrated with the special Baumé scale (also
constructed by him) in 1768.
Hydrometer is based on Archimedes' principle ( that a solid
body displaces its own weight within a liquid in which it
floats). It consists of two parts : stem and bulb. The slender
tube above the larger tube is the stem. It is hollow
glass with a rounded end. The straight, cylindrical
stem is calibrated by which the density or specific
gravity of the test liquid is measured. The stem
ends as the glass cylinder enlarges into the bulb.
Again, the bulb consists of 2 parts: the ballast and
the glass bead. As the hollow bulb enlarges from
the stem, its diameter increases, stabilizes, and
rounds at its end in the shape of a hemisphere.
This rounded end contains the ballast (small steel
spheres) inside, at the end of the bulb. The small
spheres are held in place by epoxy. The ballast
weights the hydrometer in the liquid. Attached to
the outside of the hydrometer, at the end of the
bulb, is a small, glass bead. This glass bead serves
to buffer the hydrometer, preventing the bulb from
coming into direct contact with the bottom of the
liquid's container.
To use hydrometer, first retrieve sample (of which
density are you measuring) & insert hydrometer.
Then, obtain the original gravity reading. Make
sure you are reading the bottom of the meniscus
to get most accurate data. Now calculate
with temperature using Standard Hydrometer
Temperature Correction Chart and repeat the
process. Finally, you get your final reading.Different
scales are used on hydrometers depending on
the types of liquids being measured. Some of it's
major scale are Brix or Balling Scale, Baume Scale,
Alcohol Scale, and many more.
References:
https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/
s c i e n c e - a n d - t e c h n o l o gy / t e c h n o l o gy /
technology-terms-and-concepts/hydrometer
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometer
https://learn.kegerator.com/using-a-hydrometer/
Sujan Dahal

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;DaGwL cf];f/k;f/, e08f/0f, k|of]u sf/f]jf/ jf ;f] ;DaGwL s'g}
lqmofsnfk ug{ rfxg] JolQm jf ;+:yfn] :jLs[tsf] nflu
b]xfosf] ljj/0f v'nfO{ o; dGqfnodf
lgj]bg lbg cg'/f]w 5 .
-s_ :jLs[tL dfu ug]{ JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] gfd,y/, jtg, ;Dks{ gDj/ / Od]n
-v_ :jLs[t dfu ug'{sf] sf/0f jf k|of]u,
-u_ kf/df0ljs kbfy{sf] kl/df0f / ljj/0f,
-3_ k|of]u x'g] cj:yf / k|ljlw,
-ª_ e08f/0fsf] Joj:yf,
-r_ sfdbf/ jf ;]jfu|fxLx?sf] ;'/Iffsf pkfox?,
-5_ k|of]ukl5 lj;{hg ug]{ :yfg / tl/sf /
-h_ dGqfnon] tf]s]sf cGo ljifox?
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

Mathematical Tricks Magic of Number 9
Math Fun Table
1 × 8 + 1 = 9
12 × 8 + 2 = 98
123 × 8 + 3 = 987
1234 × 8 + 4 = 9876
12345 × 8 + 5 = 98765
123456 × 8 + 6 = 987654
1234567 × 8 + 7 = 9876543
12345678 × 8 + 8 = 98765432
123456789 × 8 + 9 = 987654321
1. Squaring Numbers of three digit
1222
=?
Step 1:
Choose the last two digits of '122' and add it
with the given number 122
=122 + 22
=144
Step 2:
Multiply 100 with the above result 144
= 144 x 100
= 14400
Step 3:
Multiply '22' with '22'
= 22 x 22
= 484
Step 4:
Now, add the values obtained from step 2 and
step 3.
= 14400 + 484
= 14884
Result:
1222
= 14884
Note: This Squaring concept is only applicable
only for three digit numbers from 100 to 200.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 make 100.
There are at least three different ways to use the
numbers 1– 9 in that order without multiplying or
dividing in order to reach 100:
Route 1:
123 + 4 – 5 + 67 – 89 = 100.
Route 2:
123 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 + 8 – 9 = 100.
Route 3:
1 + 23 – 4 + 5 + 6 + 78 – 9 = 100.
You can find Route 4...
Many mathematicians use the acronym BODMAS
to solve such riddles, it stands for Brackets, Orders,
Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction.
B : Brackets first
O : Orders (i.e. Powers and Square Roots, etc.)
DM : Division and Multiplication (left-to-right)
AS : Addition and Subtraction (left-to-right)
9 – 3 ÷
1
3
+ 1 = ?
9 – 3 ÷
1
3
+ 1 = 9 – 3 ÷ 1/3 + 1
= 9 – 3/(1/3) + 1
= 9 – 9 + 1
= 1
Two digit example
9 + 13 = 22
2 + 2 =4
1 + 3 = 4
9 + 14 = 23
2 + 3 =5
1 + 4 = 5

9 + 15 = 24
2 + 4 =6
1 + 5 = 6
Three digit example
9 + 134 = 143
1 + 4 + 3 = 8
1 + 3 + 4 = 8

9 + 155 = 164
1 + 6 + 4 = 11
1 + 5 + 5 = 11
9 + 185 = 194
1 + 9 + 4 = 14
1 + 8 + 5 = 14
Math Magic
Can You Solve This ?

Technology Sailesh Singh
Golden Gate Int'l College
For the next issue, we request our readers
to send an essay in the topic
‘Sanitation’
in not more than 500 words before
31st
December 2017 A.D.
The essay can be send in the email address
articles.scimind@gmail.com
The best essay will be published in the
Jan.-Feb. 2018 issue and next three issues of the
magazine will be provided.
Do you know we are not handling technology;
we are being handled by our creation ? And
all the technology is the result of science ? The
semantic of science is orderly body or matter of
knowledge based on observation, reasoning and
experimental facts. Similarly, technology is the
product of applied knowledge and creativity
which relate each other like strong bonding.
Technology is the innovation of the necessity.
Everything which is being use in our day to day
life is elegant achievement of technology. It leads
us to new era with sophisticated and luxurious fate
beyond recognition. "Technology is neither curse
nor blessing. It's entirely up to us how we utilize it."
The era of technology has enriches our world with
its glory. All the incredible which we are spotting
is furbish utilization of it to narrow the world. It
has given us speed, luxury, and safety. Big rockets,
satellites to all nano devices are the marvelous
gifts of technology. They are boon especially
during the periods of natural catastrophes; wars to
rescue the sufferers and it thus save the humanity
from ruination. It has given eye to the blind, ears to
the deaf, tongue to the dumb and legs to the lame.
So it has got victory over the world. We are all
informed of all the events occur in every nooks and
corners of the world. There is hardly a single field
where there is no technology have a great faith
in benevolent nature of technology. That's why
people, thus from every perimeter, It has made the
world financially and materially richer. Together,
technology regard as blessing for mankind.
However, technology has no exception to its mighty
and demolishing drawbacks. What technology
gives by one hand, it takes by another. The invention
of machinery and large production has resulted
insanitary living circumstances. Hence, we are lazy,
unhealthy and sycophant. It performs all our works
and creates unemployment. So today people have
hand-to-mouth problem. Likewise, scientific tools
are luxuries for the rich and dreams for the poor.
The invention of atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb
has threatened the peace of the world. Thus, it
divides the people between the haves and haves
not. It gives birth to never ending smash between
them. All the inventions are massively used in the
war. For instance South Korea militarized border
with North Korea and they use all their finance in
hydrogen bomb and its research. Yet the nations
have been investing their money on accumulating
arms rather aiding to poor and needy ones.
They don't shed their tear to the agony of the
poor. Instead their prime motive is to show their
supremacy at any cost, which ultimately promotes
the nuclear war. It can kill the millions of people
within blinking of an eye. It is due to wrong use of
technology today means are so much lost in the
materialistic welfare. So, they are in-fact the real
causes of carnage and mass destruction.
Technology in each category represent a
successively larger category of activities which
are highly interdependent but distinct. We need
technical education to handle the technology.
Government should pay attention for the
development of technical education. It is massively
different from general education, for technical
education duo theoretical knowledge and practical
skills. In context of our country Nepal, we have
technology but not ace technicians to handle it. We
have to hire them from abroad. It means a huge
ransom of our national budget is going out. Hence
pace of development is very slow. It is a matter
of misfortune. Practice of research as a source
for development and assimilation of new human
skills enables more efficient strategies of applied
research development and refinement. Thus, being
bookies to research papers is not cent percent
achievement. Its application in practical show its
ultimate relation like brain with body parts.
In essence, our problems are not due to applied
science, i.e. technology. It is the misuse that has
created unthinkable havoc. That's why genuine use
is a boon to humanity whereas wrong is a bitter
curse. It is therefore; enhance to remark "Science
is an angel in peace but a devil in war." Probably
because of this fact, one scholar said, "How can we
dream of lovely spring when we are uprooting the
trees in winter?"

Scientific mind (november december 2017)

Scientific mind (november december 2017)

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