The document is a response from SAMENA Telecommunications Council to CITC regarding Saudi Arabia's development of a national spectrum strategy for 2025. SAMENA provides responses to CITC's specific questions on spectrum management. They believe spectrum is important for digital development goals. They recommend allowing temporary spectrum sharing between mobile operators. They also suggest government users could utilize commercial networks through network slicing to improve spectral efficiency. SAMENA stresses CITC's important role in international coordination to facilitate cross-border harmonization and interference prevention.
CONNECTING THAILAND'S DIGITAL ECONOMY | Unused Spectrum Capacity, MVNOs and D...YOZZO
This paper, highlights the vast unused telecom network capacity set aside for Mobile Virtual Network Operators #MVNO in Thailand, due to reluctance from the mobile network operators, AIS, Dtac and True, to accept these on their networks.
The introduction of MVNOs in Thailand six years ago has not succeeded in laying the foundation to ensure innovation, the achievement of the broader industry and national economic objectives. The MVNOs has been tethered with the legacy infrastructure and thinking behind the conventional mobile operator services.
However, there are lessons to be learned, and first lesson is - a new approach is needed.
Therefore, we suggest a few additions to the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission’s (NBTC) notification regarding network capacity and obligations for Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNO) in Thailand.
We also propose a one-stop shop, who acts as an enabler for the digital economy, MVNO / M2M / IoT service providers, e.g. matching the demand, with the supply of unused MVNO capacity from the telecom operators, and thereby creating a win/win for all stakeholders in the ecosystem.
¹ MVNO Definition: http://www.yozzo.com/mvno-wiki/mvno-definition
² The History of MVNO | http://www.yozzo.com/mvno-wiki/the-history-of-mvno | August 2016 | Yozzo.com
³ Why MVNOs in Thailand have failed: http://www.yozzo.com/news-and-information/mvno-mobile-operator-s/why-mvnos-in-thailand-have-failed
A flagship CTO event, this has grown into a platform for knowledge-sharing among peer groups steering ICT projects in e-delivery of health care, education and governance. This Forum echoes the Commonwealth's 2013 theme: The Road Ahead for Africa.
Trends in Asia Pacific’s MVNO market | Telecoms World Asia 2017YOZZO
Presentation given at the Telecoms World Asia 2017 event in Bangkok 21-22 March. Speaker: Allan T. Rasmussen, Managing Director, Yozzo Co., Ltd.
What’s driving MVNO growth in the region?
Where are new markets and opportunities?
Catering to the region’s diverse population – factors for success
For 18 years, Carriers World Asia has been an annual platform for leading international carriers, operators, authorities and suppliers to meet, learn and create fruitful business partnerships for the betterment of wholesale revenue and growth. With the dawn of a digital era, it’s become imperative for telecoms operators to undergo a top-down transformation to survive and thrive in an age of disruptive technology, business models and new competitors.
In 2017, Carriers World Asia was re-branded to Telecoms World Asia introducing to other tracks under the umbrella: Networks and Digital Transformation.
Cartesian considers the future of mobile wholesale charging: What alternatives exist to traditional usage-based models? Could capacity-based charging improve return on network investment?
CONNECTING THAILAND'S DIGITAL ECONOMY | Unused Spectrum Capacity, MVNOs and D...YOZZO
This paper, highlights the vast unused telecom network capacity set aside for Mobile Virtual Network Operators #MVNO in Thailand, due to reluctance from the mobile network operators, AIS, Dtac and True, to accept these on their networks.
The introduction of MVNOs in Thailand six years ago has not succeeded in laying the foundation to ensure innovation, the achievement of the broader industry and national economic objectives. The MVNOs has been tethered with the legacy infrastructure and thinking behind the conventional mobile operator services.
However, there are lessons to be learned, and first lesson is - a new approach is needed.
Therefore, we suggest a few additions to the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission’s (NBTC) notification regarding network capacity and obligations for Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNO) in Thailand.
We also propose a one-stop shop, who acts as an enabler for the digital economy, MVNO / M2M / IoT service providers, e.g. matching the demand, with the supply of unused MVNO capacity from the telecom operators, and thereby creating a win/win for all stakeholders in the ecosystem.
¹ MVNO Definition: http://www.yozzo.com/mvno-wiki/mvno-definition
² The History of MVNO | http://www.yozzo.com/mvno-wiki/the-history-of-mvno | August 2016 | Yozzo.com
³ Why MVNOs in Thailand have failed: http://www.yozzo.com/news-and-information/mvno-mobile-operator-s/why-mvnos-in-thailand-have-failed
A flagship CTO event, this has grown into a platform for knowledge-sharing among peer groups steering ICT projects in e-delivery of health care, education and governance. This Forum echoes the Commonwealth's 2013 theme: The Road Ahead for Africa.
Trends in Asia Pacific’s MVNO market | Telecoms World Asia 2017YOZZO
Presentation given at the Telecoms World Asia 2017 event in Bangkok 21-22 March. Speaker: Allan T. Rasmussen, Managing Director, Yozzo Co., Ltd.
What’s driving MVNO growth in the region?
Where are new markets and opportunities?
Catering to the region’s diverse population – factors for success
For 18 years, Carriers World Asia has been an annual platform for leading international carriers, operators, authorities and suppliers to meet, learn and create fruitful business partnerships for the betterment of wholesale revenue and growth. With the dawn of a digital era, it’s become imperative for telecoms operators to undergo a top-down transformation to survive and thrive in an age of disruptive technology, business models and new competitors.
In 2017, Carriers World Asia was re-branded to Telecoms World Asia introducing to other tracks under the umbrella: Networks and Digital Transformation.
Cartesian considers the future of mobile wholesale charging: What alternatives exist to traditional usage-based models? Could capacity-based charging improve return on network investment?
•
Malaysia has made significant progress in basic connectivity, but there is an opportunity to expand access to and use of higher quality broadband.
•
Ubiquitous, high quality, affordable broadband will increasingly be a critical foundation of the digital economy. Better connected economies will do better.
•
Malaysia’s ambitions for the digital economy will only be realized, and its investments (DFTZ, Industry 4.0 etc.) pay off, if fixed broadband services become more affordable and their quality is improved.
•
Malaysia can consider a new strategy, with more ambitious targets, to promote competitive markets, accelerate infrastructure deployments, and attract private capitalto increase broadband network roll out and use.
2017 information on Thailand’s Telecoms Infrastructure including: Spectrum licenses, AIS/TOT 2100MHz 3G MVNO roaming setup, DTAC/TOT 2600MHz MVNO setup, TRUE/CAT Telecom 850MHz MVNO setup, MVNO license fees, MVNO issues, Spectrum refarming Thailand, SRDs, Licensed and unlicensed spectrum band, IoT standards and licensing
Update June 22, 2017 - Version 1.1
Thailand’s National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) has allocate a pair: 885-890MHz (downlink) and 930-935MHz (uplink) to the Thai Chinese high-speed Railway project. Global System for Mobile Communications-Railway (GSM-R),
The NBTC also allocated the 380-400MHz spectrum to the Transport Ministry for trunked radio system on the subway system.
The MVNO i-mobile has exited the market
Minor update June 13:
Regarding the 2100MHz TOT/AIS MVNO setup. The contract was changed AWN was switched with Super Broadband Network (SBN) another subsidiary of AIS.
The benefit of technology neutral spectrum licences 25 sep 2020Coleago Consulting
In many countries - particularly those which rely on wireless broadband - the process of introducing new technology in existing frequency bands is delayed or held up because spectrum is not licenced on a technology neutral basis. The article explains the benefits of technology neutral spectrum licences.
Overview slide set on LTE FDD and TDD, including the drivers, benefits, business opportunities, standardization, spectrum, network commitments, trials, planned launches, eco-system/devices, LTE-Advanced
This presentation draws primarily upon the Evolution to LTE Information Paper published by GSA on June 7, 2010 (available at www.gsacom.com)
Business Model - Diversification Strategy for Electronic Media ConglomerateFawad Ahmad Khan Niazi
The growing demand of content and its regulations over internet and mass media are also challenges for the TOs as they are less familiar to such type of situations in contrast to EMCs and in some cases compliance to content regulations resulted in total blocking of key portal services e.g. YouTube and facebook on whom Telecom operators (TOs) rely for professional as well as user generated content. The power of mobile as end-user device/terminal; and necessity to have access to mobile device for tapping youth and busy customers requiring mobility in future is acknowledged worldwide. Therefore, EMCs should strive to provide converged services to mobile users in Pakistan through diversification strategies like that of telecom operators to sustain in long run.
SAMENA Response to Iraq CMC fixed wireless consultationroberto ercole
response to December 18 consultation by communications and media commission of Iraq on licensing spectrum for fixed wireless broadband access in 2.3, 2.6 and C band.
http://www.cmc.iq/ar-iq/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/CMC_FWB_consultations.pdf
•
Malaysia has made significant progress in basic connectivity, but there is an opportunity to expand access to and use of higher quality broadband.
•
Ubiquitous, high quality, affordable broadband will increasingly be a critical foundation of the digital economy. Better connected economies will do better.
•
Malaysia’s ambitions for the digital economy will only be realized, and its investments (DFTZ, Industry 4.0 etc.) pay off, if fixed broadband services become more affordable and their quality is improved.
•
Malaysia can consider a new strategy, with more ambitious targets, to promote competitive markets, accelerate infrastructure deployments, and attract private capitalto increase broadband network roll out and use.
2017 information on Thailand’s Telecoms Infrastructure including: Spectrum licenses, AIS/TOT 2100MHz 3G MVNO roaming setup, DTAC/TOT 2600MHz MVNO setup, TRUE/CAT Telecom 850MHz MVNO setup, MVNO license fees, MVNO issues, Spectrum refarming Thailand, SRDs, Licensed and unlicensed spectrum band, IoT standards and licensing
Update June 22, 2017 - Version 1.1
Thailand’s National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) has allocate a pair: 885-890MHz (downlink) and 930-935MHz (uplink) to the Thai Chinese high-speed Railway project. Global System for Mobile Communications-Railway (GSM-R),
The NBTC also allocated the 380-400MHz spectrum to the Transport Ministry for trunked radio system on the subway system.
The MVNO i-mobile has exited the market
Minor update June 13:
Regarding the 2100MHz TOT/AIS MVNO setup. The contract was changed AWN was switched with Super Broadband Network (SBN) another subsidiary of AIS.
The benefit of technology neutral spectrum licences 25 sep 2020Coleago Consulting
In many countries - particularly those which rely on wireless broadband - the process of introducing new technology in existing frequency bands is delayed or held up because spectrum is not licenced on a technology neutral basis. The article explains the benefits of technology neutral spectrum licences.
Overview slide set on LTE FDD and TDD, including the drivers, benefits, business opportunities, standardization, spectrum, network commitments, trials, planned launches, eco-system/devices, LTE-Advanced
This presentation draws primarily upon the Evolution to LTE Information Paper published by GSA on June 7, 2010 (available at www.gsacom.com)
Business Model - Diversification Strategy for Electronic Media ConglomerateFawad Ahmad Khan Niazi
The growing demand of content and its regulations over internet and mass media are also challenges for the TOs as they are less familiar to such type of situations in contrast to EMCs and in some cases compliance to content regulations resulted in total blocking of key portal services e.g. YouTube and facebook on whom Telecom operators (TOs) rely for professional as well as user generated content. The power of mobile as end-user device/terminal; and necessity to have access to mobile device for tapping youth and busy customers requiring mobility in future is acknowledged worldwide. Therefore, EMCs should strive to provide converged services to mobile users in Pakistan through diversification strategies like that of telecom operators to sustain in long run.
SAMENA Response to Iraq CMC fixed wireless consultationroberto ercole
response to December 18 consultation by communications and media commission of Iraq on licensing spectrum for fixed wireless broadband access in 2.3, 2.6 and C band.
http://www.cmc.iq/ar-iq/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/CMC_FWB_consultations.pdf
Abhaya Sumanasena - Real Wireless - Spectrum Options techUK
Presentations from the SPF Cluster 2 & 3: Release Mechanisms & Flexible Spectrum Access workshop on 21 May 2018
More information about the UK Spectrum Policy Forum is available here.
http://www.techuk.org/about/uk-spectrum-policy-forum
Spectrum liberalisation and technology neutral licencesroberto ercole
how spectrum liberalisation needs flexible technology neutral licensing to work effectively, but the tension this has with the benefits of harmonisation and harmful interference control. The paper looks at the example of Europe and how this principle used WAPECS to do this.
Its the explanation about the joint venture of NTT Docomo and Tata teleservice ltd and their achievements and future strategy to be implemented for its growth in highly technological driven market of Telecom industry. and regarding the Mergers and Acquisition in telecom industry.
RESEARCH REPORT A National Telecom Wholesale NetworkYOZZO
Exploring the potential of National Telecom Public Company Limited (NT) partnering with a MVNA/MVNE to launch a National Wholesale Network for Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNO)
The merger between True Corporation (TRUE) and Total Access Communication (DTAC) on March 1st, 2023 in Thailand has significantly reduced competition in the Thai telecommunications market, and raised concerns about price increases, service quality decline, and lack of consumer choice.
This report explores the benefits of strengthening the role of National Telecom Public Company Limited (NT), as a neutral player by allowing it to retain its spectrum and partner with a Mobile Virtual Network Aggregator (MVNA) and enabler (MVNE), to establish a National Wholesale Network (NWN), as a solution to enable competition into the market via Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNO).
This approach can foster competition, drive innovation, utilize existing infrastructure and ultimately benefit consumers and enterprises by providing them with more choices and innovative mobile services.
Advance spectrum management for mobile telecommunications finalprojectAntonino Galo
This is a short Description related to Regulator´s policy, decision & procedures to assure a optimal spectrum amangement, directed to people involved in policy & decision making.
The regulator most establish a framework, rules & mandates to incentivize MNOs to invest on networks improvements.
Regulators must be facilitators & play active roles together with MNOs to develop strategies to assure a good implementation of future plans for implement new spectrum bands to satisfy growth on data demand by users.
Then the regulator most to manage effectively & develop plans action/activities/acts for future spectrum licensing to MNOs in order to allow new 5G network deployments.
Management of frequency spectrum is more important in order to avoid interference.Spectrum Management processes are
established in a framework largely determined
by national needs.The decisions about national goals cannot be
imposed from outside: they are rightly a matter
for a sovereign government and the people, in
the interests of the people.
• Therefore any process establishing a
regulatory framework for spectrum access
must involve the key stakeholders: the
spectrum users and the public.While users of the spectrum have immediate
needs, which should be met if possible, there
are also uses in the future which must be
allowed for in the planning.
• The regulating authority must achieve a
balance between the current use and possible
future uses, such that growth is not hindered.
Licensed shared access: A report for the UK Spectrum Policy ForumtechUK
techUK, on behalf of the UK Spectrum Policy Forum (SPF), commissioned this study on spectrum sharing and Licensed Shared Access (LSA) to make proposals for the most acceptable specification for LSA for the UK.
It was wrong to sell wireless spectrum (1)Abraham Paul
It was wrong to sell wireless spectrum.
Having been actively associated in the implementation of one of the early GSM systems in India in 1995, I choose to remain stead fast in my opinion I had on this subject from the inception of GSM, that in the fast changing Technology oriented systems, networks, product and services, any planning on long term basis is unworkable both on the technology front as well as in its business propositions. Therefore, the wireless spectrum needed for the operation need to be planned according the same philosophy according to the facts mentioned below. The Government, the regulators and Telecom Industry need to understand and take the issues involved in close coordination between the stake holders so that right decisions are made at the right time, as otherwise it will not only hamper the growth of telecom industry as a whole but also will be harmful for the end users as it will push the country towards losing the benefits of privatization in the long run. In addition to killing the Telecom Goose that lay golden eggs it will also lead to never ending litigation. I have been writing about this to all concerned and also in various print and visual and social media websites for many years now.
Government, the Regulatory authorities and CAG and the Judiciary dealing with Telecom issues should reexamine with an open mind whether giving out Spectrum, a limited national resource to Private industrialists in a long term contact basis is the right choice for the government and a workable business proposition for the Telcos based on the following facts:- See link http://wp.me/p1ZsI2-3
examining the deployment options mobile opcos have in moving rom 4 to 5G. Looking at how these options impact on the possible range of 5G services offered. Also analysing how to reduce deployment costs by using a single rural opco model.
The impact of fixed mobile costs on competition policyroberto ercole
This paper looks at the impact of mobile fixed costs spectrum policy designed to increase competition, and promote coverage. Because of the high fixed costs in mobile there is a tension between increasing the number of operators using spectrum caps or reserving licenses in an auction vs productive efficiency.
This is examined for Saudi Arabia.
The paper was published by www.gtprn.org in November 2020.
increasing the number of mobile firms can reduce welfareroberto ercole
slides from Policy Tracker presentation on how the number of mobile operators (and the policies to encourage new entrants) might reduce overall economic welfare.
Will OneWeb continue as a potential global satellite network after chapter 11?
This paper looks at what we can learn from previous chapter 11 filings such as ICO and Iridium. It notes that the regulatory ITU filings are not via the US administration. The UK and France control the ITU filings as notifying admins - so their attitudes will be key - and likely not bound by US chapter 11 decisions. This was the case with ICO having its filings revoked by the UK.
The paper also looks at what the current constellation of 74 satellites might offer to consumers and how many more satellites might be required (perhaps 300 in total?) to offer consumer grade service in the US.
The paper also looks at who the creditors are - nearly 90% from European companies and some European governments being significant creditors indirectly. This may suggest an option to have the network upgraded and used to provide rural broadband coverage for public policy objectives (perhaps in Northern Europe initially).
Innovation and spectrum regulation and property rights : IEEE DySpan paper 2005roberto ercole
A paper from 2005.
This paper looks at the regulatory changes that are required to allow technologies such as quick and easy access to radio spectrum. Without such changes it will not be possible for DySPAN technologies to make the inroads into the market, that are required to ensure spectrum is used with the optimum economic efficiency. This access to market requires greater use of a technology neutral spectrum property right.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1542663?denied=
5G World presentation ExCel, London 11th June 19roberto ercole
A presentation on the regulatory and business challenges to promote 5G take-up at the 5G World event in London.
The presentation looks at how expensive it might be to deploy a full wide-area 5G network and how spectrum auction fees relate to that. It also looks at what can be done to encourage mobile coverage in rural areas where there is no commercial incentive.
5G payback period MENA -build it and they will come?roberto ercole
presentation of paper at ITS MENA in Aswan Feb.19. Looking at the impact of spectrum fees and infrastructure sharing in the MENA region for 5G deployment.
It questions if the proposed incremental revenue (5% pa) from 5G, makes wide area deployment of 5G commercially attractive for MNOs, even if there are large economic benefits to the wider economy. Spectrum auction/admin fees can further undermine the business case and represent perhaps 25% of deployment costs potentially.
This simple payback analysis is meant to offer a starting point to examine these issues in a transparent way to allow regulators to focus on the key issues that might make the difference between only a few % of cells being 5G, or national coverage (or the time taken to go between these points).
A common shared network or national roaming is likely to be the only way to provide coverage in rural areas, i.e. for the last 5 to 10% of population, and should be considered as competition seems to have reached the limits of what it will provide in terms of national coverage.
5G Deployment costs MENA Region - Will Mobile Opcos get a fair share of the e...roberto ercole
This paper looks at payback periods for 5G wide area 5G deployment in the MENA region. It shows it is potentially viable in most markets, but if spectrum fees are included this can make the significant difference. There is also a lot of uncertainty from MNOs about the 5G business case. This analysis uses a simple payback analysis to try and show what the critical issues might be.
However, it is not a given and the incremental revenue of 5G over 4G may be quite small for MNOs (5% pa). If there is no business case for MNOs they will not deploy, regardless of what the wider economic benefits may be. MNOs will then be tempted to deploy a very limited amount of 5G, ie only in a few city centres.
One option to improve payback is to allow network sharing in rural areas. In Europe it has been recognised that pure competition cannot deliver the quasi ubiquitous mobile broadband coverage that policy makers want.
This paper was delivered in Feb. 19 in Egypt at itsaswan2019.org.eg .
technical note regarding out of band emissions at 24.25 GHz from 5G and the need to protect earth exploration satellite services. The impact of setting such limits might mean that 5G cannot use below 26.5 GHz.
SAMENA C band paper input ASMG22 (May 2017) - Satellite and 4G Sharing (PFD ...roberto ercole
A simple sharing analysis using free-space radio wave propagation suggests that nearly 200 km separation is required between a 4G base station and a VSAT terminal. This makes cross border coordination more complex. However, using real terrain profiles with Earth curvature suggests less than 20 km may meet the pfd limit suggested.
The 3.4-3.6 GHz is now widely identified for 5G/4G/IMT (after WRC-15). This block of 200 MHz may not be large enough offer the high performance required by IMT-Advanced and IMT-2020/5G in multi-operator environments in some countries. SAMENA believes that operators may well require 100 MHz each to encourage deployment (assuming contiguous TDD). At WRC-15 several Arab administrations proposed a Power Flux Density (PFD) limit for cross border coordination of the 3.6-3.8 GHz band and the identification for IMT (and mobile co-primary). This limit was the same as currently used in 3.4-3.6 GHz. This was not agreed at conference (i.e. 3.6-3.8 GHz was not identified for IMT).
If administrations seek to use 3.6-3.8 GHz for IMT/5G in the future, then the inter and intra country protection levels should be considered. This will increase the options available to administrations in the region.
4/5G Cross-Border coordination in Bahrain E field trigger levelsroberto ercole
A public response by SAMENA to TRA Bahrain consultation on the award of 4G/5G 800/2600 MHz mobile spectrum in Bahrain. The paper focuses on cross-border coordination with Saudi Arabia and Qatar.
The potential issue of if 2.6 GHz is used for TDD by one country and FDD by another is explored, as this adds complexity.
The paper looks at current CEPT cross-border coordination Electric Field strength limits for 800 MHz and 2.6 GHz bands and tries to derive these using 3GPP standards. The paper examines the propagation loss required to ensure the trigger field strength limits are not exceeded.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
SAMENA response to CITC consultation on spectrum management
1. 1
SAMENA Response to CITC on a “National Spectrum Strategy
2025” (5/1440)
April 2019
Introduction
SAMENA Telecommunications Council welcomes the opportunity to respond to this
important consultation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. As outlined below SAMENA
Telecommunications Council is an industry association that represents the interests of our
members in the region. Our members include the current mobile operators in KSA, namely
STC, Mobily, and Zain.
In consultation with them SAMENA has prepared this response to CITC’s preparatory
questions on developing a national spectrum strategy for 2025. SAMENA and its members
believe that spectrum is a key resource in public policy objectives such as the Digital
Society, Smart Cites, etc. as well as helping to boost economic growth. Many citizens now
seem to prefer accessing many government services electronically, with mobile devices
being a preference for the younger generation.
The growth in demand for spectrum for mobile services, amongst other competing demands,
places increasing pressure on this scarce resource needed by the private and public sectors.
This makes such a review on a future spectrum strategy timely and important.
SAMENA believes that it is important that KSA/CITC maintains (and if possible, increases)
its reputation as a global though leader in spectrum. This is to help bring about the beneficial
harmonisation of spectrum use to:
1. reduce harmful cross-border radio interference; as well as
2. maximising the benefits to citizens in KSA (and beyond) of economies of scale.
The upcoming WRC-19 in Egypt potentially offers a significant opportunity for CITC to
increase its influence, and actively engage as an international thought leader in spectrum
issues.
SAMENA believes that an active role is required by KSA/CITC in October at the WRC-19 to
ensure the best opportunity for mobile to support the 2030 Vision and its objectives.
For questions regarding this paper please contact:
Mr Roberto Ercole CEng, Director Public Policy, SAMENA,
roberto@samenacouncil.org
#304, Alfa Building, Knowledge Village, P.O. Box: 502544, Dubai, UAE
2. 2
About SAMENA
SAMENA Telecommunications Council1
is tri-regional not-for-profit industry association
spanning more than 25 countries, including Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Bangladesh,
Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan,
Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates,
and Yemen. It represents the interests of more than 85 telecom operators and service
providers in the fixed and mobile space, and stakeholders from the wider digital ecosystem,
including technology-, equipment- and software manufacturers, internet companies,
consulting companies, academia and regulatory authorities.
It is SAMENA’s mission to serve as a sector-development partner to governments and
industry for the joint creation of a flourishing and sustainable ICT sector to enable
sustainable digital transformation. Our key objectives are to enable sustainable growth,
incentivize investments and broaden value creation through effecting adoption of new
regulatory approaches in the areas of Digital Services, Data Regulation, Spectrum
Management, and Industry Fees & Taxation.
Answers to Specific Questions:
Question 1: What are the current or expected challenges related to using spectrum today?
The main challenge in spectrum management is to ensure that the goals and objectives (as
set out in the ITU 2015 Handbook on National Spectrum Management) of a national
regulator are met as efficiently as possible. That is making radio spectrum available for
government and non-government users to stimulate social development and economic
progress. It is therefore important that spectrum be viewed as a scare resource for the
benefit of the economy in general and citizens and government.
It is the growing demand for spectrum that makes national spectrum management much
more challenging than it has been in the past. In the past it was possible to control
interference by assigning relatively large blocks of spectrum as “guard bands” that could be
held effectively “fallow”. It was also possible to hold large pieces of spectrum in reserve to
cope with new demands or services. However, the pressure today on the demand for
spectrum makes that very difficult if a national regulator is to make the best use of a scare
resource like radio spectrum. It therefore requires a more strategic approach as to how to
use spectrum, than was perhaps required in the past (when there was ample spectrum for
demand).
Question 2- Improving Spectrum Management
SAMENA believes that in the short term commercial mobile operators would benefit from the
ability to share the spectrum licenced to each other with their permission.
It is likely that at times, in some areas, all mobile opcos would benefit from such an
arrangement and can control interference problems by coordination amongst themselves.
This is especially true as most mobile base stations and handsets tune across all the
frequency ranges assigned for mobile in KSA. This means such an arrangement can be
1 https://www.samenacouncil.org/index
3. 3
very ad hoc and time limited as required. This has the potential to solve short term capacity
bottlenecks in an efficient manner.
Whilst other more exotic schemes (such as white space and dynamic spectrum access) may
be suggested, in practice they have not proven to be commercially successful and would
seem to have little potential in the short to medium term.
Question 3 - In what ways can KSA ensure spectrum management safeguards for government
use whilst allowing commercial to prosper?
SAMENA believes that new and innovative approaches will be needed to try and “square this
circle”. In the past when spectrum demand was relatively low it was possible to ensure that
all interested parties could be reserved sufficiently large blocks so that any government
department or agency could run its own individual radio network. In the future it may make
sense to consider:
1. Government agencies use a single network shared between them rather than
having separate networks; and or
2. That government agencies might use commercial networks using enhanced and
guaranteed QOS, such as via network slicing.
The advantage of these approaches is that it reduces costs by avoiding duplication. It is likely
that option 2 (using commercial networks will deliver the biggest savings and hence most
beneficial). It is also more spectrally efficient to have a single larger network than many small
ones. This is due to factors such as trunking gain and being able to get access to better located
sites (fewer networks chasing limited mast sites). This is especially true as we move towards
broadband radio networks. Whereas before finding 12.5 kHz channels for push to talk voice
was relatively easy for utilities and government users, this is no longer the case.
We are seeing a move towards networks that need 10 MHz plus to take advantage of new
multiple access schemes such as OFDMA. This coupled with the ever-higher data rates
required by users makes the multiple small independent network approach harder and harder
to implement. This inefficiency reduces when one considers the large networks operated by
the current commercial operators.
Increasingly government users are seeking to benefit from economies of scale and wish to
use commercial mobile standards (such as LTE) as far as possible. This means that the
spectrum ranges available become even narrower as these government users need access
to commercially harmonised bands to benefit from these economies of scale. The danger
becomes not only of increased costs but having to coordinate lots of independent smaller
spectrum networks in the same geographic area. This may lead to spectrum being effectively
lost due to “guard band” requirements.
SAMENA believes that the long-term solution to this is to try and encourage government
users to share a single managed network (run by a government agency or a commercial
contractor) or to use a commercial 5G network. It is likely to be cheaper for a commercial 5G
network (using network slicing perhaps) to upgrade their network QOS, than for a
government user building a new network from scratch.
4. 4
Question 4 – the role of KSA generally, and CITC in particular in representing local
stakeholder interests internationally
SAMENA believes that it vital that CITC continue its role in international meetings and
regional groups regarding spectrum. Because of the size of the economy and thought
leadership in many areas related to spectrum. From a mobile commercial viewpoint there
are two key factors that require CITC to play an influential role in spectrum matters, namely:
1. Harmonise bands and use to gain from economies of scale for mobile devices and
equipment: and
2. To prevent/control/reduce harmful cross border interference.
SAMENA believes that CITC has and will continue to play a key role in the above issues. One
example to date has been the 2.6 GHz band that has been made available as all TDD (3GPP
band 41). This is recognised by many as a better option for flexibility and 5G deployment. As
SAMENA understands it, CITC has been successful in persuading a number of other
neighbouring administrations to change from adopting the primarily FDD (band 7) plan, used
in Europe for 4G.
The issue is that the two band plans give rise to difficult cross-border coordination problems
(for more detail see reference2
). It appears that Bahrain has now changed its proposal to use
primarily FDD to follow the KSA band plan. This will potentially save much time and effort in
coordinating base stations for 5G services to the benefit of the economies and consumers of
both KSA and Bahrain. However, other administrations such as Jordan and Kuwait still use
Band 7, and others are considering it. In SAMENA’s view all bands (700/800/900 L-Band/
1800/2100/2300/2600/C band) would benefit from a framework of cross border coordination
agreements.
Whilst this is only one example, there are other issues to do with cross-border interference
that the leadership and influence of KSA/CITC are important for helping to resolve. For
example, the core 5G capacity band (3.4-3.8 GHz) is not fully recognised and protected under
the ITU Radio Regulations in this region. This means that 5G deployments in 3.6 to 3.8 GHz3
may be much more complex (and hence expensive) because of the international regulatory
rules. This also gives rise to the potential that networks once deployed will need to be (in the
worst case) switched off in border areas to protect neighbouring countries.
SAMENA understands that CITC has used its influence to try and resolve this at the Arab
Spectrum Management Group (ASMG) level. However, not all KSA neighbours are in the
ASMG, which may lead to future difficulties. SAMENA would ask CITC to continue its efforts
in this area to seek a fair and balanced resolution to this, if possible, via the ITU Radio
Regulations.
2 www.slideshare.net/RobertoErcole/45g-crossborder-coordination-in-bahrain-e-field-trigger-
levels
3 Mobile services have secondary protection in 3.6-3.8 internationally in the ITU Radio
Regulations.
5. 5
Question 5- Factors affecting spectrum demand for commercial mobile
SAMENA welcomes the greater emphasis being placed on mobile services and the drive
towards 5G. According to our data KSA has moved from less than 300 MHz available for
commercial mobile in early 2017 to just over 1000 MHz today (after the recent C band
awards), which places KSA first in the region for mobile spectrum.
*** Source: Policy Tracker ** including 800 and 2.6 bands under consultation
*assumes 3.6-3.8 available.
Figure 1
This increase in mobile spectrum has not only helped put KSA in prime position to deploy
cost effective 5G services (with capacity and coverage bands available), it has helped drive
an increase in data speeds available to consumers. According to data presented at the
recent ITU workshop in Riyadh (December 18), average 4G download speeds increased
from 9.3 to 26.3 Mb/s from 2017 to 2018.
SAMENA and the mobile industry welcomes this strategic focus on making spectrum
available for commercial mobile systems but considers that mobile data use will continue to
grow. The current 1000 MHz for mobile does not match the demands calculated at ITU
level. The ITU (M.2290 from December 13) suggested that the total spectrum requirements
for terrestrial IMT would be from around 1400 MHz to 2000 MHz by the year 2020.
However, this was based on assuming traffic would grow from the 2010 level by 80 times by
the year 2020.
According to Cisco, global mobile traffic was 237 Petabytes per month in 20104
. Also,
according to Cisco, the global mobile traffic was 19 Exabytes per month in 20185
, which is
80 times more than the 2010 figure. This means that the mobile data level projected as high
in M.2290 for the year 2020, has already been reached. Cisco predicts that by 2020 the
4 https://blogs.cisco.com/ar/cisco-vni-mobile-data-traffic-forecast-2010-%E2%80%93-2015
5 https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-
vni/white-paper-c11-738429.html
1,010.0
720.0 700.0
625.0
528.8 480.0
358.4 330.0 320.0 310.0
220.0 210.0 189.0
120.0
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1,000.0
1,200.0
Commercial Mobile Spectrum (MHz)
6. 6
mobile data usage per month will be 41 Exabytes, which would be 170 times the 2010 data
usage level.
Of course, it is not possible to do a simple one to one mapping to suggest that 2000 MHz
might be needed by 2020 in KSA. The numbers used in the ITU study where not for specific
countries, and technology has improved since 2014. Also, IMT-2020 is supposed to be 3x
more spectrum efficient than IMT-advanced.
In fact (according to Cisco) in 2017 the monthly mobile traffic figure was 59 Petabytes in
KSA6
. Which equates to around 2 GB per month per user in KSA, that places KSA slightly
below the OECD average (see below) but on a par with Spain and Holland. One would
expect the demand for mobile data to increase in KSA towards Korean and the Nordics data
usage over time.
Figure 2
It is not possible for SAMENA to give any exact figures on the future demand for mobile
spectrum in KSA, but based on the above, it is likely that more spectrum will be required at
some point after the year 2020 perhaps. The availability of 3.8 to 4.2 GHz may be part of
the solution.
This could also be affected by a number of other factors. One important one might be the
amount of spectrum for low power radio LANs such as Wi-Fi. The US and EU7
are
considering more spectrum for such services in 5925 – 7125MHz and 5925 – 6425 MHz
respectively. Wi-Fi is used by many operators for traffic offloading and may carry around
50% of mobile operators traffic in some cases.
6 https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/m/en_us/solutions/service-provider/vni-forecast-
highlights/pdf/Saudi_Arabia_Consumer_Highlights.pdf
7 http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=50343
15.45
5.57
2.94
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
GB per month in 2017, per mobile broadband subscription - Source: OECD
7. 7
Question 6 – overall expectation on current use in terms of coverage
SAMENA will limit its comments to the use of coverage requirements and obligations set on
commercial mobile services.
Coverage Requirements
SAMENA believes that mobile broadband coverage is important and that every effort should
be made to try and increase the geographic coverage and data rates/quality of service
available to consumers in KSA. Some believed that this could be done by relying on market
forces and competition alone. Those views have changed, and it has been recognised that
competition is not the complete answer.
UK Ofcom in its December 18 consultation on 5G spectrum bands has stated that “targeted
public policy interventions may be needed to deliver services to the hardest-to-reach areas”8
.
It noted that commercial investment driven by competition had reached its upper bounds at
around 84% of landmass (para 4.21).
The Ofcom paper undertakes a cost benefit analysis on how such obligations should be set.
Their analysis suggested a geographic coverage obligation of 90% UK landmass would
deliver the social benefits at least equal to the underlying costs (para 4.54). The costs were
substantial and noted that for the UK the cost of moving from 82% to 92% of landmass was
£305m to £535m (figure 4.3). Given the UK is a much more densely populated country (and
smaller) than KSA (263 vs 15 people per km2
), the costs are likely to be higher in KSA – as
more cells will be required (these extra cells will likely generate little income).
Whilst ensuring that user experienced data rates and the level of coverage are valid public
policy objectives, and indeed SAMENA operator members invest heavily in trying to boost
this, there is an associated cost. It is important that as with all public policy objectives there
should be a consideration of the costs and benefits associated with improving coverage and
data rates.
According to TowerXchange9
there are nearly 36,000 towers used in KSA by mobile opcos.
This represents a substantial cost in terms of initial investment as well as ongoing operating
costs. The 5G investment being made by the operators is multi-billion $ to upgrade existing
sites as well as for site densification.
The way a coverage and user experience data rate (or a proxy for this such as field strength
or average data rates etc) is set can have a major impact on network costs. This can be a
particular problem in very large countries such as KSA with a low population density. This
can lead to many more sites being built than can be justified in any cost benefit analysis.
The issue holds true not just in terms of landmass covered, but also required data rates (also
if this should be supported indoors or not). This is because the data rate required impacts
on the required link budget towards the cell edge, which can reduce the size of cells quite
significantly.
According to information supplied by PolicyTracker10
85% of the population in KSA lives in
just over 25% of the landmass (around 500,000 km2
). It is thus possible to cover most of the
population with a combination of capacity bands (above 1 GHz) and coverage bands (below
8 www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/130726/Award-of-the-700-MHz-and-3.6-3.8-
GHz-spectrum-bands.pdf
9 www.towerxchange.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/TX_MENAProspectus_2019.pdf
10 www.policytracker.com/
8. 8
1 GHz). However, for the remaining 15% of the population it is necessary to rely on lower
frequency coverage bands such as 700 and 800 MHz.
To go from 85% to 95% population coverage, increases the landmass coverage from 25% to
61%. This is a major cost in a country the size of KSA. This means operators need to build
enough cells to cover and extra 36% landmass or nearly 800,000 km2
. That could equate to
around an extra 5,000 sites per opco, assuming an average 7 km radius for rural cells. If the
way the QOS were set reduced the cell size to say 5 km that would mean around 10,000
sites would now be required to meet this new QOS.
The relationship between population and landmass for this remaining 15% of the population
in rural areas is not linear. That is, it requires ever more cells to reach the next 1% of
population as one tries to cover more and more of this rural 15%.
It should also be considered that the amount of spectrum is more limited in these coverage
bands below 1 GHz (comparing downlinks of 30 MHz and 30 MHz in 700 and 800 MHz)
compared to C band with 100 MHz per opco (TDD). There are also different spectrum
efficiencies (see below) to do with urban and rural deployment scenarios. This may mean
the data rates may be more limited in some circumstances (in terms of cell peak or average
rates) in these rural areas relying on sub-1GHz bands.
The spectrum efficiency of rural cells will be less than that of dense urban sites (due to less
inter-cell interference and other factors). For example, ITU-R M.2410 (table 1) shows a
downlink spectrum efficiency11
of 0.12 bits/s/Hz for rural enhanced mobile broadband
(eMBB), compared with 0.225 bits/s/Hz for dense urban (a reduction of around 50%). To
equate this to user experienced data rates (download) suggested using 100 MHz in C band
(in dense urban areas) would give 22.5 Mb/s. For 700 and 800 MHz rural eMBB (20 MHz
downlink per opco) would be 2.4 Mb/s. This is not to say this is what would happen in
practice, and users would experience higher average data rates. But it shows how sensitive
the results are to how one sets the metrics and measures of such obligations. SAMENA
believes careful consideration should be given to the metrics used and the way they are
measured, preferably after an industry dialogue.
A paper has been produced by PolicyTracker (with the author) that looks at how coverage
and quality of service obligations can be evaluated looking at a four-stage process12
that
goes into more details. It also looks at the connection between cell sizes and proposed
QOS levels.
SAMENA believes that as it is important that any coverage and quality of service obligations
be set after a cost benefit analysis has been undertaken. This is to ensure that the social
benefits of increasing coverage/quality of service match the increased costs to the networks.
11 5th percentile user spectrum efficiency that relates to user experienced data rate.
12 www.policytracker.com/blog/coverage-obligations/