This document contains information about various artworks and events related to imperialism and globalization in the 19th century. It discusses the Opium Wars between Britain and China, the opening of Japan to Western influence, and the rise and fall of Egypt under Ottoman rule. It also covers the American Civil War and its depictions in art, as well as Japonisme's influence on European artists through ukiyo-e woodblock prints. Nationalism and industrialization spread across continents as European powers extended their colonial reach.
After my lecture for the International Conference for Curators of Contemporary Art (IKT) in Siena in 2001, I was invited by the Vestjaellands Kunstmuseum in Denmark to write an essay in the framework of "Industry of Vision" a project and exhibition that addressed and questioned historical and contemporary Utopias and Heterotopias.
After my lecture for the International Conference for Curators of Contemporary Art (IKT) in Siena in 2001, I was invited by the Vestjaellands Kunstmuseum in Denmark to write an essay in the framework of "Industry of Vision" a project and exhibition that addressed and questioned historical and contemporary Utopias and Heterotopias.
Red Star Over China (Speaker: Vincent Lee Kwun-leung) [Part 2]VincentKwunLeungLee
The "Red Star Over China" is a publication of Edgar Snow in 1968, with Victor Gollancz Limited in London as the publisher.
"Red Star Over China" recorded how the proletariat ideal of Communist Party was prospered as the mainstreamed ruling ideology in 20th-century China - from Menshevism of Chen Duxiu to Bolshevism of Mao Zedong.
Vincent Lee Kwun-leung (李冠良), the speaker of this academic talk, received the education of Prof. Cindy Chu Yik-yi (朱益宜教授) during her "Sino-American Relations" course at HKBU History Department in early 2009. Prof. Cindy Chu requested Vincent Lee and other students to do a "History Book Review" on "Red Star Over China" to analyze how an American journalist observed Communism in China.
Prof. Cindy Chu Yik-yi obtained a Ph-D qualification in University of Hawaii at Manoa. Her BA and M-Phil qualifications were from the University of Hong Kong. Prof. Chu is an alumnus of Maryknoll Convent School, and her Catholic growing background enables her to devote to the research on Maryknoll Sisters' missionary and charitable services in Hong Kong. Now, Prof. Chu is the Associate Director of HKBU David C. Lam Institute for East-West Studies.
Red Star Over China (Speaker: Vincent Lee Kwun-leung) [Part 2]VincentKwunLeungLee
The "Red Star Over China" is a publication of Edgar Snow in 1968, with Victor Gollancz Limited in London as the publisher.
"Red Star Over China" recorded how the proletariat ideal of Communist Party was prospered as the mainstreamed ruling ideology in 20th-century China - from Menshevism of Chen Duxiu to Bolshevism of Mao Zedong.
Vincent Lee Kwun-leung (李冠良), the speaker of this academic talk, received the education of Prof. Cindy Chu Yik-yi (朱益宜教授) during her "Sino-American Relations" course at HKBU History Department in early 2009. Prof. Cindy Chu requested Vincent Lee and other students to do a "History Book Review" on "Red Star Over China" to analyze how an American journalist observed Communism in China.
Prof. Cindy Chu Yik-yi obtained a Ph-D qualification in University of Hawaii at Manoa. Her BA and M-Phil qualifications were from the University of Hong Kong. Prof. Chu is an alumnus of Maryknoll Convent School, and her Catholic growing background enables her to devote to the research on Maryknoll Sisters' missionary and charitable services in Hong Kong. Now, Prof. Chu is the Associate Director of HKBU David C. Lam Institute for East-West Studies.
Modernism Lecture Notes20th Century ModernismREADINGSS.docxraju957290
Modernism Lecture Notes
20th Century Modernism
READINGS
Sayre – p. 418 - 477
OBJECTIVES
· Understand the significance of the Louisiana Purchase on Native populations.
· Identify mythic depictions of the west.
· Understand significant causes and events in European Imperialism.
· Understand the relationship between Social Darwinism and European Imperialism.
· Recognize and identify key post-impressionist painters.
· Recognize key features and themes of post-impressionism.
· Understand the significance of Picasso.
· Distinguish and identify significant works by Fauves, Futurists, and Expressionists.
· Understand the psychological effects of World War I on art.
· Recognize the significance of Dadaism.
· Understand the significance of Freud’s psychological theory.
· Understand the influence of Freud’s work on art and literature.
· Identify key themes in surrealist art.
· Understand the stream-of-consciousness technique in literature.
· Understand the significance of World War II on art and culture.
· Recognize the significance of Existential and the Theatre of the Absurd.
· Identify and understand the significance of key figures in the Harlem Renaissance.
· Identity and understand the significance of key figures in jazz and blues.
· Recognize significant figures in events in the Civil Right movement.
· Recognize significant figures and themes in Feminist art.
· Understand the significance of globalism on postmodern art.
· Recognize significant figures and works in postmodern architecture.
LECTURE
The Fate of Native Americans
After the Louisiana Purchase, the westward expansion increased to the ultimate detriment of the Native populations. Between 1790 and 1860 the population of non-Native Americans increased from 4 to 31 million, many of these moving west. Albert Bierstadt celebrated the rustic landscape of the West through European painting modes. Journalists such as John Soule and Horace Greeley also fueled the expansion, urging “Go West, young man, and grow up with the country.” The settlers and Indians had different views of land as well. For settlers, land was a commodity that could be divided up and traded and sold at will. The Indians, in contrast, view that land as a part of a harmonious whole of which they were an integral, but not a separable part.
The fate of the Indian tribes was tied to the Buffalo, their primary food supply. In an effort to accelerate their demise, General Philip Sheridan (1831–1888) urged settlers to kill the buffalo. This was facilitated by the construction of the transcontinental railroad.
An artist sympathetic to the plight of the Indians was George Catlin (1796–1872), a painter who, from a base in St Louis, made five trips into Indian Territory west of the Mississippi. His paintings provide us with substantial ethnographic data of the Indians and their dwellings. Catlin believed the Indians were doomed to extinction because of the westward expansion and saw himself as a recorder of their noble culture ...
3. The Revolutions of 1848: From the Streets of Paris to
Vienna and Beyond
What events did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels foresee in their
Communist Manifesto?
• Marxism — the view that the conditions in which one earns a living
determines all other aspects of life. Capitalism must be eliminated
because of its inherent unfairness. In the Communist Manifesto,
Marx and Engels call for “the forcible overthrow of all existing social
conditions.”
• The Streets of Paris — In 1848 rioters overthrew Louis-Philippe.
• The June Days in Paris: Worker Defeat and Rise of Louis-
Napoleon — the rioting mob demanded the “right to work.” The
army overcame the street fighters many of whom were deported to
Algiers. An almost paranoid distrust of the working class gripped
France. Louis-Napoleon was elected leading the capitalists to
power. He later was proclaimed Emperor Napoleon III.
4. • The Haussmannization of Paris — Baron Haussmann was chosen
to plan and supervise the modernization of Paris by destroying the
old city and rebuilding it anew. Napoleon III and Haussman shared
the desire to transform Paris into the most beautiful city in the world.
Reforms included improved housing, sanitation, and increased
traffic flow. Streets were widened, great public parks were
developed. But these reforms also involved the wholesale
destruction of working-class neighborhoods throughout Paris.
• Revolution across Europe: The Rise of Nationalism — The
Paris uprising of 1848 triggered a string of successive revolts in
Austria, many of the lesser German states, and throughout Italy.
One of the most important factors contributing to revolution was
nationalism, the exaltation of one’s home territory. The Slavic
people, for example, attempted to throw off the rule of the Austrian
Habsburgs.
Discussion Question: Was Marxism a cause or an effect of the
revolutionary fervor in Europe in the 1830s and 1840s?
9. The American Civil War
How did the American Civil War affect popular attitudes toward
warfare?
• Romanticizing Slavery in Antebellum American Art and Music — Many
in Europe and across the globe had a romanticized view of slavery due in no
small part to the depiction of slavery in art and music. Johnsons Negro Life
in the South is a prime example though its meaning is ambiguous. The
minstrel show is a theatrical event that presented black American melodies,
jokes, and impersonations, usually performed by white performers in
blackface. These shows were a popular representation of African
Americans before the Civil War. Stephen Foster wrote a new kind of music
in an attempt to humanize the characters.
• Representing the War — After the beginning of the war the images of
contented slaves disappeared. Johnson’s A Ride for Liberty: The Fugitive
Slaves is entirely different in mood from his earlier painting. “Special artists”
were sent to battlegrounds to picture events. Winslow Homer created war
illustrations for Harper’s Weekly. Matthew Brady captured the mechanistic
nature of modern warfare with a camera on the battlefield of Antietam and
the Battle of Gettysburg.
Discussion Question: Is “propaganda” an appropriate term to apply to
Homer’s illustrations and Gardner’s and O’Sullivan’s photographs of war?
18. The British in China and India
What is imperialism?
• China and the Opium War — China had long held strict controls on
shipping. The East India Company began to selling large quantities
of opium from India to the Chinese. Opium addiction grew rapidly
and the Chinese moved to ban the drug. “Might makes right” can
summarize the ensuing British course of action. They declared war
and subsequently crushed China.
• Indentured Labor and Mass Migration — Many Chinese were
driven to emigrate due to the worsening economic conditions. Many
went to California after gold was discovered and they were an
important source of labor for the railroad. They were technically
indentured workers—laborers working under contract to pay off the
price of their passage. East Indian indentured workers faced
similarly harsh conditions.
• Company School Painting in India —The British East India
Company employed Indian artists as draftspersons, instructing them
in European techniques. In art schools, Indians began to study and
copy European prints.
22. The Rise and Fall of Egypt
How did imperialism affect Egypt?
• Mehmet Ali, an Ottoman Turk, consolidated Ottoman authority and
established himself as the country’s titular viceroy, though he
effectively ruled the country on his own. Cotton became Egypt’s
chief cash crop. The Suez Canal was opened in 1869 and Ali’s
grandson built an opera house and commissioned an opera, Aida.
He proclaimed that Egypt was now part of Europe. He accrued
huge debts, was forced to abdicate, and the British purchased the
Egyptian share in the canal.
24. The Opening of Japan
What is Japonisme?
• Industrialization: The Shifting Climate of Society — Japan
initially focused on closing the technology gap between its army and
navy and Western military powers. New rulers were determined to
decrease the influence of the previous shogun’s clan, the regional
provincial leaders and warlords, and the samurai class. Exports of
traditional Japanese products financed the industrialization process.
Railway lines were developed. Eiichi Shibusawa was the founder
of the National Bank of Japan and in charge of national
industrialization until 1873.
• Japanese Printmaking — By the late nineteenth century, the
Japanese economy was booming, as was the art of woodblock
printing, a tradition that had developed steadily since 1603. The
export trade in prints was a vital part of the economy. The first and
most prominent of the artists was Suzuki Harunobu. His prints
depicted daily life and the life of the most beautiful poet of the Heian
court. Woodblock prints were mass-produced and thus affordable
to artisans, merchants, and other city dwellers. Another leading
artist was Kitagawa Utamaro and Katsushika Hokusai produced
probably the most famous series of Japanese prints in Thirty-Six
Views of Mount Fuji.
31. Closer Look: Katsushika Hokusai,
The Great Wave
Studio Technique Video: The Printmaking Process of Woodcut
MyArtsLabChapter 29 – Global Confrontation and Civil War