Samarians Hierarchies

Samarians Hierarchies
Sumerians were one of the first civilizations that existed and had an established developed
government. The Sumerian's lived in Mesopotamia which was located right between Tigris river and
Euphrates river and the land in the middle was a great place for people to settle in because it was
fertile. The people who lived here were no longer hunters and gatherers and there were more that
people could do. Farmers contributed their crops to others and so people had the chance to acquire
other skills. With plenty of food and great innovation, the population of the Samarians grew they
populated other areas which became city–states. Sumerians are famous for their inventions and
advancement of technology. They are famous for their writing into direct clay ... Show more content
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Samarians created a calendar to help know when seasons were changing which helped know when
floods were coming. This shows how resourceful and intelligent the Samarians were. They used the
environment they lived in to survive and create more inventions. The video also did not include
what social order the social hierarchies the Samarians had. The Samarians had three social classes
which were the rich who were in power such as the Kings, priests, merchants, and soldiers. The
second class was the craft makers, farmers, and teachers. The third class was the poor and slaves
who were taken hostage during battles. The Samarians had armies, paid taxes and had many
resources but their downfall was due to war. Sometimes came and populated Samaria and eventually
took over the land of Samaritans. Around 1750 BCE Hammurabi became the king and the land was
now known as Babylon. Akkadians who was ruled by Sargon the great took over the Babylon's and
all the city– stated which he turned into the first ever empire. Sargon of Akkad ruled from 2334 to
2279
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Mesopotamia and Egypt Essay before 600 BC
Mesopotamia and Egypt
Ancient civilizations across history have shown unique and incredible feats of mankind. Arguably,
two of the most prominent ancient civilizations in the Middle East and even the world are the
Mesopotamians (Beginning 5,000 B.C.) and Egyptians (Beginning 3,150 B.C). Even though these
two civilizations peaked about 2,000 years apart, they share numerous similarities contributing to
their success, and also show even more differences that distinguish how each had a unique culture
and way of life. Both civilizations excelled at feeding and supporting large populations of people.
This was done largely because both had techniques that allowed them to excel in farming and
agriculture. Mesopotamia had fertile valleys ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With governmental machinery that brought political and social order to their territories, effective
political and military power enabled them to build regional empires and expand their authority to
neighboring people. Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia were two great civilizations among the earliest
to emerge in the Middle east and North Africa. Both made significant contributions in areas such as
mathematics, medicine, agriculture, astronomy, technology, architecture, art and writing. They had
differences as well, including their political structures. Most importantly is that Egyptians were
under a centralized government, and the Mesopotamians had self–controlled city state governments.
In Egypt specialized labor was a feature to societies in the southern part of the Nile River valley,
Egyptian and Nubian lands build patriarchal societies that placed authority in the hands of adult
males. The Egyptian economy was really productive because of it's location and prosperity of the
location, Egypt was a center of trade, linking lands in southwest Asia, the eastern Mediterranean,
and sub Saharan Africa. The Nile allowed Egyptians to travel back and forth due to the winds, all
you needed to do is change your sail. Mesopotamia is known as the fertile crescent. There was much
farming in ancient Mesopotamia. Farmers would dig trenches from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
to keep their soil moist. The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers were very important in Ancient
Mesopotamia,

Syrian Civil War : The Arab Springs
Comparable to past catastrophic events throughout world history, Syria's civil war began as a chain
of significant circumstances which lead to eventual turmoil. Although the Arab Springs, a series of
uprisings against dictators in northern Africa and southwest Asia, was the primary basis for the
Syrian civil war, climate change induced drought was undoubtedly the inception that provoked the
Arab Spring in Syria. Water is essential to human life aiding in agriculture production and livestock
care as well as basic human nourishment. Without this life supporting element, rural people flooded
to the cities in droves seeking their basic human needs. Along with millions of rural Syrians, Iraq
refugees were also flocking to the Syrian cities for comfort and aid. With overcrowded cities,
minimal resources, few jobs, and an oppressive government, Syria was doomed for rebellion and
civil war, especially considering rebellions in neighboring countries was so successful. Peaceful
protests for basic human needs and equal rights were met with aggressive opposition by government
militants, which fueled more protests and more deaths. Ultimately, the record drought of 2006–2011
eventually caused the Arab Spring which lead to the Syrian civil war.
The Land of Syria
Snug within the Fertile Crescent, Syria lies in the Middle East region within the southwest Asian
realm and is encircled by Turkey to the north, Iraq to the southeast, and Jordan on the southern
border, while Lebanon and the

The Most Influential Innovators Of The Ancient World Essay
Mesopotamia was once a vast fertile, green landscape with two mighty rivers, the Tigris and the
Euphrates, running from the north to the south flowing into the Persian Sea. Sandy river valleys
covered most of the south and mountain ranges dotted the north. This land was also known as the
Fertile Crescent. Mesopotamia is one of the first major of civilization along with others that sprung
up along major rivers around the world at approximately the same time. Mesopotamia was home to
the Sumerians, who became known as one of the most influential innovators of the ancient world. A
couple thousand miles southwest of Mesopotamia lies the land of Egypt. Like Mesopotamia, Egypt
had the mighty Nile flowing south to north, pouring into the Mediterranean Sea. Egypt was covered
in rich fertile soil near the Nile and surrounded by desolate desert outside of the river valley. Egypt
was home to the ancient Egyptians who created the well–known monumental engineering feats, the
pyramids. Even though, these two civilizations were close in region, their geographical conditions
generated vastly different ways of life, belief systems and governmental systems.
The daily lives of the ancient Sumerians were strenuous and filled with hardships. The Tigris and
Euphrates rivers were the life blood of the Sumerians and contributed heavily to the success of this
civilization because they provided water for the people and their animals to drink, but most
importantly, provided water for their crops.

Land Of Ur Research Paper
The land of Ur is one that, until relatively recent archaeological discoveries, has been a bit of a
mystery. The writings of Maimonides and Josephus both place Ur at different locations throughout
the Assyrian empire. It has been believed that Ur was farther north but archaeological evidence
places the land of Ur on the western bank of the Euphrates River in the southeastern potion of
ancient Mesopotamia. According to archaeological excavations, this was a place of great culture,
sophistication, influence, riches, and power. The people of Ur worshipped many gods but they
primarily worshipped the moon god, Nanna, and his consort Ningal. Ur was a massive influence in
its day, being a center of religion, culture, and economics that had an effect ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The story of Nanna follows that the "old woman" of Nippur, Nunbarshegunu, taught her daughter
Ninlil how to win the affections of the air god, Enlil. She succeeded but Enlil began to frighten her
so she refused his advances and he then raped her. The other gods were disgusted by this action and
they banished Enlil to the netherworld. Ninlil chose to follow him there, pregnant with their child.
Not wanting their son, Nanna, to live in the netherworld he chose to impregnate her with three other
children who grew to rule the netherworld as deities in his place while Nanna was freed. Nanna, the
moon god, ascended to heaven and (with his consort Ningal) became the father of Utu, the sun god.
Nanna continued to rule as the deity of the people and land of Ur. The city contained a massive
ziggurat, which was a mountain like temple that stretched into the sky (reminiscent of the tower of
Babel) with a shrine to the gods on top. The Sumerian culture believed that the god Enlil designed
the universe and that the water god, Enki, constructed the world. Enki creates the world and then
entrusts each place to a special entity with the moon god being the deity that people of Ur worship.
Ur is known as the premier city of the Sumerian civilization. Located near the Euphrates and the
Tigris rivers it became a mighty port city. The riches of this civilization are shown in the excavations
of the royal tombs where the kings, queens, and

Similarities Between Egypt And Mesopotamia
Egypt and Mesopotamia were both two of the earliest known civilizations. Egypt was built on both
sides of the Nile River, while Mesopotamia was built in between Tigris River, and the Euphrates
River. Their geographic location permitted water resources that granted fertile land for successful
agriculture. Although both civilizations had their similarities and differences, agriculture was their
primary living resource, as well as polytheistic being their primary religion. As a matter of fact, they
believed in multiple gods and goddesses, and it was very important to maintain good relationships
with them to ensure positive outcomes. Therefore, Osiris, Anubis, and Ereshkigal all shared similar
roles and positions throughout their area. Osiris was an ancient Egyptian god known as the god of
the afterlife, that ruled during the golden age. He was also identified as the god of resurrection and
fertility. He was recognized by his pharaoh's beard, and his green skin that symbolized re–birth and
resurrection. In addition, he was also partially mummy wrapped. He was found through allusions
from the pyramid texts. He was well known as the religion of the night, because he would look over
civilization during the night through the Orion star. The sacrifices to Osiris were gloomy, sincere,
and mournful. During their sacrifices individuals would lay on beds that were shaped like Osiris.
The most known myth is how Osiris was drowned by his jealous brother Set, and how the corpse
was torn

Compare And Contrast Egypt And Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is in between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
Grain surplus was important because it excused workers from working harder to provide families
with their own food. The excess grain also funded public works. As well as a logical medium of
exchange.
Their diets were grains.
Sumer is important because it is where writing first started.
They played a part in Ancient religions because there would be ceremonies where meals would be in
the temples and priests would worship and consume the food and beverage in the presence of the
gods and spirits of the dead.
Writing helped the Sumerians keep track of everything like paid taxes and the creation of the
cuneiform.
The 2 ancient civilizations are Egypt and Mesopotamia
It was important because

Comparing and Contrasting Egypt and Mesopotamia Essay
What similarities and differences did Egypt and Mesopotamia have and why was Egypt more
politically unified than its neighbor, Mesopotamia? I think in order to answer these questions it is
important to look at how both societies lived. Egypt and Mesopotamia were two civilizations
existing during the time period of 2000–1200 BCE.(text, 97) These civilizations were shaped by
their environment, involved with trade, and faced changes in government after the 100 year drought;
however, they differed in that Egypt was shaped by the Nile, traded goods for goods and changed
their outlook on the pharaoh who was ruler of all; whereas, Mesopotamia was shaped by the Tigris
and Euphrates, traded money for goods, and had a ruler over rulers. The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(text, 59) I think that a devastating environment can create devastating people. For example, in 2005
Hurricane Katrina devastated thousands it not millions of people. The negative change in the
environment caused a negative change in how many people conducted themselves. People were
stealing and looting for things that they needed or wanted. These actions were like those of savages.
I view this to be similar to the revisit of flood destruction found in Mesopotamia. Even though both
prospered after a devastating drought, they both had different approaches in which they traded
goods. I think that the approach, Egypt took, made it more unified than Mesopotamia. One reason is
that, according to them, they wanted nice things to put into their tombs to use in the afterlife. The
nice things were like furniture, and coffins that were constructed from wood that was imported in
from Phoenicia. (text, 107) A second reason is that when ever the Egyptians colonized a new area
they would build stationed forts to broaden trade routes. (text, 107) Plus, in Egypt, they traded goods
for goods. (text, 107) In contrast, I believe that most of Mesopotamia's businessmen were concerned
with just getting the money and nothing else, because money was so much easier to transport than
heavy loads that were being traded. (lecture, Dr. Kaz , Feb 9th 2009) When Mesopotamia recovered
from the

Similarities Between Mesopotamia And Harapppa
The Ancient Complex Societies of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Harappa The ancient complex societies
of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Harappa all had many different languages, religions, government,
Locations, and architecture. When looking at these societies one may say that there was no sort of
correlation between them but when you dig into the heart of these complex places you notice how
close they all are. We see that their government and cities were built the same also many of their
languages and writings have some sort of resemblance. Many of the ideas that each society believed
and performed had at least one similar quality whether it be a similar dialect or even government.
There is one thing that cannot be denied even though these societies were nowhere close to each
other, there are major aspects that prove they are alike. In all the societies mentioned a major part is
religion, all societies had a religion in addition all were polytheistic, meaning that they worshiped
more than one God or goddess. The differences between them were that they had different names
and meanings for each symbol. Egypt and Mesopotamian societies tented to have a stronger tie to
religion than Harappa. The evidence for this comes when looking at the structures built in their
cities. In the outline of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian societies showed large religious temples,
while in Harappa there weren't any big temples but what looks like to be a major bath system which
could have possibly been for

Ancient Mesopotamia And Egypt Different
Ancient Mesopotamia & Egypt; Different & The Same Long before you and I today were societies
in formation. These fascinating societies took place in Mesopotamia and Egypt in ancient times.
Many factors contributed to the similarities and the differences that occurred between the two;
including geography, religion, and social structures. A glance at the these factors will give us a better
understanding of a couple of the first societies or civilizations that occurred before people today.
In order to understand a society, with the religion that it follows and the social structures that are set,
we need to understand the place that it lies, which is their geographical influences. The geographical
influences hold a tremendous impact on the people that it consumes. Evidence has shown that the
physical and emotional attributes imposed upon a person are dictated by the geography that
surrounds them. Adaptations are made to survive within the standards set by the geography of a
certain place. In example, a person living in a climate with a significant amount of sunlight,
compared to a person living under little sunlight, will have darker skin to prevent harm from the rays
of the sun. Both Mesopotamia and Egypt were dependent upon a source of water; the Nile for Egypt
and the Tigris and Euphrates for Mesopotamia. The difference between the two lands is that Egypt
took place on either side of the Nile, whereas Mesopotamia was a valley laid between the Tigris and
Euphrates. Sitting on

`` Mesopotamia `` By Pirieenzo And Narrated By Simon Chilvens
A video on YouTube called "Mesopotamia" by Pirieenzo and narrated by Simon Chilvens tells the
story of the Sumerians, the oldest known civilization. It is said that for nearly five thousand years, in
the Iraqi desert, the Sumerians invented writing and the wheel. They divided time into minutes and
seconds and built gigantic cities. The Sumerians loved culture and the arts. It is stated that their
caravans crossed the desert opening up the first trade groups. The Sumerians' stories inspired our
founding myths and their memories lives on the Old Testament writing the history of the mankind.
However, this brilliant civilization died leaving its very existence as a mystery.
Today, fascinated stories about this civilization have been found. Genesis 2:10–15 mentioned the
Tigris river that goes toward the east of Assyria and the Euphrates river. Between these two rivers is
located Mesopotamia, also known as the country between two rivers. The question that many people
wonder is Why this civilization developed in this part of the world? Director of Studies of the
Practical School of Higher Studies, Paris, Jean–Claude Margueron, states that "We think that it
began with the Greek civilization that influenced the development of classical civilizations."
Mesopotamians used the water from the Tigris and Euphrates river to irrigate their geographical
area. Having agriculture, they lack of wood, stone, and metal resources.
Baghdad, the capital of Iraqi, is the heritage of the Sumerian

Explain Why The Cradle Of Civilization Is Mesopotamia
Unit 2 Lecture
The cradle of civilization is Mesopotamia. Why, you might ask? This week, you will discover the
reasons. You will understand the characteristics of civilization and the process of its emergence. You
will also demonstrate knowledge of the major characteristics of civilization and the process of its
emergence.
At the end of Unit 2, you will be able to:
1. Locate various civilizations of the era in time and place, and describe, and compare the cultures of
these various civilizations.
2. Analyze the spread of agricultural societies, and population movements.
Six thousand years ago, civilization emerged in Mesopotamia. The Ancient Greek word meaning the
land between the rivers is used today to describe the valley between the

Gothic Art : HolofernesArmy Crossing The Euphrates River
The Flight into Egypt, c. 1140–144 and Holofernes' Army Crossing the Euphrates River, c. 1245 are
among the Gothic arts that were painted on stained glass windows of Gothic cathedrals. The
architecture of the cathedrals provided for tall walls where stained glass windows with paintings of
stories in Apocryphal books were mounted. The Holofernes' Army Crossing the Euphrates River
medallion was located in Saint– Chappelle Chapel in Italy. The medallion was located in a window
of the chapel dedicated to the Apocryphal book of Judith (The Judith window). The medallion
illustrates the biblical verse in the book of Judith where an army was crossing the Euphrates River to
Mesopotamia. The Flight into Egypt illustration illustrates the biblical narrative when Mary and
Joseph together with their son Jesus escaped into Egypt. The illustration was located in Abby church
of Saint Dennis. It was the first Gothic styled cathedral and provided a blueprint for the others.
Painted and stained glass window pieces of art were made by joining different pieces of stained
glass bearing illustrations of objects using lead limes. Besides, special paints could also be used to
paint on the glasses directly (Klaus and Charles 14). Lead lines are clearly seen in the original
stained glass illustrations. These illustrations were described as the "Bible of the poor" because they
helped the poor who did not know how to read and write to learn about the scriptures (Carl and
Charles 14–16). The linear,

How Did Tigris And Euphrates Influence Mesopotamian Rivers
The Tigris and Euphrates rivers heavily influenced the Mesopotamian peoples, due to its distinct
geography and flooding patterns. These aspects influenced Mesopotamia's organization, societal
structure, and even the cosmic attitudes and religion of the Mesopotamians.
The Tigris River is very rough, turbulent, and had relatively high banks in comparison to the
Euphrates River. The Euphrates, however, flowed in a much calmer manner, and had lower banks.
This makes the Euphrates River more suitable for irrigated farming. The Euphrates and Tigris united
in what is now present day Iraq, which flowed into swamplands and marches. It was at this point the
Tigris and Euphrates flooded into the plains. This made lower Mesopotamia more suited for
irrigation based farming than the Levant, despite the near devastating floods of lower Mesopotamia.
Those farming in the Levant had to rely on rain, which was much more infrequent and irregular than
the floods of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was a huge change for the previous nomadic peoples who traveled within the region. Early
methods of governing were somewhat democratic; the men would assemble and decide on matters
that affected the community. We also begin to see risings of social classes and distinctions. Some
people grew more grain than others, and thus were wealthier. Due to the geography surrounding the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the region was prone to invasion. In order to prevent this, walls were
built around the city and men were trained to defend the people and wealth within them. Naturally,
these warriors were of social prominence, giving them economic and political superiority. Priests
also rose to a dominant social distinction because anyone able to commune with and placate the
unpredictable and fickle gods of Mesopotamia was considered very important to ensuring future

Mesopotamia Vs. Egypt Mesopotamia
Marley Buckley
C Block History
Mr. Kelly
10/2/15
Mesopotamia vs. Egypt
Mesopotamia and Egypt were very different because of their geography and world view.
Mesopotamia was often flooded because of their bad geography, but the land around the Nile river
was built well so the Egyptians didn 't have to worry about the river flooding as often. The land in
Mesopotamia was often attacked and invaded. Ultimately the geography of Egypt was significantly
better than Mesopotamia because of the benefits of the nile river created a positive world view, a
strong government and a universal religion.
Mesopotamia's land required more work than Egypt 's because of their unscheduled flooding. The
land in Mesopotamia was fertile, but was very harsh due to the amount of excess water coming off
the two rivers. The people in Mesopotamia had a bad world view because they were constantly
working and fixing the land and it would get ruined again after the flooding because it was constant.
The Epic of Gilgamesh connects to the flooding of the river because his writings showed how the
Mesopotamians were under the mercy of the gods. It also described how the Mesopotamians had to
keep fixing their land after the unscheduled flooding. The people of Mesopotamia also had bad
world because of the overload of water that caused them to have a surplus of food. The Nile allowed
the Egyptians to work their crops instead of worrying about the river, unlike the people in
Mesopotamia. Due to the flooding of the

How Did Geography Affect Ancient China
In ancient times, the geography of ancient river valleys affected the growth and success of a
civilization. Ancient Sumer and Ancient China were strongly changed by the geographic features
they had around them. Many river valleys during this time, including Ancient China and Ancient
Sumer, developed around rivers. These rivers gave the civilizations fertile soil, which lead to a
surplus in food, for farming foods and crops was the most common way to grow food for families.
Rivers also gave people water and other resources that were necessary for living during this time.
Sumer developed around two rivers, the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers. These rivers flowed parallel to
each other and the land in between the rivers was called Mesopotamia. This land had very fertile
farm soil and therefore many people in the civilization of Sumer settled in Mesopotamia. In China,
the Civilization developed around two rivers, similar to the Sumerians. The two rivers Ancient
China developed around were the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The geography of the two civilizations mostly positively affected the development of the
civilizations. The main geographic features that Sumer and China had were their rivers. In Ancient
Sumer, the main rivers were the Tigris and Euphrates river. In Ancient China, the main rivers were
the Huang He and Yangtze rivers. Both of the civilizations depended heavily on the rivers for good
farm soil and other resources. Many people lived around the rivers and the civilizations responded to
this by creating cities close to the rivers. The production of food from the good soil given off by the
river led to many technological advancements in both Sumer and China. Because of the geographic
features in Ancient Sumer and Ancient China, the two civilizations were able to thrive and be
successful for a very long

How Did Agriculture Influence The Development Of Ancient...
During mans transition to agriculture human achievements were both interesting and essential even
though archeologists needed to interpret the remains of tools, cave paintings and burial sites. The
social norms adopted during this period led to the creation of society as we know it today.
Agriculture led to the formation of more complex societies where people were able to settle in one
place for longer periods focus on economic, political, and religious goals which helped to increase
the number of people in the world.
On the banks of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Mesopotamia and the Nile in Egypt emerged
civilizations affected the history of the eastern half of the Mediterranean. Theses civilizations led to
formation of cities and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Secondly, the end of the ice age saw the retreat of certain big game animals. Hunters began to look
for smaller game, such as deer and wild boar. The amount of animals available for hunting declined.
This also increased the new sources of food. (Zvelebil, 2009)
The development of agriculture was of fundamental importance for the future history of mankind. It
meant that more people could remain settled in one area for a longer period and spend less time
searching for food which allowed people to begin to learn a crafts. This led too many becoming and
became carpenters tanners, scribes and metal workers. A civil service and priesthood emerged. Some
of the villages that had originated at the beginning of the Neolithic period began to resemble
fortified cities in Asia Minor and Syria. The largest and central cities however, were on the major
rivers of Egypt and Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium BC. It was there that the largest
quantities of food could be grown and the largest number of people could live together. (Zvelebil,
2009)
The core of the Mesopotamian city was the temple, the house of the state holy being whose needs
had to be provided for by the community. The temples became very powerful groups that created
vast estates that engaged in activities

Characteristics Of The Early Civilizations Of Mesopotamia
The characteristics shown in the early civilizations of Mesopotamia are still evident in today's world
because without these basic standards set by the people of Mesopotamia, civilization could never
have grown or had a reference point for the basic building blocks of society. Mesopotamia was able
to grow through the development of technology, trade, stable political and military systems, and a
class system that contributed to society . Mesopotamia's way of life influenced many other
civilizations such as the ones in Egypt, Eastern Europe, and in Asia. Without Mesopotamia's
innovation, civilizations may have never been able to find a concrete system that allowed society to
not only to survive but thrive.
One of the main reasons Mesopotamia was such a success was because it abandoned the old
traditional ways of earlier civilizations by settling in one specific spot. Before Mesopotamia, most
civilizations were nomadic . They would travel around Europe, Asia, and Africa looking for food
and water. The group of people who had settled in Mesopotamia no longer needed to travel to find
different food supplies. The land settled by the first civilization in Mesopotamia was located near
the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. These rivers were able to supply both a reliable water source and
also allowed a trade route with the other budding civilizations located on the rivers . A reliable water
source was imperative to a budding civilization because it allowed both drinking water and an

The Sumerians: Intelligent And Hard Working People
The Sumerians were a group of intelligent and hard working people. Sumerians were the first to
establish traditions and activities that have come to be basic elements of what we call civilization
(David A. Leeming, pg 247). This idea of civilization began to spread is now the basis of human life
today. They settled between the Tigris and Euphrates River because of the rich farmland. The
Sumerians are know for creating a lot of first. The first wheel, agriculture and irrigation methods,
schools in the region, and the first civilization that arose in the Fertile Crescent region. Many people
believe that the Sumerians were the first civilization because they gave us the modern agriculture
and irrigation method, they developed new crafts, and they maintained cuneiform.
The Sumerians invented the modern agriculture and irrigation method that is still being used today.
The importance of irrigation can be seen throughout the history of mankind as farmers and
engineers worked to provide reliable water resources for food and fiber crops and adequate sources
of water for the general public (Water and politics flow downhill, pg 609). This water gave life to
the Sumerians and made their crops thrive and prosper. The irrigation allowed the farmers to have
crops father away from the Tigris and Euphrates River. Thus expanding the the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The number of farmers needed started to decline because of the improvement in irrigation and
agriculture. These Sumerians started to become craftsmen. Merchants, teachers, priests, physicians,
musicians, poets, scribes, and tradesmen existed in addition to farmers and fishermen (Debra M.
Lucas, pg 2143). Other Sumerians created weapons, cloth, and pottery. In fact, the first wheel ever
invented was used as a pottery wheel. The invention of the wheel was one of the Sumerians'
masterpieces. Without the invention of the wheel, life as we know it would be completely

Mesopotamia And Its Impact On Ancient Civilization
Mesopotamia, or "land between the rivers" as the name translates to in Greek, is exactly as it states;
in the region of southwestern Asia, the land itself is named for it 's initial position between the Tigris
and Euphrates rivers. However, Mesopotamia can be defined as having a reach into what is now
Syria, Turkey and most of Iraq (History of Mesopotamia, 2016). This ancient civilization houses one
of the earliest cities throughout human history, appearing around 3500 BC, though human settlement
looks to have arrived some time before. From the many achievements that stemmed from this great
society, a number of conflicts and significant warfare follow suit as this ancient culture would
eventually fade and fall among the ranks as a historical mark in the ongoing timeline of humanity.
Often time referred to as " The Cradle of Civilization", Mesopotamia consisted of plains to the north
and flourished jungles and aquatic life to the south. For their other resources such as, timber, stones,
and metals, they had to be imported from East of the civilization. Cities developed solely around the
rivers, though expanded further out than just the area between the two watercourses, giving them an
advantage for agriculture needs such as irrigation. Mesopotamia 's geographical placement was a
complicated matter due to inconsistencies with the river Tigris would later prove to conflict with the
nearby inhabitants. Tigris is a rough, fast flowing and harsh river, establishing itself to be

Sumerian Influence On The Sumesians
The Samarra culture developed into the Sumerians, from 4800 to 1750BC, with 19 dynasties and
103 kings that developed into one of the earliest civilizations on earth. Their existence as a
civilization was not even discovered until the middle of 1800AD. As a result of the ancient Greeks
and Egyptians who wrote about the Babylonians most people did not realize that the Sumerians
preceded the Babylonians. Furthermore, it was the Sumerians that developed writing, a religion and
numerous agricultural methods, which continued on with the following civilizations. 4 A
combination of British, German and French archeologists, in early 1800AD, began to dig out the
earthen mounds of the remains of cities that once existed and flourished for thousands ... Show more
Built in receding tiers similar to a pyramid on a rectangular or square base, but instead of a pointed
top such as the pyramids of ancient Egypt a flat top was used in order for the installation of a temple
that would be dedicated to a specific god or goddess. Each temple was constructed with a forecourt,
pond for bathing, a long and narrow central hall with aisles along the sides, rooms for the priests,
podium or table used for animal and storehouses of vegetables and grains. The now destroyed
ziggurat known as Etemenanki or the "Temple of the Foundation of Heaven and Earth" with a
square base of 148 feet, with a 98 foot tall by 210 foot long forward staircase and the total height of
the structure at over 150 feet. Many archaeologists and historians believe that it was these massive
structures built in Babylon and surrounding areas that inspired the Judeans to write their biblical
story of the Tower of Babel while they were exiled in Babylon, from 589 to 539BC. Much of what
modern mankind takes for granted today came directly or indirectly from the Sumerians. Examples
of what they created or helped with the development of are items such as the wheel, cuneiform,
arithmetic and geometry, irrigation systems, boats, calendar, bronze, leather, glues, saws, saws,
chisels, hammers, braces and bits, nails, hoes and

Human And Environmental Factors Of Iraq's Water Poverty In...
Iraq's Water Poverty
According to E. Feitelson and J. Chenoweth, "Water poverty is a situation where a nation or region
cannot afford the cost of sustainable clean water to all people at all times." Iraq is a war–torn
country that's having many internal problems. Until recently, Iraq has been badly struck by water
poverty. In fact, this "war of water" has been making Iraqi officials worried that, "it may do what
decades of war have not been able to – destroy the country." (Nizar Latif and Phil Sands) There are
numerous human and environmental factors that affect Iraq's water and water quality. For
environmental factors, Iraq is "currently going through its worse drought in decades." (UNESCO
office for Iraq). There has been "poor rainfall and higher temperatures than before." (Nizar Latif and
Phil Sands). For human factors, the two main rivers that keep Iraq alive, the Tigris and the
Euphrates, have been having reduced water flows. Recently, Turkey have been "battling its own
water crisis," (Joost Jongerden) The same is also true for Syria as it's also drawing in water from the
Tigris and the Euphrates (John Vidal). With Turkey and Syria at the upstream of the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers and Iraq at the downstream, Iraq is unable to match up with the efforts of Turkey's
and Syria's and can't do much since it's weaker. Iraq's international water committee have been
trying to come up with a solution with Turkey and Syria to share water resources equally (Nizar
Latif and Phil

What Was Known About The Site Before Its Discovery?
What was known about the site before its discovery?
Before the first known recording of Ur by Pietro Della Valle in 1625, there wasn't much known
about the site. It wasn't until the early 1850's that it was officially identified as the site of Ur which
was due to the discovery of the Ziggurat of Ur by John George Taylor . The remains of the Ziggurat
were first described by William Kennett Loftus, a Geologist and archaeologist from Newcastle, in
the early 19th century.
How it was discovered and who discovered or rediscovered it.
The site of Ur was first recorded in 1625 by Pietro Della Valle . Valle recorded the existence of
ancient bricks appearing to be stamped with ancient inscriptions on black marbles thought to be
seals.
In 1853 until 1854, Ur was first excavated for the first by John George Taylor, as British Consulate
who worked on behalf of the British Museum. Taylor conducted this excavation due to orders from
the Foreign Office. Taylor's excavation discovered the remains of the Ziggurat of Ur which was then
covered by sand at the time. It was due to Taylor's discovery of the Ziggurat of Ur that led to the
identification of Ur, although remaining parts of the city were still hidden by sand at the time.
The official excavation of the City did not begin until 1918 after World War I under the guidance of
Reginald C. Thompson along with H.R.H.Hall. This excavation was funded by the British Museum.
Excavation ceased a year later in 1919.
Excavation later resumed in

The Sumerians: The Cradle Of Civilization
The Sumerians created a lot of old stories that you might of heard of like " The Epic of Gilgamesh".
Located in Mesopotamia near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, the " Cradle of Civilization" was
born. Geographers helped isolate other city–states. This unit also takes place in Southern Iraq, in
3000 B.C., when the Sumerians had their own government. They had many great ideas that turned
into great inventions that still affect people today. My source for this information is Spielvogel page
134 to page 137. The Sumerians created the first written language, and also made advances in
science and math. Writing was one of Sumer's important inventions. The Sumerian writing form, is
called cuneiform. Cuneiform was made of carvings that were turned

How Did The Ziggurats Created By The Sumerians?
The cities were built along the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. Their only resource of water were
the rivers that surrender the city. Sumerians usually sleep on the rooftops because it was cooler at
night than the small rooms of their houses. They wake up early in the morning to make business on
the street while it was not very hot. Woman used colorful, large gowns and men used sheepskin
skirts that depend on the season varies in size. They both also used jewelry like earrings and
necklaces. The Sumerians created a system of writing to record business transactions and history.
They called it "clay tablet". They also invented the wheel and the plow which helped them to
harvest some of their goods. Sumerians created the ziggurats, which were

Ancient Civilizations : Compare And Contrasting Ancient...
Contrasting Ancient Civilizations
Most people believe that all ancient civilizations were the same: they all lived with a steadfast
loyalty to their one and only king that ruled all of the lands, civilizations only achievements were
monumental buildings, and they vacuously attacked neighboring societies to gain more land for
millennia. While some of this knowledge is true to an extent, civilizations accomplished an
abundance more than some realize. Some fail to register that early civilizations are unique from each
other. Egypt and Mesopotamia were two distinct civilizations. Despite similarities such as both
being river civilizations, Egypt and Mesopotamia contrasted with each other in the areas of, type of
ruling, religion, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Egyptians viewed the afterlife as a happy place filled with food and the gods. In contrast, the
Mesopotamians viewed the afterlife as a place of horror and fear. The vital cause for the differences
of viewpoints in the afterlife is the River they depended on. Both civilizations saw the afterlife as an
extension of their current life. With this being said, the Nile was giving and gave them lots of water
along with silt, which was crucial for the survival of their crops. In turn, the Egyptians perspective
on the afterlife was gracious. Conversely, the Mesopotamians depended on the Tigris and Euphrates
rivers. While it did bless them with fresh water, on occasions, the river would grow violent and
cause a catastrophic amount of damage to their homes and crops. Since they also viewed their
afterlife as an extension to their current lives, they saw it as a dark and horrible place that wasn't
wanted. However, both civilizations accomplished achievements through religion and for other
reasons.
The last way Egyptians and Mesopotamian civilizations diverge and converge with each other is
because of their accomplishments. They both accomplished mathematics, medicine, architecture of
their structures dedicated to their gods, and calendars. Both probably accomplished these specific
tasks because each either helped them survive or helped them religious wise. One achievement that
was exclusive to the Egyptians was mummification. In ancient Egyptian

Compare And Contrast Egyptian Civilization And...
The Mesopotamian civilization and the Egyptian civilization have a few similarities between them
whether thats their locations or their religions. Each civilization survival depended on the rivers that
flowed by them, and these rivers changed the civilizations completely. Mesopotamian society was
dependent on the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, while Egyptian society was dependent on the Nile.
These rivers let the two civilizations create very different agricultural systems, social classes,
religions, and governments. Both the Euphrates and the Tigris Rivers gave way to the first
Mesopotamian cities and temples due to the rich and fertile land. The Tigris River, which is located
to the East, created very harsh conditions which challenged the farmers and made life very difficult.
The flood came in the early spring time which was the time when grain was ready for harvest. This
forced the farmers to act quickly to stop the ripened grain from growing bad. Besides destroying the
grain, the floods helped restore previously dried land and helped lead way to the preparation of the
smaller crops. On the western side, the Euphrates River had very calm floods which let the farmers
develop an irrigation system, making it a more efficient way of farming. At the unity of these two
rivers, there were lush and rich marshes and lagoons which lead to plant life, which attracted animal
life. At this conjoined spot, the first civilization and temple were located. From the development of
the

The Destruction Of Ancient Mesopotamia
In analyzing the present, one must evaluate the past. For ancient civilizations the most important
part of life was having a food source. For this reason, early human civilizations were usually
established on or near a water source. In addition, they faced many problems with native animals
and their natural habitats. Because of their lack of knowledge they searched for reasons to explain
their hardships. Ancient civilizations physical environments were harsh, but the resources of the
environment were essential for survival. Since the Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians lacked
knowledge of scientific data, they confided in higher powers to explain life's extremities. The
justification ancient civilization used for explaining their existence, are still prominent in western
society today.
Mesopotamia means Land between Two Rivers, it is located directly between the Tigris and the
Euphrates, but the land extends for miles past the rivers. Ancient Mesopotamia is the first
civilization known to man, established around 4500 BC. The physical environment in Mesopotamia
was extremely harsh and detrimental to the life that lived there. The Mesopotamians were
completely subject to their environment. Mesopotamia contained very fertile land which was
excellent for farming. This allowed for the colonization on multiple individuals into one area. Life in
Mesopotamia was fruitful and allowed for people to focus on other specialties. The downfall of the
Land between Two Rivers was that

Ancient Egypt vs. Mesopotamia
Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia Egypt and Mesopotamia, although similar, are different as a result
of one major natural resource: a river. Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia were an agricultural based
society that believed in the existence of many deities; however, they differed in the aspect of how
they evolved as an agricultural society and whether they feared or praised their gods. Mesopotamia,
also known as the Fertile Crescent, was located inside the Euphrates and Tigris River. The fertile
land was a home to the many city–states. Although the city–states are not unified, they share the
same curse/ blessing. All city states are located near the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. The rivers
provide rich soil that is favorable for farming. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The underworld is a very gloomy place and all are to suffer in their afterlife. This belief caused the
Mesopotamians to adopt a more optimistic view in their current life. They treasured the life they
have until the unavoidable end. This belief is supported in the ancient text, "Epic of Gilgamesh." In
the story, a king (who is the son of a god) was unjust and was very unpopular. One day the gods
delivered him a friend, and through their friendship, Gilgamesh believed that he was unstoppable.
However, one day the gods decided to kill his friend and this caused Gilgamesh to fear death. He
searched for a flower that will grant him eternal life. Although Gilgamesh found the flower, he lost
it. Therefore he accepted his fate as a mortal. He became a better ruler and was subdued to the gods.
This epic highlights the capricious nature of the gods and the vulnerability of the humans. The
ancient Egyptians, however, did not share the same fate as the Mesopotamians. They prospered a
great life in the ancient world and were in favor with the Nile. The Nile is a single river that spit into
several rivers. That particular part of the Nile is referred to the Nile delta. The Nile is the core to
understanding the Egyptian civilization. Unlike the Mesopotamians, the Nile is a tamed river that
flooded in a controlled fashion. Therefore, the Egyptians were able to create calendars that would
coincide with the flooding

Similarities And Differences Between Civilizations,...
Many of the early world civilizations had similar experiences when evolving to become the
influential societies that affected other societies. They were called the first civilizations because they
were able to form the first functional communities, successful systems of organized laws over
people, the distinction of social classes, economic income, and development of arts and educations.
Two of histories well–known civilizations, Mesopotamia and Ancient China had similar experiences
in the beginnings of their histories, they still have a different cultural and political views. These
early civilizations experienced similar environmental situations that contributed to the shaping of
their societies because both societies were built around two river valleys. Mesopotamia was located
between the Tigris and Euphrates river, but their river valley societies were surrounded by a desert
that was easy terrain. While the first Chinese civilization developed along the Huang he (Yellow)
and Yang Zi rivers, but this society was isolated from the rest of the world. Ancient China was
surrounded by various environmental barriers; deserts from the north and west, the surrounding
oceans from the east, and mountainous valleys from the south limited this societies interaction. Even
though these civilizations had different environmental surroundings, they both had to adapt to their
situations. These societies were located in fertilely rich lands that were great for agricultural
lifestyles,

Symbolism in The Negro Speaks of Rivers by Langston Hughes
Symbolism in "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" by Langston Hughes
Symbolism embodies Hughes' literary poem through his use of the river as a timeless symbol. A
river can be portrayed by many as an everlasting symbol of perpetual and continual change and of
the constancy of time and of life itself. People have equated rivers to the aspects of life – time, love,
death, and every other indescribable quality which evokes human life. This analogy is because a
river exemplifies characteristics that can be ultimately damaging or explicitly peaceable. In the
poem, "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," Langston Hughes cites all of these qualities.
In "The Negro Speaks of Rivers", the river stands as a symbol of endlessness, geographical
awareness, and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The poem states, "I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New
Orleans, and I've seen its muddy bosom turn all golden in the sunset" (8–9). The singing symbolizes
the happiness felt by the freed slaves while the river itself changes from being something murky and
gloomy into something bright and made of gold. With the mention of the sunset, there is a sense of
optimism and hope for a fresh start of a new day. Throughout these lines, the speaker conveys to the
readers the impression that no matter where the location of the river is, it has the capability to create
and sustain life, signifying the ability of the African American people to do the same. The
completion of the symbol is in Hughes's own personal account of himself and his own soul in the
poem.
The river functions as a symbol representing the continuous movement and flow of time and
geography. These main ideas adjoin in the one place and time in which the speaker currently resides
and exists in. After Hughes's comparison of the river to all human blood at the beginning of the
poem, Hughes states, "My soul has grown deep like the rivers" (4). This impactful and emotion
evoked line written by Hughes recognizes the message he is portraying of having a personal
connection to the rivers

Differences Between Human Innovation And Natural Evolution
Cities are an integral part of human existence. While it is easy to overlook their impact on our lives,
it is important to understand both how and why cities were formed in order to better understand our
own history. Since cities are both a natural product of evolution and a human invention, their
emergence is difficult to understand. Two of the first cities ever formed can be examined in order to
better understand this complex relationship between human innovation and natural evolution. Most
historians consider the civilization that formed along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and was
inhabited by the Sumerians to be the first city ("The Invention of Civilization, I" 3). In Egypt,
conquerors battled to gain control over villages that dotted the banks of the Nile River, eventually
resulting in the creation of the first empire and many cities within the pharaoh's domain. The
formation and evolution of these cities offer a glimpse into the underlying purpose of cities and how
they began.
Sumerians constructed the first real city – or a group of 5000 or more people living together – in the
Tigris and Euphrates river valley primarily for agricultural reasons (2). Before they settled, most
people avoided these rivers because of the violent and often unpredictable flooding that frequently
ravaged the land. Instead, most early people settled in small communities in the hills and along
smaller tributaries and streams that stemmed from these two mighty rivers. Perhaps due to

Beginning of a Civilization Essay
Modern civilization as we know it began as a group of shabby huts in the ancient region of
Mesopotamia. Flowing from mountains in modern Turkey, the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers created
an environment favorable for settlement. Wandering groups of people happened to come upon this
fertile land. The warm temperatures allowed a permanent civilization to begin. Mesopotamia is a
region which has a huge variety of geography combined into one expanse of land. There are rivers,
valleys, mountains, floodplains, deserts, and marshes splotched around the region. However, the
most important landmarks of them all are the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Without their annual
flood, ancient humans would have had difficulty in surviving. As well as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Along with the annual flooding, there was the advantage of warm temperatures which allowed for a
variety of crop growth. Mesopotamians planted grains like wheat, rice, and barley and further
improved their diet. After centuries of tedious labor by people, a clever idea was brought forth: the
domestication of animals for farming purposes. Soon, farmers were domesticating sheep, goats, and
horses to perform the labor. By using such techniques, farmers were often able to get twice as many
crops as they had before, and Mesopotamia began to have food surpluses. The food surpluses were
ultimately the factors that led Mesopotamia to experience remarkable development. Strong
developments had to be made so that Mesopotamia could achieve success in its society. Thanks to
advanced irrigation and farming techniques, there were food surpluses. Many farmers changed jobs
to begin a career which would generate greater earnings. This ultimately helped the economy of
ancient Mesopotamia. Eventually, people began to gain large amounts of money by selling crops
and objects made by craftsmen. The wealthy and poor were separated into rural and urban areas. To
keep up with a developing society, Mesopotamia made a government. Laws and tax collection
systems were created to fund the government. In addition, the wealthy people made ancient learning
centers, where scholars taught modern subjects such as mathematics and literature. To keep track of
events, a writing system named

Iraq Road Map Essay
A near total cessation of railroad activities after the 2003 US invasion, along with reliance on the
road network to transport cargo, has further burdened the network. The total length of Iraq's roads,
excluding municipalities and those found in Baghdad, is about 49,000 kilometers. This comprises
2,084km of highways, 11,000km of arterial roads, 10,000km of rural roads, 11,000km of border
roads and 15,200km of secondary roads". [2][8] (Figure.2–1) Fig.2–1: Iraq Roads Map
Source; Iraq Map – Road Map of Iraq, ezilon.com http://www.ezilon.com/maps/images/asia/Iraq–
road–map.gif This is not enough, especially with respect to rural roads. In accordance with
international standards, and require every 100 people in the km need 1 km of public ... Show more
This project would be the largest infrastructure project in Iraq over the last 30 years; Aims are to
funded Iraqi and foreign countries, both public and private.

Egypt And Mesopotamia Similarities
While Egypt and Mesopotamia grew around like environments eventually political and social life
among many other things began to diverge. The key feature that drove the Egyptian and
Mesopotamian ideology apart was the water sources they surrounded. Both civilizations had a
dependency on the rivers that they bordered, one big difference was while the Egyptian Nile flooded
predictably and annually, the Tigris and Euphrates that the Mesopotamians surrounded had harsh
unpredictable ones. This is what made the two civilization's ideas of gods and other things such as
the afterlife differ greatly. Egypt and Mesopotamia were two civilizations separated by the Arabian
desert that appeared around c. 3500 B.C.E. While the civilizations were about 500 miles apart, they
still shared many similarities such as how both were polytheistic, patriarchs, and at one time both
were ruled by monarchies.
Egypt and Mesopotamians religious beliefs were polytheistic. Polytheism is the belief or worship in
more than one god. Both civilizations believed in multiple gods, but that's where the similarities in
their religious beliefs end. While the Egyptians believed the gods loved them the Mesopotamians
believed the gods were there to be obeyed and feared. The Mesopotamians most likely believed that
the gods were wrathful tyrants because of how unforgiving the flooding of the Euphrates and Tigris
rivers were. If someone were to sin the rivers would flood as a punishment, the flooding would have
been a

Ancient River Valley Civilization, And The Development Of...
The Neolithic Revolution can also be referred to as the agricultural revolution. This was the time
period when cro–magnons shifted from gathering food to farming, this was a major breakthrough in
history. As time moved on Cro Magnons had to start finding new food resources so they started the
domesticating of animals. Since farming and domestication only required a small group of people
others ventured out and got more skilled in other jobs. This lead to them have a specialized jobs and
creating roles to run a society, soon they had a civilization. This helped start the four most known
ancient river valley civilizations. Throughout history these four river valley civilizations shared
similarities in geography being that they were located around each other, but they also had
differences in writing systems and cities.
All four main ancient river valley civilizations were located in the Fertile Crescent therefore they all
shared the same type of weather. Egypt was located south of the Mediterranean and west of the Red
sea. Ancient Egyptians depended on the Nile for all of their daily needs. Without the Nile, Egypt
would've been uninhabitable, being that it made that dry desert area fertile. The Nile was a curse and
a blessing. Every year in the middle of July the Nile would flood. If the water was too much land
and crops would be destroyed and when the water receded in October silt will be left behind and it
was used to nourish their farm lands. Isolation by the surrounding

Samarians Hierarchies

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