This document provides a table of contents for a textbook on aviation law that covers 15 chapters. The chapters discuss international aviation legislation and conventions established by ICAO, including regulations related to personnel licensing, rules of air, air traffic services, aerodromes, and accident investigation. Specific annexes addressed include those covering operations, facilities/administration, aeronautical charts, aircraft nationality/registration, aerodromes, search and rescue, and accident investigation.
This document provides an overview of air traffic control (ATC) including:
1. It introduces ATC and its primary purposes of separating aircraft to prevent collisions, organizing traffic flow, and providing pilot support.
2. It summarizes key ATC concepts like ICAO, airspace classifications from A-G, controlled and uncontrolled airspace, and services like aerodrome/tower, area, and approach control.
3. It concludes that air traffic controllers play a vital role in safety by preventing collisions and following standardized rules and classifications to efficiently guide aircraft through the airspace.
International regulatory framework for remotely piloted aircraft systems icao...JORGE REYES
The document discusses the International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) role in developing international regulations for remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS). ICAO works to harmonize regulations across countries through annexes, standards and recommended practices (SARPs), and guidance material. The UAS Study Group was formed to coordinate developing SARPs for safely integrating RPAS. Key areas being addressed include terminology, certification of aircraft and operators, licensing of remote pilots, and technical requirements like detect and avoid. The goal is to integrate RPAS operations and enable international operations like any other aircraft.
This document contains questions and answers related to aviation law and regulations. Some key points:
- ICAO publishes standards and recommended practices that are binding for contracting states. ICAO has 18 annexes that cover various aspects of aviation like air traffic services, aerodromes, cargo, etc.
- Bangladesh is a member of ICAO. ICAO's objective is to assist states in improving international aviation.
- Licensing requirements are outlined for various pilot licenses like the PPL, CPL and ATPL. Medical examinations are required periodically to maintain licenses.
- Simulator time can count towards total flight hours for licenses but is limited to 100 hours, with restrictions on procedural flight trainers
There are differences between FAA and ICAO procedures regarding radio communications, VOR checks, transponder requirements, oxygen requirements, IFR minimum equipment, wake turbulence separation criteria, high and low altitude airspace fixes, textual descriptions of SIDs, holding pattern timing, holding speeds, two and three fix holding patterns, setting QNH on altimeters, and loss of radio communications procedures. Adhering strictly to ICAO phraseology and procedures is important for safety when flying internationally. National regulations may vary slightly from ICAO standards in some countries.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
This document provides an overview of air traffic control (ATC) including:
1. It introduces ATC and its primary purposes of separating aircraft to prevent collisions, organizing traffic flow, and providing pilot support.
2. It summarizes key ATC concepts like ICAO, airspace classifications from A-G, controlled and uncontrolled airspace, and services like aerodrome/tower, area, and approach control.
3. It concludes that air traffic controllers play a vital role in safety by preventing collisions and following standardized rules and classifications to efficiently guide aircraft through the airspace.
International regulatory framework for remotely piloted aircraft systems icao...JORGE REYES
The document discusses the International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) role in developing international regulations for remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS). ICAO works to harmonize regulations across countries through annexes, standards and recommended practices (SARPs), and guidance material. The UAS Study Group was formed to coordinate developing SARPs for safely integrating RPAS. Key areas being addressed include terminology, certification of aircraft and operators, licensing of remote pilots, and technical requirements like detect and avoid. The goal is to integrate RPAS operations and enable international operations like any other aircraft.
This document contains questions and answers related to aviation law and regulations. Some key points:
- ICAO publishes standards and recommended practices that are binding for contracting states. ICAO has 18 annexes that cover various aspects of aviation like air traffic services, aerodromes, cargo, etc.
- Bangladesh is a member of ICAO. ICAO's objective is to assist states in improving international aviation.
- Licensing requirements are outlined for various pilot licenses like the PPL, CPL and ATPL. Medical examinations are required periodically to maintain licenses.
- Simulator time can count towards total flight hours for licenses but is limited to 100 hours, with restrictions on procedural flight trainers
There are differences between FAA and ICAO procedures regarding radio communications, VOR checks, transponder requirements, oxygen requirements, IFR minimum equipment, wake turbulence separation criteria, high and low altitude airspace fixes, textual descriptions of SIDs, holding pattern timing, holding speeds, two and three fix holding patterns, setting QNH on altimeters, and loss of radio communications procedures. Adhering strictly to ICAO phraseology and procedures is important for safety when flying internationally. National regulations may vary slightly from ICAO standards in some countries.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
The document discusses various AI tools from OpenAI like GPT-3 and DALL-E 2, as well as ChatGPT. It explores how search engines are using AI and things to consider around AI-generated content. Potential SEO uses of ChatGPT are also presented, such as generating content at scale, conducting topic research, and automating basic coding tasks. The document encourages further reading on using ChatGPT for SEO purposes.
1. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Aviation Law
Chapter 01 The Basis of International Legislation
»» Introduction
»» The Requirement for Regulation
»» Understanding the Framework
»» Sovereignty and Territory
»» The Convention of International Civil Aviation
»» Standards and Recommended Practices
»» Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS)
»» Regional Supplementary Procedures and Other Manuals
»» The International Air Services Transit Agreement
»» The International Air Transport Agreement
»» Cabotage
»» Supranational Legislation
»» The JAA
»» The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
»» Eurocontrol
»» IATA
2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 02 The Chicago and Other Conventions
»» Introduction
»» Articles of the Chicago Convention
»» Chicago Convention Articles About ICAO
»» Annexes to the ICAO Convention
»» Interim Summary
»» The Convention Of Tokyo
»» The Hague Convention
»» The Montreal Convention
»» The Warsaw Convention and Associated Documents
»» The Rome Convention
»» Other Relevant Legal Agreements and Directives
»» Chapter Summary
Chapter 03 ICAO Annex 1 Personnel Licensing
»» Introduction
»» Crediting of Flight Time
»» Medical Fitness
»» Simulators and Training Devices
»» Ratings
»» Chapter Summary
3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 04 ICAO Annex 2 Rules of the Air
»» Introduction
»» Applicability Of The Rules Of The Air
»» Compliance with the Rules of the Air
»» Responsibility of the Pilot-in-Command
»» Problematic Use of Psychoactive Substances
»» General
»» Cruising Levels
»» Dropping or Spraying
»» Towing
»» Parachute Descents
»» Aerobatic Flight
»» Unmanned Free Balloons
»» Formation Flights
»» Prohibited Areas and Restricted Areas
»» Avoidance of Collisions - General
»» UK Rules of the Air
»» Surface Movement - Collision Avoidance
»» Lights to be Displayed
»» Simulated Instrument Flights
»» Operation Within the Vicinity of an Aerodrome
»» Water Operations
»» Flight Plans
»» Content of the Arrival Report
»» Summary
4. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 05 ICAO Annex 2 VFR and IFR Rules
»» Introduction
»» VMC Visibility and Distance from Cloud Minima
»» Visual Flight Rules
»» Changing From VFR to IFR
»» Change from IFR flight to VFR flight
»» Rules Applicable to all IFR flights
»» Air Traffic Control Clearances
»» Weather Deterioration Below VMC
»» Position Reports
»» Termination of Control
»» Communications Requirements
»» Communication Failure Procedures
»» IFR Flights in Controlled Airspace
»» IFR Flights Outside Controlled Airspace
»» Cruising Levels - Reduced Vertical Separation
»» Cruising Levels - RVSM - EUR Procedures
»» Chapter Summary
Chapter 06 ICAO Annex 2 Lights and Ground Signals
»» Introduction
»» Other Alarm Signals For Distress
»» Urgency Signals
»» Signals
»» Light Signals from ATC
»» Marshalling Signals
»» Chapter Summary
5. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 07 Annex 2 Interception and Unlawful Interference
»» Introduction
»» Reasons for Intercepting an Aircraft
»» Principles to be Observed by States
»» Unlawful Interference
»» Interception Signals
»» Action by Intercepted Aircraft
»» Interception Outside an ATSU’s Area of Responsibility
»» Interception in an ATSU’s Area of Responsibility
»» Chapter Summary
Chapter 08 Annexes 7 & 8 Aircraft Marking and Airworthiness
»» Introduction
»» ICAO Annex 7
»» ICAO Annex 8 - Airworthiness
»» EASA Certification Specifications (CS)
»» Chapter Summary
6. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 09 ICAO Annex 9 Facilitation
»» Introduction
»» Definitions
»» Advance Notification of Arrival
»» The Requirement for Documentation
»» Requirement for a General Declaration Document
»» Documents and Visa Requirements for Passengers
»» Inadmissible Passengers
»» Segregation of Passengers
»» Inspection of Crew Members and their Baggage
»» Crew Members’ Certificates (CMCs)
»» Unaccompanied Baggage and Mail
»» Information About Cargo
»» Chapter Summary
7. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 10 ICAO Annex 11 Division of Airspace
»» Introduction
»» Types of Airspace
»» Controlled and Uncontrolled Airspace
»» Airspace Classes
»» ATC Services within Airspace Classes
»» Traffic Separation
»» Traffic and Avoidance Information
»» Summary of Controlled Airspace Classes
»» Typical Use by Class in the UK
»» Airspace Class Boundary
»» Airspace Class Speed Limits
»» Required Navigation Performance
»» RNAV Requirements in the EUR Region
»» Area Navigation (RNAV)
»» ATS Route Designators
»» Change-over Points on ATS Routes
»» Chapter Summary
8. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 11 ICAO Annex 11 Air Traffic Services
»» Introduction
»» Objectives of the Air Traffic Services
»» Air Traffic Control Units
»» Area Control Centre
»» Aerodrome Control Tower
»» Air Traffic Control (ATC) Operations
»» Achieving Separation Between Aircraft
»» Longitudinal Separation Minima in the EUR Region
»» The Air Traffic Control Clearance
»» Air Traffic Flow Management
»» The Flight Information Service
»» Contents of an ATIS Broadcast
»» SIGMET Information
»» Amended Aerodrome Forecasts
»» Chapter Summary
9. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 12 ICAO Annex 12 Search and Rescue
»» Introduction
»» The ICAO Requirement to Provide and Alerting Service
»» Notification of an Emergency
»» Service to Aircraft in the Event of an Emergency
»» The Three Phases of an Emergency
»» Annex 12 Search and Rescue
»» Cooperation Between States and With Other Services
»» Operating Procedures
»» Aircraft Operating in the Vicinity of an Aircraft Emergency
»» Procedures for PIC at the Scene of an Accident
»» Procedures for PIC Intercepting a Distress Transmission
»» Signals to Surface Craft
»» Replies from the Surface Craft
»» Visual Signal Code
»» Colour Coding of Droppable Containers
»» Carriage of Sea Survival Equipment
»» Chapter Summary
10. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 13 ICAO Annex 13 Accident Investigation
»» Introduction
»» Applicability
»» Definition of an Accident
»» Definition of an Incident
»» Definition of a Serious Injury
»» Responsibility for Conduct of Accident or Incident Investigation
»» Right to Representation
»» The Objectives of Investigation
»» European Legislation
»» Chapter Summary
11. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 14 ICAO Annex 14 Aerodromes
»» Introduction
»» Components of an Aerodrome
»» The Aerodrome Reference Code
»» Runway Design Considerations
»» Runway Strip - Design Considerations
»» Radio Altimeter Operating Area
»» Runway End Safety Areas
»» Taxiway Design Considerations
»» Rapid Exit Taxiways
»» Additional Aerodrome Data
»» Pavement Strengths
»» Declared Distances - Without Clearway or Stopway
»» Declared Distances - With Clearway or Stopway
»» Operational Information
»» Aerodrome Services
»» Apron Management Service
»» Chapter Summary
12. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 15 Annex 14 Aerodrome Markings and Signs
»» Introduction
»» Markings - General
»» Runway Designation and Threshold Markings
»» Runway Aiming Point Marking
»» Touchdown Zone Marking
»» Other Runway and Taxiway Markings
»» Signs
»» Markers
»» Marking of Objects
»» Marking of Cables and Wires
»» Using Flags as Markers
»» Requirement for a Signalling Lamp
»» Provision and Location of a Signals Area
»» Chapter Summary
13. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 16 ICAO Annex 14 Aerodrome Lighting
»» Introduction
»» Aerodrome Beacon
»» Identification Beacon
»» Lights
»» Lighting of Vehicles
»» Lighting of Objects
»» Simple Approach Lighting System
»» Precision Approach Category I Lighting System
»» The Calvert CAT II/III System
»» The ALSF-2 CAT II/III System
»» Runway Lead-in Lights
»» Runway Edge Lights
»» Runway Threshold Identification Lights
»» Runway Threshold Lights
»» Runway Touchdown Zone Lights
»» Runway Centreline Lighting
»» Runway Guard Lights
»» Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) System
»» The Asymmetric Precision Approach Path Indicator System
»» T-VASIs and AT-VASIs
»» Airfield Lighting
»» Taxiway Lighting
»» Chapter Summary
14. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 17 Annex 15 The Aeronautical Information SErvice
»» Introduction
»» The Aeronautical Information Service
»» Duties of an AIS
»» Contents of the Integrated Aeronautical Information Package
»» Structure of the AIP
»» NOTAM
»» SNOWTAM
»» ASHTAM
»» Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control (AIRAC)
»» Aeronautical Information Circulars (AIC)
»» Pre-flight Information Bulletin (PIB)
»» Post-flight Information
»» Chapter Summary
15. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 18 ICAO Annex 17 Security
»» Introduction
»» The Aims and Objectives of Aviation Security
»» Organization of Aviation Security
»» Airport Security Measures
»» Prohibited Items
»» Aircraft Security Measures
»» Passengers and Cabin Baggage Security Measures
»» Hold Baggage Security Measures
»» Special Categories of Passenger
»» State Responses to Acts of Unlawful Interference
»» State Responses to Acts of Unlawful Interference
»» Actions for the Pilot in Command
»» Taxiing Procedures
»» Provision of an Isolated Parking Position
»» Flight Crew Compartment Door
»» Operator’s Responsibilities
»» Chapter Summary
Chapter 19 PANS-OPS Departure Procedures
»» Introduction
»» Methods for Ensuring Obstacle Clearance
»» Minimum Obstacle Clearance
»» General Criteria for Departure Procedures
»» Omni-directional Departures
»» Other Departure Conditions
»» Conventions for Published Information
»» Chapter Summary
16. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 20 PANS-OPS Approach Procedures
»» Introduction
»» Instrument Approach Segements
»» General Criteria
»» Approach Categories
»» Obstacle Clearance
»» Obstacle Clearance for a Circling Approach
»» Factors Affecting Operational Minima - Precision Approach
»» Minimum Obstacle Clearance - Non-Precision Approach
»» Accuracy of Fixes
»» The Arrival Segment
»» The Initial Approach Segment
»» Procedures in the Initial Approach Segment
»» The Intermediate Segment
»» Final Approach Segment
»» Final Approach Segment - Dimensions
»» Final Approach Segment - Gradient
»» Final Approach Segment - Limitations
»» The 3 Phases of the Missed Approach
»» The Missed Approach Point
»» Actions on Reaching the MAPt
»» Missed Approach Procedure on a Radar Approach
»» EU OPS-1 Differences
»» Chapter Summary
17. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 21 PANS-OPS Circling and RNAV Approaches
»» Introduction
»» The Circling Approach
»» Visual Manoeuvring - Descent Below MDA/H
»» Circling Approach - Loss of Visual References
»» Circling Approach Minima
»» RNAV (Area Navigation)
»» Using FMS/RNAV for a Non-Precision Approach
Chapter 22 PANS-OPS Holding Procedures
»» Introduction
»» Holding Procedures - General
»» Entry Procedures - General
»» The Three Heading Entry Sectors
»» Timing in the Hold
»» Holding Speeds
»» Departing the Hold
»» Chapter Summary
19. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 25 PANS-OPS SSR Procedures
»» Introduction
»» Operation of Transponders
»» Requirement for Mode C Operation
»» Transponder Operation During Emergencies
»» Transponder Failure
»» Operation of Airborne Collision and Warning
»» Operation of ACAS Equipment
»» Response to Traffic Advisories
»» Response to Resolution Advisories
»» Further Responses to Resolution Advisories
»» Requirement for Mode S Transponders
»» Requirement for ACAS
»» Responsibility for Separation - Resolution Advisories
»» Chapter Summary
20. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 26 PANS-ATM General Provisions
»» Introduction
»» The Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) Service
»» The Purpose and Basis of an ATC Clearance
»» The ATC Clearance
»» Clearances for Multi-Stage Flights
»» Content of the ATC Clearance
»» ATC Clearance Read-Back
»» ATC Clearances - Terminology
»» Horizontal Speed Control Instructions
»» Change from IFR to VFR flight
»» Wake Turbulence
»» Wake Turbulence Categories
»» Separation Minima for Arriving Aircraft
»» Separation Minima for Departing Aircraft
»» Position Reporting
»» The Automatic Dependent Surveillance Service
»» Special Air Reports
»» Chapter Summary
21. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 27 PANS-ATM Separation
»» Introduction
»» General Provisions for the Separation of Controlled Traffic
»» Vertical Separation
»» Horizontal Separation
»» Achieving Lateral Separation
»» DME Separation - Aircraft at Same Level
»» DME Separation - Climbing or Descending
»» DME Separation - Aircraft Climbing or Descending on Same Track
»» Longitudinal Separation Minima
»» Mach Number Technique
»» Wake Turbulence Radar Separation Minima
»» Radar Separation Minima
»» Separation During Climb and Descent
»» Reduced Separation Minima - Authorised by ATS
»» Reduced Separation Minima
»» Vertical Separation Minimum (VSM) Transition Areas
»» Summary of Separation Criteria
»» Essential Traffic Information
»» Visual Approach for an IFR Flight
»» Holding Procedures
»» Pilot’s Request to Hold
»» Expected Approach Time (EAT)
»» Minimum Separation Between Departing Aircraft
»» Separation of Dept and Arr Aircraft - Ins Approach
»» Separation of Dept and Arr Aircraft - Straight-in
»» Clearance to Maintain Own Separation Maintaining VMC
»» Miscellaneous Procedures
»» Chapter Summary
22. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 28 PANS-ATM Aerodrome Control Service
»» Introduction
»» The General Tasks of the Aerodrome Control Tower
»» Provision of An Alerting Service
»» Notification of Equipment Failure
»» Selection of the Runway in Use
»» Suspension of VFR Operations
»» Provision of Information to Aircraft
»» The Meaning of “Runway Vacated”
»» Chapter Summary
Chapter 29 PANS-ATM Radar and Advisory Services
»» Introduction
»» Air Traffic Surveillance Systems
»» Radar Systems Capabilities
»» Identification of Aircraft
»» Providing Position Information to Aircraft
»» Form of Position Information
»» Radar Vectoring
»» Surveillance Radar Approaches
»» Other ICAO Radar Services Procedures
»» European Procedures
»» The Air Traffic Advisory Service
»» Limitations of the Air Traffic Advisory Service
»» Provision of an Air Traffic Advisory Service
»» Chapter Summary
23. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 30 PANS-ATM Emergencies and Comms Failure
»» Introduction
»» Emergencies
»» Communication Failure - Initial Actions
»» Communication Failure in VMC
»» Air Ground Communication Failure - IMC
»» Other ICAO Procedures
»» Fuel Dumping Procedures
»» Air Traffic Incident Reports
»» Chapter Summary
Chapter 31 JAR-FCL 1 and 2 Flight Crew Licensing
»» Introduction
»» Authority to Act as a Flight Crew Member
»» Acceptance of Licences Issued by JAA/EASA
»» Validity of Licences and Ratings
»» Curtailment of Privileges - Pilots Aged 60 Years +
»» State of Licence Issue and Normal Residency
»» Language Proficiency
»» Requirements for the Issue of a CPL
»» Privileges of a CPL
»» Requirements for an ATPL
»» Privileges and Conditions of an ATPL
»» Synthetic Training Devices
»» Chapter Summary
24. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 32 JARF-FCL 1 and 2 RaTINGS
»» Introduction
»» Class Ratings
»» Type Ratings
»» Requirement for a Class or Type Rating
»» The Instrument Rating
»» The Flight Instructor Rating
»» The Flight Instructor’s Course
»» Chapter Summary
Chapter 33 JAR-FCL 3 Medical Requirements
»» Introduction
»» Basic Requirements for Medical Fitness
»» Declaration by the Applicant for Medical Certificate
»» The Requirement to be Medically Fit
»» The Issue of a Medical Certificate
»» Period of Validity of Medical Certificates
»» Variations, Limitations and Suspension of a Medical Cert
»» Deferring A Medical Examination
»» Revalidating Medical Certificates
»» Use of Medication or Drugs or Other Treatments
»» Mandatory Requirement to Inform AME of Medical Unfit
»» Chapter Summary
25. CHAPTER 1: THE BASIS FOR INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION
Introduction
The Requirement for Regulation
Understanding the Framework
Sovereignty and Territory
The Convention of International Civil Aviation
Standards and Recommended Practices
Regional Supplementary Procedures and Other Manuals
The International Air Services Transit Agreement
The International Air Transport Agreement
Cabotage
Supranational Legislation
The JAA
The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
Eurocontrol
IATA
26. The Basis for International 01
Legislation
Introduction
Aviation law is not an easy subject to learn because a great deal of
information has to be absorbed and committed to memory. We’ve tried
to make it as easy as possible by including many illustrations and, in
the multimedia edition, a number of video sequences. But there is a lot
to learn and you must study carefully.
For European students the other confusing factor is that European
regulation is currently in a state of flux as the change-over from the
Joint Aviation Authority to the new European Aviation Safety Authority
continues. So don’t be surprised if you see references to JAA and EASA
documents throughout this course.
The good news is that you will already be familiar with some of the
rules and law because they will have been mentioned in other sections
of the syllabus. And if you have some flying experience you will
also be familiar with some of the basic rules of the air and air traffic
procedures. But for the rest, you must concentrate hard on what’s
being presented and revise it frequently.
Finally, before we start, we need to sound a small note of caution.
To make the subject more understandable we have in many places
translated ICAOs dense legal wording into plain English. So this manual
is our interpretation of the law. It is certainly not an authority on the
law. If you have any doubt, refer to the original legal texts covered in
ICAO, JAA and EASA documents.
Issue 1 1.2
27. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
The Requirement for Regulation
As the Second World War drew to a close it became very obvious that
aviation was going to play a major part in the post war economies of
all nations; but only if the usual barriers to growth could somehow be
overcome.
For example, how could it be agreed that the aircraft of one state could
over-fly the airspace of another without infringing its sovereignty or
having to ask permission every time? Or, how could states agree a
common set of standards for navigation so that aircraft could use the
same procedures regardless of which part of the world they would be
flying in?
The traditional method of achieving this would have been to create
a series of bilateral agreements between states. But, with so many
interested parties, this would have been hugely difficult and complex
and may have led to considerable variation between states.
Recognising this potential problem, the United States convened a
conference in Chicago in November of 1944. Delegates from 52 nations
attended with the declared purpose to:
“foster the future development of international civil aviation, to help to
create and preserve friendship and understanding amongst the peoples
of the world, so as to prevent its abuse becoming a threat to the
general security”.
Issue 1 1.3
28. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
Understanding the Framework
The outcome of the convention was a document known as the
Convention on International Civil Aviation - commonly referred to as the
“1944 Chicago Convention”.
The document comprised 96 articles which laid the foundation for
modern international aviation and gave authority to establish ICAO: the
International Civil Aviation Organisation.
ICAO was charged with administering the principles of the convention
and putting into practice the rules and regulations that would underline
them. These are contained in annexes to the convention and in other
more detailed supplementary documents written since 1944.
One of the key principles of the convention is that each state must
create its own national legislation which puts into national law the
standards laid down by ICAO. For some countries this is still the case
but for those of us in the European Union the situation isn’t quite so
simple.
In our case the EU has taken some responsibility for regulation. In
the first instance this was implemented through the Joint Aviation
Authorities but this is rapidly being superseded by the new European
Aviation Safety Authority or EASA for short. The upshot is that each
European State still produces its own national legislation but this now
also has to take into account European regulations as well as ICAO
standards.
Not surprisingly, the original 1944 Convention didn’t think of everything
so, since then, there have been a number of other conventions to
establish international agreement on a variety of aviation issues notably
terrorism.
We’ll look at each of these elements in detail through the next couple of
chapters.
Issue 1 1.4
29. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
The Concept of International Law
Before we go any further, we need to be clear about international law,
and the concepts of sovereignty and territory.
Because there is no such thing as a world governing body with the
power to make laws governing all states there isn’t, in the strictly legal
sense, any such thing as international law. But the phrase is used
usefully to describe a system of implicit and explicit agreements that
binds together nation-states. These agreements usually come about as
the result of conventions such as the Chicago Convention.
Most international law only becomes real law when each of the agreeing
states creates its own national laws which enact the agreed points.
Bearing this important point in mind you need to be aware of three
types of international law:
JJ Public International Law refers to the process which binds states
to agreements. The Chicago Convention, the Geneva Convention
and some international maritime conventions are all good examples
of public international law.
JJ Private International Law concerns conventions in which states
agree on where an individual’s case can be heard; and whose law
will apply to it. The Tokyo Convention governing unlawful acts
committed on aircraft is a good example of private law.
JJ Supranational Law. This is law which is imposed with legal force
by a higher body, on one or more states. The laws made by the EU
are an example of supranational law.
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30. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
Sovereignty and Territory
Now that we better understand the principle of international law we
also need to be clear about sovereignty and territory in the context of
international aviation.
JJ Sovereignty is the right of a state to impose its national law on
users of its airspace.
JJ Territory is the airspace over and within a state’s territorial
borders. Territorial airspace has no vertical limit but it does have the
same lateral limits as the state.
For states which have sea boundaries, territorial airspace extends out
beyond the land as far as the internationally agreed limit of territorial
waters.
Beyond territorial waters are the high seas, in which all ships, and over
which all aircraft, are allowed, in theory at least, to pass unhindered.
This right was first established by the Geneva Convention on the High
Seas and later updated in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.
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31. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
The Convention of International Civil Aviation
The fount of modern aviation legislation is the 1944 Convention of
International Civil Aviation. It is often more popularly known as The
1944 Chicago Convention.
Figure 1.1
The original Chicago Convention document
The Convention culminated in a formal document which outlined the
methods and structures for regulating and standardising international
aviation. This document, also known as the Chicago Convention,
comprises 96 articles outlining general principles and providing
authority for international aviation structures. The Document is
supported by 18 annexes which detail Standards and Recommended
Practices covering all aspects of aviation.
The Convention also produced two other agreements:
JJ The International Air Services Transit Agreement
JJ The International Air Transport Agreement
We will discuss these in greater detail later.
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32. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
Since the 1944 Convention there have been a number of other
conventions, notably in The Hague, Tokyo and Warsaw. These
conventions have added further guiding principles for signatory states.
The Articles of the Chicago Convention
The 96 articles of the Chicago Convention:
JJ Establish the privileges and restrictions of all Contracting States
JJ Provide for the adoption of International Standards and
Recommended Practices regulating air navigation
JJ Recommend the installation of navigation facilities by Contracting
States
JJ And suggest the facilitation of air transport by the reduction of
customs and immigration formalities.
The Convention accepts the principle that every State has complete and
exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory and provides
that no scheduled international air service may operate over or into
the territory of a Contracting State without its previous consent. The
Chicago Convention and the Annexes to it are the source documents
for all national aviation law. Some countries adopt this law completely,
others notify variations to it.
Figure 1.2
A page of the Chicago Convention showing the Articles
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33. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
The International Civil Aviation Organisation
Of the 96 articles stemming from the original convention one, Article
43, authorised the formation of an international body to “develop the
principles and techniques of international air navigation and to foster
the planning and development of international air transport”.
Thus was born the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO);
headquartered in Montreal, Canada.
Figure 1.3
Almost all states involved in international aviation are members of ICAO
Issue 1 1.9
34. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
The Structure of ICAO
ICAO comprises an Assembly, a Council of limited membership with
various subordinate bodies, and a Secretariat. The chief officers are the
President of the Council and the Secretary General.
The Assembly, composed of representatives from all Contracting
States, is the sovereign body of ICAO. It meets every three years,
reviewing in detail the work of the Organisation and setting policy for
the coming years. The Council, the governing body which is elected by
the Assembly for a three-year term, comprises 36 delegates. As the
governing body, the Council gives continuing direction to the work of
ICAO. It is in the Council that Standards and Recommended Practices
are adopted and incorporated as Annexes to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation.
The Council is assisted by the Air Navigation Commission in technical
matters, the Air Transport Committee in economic matters, the
Committee on Joint Support of Air Navigation Services and the Finance
Committee.
Figure 1.4
The Assembly elects the Council every 3 years
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35. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
The Secretariat, headed by a Secretary General, is divided into five
main divisions:
JJ The Air Navigation Bureau,
JJ The Air Transport Bureau,
JJ The Technical Co-operation Bureau,
JJ The Legal Bureau, and
JJ The Bureau of Administration and Services.
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36. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
ICAO Geographical Regions
ICAO recognises nine geographical regions which are treated
individually for planning the provision of air navigation facilities and
services required on the ground by aircraft flying in these regions.
ICAO has seven regional offices, each one accredited to a group of
Contracting States. These offices are established to encourage and
assist the implementation of the Air Navigation Plans.
UN Convention of the
Parties
InternationaI Civil Aviation Organisation ICAO
Established by Article 43 of the Chicago Convention
General Assembly
Council (36 elected members)
including President
Secretariat
Secretary General
Technical Commission
Air Navigation Bureau Air Navigation Commission
Air Transport Bureau Air Transport Committee
Environmental Unit (CAEP) etc.
Commitee on Joint Support
Technical Co-operation Bureau of Air Navigation Services
Legal Bureau Finance Committee
Bureau of Administration
and Services
Figure 1.5
The organisational structure of ICAO
Issue 1 1.12
37. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
ICAO’s Legislative Function
One of ICAO’s responsibilities is to develop and modify the Annexes to
the Convention. The revised Standards and Recommended Practices
(SARPs) detailed in the Annexes effectively provide the overarching
framework for national legislation in each of the member countries.
The Annexes provide the detail for the agreements made under the
Chicago convention.
So, an organisation set up under the articles of the Convention is
empowered to change the details of the annexes which support the
Convention.
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38. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
The graphic shows the legal relationship between the Chicago
Convention and ICAO.
The Convention on International
Civil Aviation (Chicago 1944)
International Air International Air
Services Agreement Transport Agreement
The Chicago Convention
96 Articles
18 Annexes
Article 43
Establishes
ICAO Amends and Standards of
International Civil Recommended
Aviation Organisation Updates to the Annexes Practices (SARPS)
Figure 1.6
The legal relationship between the Chicago Convention and ICAO
Issue 1 1.14
39. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
Standards and Recommended Practices
Most of the detail of international air law is contained in the
eighteen annexes to the Convention. These contain Standards and
Recommended Practices (SARPs). There is a distinction in the name:
JJ Standards: all member states are expected to incorporate
Standards into their aviation law.
JJ Recommended Practices: procedures which States are
recommended to adopt.
Deviations from SARPs must be notified to ICAO who publish the
deviation in a supplement to the relevant annex. Deviations are often
notified in the form of an Aeronautical information publication (AIP).
Where ATC regulations differ from SARPs the producers of flight guides
often notify the differences in their publications.
Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS)
ICAO produces more detailed guidance known as the Procedures
for Air Navigation Services (PANS). Although these don’t carry quite
the same status as the SARPs they are nevertheless seen as the
definitive worldwide standard operating procedures. Procedures for Air
Navigation Services are divided into three sections:
JJ PANS-ABC ICAO abbreviations and codes
JJ PANS-OPS Aircraft Operations
FF Vol 1 Flight Procedures
FF Vol 2 Construction of Visual and Instrument Procedures
JJ PANS-ATM Rules of the Air and procedures for establishing Air
Traffic Services
PANS have a lower status than SARPs so member states do not have to
notify ICAO if they do not accept the recommendation.
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40. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
Regional Supplementary Procedures and Other Manuals
Regional Supplementary Procedures (SUPPS) augment the PANS
and modify the SOPs contained in PANS to cater for the specific
requirements of various regions in the world.
ICAO also publishes some forty or so other manuals and circulars for
guidance and information. Including, for example, detailed regulations
covering the carriage of dangerous goods.
Standards and Recommended
Practices (contained in 18 Annexes)
ICAO Council
Regional Supplementary Procedures for Air Navigation Regional Air
Procedures (RSUPS) (PANS) Navigation Planning
European Civil
Aviation Conference Eurocontrol
(ECAC)
Upper Airspace
EASA
Procedures and
(EU-OPS)
Regulations
National
Leglislation
Figure 1.7
The relationship between the various elements of regulation
Issue 1 1.16
41. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
The International Air Services Transit Agreement
The Chicago Conference also set up two supplementary agreements:
the The International Air Services Transit Agreement and The
International Air Transport Agreement.
The International Air Services Transit Agreement allows aircraft of
any signatory power to fly over or to land for technical reasons in the
territory of any other signatory, these are known as the first and second
freedoms of the air respectively.
JJ First Freedom: The right of aircraft from State A to overfly State B
without landing.
JJ Second Freedom: The right of aircraft from State A to land in
State B for technical reasons.
These two freedoms are collectively known as the technical freedoms.
Figure 1.8
The technical freedoms
Issue 1 1.17
42. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
The International Air Transport Agreement
The International Air Transport Agreement goes further, allowing the
carriage of traffic between the State of registration of the aircraft and
any other signatory State. The third freedom allows passengers and
freight from the home state to be set down in the state of arrival,
the fourth freedom allows passengers and freight to be picked up for
transport to the home state and the fifth freedom allows passengers to
be picked up or set down from states other than the home state.
JJ Third Freedom: The right of aircraft from State A to accept paying
traffic from State A and put it down in State B.
JJ Fourth Freedom: The right of aircraft from State A to pick up
paying traffic in State B and put it down in State A.
JJ Fifth Freedom: The right of aircraft from State A to take paying
traffic from State B to State C.
These freedoms are collectively known as the commercial freedoms.
Figure 1.9
The commercial freedoms
Issue 1 1.18
43. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
Cabotage
The two agreements containing the five freedoms effectively
acknowledged that countries might need to land and overfly for
technical and commercial reasons. But neither agreement specifically
permits cabotage.
Cabotage is the transport of passengers and goods by State A within
State B. It’s a very sensitive subject and many states forbid it.
Unless specifically permitted to do so an aircraft of State A operating
on domestic routes within State B is committing an offence known as
unlawful cabotage.
Figure 1.10
Cabotage is not one of the technical or commercial freedoms
Issue 1 1.19
44. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
Summary of the Five Freedoms
It’s important that you understand these five freedoms. They are the
basis for almost all your rights to operate non-scheduled flights over
and in another state’s sovereign airspace.
Be aware that these “freedoms” are not actually rights. For a start they
only apply to states who have signed up to the two agreements which
cover them. And not all states will grant all five freedoms. Details of
which freedoms are granted by which states can be usually be found in
flight guides and other national publications.
The other essential point to understand is that the five freedoms relate
only to non-scheduled flights. For example one-off charter flights
which aren’t repeated regularly are covered, but a regular air service
between, for example, capital cities, is not.
Scheduled services have to be agreed between the states concerned
usually as some form of bi-lateral agreement. There is certainly no
obligation under the Chicago convention for states to accept scheduled
service into or over their territory.
Another contentious issue is cabotage because cabotage is certainly
not a right and nor is it one of the five freedoms. You can only operate
services within another state if you have specific permission from that
state to do so.
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45. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
Supranational Legislation
For some states this is almost as far the international regulation goes.
The ICAO SARPs, PANS and SUPPs are, to a greater or lesser extent,
directly enshrined in their national law.
Many states have additional obligations arising from other conventions
they have agreed to. (We will look at these in the next lesson).
For states belonging to the European Union, and for other non EU
states who are JAA members, things are not that simple. A further layer
of legislation fits between ICAO and national aviation legislation.
Issue 1 1.21
46. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
The EU and The ECAC
The European Community, primarily through the European Civil
Aviation Conference (ECAC), guides the national legislation of its
member states. For instance, under the Agreement of Paris, certain
non-scheduled flights may be carried out within Europe between ECAC
States without the need for the operator to request prior permission
from the State concerned.
ECAC was founded in 1955 and works under the authority of the
Council For Europe. Its purpose is to drive the formulation of aviation
policy for all EU member states and some additional countries, notably
Turkey and Iceland. Its ultimate aim is to develop a safe, sustainable
and efficient European air transport system.
Initially, regulation and its oversight was performed by the Joint
Aviation Authority (the JAA). However, the functions and authority of
the JAA are being steadily superceded by the European Aviation Safety
Authority (EASA).
Figure 1.11
ECAC member states
Issue 1 1.22
47. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
The JAA
The Joint Aviation Authorities is an associated body of ECAC. It used
to represent the civil aviation authorities of all EU member states but
this function has now largely been taken over by the EASA. Some non
European countries however, do still adhere to JAA standards. The
JAA’s original purpose was to implement common standards for safety,
regulation and operational procedures.
The JAA is controlled by a committee comprising a representative from
each member state. The committee works under the authority of the
ECAC and reports to a board of directors.
The JAA published a number of regulatory documents called Joint
Aviation Regulations - or JARs for short. These documents effectively
harmonised procedures and standards across all member states. The
JAA documents of most relevance to pilots operation under the JAA
regime are:
JJ JAR 145: specifies the requirements for the Approved Maintenance
Organisations (AMOs) that issue JAA certificates of airworthiness.
JJ JAR-FCL: (Flight Crew Licensing) details the requirements for
qualifying for licences and the privileges associated with each
licence. A pilot’s licence gained in accordance with the JAR-FCL
regulation will be acceptable to all JAA member states.
JJ JAR-FTL: (Flight Time Limitations) have not yet been finalised.
When accepted by member states JAR-FTL will lay down the
requirements for flight time limitations.
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48. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
We said earlier that the JAA used to operate by the joint agreement of
the national authorities.
In the EU context this is an unacceptable state of affairs because it
doesn’t allow the EU to regulate and oversee aviation in its own right.
As a result the European Aviation Safety Agency was formed.
EASA is an organ of the EU and carries the full weight of legislative
authority with it. Under the new regime the national authorities of EU
states have ceased to have any competence for creating regulations.
They instead have become agencies of EASA charged only with
ensuring compliance with EASA regulations.
Some functions, such as aircraft certification, previously carried out
by the JAA, have already been transferred to EASA. Others will follow.
When all functions have been transferred the JAA will cease to exist.
Figure 1.12
EASA is based in Cologne, Germany
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49. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
EASA Regulations
We saw that EASA is steadily assuming responsibility for certain areas
of regulation. The first role it took from the JAA was the certification
of aircraft. Consequently, two documents which were originally
JAA regulations have now been renamed and re-branded as EASA
regulations.
JJ CS 23 and 25 are the new names for what used to be JARs 23 and
25. CS stands for Certification Specification.
These two documents cover the regulations applying to small and large
aircraft respectively. These are pan-European standards so an aircraft
certified under either of these specifications is automatically acceptable
to all European member states.
EASA also has responsibility for commercial aircraft operations. The
rules are covered in:
JJ EU-OPS: this document specifies the rules and regulations
governing commercial air transportation.
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50. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
Eurocontrol
Eurocontrol was founded in 1960. Eurocontrol is an international
organisation originally established to oversee and execute air traffic
control in the upper airspace regions of Member States. It’s Air Traffic
Control Centre (ATCC) is located in Maastricht.
However, since 1986 this role has expanded to include Air Traffic Flow
Management (ATFM). This additional function is carried out by the
European Central Flow Management Unit (CFMU).
Figure 1.13
Eurcontrol’s AATC is based in Maastricht, Netherlands
Issue 1 1.26
51. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
IATA
The final organisation we need to know something about is the
International Air Transport Association (IATA).
IATA is not a legal body but is effectively the air transport industry’s
global trade association. It’s purpose is to represent, lead and serve the
airline industry.
IATA has 240 airlines in its membership, representing over 94% of
scheduled international air traffic.
Since its founding in 1945 IATA has steadily built up a body of
knowledge and operating expertise which has evolved into a series of
published commercial standards to which all its members must adhere.
One of its latest initiatives is the International Operational Safety Audit
(IOSA). IOSA uses internationally recognised quality audit principles to
assess the operational management and control systems of an airline.
Figure 1.14
IATA membership tends to include only the very largest airlines
Issue 1 1.27
52. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
Chapter Summary
The 1944 Chicago convention gave the authority to set up ICAO.
ICAO comprises an assembly of delegates from all member states and
a governing council of 33 elected delegates from member states. The
assembly meets every three years and elects a new council for the next
three. ICAO has various committees advising on technical matters as
well as nine regional offices.
Remember that ICAO sets out two forms of regulation: Standards which
ought to be adopted by all member states and Recommended Practices
which are recommendations only.
Rules and regulations are published in a series of 18 Annexes to the
Chicago convention. As well as these annexes, ICAO publishes some
forty other documents covering such things as air navigation, and
procedures for the transport of dangerous goods.
The Chicago convention also established two other agreements which
set out the five principal freedoms for non-scheduled flight. You need to
remember these:
JJ The first freedom allows aircraft of one state to overfly another.
JJ The second freedom allows aircraft of one state to land in another
for technical reasons.
JJ The third freedom allows the aircraft of one state to accept its own
paying traffic and set it down in another state.
JJ The fourth freedom allows an aircraft to pick up paying traffic and
set it down in its own state.
JJ The fifth freedom allows an aircraft to pick up traffic from one state
and set it down in another.
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53. Air Law The Basis for International Legislation
Cabotage is a commercial flight in which an operator of one state picks
up and sets down paying traffic within another state. Cabotage is not
one of the five freedoms and is not a right. Unless you have specific
authorisation from that state to operate on its domestic routes you
could be committing an unlawful act.
Beneath ICAO sits European and national legislation which is controlled
and regulated by the European Aviation Safety Authority (EASA).
Issue 1 1.29