This document discusses a study examining the validity of comparing job satisfaction measurements across cultures. It finds that response styles like acquiescence bias can influence job satisfaction scores differently across countries. Countries with more individualistic cultures tend to have lower acquiescence and higher reported job satisfaction. However, this relationship between culture and satisfaction may be mediated by response style rather than a direct effect. Response style seems to have a stronger influence on satisfaction scores in wealthier countries with better working conditions, where social and communication norms may be more important. The study suggests response biases need to be considered when making cross-cultural comparisons of subjective measures like job satisfaction.
This document examines the effect of job displacement on regional mobility and long-term earnings using Finnish data from 1995-2014. It finds that job displacement increases the probability of migrating to another region by about 70%. However, social capital like having family in the home region and homeownership decrease the likelihood of moving. Migration is initially negatively associated with earnings but this effect diminishes over time and turns positive for men. Migration is positively related to employment prospects both in the short and long run for both genders. The document contributes new evidence on how economic incentives, social factors, and housing markets influence migration decisions after involuntary job loss.
Economic integration, within- and between-country inequality in EuropeEesti Pank
This document summarizes a paper analyzing trends in overall, within-country, and between-country inequality in Europe from 1960-2017. It finds that:
1) Overall, within-country, and between-country inequality in Europe have generally increased since the 1970s-1980s, though the timing and magnitude of changes have varied between countries.
2) Major economic and institutional events like the introduction of the Euro were accompanied by shifts between the within- and between-country components of inequality, but did not significantly alter overall inequality trends.
3) Inequality trends tend to be persistent over time, suggesting targeted policy measures are needed at national and EU levels to address the social impacts of rising inequality.
Who do you trust: Facebook or your friends? - Analyzing predictors of privacy...Christian Bosau
The study examined predictors of privacy protection behavior on Facebook. It found that trust in one's Facebook friends, rather than trust in Facebook as a platform, better predicted users' privacy behaviors. Specifically, lower trust in one's friends correlated with more frequent use of privacy protection strategies on Facebook, such as restricting profile access, deleting unwanted photos, and providing false information. Additionally, having a larger number of Facebook friends, who are more difficult to predict, related to greater privacy protection efforts. The study concluded that trust in friends, rather than the platform, is an important new issue influencing Facebook users' privacy behaviors.
The two sides of social media friendship - Presentation at GOR 2016Christian Bosau
This study can show that 'making friends' in social networks is kind of a double edged sword.
While on the one hand more friends can improve the social well being - by e.g. fostering the users' self-esteem through giving of likes -, on the other hand two many friends in social networks lead to a decrease in social well being.
How to explain phubbing - Presentation Media Psychology Conference 2015Christian Bosau
This document summarizes a study examining how Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) predicts compulsive mobile phone use in social situations. The study measured FoMO, frequency of phone checking, habitual checking behavior, and problematic mobile phone use when alone and in company. Regression analysis found FoMO was a strong predictor of problematic phone use for both men and women. FoMO led to higher levels of problematic use, though the effect was stronger for men. The study suggests FoMO and social norms both influence how often people check their phones in social situations.
This document examines the effect of job displacement on regional mobility and long-term earnings using Finnish data from 1995-2014. It finds that job displacement increases the probability of migrating to another region by about 70%. However, social capital like having family in the home region and homeownership decrease the likelihood of moving. Migration is initially negatively associated with earnings but this effect diminishes over time and turns positive for men. Migration is positively related to employment prospects both in the short and long run for both genders. The document contributes new evidence on how economic incentives, social factors, and housing markets influence migration decisions after involuntary job loss.
Economic integration, within- and between-country inequality in EuropeEesti Pank
This document summarizes a paper analyzing trends in overall, within-country, and between-country inequality in Europe from 1960-2017. It finds that:
1) Overall, within-country, and between-country inequality in Europe have generally increased since the 1970s-1980s, though the timing and magnitude of changes have varied between countries.
2) Major economic and institutional events like the introduction of the Euro were accompanied by shifts between the within- and between-country components of inequality, but did not significantly alter overall inequality trends.
3) Inequality trends tend to be persistent over time, suggesting targeted policy measures are needed at national and EU levels to address the social impacts of rising inequality.
Who do you trust: Facebook or your friends? - Analyzing predictors of privacy...Christian Bosau
The study examined predictors of privacy protection behavior on Facebook. It found that trust in one's Facebook friends, rather than trust in Facebook as a platform, better predicted users' privacy behaviors. Specifically, lower trust in one's friends correlated with more frequent use of privacy protection strategies on Facebook, such as restricting profile access, deleting unwanted photos, and providing false information. Additionally, having a larger number of Facebook friends, who are more difficult to predict, related to greater privacy protection efforts. The study concluded that trust in friends, rather than the platform, is an important new issue influencing Facebook users' privacy behaviors.
The two sides of social media friendship - Presentation at GOR 2016Christian Bosau
This study can show that 'making friends' in social networks is kind of a double edged sword.
While on the one hand more friends can improve the social well being - by e.g. fostering the users' self-esteem through giving of likes -, on the other hand two many friends in social networks lead to a decrease in social well being.
How to explain phubbing - Presentation Media Psychology Conference 2015Christian Bosau
This document summarizes a study examining how Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) predicts compulsive mobile phone use in social situations. The study measured FoMO, frequency of phone checking, habitual checking behavior, and problematic mobile phone use when alone and in company. Regression analysis found FoMO was a strong predictor of problematic phone use for both men and women. FoMO led to higher levels of problematic use, though the effect was stronger for men. The study suggests FoMO and social norms both influence how often people check their phones in social situations.
StudiVZ - Different gratifications for different types of users - Vortrag DGP...Christian Bosau
1) The study examined differences in how extraverted and introverted people use social networking sites like StudiVZ. It found introverted people have fewer friends and social activities offline but compensate by socializing more online.
2) Introverted people reported similar levels of social behavior online as extraverts, whereas offline extraverts engaged in more social activities. This supports the "social compensation" hypothesis that introverts satisfy affiliation needs through online socializing.
3) However, extraverts still had more online friends and pictures, and used StudiVZ more to stay in touch with large networks, so the "rich-get-richer" idea cannot be completely ignored for extraverts. Overall, online social networks allow
Explaining the FoMO-phenomenon - Presentation at GOR 2017Christian Bosau
In recent times it is discussed intensively, how extensive and to some extend uncontrolled usage of online and mobile services can be explained. The concept of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) was introduced as a new important aspect in explaining this behaviour. Several studies could already proof the clear impact of FoMO on the amount of mobile and internet usage. However, it still remains unclear, how FoMO itself can be explained and what the correlates and predictors of this fear are.
Two studies give further insight into the nomological network of FoMO. It can be explained what important correlates and predictors of fear of missing out are and how “fomotics” (people suffering from FoMO) can be characterized.
"Phubbing" - only caused by "Fear of Missing Out"? - Presentation Media Psych...Christian Bosau
Why do people even check their mobile phones regularly when they are together with other people?
So, what is the reason that we have so many "phubber"?
This study compares the explanatary power of one main reason for phubbing - namely FoMO ("Fear of Missing Out") - to other causes for this behaviour: social norms as well as personality traits like social anxiety and concentration issues.
Thus, it's not only the fear to be left out, to miss out important things that make people show phubbing behaviour. People also just copy the behaviour of others and follow social norms. Likewise, concentration ability lowers the phubbing behaviour.
Die Nutzung von Smartphones in Partnerschaften - Vortrag DGPs 2016Christian Bosau
Hat der überbordende Handy-Konsum auch auf Partnerschaften Auswirkungen? Sind Partner genervt, wenn der jeweils andere immer nur auf sein Handy starrt? Sinkt dadurch die Zufriedenheit mit der Beziehung.
Die Antwort zu allen diesen Fragen ist: JA!
Starke Handy-Nutzung des Partners führt zu einer geringeren Zufriedenheit mit der Partnerschaft. Hierbei wird die starke Handy-Nutzung vor allem durch die "Angst, etwas zu verpassen" (FoMO - Fear of Missing Out) verursacht.
Interessanterweise wird dieser Effekt nicht dadurch abgemildert, wenn Partner lange zusammen wohnen, sich viele Stunden am Tag sehen oder auch generell schon lange zusammen sind.
Phubbing because of FoMO? - presentation GOR 2015Christian Bosau
Why do people even check their mobile phones regularly when they are together with other people?
So, what is the reason that we have so many "phubber"?
This study shows the explanatary power of FoMO ("Fear of Missing Out") for this behaviour.
It's the fear to be left out, to miss out important things that make people almost addicted to their phones.
However, interesting differences can be found between males and females, especially in their checking behaviour when they are in company.
Job satisfaction cross-culturally: Is it just acquiescence what we measure? P...Christian Bosau
This document discusses the challenges of measuring job satisfaction across cultures. It summarizes research showing that job satisfaction scores are influenced by cultural response styles like acquiescence, where some cultures are more likely to agree with survey questions. The study finds a negative relationship between a country's level of acquiescence and its average job satisfaction score. This suggests job satisfaction scores cannot be directly compared between countries without accounting for cultural response styles. The study also finds evidence that the relationship between individualism and job satisfaction may be spurious, and is instead explained by how individualism influences response styles.
"Who is affected by FoMO (Fear of Missing Out)? - presentation ecpa 2015Christian Bosau
FoMO (Fear of Missing Out) is a fairly new concept in predicting internet and mobile usage, especially in maladaptive ways.
However, not many measurement instruments are around.
The only existing measurement scale by Przybylski et al. (2013) is assessed and analyzed.
The results show, that the scale should be improved regarding measurement qualities and validity aspect.s
FoMO (Fear of Missing Out) und die exzessive Smartphone-Nutzung - Tatsächlich...Christian Bosau
Warum nutzen Menschen pausenlos Ihr Handy? Warum können Studierende es selbst in Lehrveranstaltungen nicht lassen?
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass FoMO - d.h. die Angst etwas zu verpassen - als Grund angesehen werden, kann, warum Menschen ein problematisches Smartphone-Nutzungsverhalten zeigen.
Inwieweit diese exzessive Smartphone-Nutzung zu schlechteren Studienleistungen führt, ist jedoch nicht so eindeutig und muss differenzierter betrachtet werden.
Privacy protection as a matter of trust: How trust in Facebook and trust in f...Christian Bosau
The document summarizes a study on how trust in Facebook and trust in friends affects privacy protection behavior on social networks. The study found that trust in friends and trust in Facebook are two independent factors. Participants reported much higher trust in their friends compared to Facebook. Low trust in friends led to more privacy protection behaviors like deleting comments and pictures, while low trust in Facebook only influenced withholding of initial profile information. The large number of "friends" on social networks poses risks as people may not be able to predict the behavior of distant connections. General privacy attitudes did not predict specific Facebook behaviors, though specific Facebook privacy concerns also did not influence protection.
FoMO (Fear of Missing Out) beeinträchtigt Studienerfolg – Warum man in einer...Christian Bosau
Warum nutzen Menschen pausenlos Ihr Handy? Warum können Studierende es selbst in Lehrveranstaltungen nicht lassen?
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass FoMO - d.h. die Angst etwas zu verpassen - die Menschen dazu treibt und dass die ausufernde Nutzung von beispielsweise Facebook letztendlich zu schlechteren Studienleistungen führt
Kann Facebook-Nutzung glücklich machen? - Vortrag GWPs 2016Christian Bosau
Während viele Studien sich mit den negativen Folgen der Facebook-Nutzung beschäftigen und dabei aber nicht erklären können, warum viele Menschen Facebook immer und immer wieder nutzen, kann diese Studien die positiven Effekte der Facebook-Nutzung deutlich machen.
Menschen Nutzen Facebook, um Ihren Selbstwert zu erhöhen. Dies gelingt durch die vielen Likes und Kommentare, die man auf seiner Facebook-Seite erhält. Letztendlich steigt durch die Facebook-Nutzung also somit auch die Lebenszufriedenheit
StudiVZ - Determinants of social networking and dissemination of information ...Christian Bosau
This study examined the reasons students join social networks and how they use them. A survey of 723 university students in Germany found that the primary reasons for joining StudiVZ were to stay in contact with others and for the daily importance of the network. Usage was highest among younger, single students and those scoring higher on extraversion. Students disclosed more personal information than they realized and most did not take privacy protection measures, suggesting naivety about information sharing. The findings identify motivations for social media usage and how personality and demographics relate to engagement and privacy behaviors.
Social ratings as the new currency of marketeers? - Presentation GOR 2015Christian Bosau
Do Likes indeed have a positive effect for product ratings of customers?
This study sheds light on this important question in todays online consuming industry and specifies the circumstances under which Likes could only have a positive effect.
The study indeed shows that Likes more likely have - interestingly - a negative effect, especially if combined with test seal like "Stiftung Warentest"
"not hired, not bought" - presentation eawop 2015Christian Bosau
The document discusses two studies on the negative effects of recruitment procedures on organizational and product image.
The first study found that receiving a rejection or being entered into a recruitment database led to lower ratings of organizational image, employer image, and intention to apply compared to receiving a job interview invitation. Product ratings were largely unaffected.
The second study replicated these negative effects of rejections on organizational image for different types of companies and products. While product familiarity and buying intentions were unaffected, rejections led to lower product quality ratings, especially for a consumer brand compared to an industrial brand.
In summary, the studies show that rejections and recruitment database entries can damage organizational image and reputation, while mostly not influencing existing product ratings
Sector of employment and wellbeing at workPauli Forma
This document summarizes a study comparing job satisfaction and self-rated health among public and private sector employees in 11 countries. The study found that while job satisfaction varied between countries for public sector workers, there were only moderate differences in self-rated health. Additionally, the gap in these well-being measures between public and private sectors differed between countries and was not consistently larger in one sector. Individual characteristics like education and age were more important predictors of well-being than sector of employment.
Job satisfaction among public and private sector employees: an international ...Pauli Forma
1) The document analyzes differences in job satisfaction and self-rated health between public and private sector employees in 11 countries.
2) Results from multivariate regression analyses show only small differences in job satisfaction and health between employment sectors on average across countries. Individual factors like age and education were more important predictors.
3) Job satisfaction levels varied more between countries for public sector workers, while self-rated health was more consistent internationally.
4) The study had limitations from using broad employment sectors and few well-being variables, calling for more nuanced future research.
StudiVZ - Different gratifications for different types of users - Vortrag DGP...Christian Bosau
1) The study examined differences in how extraverted and introverted people use social networking sites like StudiVZ. It found introverted people have fewer friends and social activities offline but compensate by socializing more online.
2) Introverted people reported similar levels of social behavior online as extraverts, whereas offline extraverts engaged in more social activities. This supports the "social compensation" hypothesis that introverts satisfy affiliation needs through online socializing.
3) However, extraverts still had more online friends and pictures, and used StudiVZ more to stay in touch with large networks, so the "rich-get-richer" idea cannot be completely ignored for extraverts. Overall, online social networks allow
Explaining the FoMO-phenomenon - Presentation at GOR 2017Christian Bosau
In recent times it is discussed intensively, how extensive and to some extend uncontrolled usage of online and mobile services can be explained. The concept of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) was introduced as a new important aspect in explaining this behaviour. Several studies could already proof the clear impact of FoMO on the amount of mobile and internet usage. However, it still remains unclear, how FoMO itself can be explained and what the correlates and predictors of this fear are.
Two studies give further insight into the nomological network of FoMO. It can be explained what important correlates and predictors of fear of missing out are and how “fomotics” (people suffering from FoMO) can be characterized.
"Phubbing" - only caused by "Fear of Missing Out"? - Presentation Media Psych...Christian Bosau
Why do people even check their mobile phones regularly when they are together with other people?
So, what is the reason that we have so many "phubber"?
This study compares the explanatary power of one main reason for phubbing - namely FoMO ("Fear of Missing Out") - to other causes for this behaviour: social norms as well as personality traits like social anxiety and concentration issues.
Thus, it's not only the fear to be left out, to miss out important things that make people show phubbing behaviour. People also just copy the behaviour of others and follow social norms. Likewise, concentration ability lowers the phubbing behaviour.
Die Nutzung von Smartphones in Partnerschaften - Vortrag DGPs 2016Christian Bosau
Hat der überbordende Handy-Konsum auch auf Partnerschaften Auswirkungen? Sind Partner genervt, wenn der jeweils andere immer nur auf sein Handy starrt? Sinkt dadurch die Zufriedenheit mit der Beziehung.
Die Antwort zu allen diesen Fragen ist: JA!
Starke Handy-Nutzung des Partners führt zu einer geringeren Zufriedenheit mit der Partnerschaft. Hierbei wird die starke Handy-Nutzung vor allem durch die "Angst, etwas zu verpassen" (FoMO - Fear of Missing Out) verursacht.
Interessanterweise wird dieser Effekt nicht dadurch abgemildert, wenn Partner lange zusammen wohnen, sich viele Stunden am Tag sehen oder auch generell schon lange zusammen sind.
Phubbing because of FoMO? - presentation GOR 2015Christian Bosau
Why do people even check their mobile phones regularly when they are together with other people?
So, what is the reason that we have so many "phubber"?
This study shows the explanatary power of FoMO ("Fear of Missing Out") for this behaviour.
It's the fear to be left out, to miss out important things that make people almost addicted to their phones.
However, interesting differences can be found between males and females, especially in their checking behaviour when they are in company.
Job satisfaction cross-culturally: Is it just acquiescence what we measure? P...Christian Bosau
This document discusses the challenges of measuring job satisfaction across cultures. It summarizes research showing that job satisfaction scores are influenced by cultural response styles like acquiescence, where some cultures are more likely to agree with survey questions. The study finds a negative relationship between a country's level of acquiescence and its average job satisfaction score. This suggests job satisfaction scores cannot be directly compared between countries without accounting for cultural response styles. The study also finds evidence that the relationship between individualism and job satisfaction may be spurious, and is instead explained by how individualism influences response styles.
"Who is affected by FoMO (Fear of Missing Out)? - presentation ecpa 2015Christian Bosau
FoMO (Fear of Missing Out) is a fairly new concept in predicting internet and mobile usage, especially in maladaptive ways.
However, not many measurement instruments are around.
The only existing measurement scale by Przybylski et al. (2013) is assessed and analyzed.
The results show, that the scale should be improved regarding measurement qualities and validity aspect.s
FoMO (Fear of Missing Out) und die exzessive Smartphone-Nutzung - Tatsächlich...Christian Bosau
Warum nutzen Menschen pausenlos Ihr Handy? Warum können Studierende es selbst in Lehrveranstaltungen nicht lassen?
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass FoMO - d.h. die Angst etwas zu verpassen - als Grund angesehen werden, kann, warum Menschen ein problematisches Smartphone-Nutzungsverhalten zeigen.
Inwieweit diese exzessive Smartphone-Nutzung zu schlechteren Studienleistungen führt, ist jedoch nicht so eindeutig und muss differenzierter betrachtet werden.
Privacy protection as a matter of trust: How trust in Facebook and trust in f...Christian Bosau
The document summarizes a study on how trust in Facebook and trust in friends affects privacy protection behavior on social networks. The study found that trust in friends and trust in Facebook are two independent factors. Participants reported much higher trust in their friends compared to Facebook. Low trust in friends led to more privacy protection behaviors like deleting comments and pictures, while low trust in Facebook only influenced withholding of initial profile information. The large number of "friends" on social networks poses risks as people may not be able to predict the behavior of distant connections. General privacy attitudes did not predict specific Facebook behaviors, though specific Facebook privacy concerns also did not influence protection.
FoMO (Fear of Missing Out) beeinträchtigt Studienerfolg – Warum man in einer...Christian Bosau
Warum nutzen Menschen pausenlos Ihr Handy? Warum können Studierende es selbst in Lehrveranstaltungen nicht lassen?
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass FoMO - d.h. die Angst etwas zu verpassen - die Menschen dazu treibt und dass die ausufernde Nutzung von beispielsweise Facebook letztendlich zu schlechteren Studienleistungen führt
Kann Facebook-Nutzung glücklich machen? - Vortrag GWPs 2016Christian Bosau
Während viele Studien sich mit den negativen Folgen der Facebook-Nutzung beschäftigen und dabei aber nicht erklären können, warum viele Menschen Facebook immer und immer wieder nutzen, kann diese Studien die positiven Effekte der Facebook-Nutzung deutlich machen.
Menschen Nutzen Facebook, um Ihren Selbstwert zu erhöhen. Dies gelingt durch die vielen Likes und Kommentare, die man auf seiner Facebook-Seite erhält. Letztendlich steigt durch die Facebook-Nutzung also somit auch die Lebenszufriedenheit
StudiVZ - Determinants of social networking and dissemination of information ...Christian Bosau
This study examined the reasons students join social networks and how they use them. A survey of 723 university students in Germany found that the primary reasons for joining StudiVZ were to stay in contact with others and for the daily importance of the network. Usage was highest among younger, single students and those scoring higher on extraversion. Students disclosed more personal information than they realized and most did not take privacy protection measures, suggesting naivety about information sharing. The findings identify motivations for social media usage and how personality and demographics relate to engagement and privacy behaviors.
Social ratings as the new currency of marketeers? - Presentation GOR 2015Christian Bosau
Do Likes indeed have a positive effect for product ratings of customers?
This study sheds light on this important question in todays online consuming industry and specifies the circumstances under which Likes could only have a positive effect.
The study indeed shows that Likes more likely have - interestingly - a negative effect, especially if combined with test seal like "Stiftung Warentest"
"not hired, not bought" - presentation eawop 2015Christian Bosau
The document discusses two studies on the negative effects of recruitment procedures on organizational and product image.
The first study found that receiving a rejection or being entered into a recruitment database led to lower ratings of organizational image, employer image, and intention to apply compared to receiving a job interview invitation. Product ratings were largely unaffected.
The second study replicated these negative effects of rejections on organizational image for different types of companies and products. While product familiarity and buying intentions were unaffected, rejections led to lower product quality ratings, especially for a consumer brand compared to an industrial brand.
In summary, the studies show that rejections and recruitment database entries can damage organizational image and reputation, while mostly not influencing existing product ratings
Sector of employment and wellbeing at workPauli Forma
This document summarizes a study comparing job satisfaction and self-rated health among public and private sector employees in 11 countries. The study found that while job satisfaction varied between countries for public sector workers, there were only moderate differences in self-rated health. Additionally, the gap in these well-being measures between public and private sectors differed between countries and was not consistently larger in one sector. Individual characteristics like education and age were more important predictors of well-being than sector of employment.
Job satisfaction among public and private sector employees: an international ...Pauli Forma
1) The document analyzes differences in job satisfaction and self-rated health between public and private sector employees in 11 countries.
2) Results from multivariate regression analyses show only small differences in job satisfaction and health between employment sectors on average across countries. Individual factors like age and education were more important predictors.
3) Job satisfaction levels varied more between countries for public sector workers, while self-rated health was more consistent internationally.
4) The study had limitations from using broad employment sectors and few well-being variables, calling for more nuanced future research.
This document discusses the use of subjective well-being indicators for policymaking. It outlines different types of subjective indicators like life satisfaction, happiness, and stress. While some local governments use indicators like fear of crime, subjective well-being is not widely used for policy goals in Germany. Reasons include concerns that happiness is a private matter and policies cannot significantly increase average happiness levels due to genetic and personality factors that influence well-being. The document also notes that people adapt their preferences over time in response to changes, reducing the impact of policies on long-term subjective well-being.
Sector of employment and wellbeing at workPauli Forma
1) The document examines job satisfaction and self-rated health among public and private sector employees across 11 countries. It finds that job satisfaction varies among public sector employees in different countries, while self-rated health is more consistent.
2) There are small differences in job satisfaction and self-rated health between public and private sector employees, but this gap is not consistent across countries.
3) Individual characteristics like age, gender, and education are better predictors of well-being than the sector of employment. More research is still needed due to data limitations.
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The document analyzes intergenerational justice in OECD countries by comparing them across several dimensions of sustainability. Estonia performs best overall, followed by South Korea, Israel, New Zealand, Hungary, and the Nordic countries. Germany ranks in the middle at 13th. The worst performers are the USA, Japan, Italy, and Greece, indicating a high need for reform to improve intergenerational justice. Specifically, Estonia has the lowest public debt per child while Greece, Italy, and Japan have the highest. All OECD countries have ecological footprints above global averages, suggesting current generations are leaving negative environmental impacts for future ones.
This document summarizes preliminary findings from the OECD Human Capital Project. It presents background on measuring human capital as a determinant of economic growth and inequality. It describes the genesis and features of the OECD project, including participating countries and data sources. Preliminary results show levels and distribution of human capital by gender, education, and age. Volume changes in total and per capita human capital are also presented. Planned developments include improving estimates, constructing accumulation accounts, and analyzing how human capital measures can be used to improve economic analysis. Long-term challenges include incorporating quality measures and extending monetary measures to non-economic returns.
The OECD Better Life Initiative focuses on developing statistics that capture aspects of life that matter to people and shape their quality of life. The two main pillars of the initiative are the How's Life? report and the Better Life Index. The How's Life? report provides a comprehensive picture of well-being across OECD countries by looking at material conditions and quality of life. The Better Life Index allows citizens to compare well-being across countries based on topics identified as essential to material living conditions and quality of life. The OECD conducts ongoing research to improve the measurement of well-being, quality of life, sustainability, material conditions, and other domains.
This document discusses inclusive growth and the role of budgetary governance. It notes slow growth, joblessness, and income inequality since the crisis as motivation. The OECD is taking a multidimensional approach to inclusive growth looking at more than just income, focusing on distributional impacts, and broadening policy surveillance. Budgeting can contribute by moving to an inclusive growth framework, evaluating multi-dimensional impacts of budgets, and increasing inclusiveness and engagement in the policy-making process.
This document proposes a multi-dimensional framework for measuring inclusive growth. It defines inclusive growth as growth that increases the equivalent income of a representative household when accounting for changes in the distributions of income, jobs, and health. It suggests measuring these three dimensions using household income, unemployment rates, and life expectancy. The document discusses results showing a weak correlation between inclusive growth and GDP growth across OECD countries and issues with applying this framework in Latin American and Caribbean contexts.
2014.11.28 - NAEC Group Meeting_Stefano ScarpettaOECD_NAEC
This document summarizes a meeting that discussed promoting inclusive growth through income, jobs, and health. It finds:
1) Higher income inequality lowers economic growth, while redistribution has not lowered growth.
2) Inequality undermines education opportunities for the poor by restricting access to credit.
3) Job quality, including earnings, security, and work environment, is important for well-being and economic performance beyond just employment levels.
4) Health and socioeconomic factors have a two-way relationship where socioeconomic disadvantages lead to health differences, and poor health drives inequality.
HLEG thematic workshop on Economic Insecurity, Andrea Brandolini, presenterStatsCommunications
HLEG thematic workshop on Economic Insecurity, 4 March 2016, New York, United States. More information at: http://oecd/hleg-workshop-on-economic-insecurity-2016
Impact of Economic Development of the Czech Republic in the Years 2005-2012 ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Beyond GDP: Measuring well-being and progress of NationsKübra Bayram
Everyone aspires to a good life. But what does a "good" (or better) life mean? In recent years, concerns have emerged that standard macro-economic statistics, such as GDP, which for a long time had been used as proxies to measure well-being, failed to give a true account of people’s current and future living conditions. The ongoing financial and economic crisis has reinforced this perception and it is now widely recognized that data on GDP provide only a partial perspective on the broad range of factors that matter to people’s lives.
Education provides knowledge and skills that allow for systematic work and development at both the individual and national level. It fosters economic growth, social harmony, and personal development. The document discusses how education develops high thinking, logic, knowledge, research, and integration in youth. It also presents an overview of the World Bank's Social Indicators publication, which collects social data from over 170 economies to assess the social effects of economic development over different time periods. The indicators cover topics like population, labor, education, resources, income, poverty, and expenditures.
Presentación realizada por Julio Berdegué de Rimisp en la 27th International Conference of Agricultural Economists realizada en Beijing, China, entre el 16 y 22 de agosto de 2009.
Joseph E. Stiglitz - HLEG event "Beyond GDP: What counts for economic & socia...StatsCommunications
Keynote by Joseph E. Stiglitz at HLEG event "Beyond GDP: What counts for economic & social performance? Understanding different daily life challenges of Europeans", Jointly organised by Bertelsmann Stiftung & the OECD-hosted HLEG
“Job Quality, Labour Market Performance and Well-Being”_Hijzen_extending the ...StatsCommunications
The document discusses future work by the OECD on measuring job quality. It will include expanding the job quality framework to emerging economies, shifting the focus from jobs to worker careers, and improving data collection. Specific areas of future work are assessing job quality in informal employment contexts and analyzing career outcomes using a lifetime perspective. The OECD also plans to develop an inventory of international job quality indicators and fill gaps in measurement.
Similar to Satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment: How valid are subjective judgements? Presentation Statistische Woche 2011 (20)
Personalauswahl in Zeiten von Big Data: Möglichkeiten zur Erhöhung der Akzept...Christian Bosau
Sprachanalysen werden immer öfter in der Personalauswahl eingesetzt. In arbeitnehmerdominierten Rekrutierungsmärkten wird jedoch die Akzeptanz des Auswahlverfahrens seitens der Bewerber immer wichtiger. Die vorliegende Studie testen verschiedene Maßnahmen, wie man die Akzeptanz auf Seiten der Bewerber erhöhen könnte.
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Satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment: How valid are subjective judgements? Presentation Statistische Woche 2011
1. University of Cologne
Center for Evaluation
Faculty of Management, Economics and Social
Sciences
Dr. Christian Bosau
Satisfaction measurements in a
cross-cultural environment:
How valid are subjective
judgements?
2. Bosau – satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment 19. – 22.09.2011 – Statistische Woche – Leipzig Seite 2
Background of the study
Are we really measuring „true“ satisfation?
Job satisfaction (JS) in organizations:
§ keyword: international employee satisfaction survey
§ the absolute level of JS often has direct consequences for leaders
§ intercultural measurement problems often are NOT considered
Main question: How can we compare the results of JS across national
and cultural borders?
3. Bosau – satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment 19. – 22.09.2011 – Statistische Woche – Leipzig Seite 3
Cross-cultural JS-results
8,4 8,4
8,2
8,1
8,0 7,9 7,9 7,8 7,8 7,7 7,7 7,7 7,7 7,7 7,6 7,6 7,6 7,6 7,6 7,6 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5
7,3 7,3 7,2
7,1 7,1 7,1 7,1 7,1 7,0 7,0 7,0 6,9 6,9 6,9
6,7 6,7
6,6 6,6 6,6 6,5
6,2
6,1
5,9
5,5
5
6
7
8
9
Switzerland
Malta
Denmark
Norway
Canada
Iceland
Ireland
Austria
USA
Sweden
Belgium
NorthIreland
Mexico
Japan
Argentina
Chile
Finland
Netherlands
Brazil
Luxembourg
Poland
Nigeria
Portugal
UnitedKingdom
Italy
Germany-West
Slovenia
CzechRepublic
Hungary
SouthAfrica-White
Germany-East
Spain
India
China
Slovakia
France
Lithuania
Greece
Croatia
Estonia
Rumania
Latvia
Bulgaria
Korea
Russia
Turkey
Ukraine
Belarus
• results from World-Values-Survey:
• very often: deskriptive intercultural results are published
(Slocum & Topichak, 1972; Lincoln et al, 1981; Griffeth & Hom, 1987; Near & Rechner, 1993; Chiu & Kosinski, 1999; van de Vliert &
Janssen, 2002; Llorente & Macias, 2005)
Unclear: Can we really just interpret those descriptive differences of JS directly?
4. Bosau – satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment 19. – 22.09.2011 – Statistische Woche – Leipzig Seite 4
Problems of cross-cultural research
response styles and culture:
§ different cultures show different response styles, e.g. acquiescence (ARS)
(Hui & Triandis, 1989; Johnson et al., 1997; Chen et al.; 1995; Takahashi et al., 2002; Harzing, 2006)
§ different response style should be understood as different communicational behaviour, not
just methodological bias (Smith, 2004; Smith & Fischer R., 2006)
standardising of measures (see Fischer, R.; 2004):
with-in-subject, group centering, grand mean centering
problems:
§ measures are not independent from each other anymore
§ absolute level of measures is lost
§ interpretation is possible only in relation to standardising value (group or grand mean, etc.)
What can we do about it?
Note: Especially problematic if we want to compare absolute measurements,
like JS-levels of countries/subsidiaries/etc.!
5. Bosau – satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment 19. – 22.09.2011 – Statistische Woche – Leipzig Seite 5
Examples:
- Does well-being increase with higher GDP?
- The more interesting a job is, the higher the
JS is?
- etc.
Methodological classificiation
level oriented structure orientedvs.
Examples:
- How high is JS in different countries?
- In which countries are people more satisfied
with their lives?
- Are Americans more extroverted than
Germans?
- Is the image of my product better in
Germany compared to Spain?
- etc.
construct bias method biasvs. item biasvs.
different understanding of
construct across cultural
boundaries
bad item translation or
culturally inapropriate wording
different response styles
6. Bosau – satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment 19. – 22.09.2011 – Statistische Woche – Leipzig Seite 6
The 3 important constructs
What is the relationship looking like between these constructs?
response style
culture
job satisfaction level
? ?
?
-
individualism
acquiescent response style
Known: Negative relationship between individualism and acquiescent
response style (ARS)
7. Bosau – satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment 19. – 22.09.2011 – Statistische Woche – Leipzig Seite 7
Method - secondary analysis
§ Data from World-Values-Survey & Eurobarometer
§ operationalisation of acquiescence response style (see Harzing, 2006) :
acquiescence-index 5-point-scale: ALL items, having received 5 or 4
MINUS ALL items, having received 2 or 1
§ aggregation to national level
§ correlation of national means (controlled for soziodemographic differences of nations, i.e. age,
gender)
Important question:
How will the JS-measurement be influenced by response styles?
8. Bosau – satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment 19. – 22.09.2011 – Statistische Woche – Leipzig Seite 8
Nation-level-results - 1
results:
§ job satisfaction and ARS are indeed correlated: BUT negatively.
§ i.e., high measures of job satisfaction only occur in countries/cultures with small or no ARS
response tendency norms
Keeping in mind: in all countries respondents are on average satisfied with their jobs
§ Note: if ARS exist, respondents do not report dissatisfaction but only lower satisfaction
§ Fits with the self-construal results of Markus & Kitayama (1991): interdependent/collectivist
people – having higher ARS – are restrained in telling their personal feelings.
-.13 (14)
-.68** (11)
-.59*** (16)
-.71*** (16)
-.68*** (16)
Job Satisfaction
(nation-level-mean from
Eurobarometer)1
-.29 (25)ARS-index from Hofstede (2001)
-.47** (23)ARS-index from Harzing (2006)
-.38*** (47)
ARS-index 3 from WVS
(4-point-scale ‚agree/disagree‘-label)
-.47*** (42)
ARS-index 2 from WVS
(5-point-scale ‚important/unimportant‘-label)
-.47*** (46)
ARS-index 1 from WVS
(5-point-scale ‚agree/disagree‘-label)
Job Satisfaction
(nation-level-mean from
World-Values-Survey)1
1 pearson-correlation coefficient; significance: *** p < .01, ** p < .05, * p < .10; in parentheses: number of countries
9. Bosau – satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment 19. – 22.09.2011 – Statistische Woche – Leipzig Seite 9
Nation-level-results - 2
-.13 (14)
-.68** (11)
-.59*** (16)
-.71*** (16)
-.68*** (16)
Job Satisfaction
(nation-level-mean from
Eurobarometer)1
-.29 (25)ARS-index from Hofstede (2001)
-.47** (23)ARS-index from Harzing (2006)
-.38*** (47)
ARS-index 3 from WVS
(4-point-scale ‚agree/disagree‘-label)
-.47*** (42)
ARS-index 2 from WVS
(5-point-scale ‚important/unimportant‘-label)
-.47*** (46)
ARS-index 1 from WVS
(5-point-scale ‚agree/disagree‘-label)
Job Satisfaction
(nation-level-mean from
World-Values-Survey)1
1 pearson-correlation coefficient; significance: *** p < .01, ** p < .05, * p < .10; in parentheses: number of countries
§ the correlation is higher in european nations (countries of the EU)!
§ Note: european nations have – on average – better working conditions, since economic
wealth is higher (compared wordwidely)
§ we know: job satisfaction measurements are certainly influenced by working conditions as
well – not only communicational norms
10. Bosau – satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment 19. – 22.09.2011 – Statistische Woche – Leipzig Seite 10
Re-test of WVS-data
§ Operationalisation working conditions : GDP (gross domestic product)
§ Median split into good (rich countries) and bad (poor countries) working conditions
Rich countries Poor countries
Job satisfaction
(nation-level-mean from
World-Values-Survey)
Job satisfaction
(nation-level-means from
Word-Values-Survey)
ARS-index 1 from WVS
(5-point-scale ‚agree/disagree‘-label) -.51* (22) -.02 (24)
ARS-index 2 from WVS
(5-point-scale ‚important/unimportant‘-label) -.51*** (22) -.34 (20)
ARS-index 3 from WVS
(4-point-scale ‚agree/disagree‘-label) -.37* (23) -.04 (24)
ARS-index from Harzing (2006) -.61** (13) .08 (10)
ARS-index from Hofstede (2001) -.34 (19) sample to small
§ result: correlation remains important and significant only in rich countries with good working
conditions, almost no correlation within poor countries with bad working conditions
§ possible interpretation: following communicational norms becomes important only if a
sufficient working standard is established
1 pearson-correlation coefficient; significance: *** p < .01, ** p < .05, * p < .10; in parentheses (number of countries)
11. Bosau – satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment 19. – 22.09.2011 – Statistische Woche – Leipzig Seite 11
Re-test of the WVS-data
Very robust effect:
correlation remains the
same by including
economic indicators:
- HDI
- GDP
- Quality-of-Life-Index
Acquiescent response style
World-Values-Survey–jobsatisfactionlevel
Group of countries
rich countries
poor countries
rich countries
poor countries
12. Bosau – satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment 19. – 22.09.2011 – Statistische Woche – Leipzig Seite 12
-
acquiescent response style
individualism
Negative relationship between acquiescent response
style and job satisfaction level (in rich countries)
?
? job satisfaction level
Relationship of culture and job satisfaction:
JS-Level is higher in individualistic countries
(see Bosau, 2008, as well as Hofstede, Judge, etc.)
-
+
New finding
The 3 important constructs
13. Bosau – satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment 19. – 22.09.2011 – Statistische Woche – Leipzig Seite 13
+
-
acquiescent response style
individualism
?
job satisfaction level
-
Hypothesis:
Relationship of individualism and JS is only a spurious correlation
Instead: culture à response style à JS
The 3 important constructs
14. Bosau – satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment 19. – 22.09.2011 – Statistische Woche – Leipzig Seite 14
§ statistical analysis: mediation analysis (Baron & Kenney, 1986)
Test of mediation model
analysis by rich countries of WVS (N=21)
§ interpretation: relationship of culture and JS can be (almost completely) mediated by ARS;
thus: culture à response tendency à JS-level
total effect Individualism (Hofstede) job satisfaction
β = .39* (p=.08)
mediation model
job satisfaction
β = .20 (p=.39)
β = -.49** (p=.03) β = -.39 (p=.11)
Individualism (Hofstede)
ARS
§ same analysis with poor countries showed no total and no mediation effect
§ using several indicators for Individualism, ARS and job satisfaction in 8 different mediation
models we always get the same pattern of results
15. Bosau – satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment 19. – 22.09.2011 – Statistische Woche – Leipzig Seite 15
§ statistical analysis: stepwise multilevel analysis with HLM 6 (Bryk & Raudenbush)
Multi-Level analysis
analysis by rich countries of WVS (N=21)
ARS individualindividual level
national level ARS norm
JS
.072-1.43*Step 2: ARS norm 5.31** (1)
Step 3: ARS individual .07 .078 4.31** (1)
Step 4: ARS individual – random slope 70.60** (1)
§ result: negative relationship with national ARS norm remains significant; on individual level
no clear relationship of ARS and JS
§ same analysis with poor countries showed no effects at all
Step 1: Basic Model, controlled for age & gender
unstand. beta SE
increase in model fit
Chi-Square (df)
Step 5: ARS norm x ARS individual -.04 .889 0.002 (1)
16. Bosau – satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment 19. – 22.09.2011 – Statistische Woche – Leipzig Seite 16
JS and ARS on the individual level
7.10
7.56
8.03
8.50
8.96
Arbeitszufriedenheit
-1.25 -0.75 -0.25 0.25 0.75
Zustimmungstendenz
ARS individual
JSindividual
17. Bosau – satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment 19. – 22.09.2011 – Statistische Woche – Leipzig Seite 17
Conclusion
Results:
§ indeed: JS-measurements are influenced by response styles (ARS)
§ consequence: measurements from different cultures cannot be compared directly
§ national level: negative relationship, i.e. the higher the norm to agree, the more
moderate the JS-measurement
§ individual level: no clear relationship, i.e. in some countries negative and in some
countries positive
§ individualism-JS-relationship can be understood as a spurious correlation
§ instead: cultural values and their socialization leeds to a specific communication
style that in turn influences the JS-measurements
In conclusion: Cross-culturally, we are not measuring „true“ satisfaction. To a
great extent we are getting results that are an expression of
culturally socialized communication norms!
18. Bosau – satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment 19. – 22.09.2011 – Statistische Woche – Leipzig Seite 18
Life satisfaction
All countries together: N-ARS
5-point-scale
‚agree/disagree‘-label
WVS 1
Subjective Well-Being (Diener et al., 1995) -.52*** (40)
Life Satisfaction (Diener et al., 2000) -.36** (30)
Life Satisfaction (Suh & Oishi, 2002) -.50*** (29)
Happiness (Inglehart & Klingemann, 2000) -.42*** (51)
Life Satisfaction (Inglehart & Klingemann, 2000) -.54*** (51)
Ideal Life Satisfaction (Suh & Oishi, 2002) -.29 (29)
N-ARS
5-point-scale
‚agree/disagree‘-label
WVS 1
- Poor countries -
N-ARS
5-point-scale
‚agree/disagree‘-label
WVS 1
- Rich countries -
Subjective Well-Being (Diener et al., 1995) -.08 (11) -.58*** (21)
Life Satisfaction (Diener et al., 2000) -.02 (11) -.20 (11)
Life Satisfaction (Suh & Oishi, 2002) -.05 (11) -.53* (12)
Happiness (Inglehart & Klingemann, 2000) -.02 (22) -.57*** (21)
Life Satisfaction (Inglehart & Klingemann, 2000) -.19 (22) -.61*** (21)
Ideal Life Satisfaction (Suh & Oishi, 2002) -.03 (11) .02 (12)
Split into poor and rich
countries:
1 pearson-correlation coefficient; signifikance: *** p < .01, ** p < .05, *p < .10;
in parentheses: number of countries
1 pearson-correlation coefficient; signifikance: *** p < .01, ** p < .05, *p < .10;
in parentheses: number of countries
19. Bosau – satisfaction measurements in a cross-cultural environment 19. – 22.09.2011 – Statistische Woche – Leipzig Seite 19
contact details:
Dr. Christian Bosau
Dipl.-Psych. & Master of HRM & IR
Center for Evaluation
Faculty of Management, Economics and Social Sciences
University of Cologne
Herbert-Lewin-Str.2
50931 Cologne/Germany
Tel. +49 (0)221 470-4120
christian.bosau@uni-koeln.de
Thanks for your attention