New Generation of Storage Tiering, presented at IBM Systems Technical University, Oct 17, 2017

1. IBM Power Systems
and IBM Storage
Technical University
New Generation of
Storage Tiering:
Simpler Management,
Lower Costs and
Increased Performance
Tony Pearson
Master Inventor and Senior IT Architect,
IBM Corporation

2. Abstract
Confused on how to implement storage tiering between
Flash, Disk, Tape storage system resources?
This session will cover the various techniques and
technologies available.
2

3. This week with Tony Pearson
Day Time Topic
Monday 10:15am
Business Continuity – The seven tiers of business
continuity and disaster recovery
1:45pm IBM’s Cloud Storage Options
4:30pm
Introduction to IBM Cloud Object Storage System
and its Applications (powered by Cleversafe)
Tuesday 10:15am
The Pendulum Swings Back – Understanding
Converged and Hyperconverged Environments
11:30am
New generation of storage tiering: Simpler
management, Lower costs and Increased
performance
3:15pm
Introduction to IBM Cloud Object Storage System
and its Applications (powered by Cleversafe)
Wednesday
9:00am
IBM Spectrum Scale for Volume, File and Object
Storage
3

4. Is your data on the right storage tier?
• Requirements change over time
• Data owners are risk averse
• Users don’t see the total cost
• Rationing resources is unpopular
… but the biggest challenge has been:
• No objective way to determine what the
‘right tier’should be!
…so data stays on top tier storage
(expensive)
• Resources that should be spent on
innovation are wasted on infrastructure
inefficiencies
50-60%
Optimal Storage Tier Distribution
Tier 0
Tier 2
Tier 3
Tier 1
20-25%
15-20%
1-5%
-0 -1%
Typical Storage Tier Distribution
70%
Tier 0
Tier 2
Tier 3
Tier 1
4

5. Too Many Critical Storage Projects and…
No Budget to Implement
Top Storage Pain Points Top Storage Projects
How do I fix
these
problems? How do I fund
these
projects?
5

6. Storage Tiers –
A trade-off between performance and cost
Server
Cache, Flash
and Solid-State Drives
Hard Disk Drives
Automated Tape
Manual Tape
Faster
Performance
Lower
Cost
Technologies allow us to
place and move data to the
appropriate storage tier to
balance between
performance and cost
6

7. Four Fundamental Truths of Storage Tiering
• All data is not created equal
• Information changes in business
value and in service level
requirements over time
• IT resources should be allocated
according to the value of information
• Information must be managed throughout
its entire lifespan …
data outlives media
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 w 2 w 3 w 4 w 3 m 6 m 9 m 1 yr 2 yr 5 yr 10 yr
DataValue
Age of Data
Machine data
Email
EMR
Database
Surveillance Video
7

8. Tiered Information Environment
A tiered information environment aligns IT resources with
Business Value and Service Levels required
Best Practices
1. Align information with business
requirements to determine 3-5
Information Classes
2. Establish policies to map
information to a Class of Service
• Initial placement
• Subsequent movement
• Backups, archives, mirroring
• Disposal, destruction, deletion
3. Establish well differentiated
tiers of information infrastructure
associated with each service level
Mission
Critical
Business
Critical
Business
Operational
General
Business
app/
data type
Platinum Gold Silver Bronze
Infrastructure Classes
of Service
Information
Management
Characteristics
Client SW: Backup, Compliance, SRM, Storage Access, Replication
Device Mgmt SW: SAN hardware, Storage Arrays
Storage Virtualization
Storage Hardware: Disk, Tape, Storage Networking
Infrastructure / Tactical
Components
Policies & Governance
app/
data type
app/
data type
app/
data type
app/
data type
app/
data type
Policies / ISSC / Information Management
8

9. Introducing I/O Density – Performance
measurement
9
• For each LUN, the amount of IOPS is divided by
the amount of resident data
• IOPS = I/O (read/write) per second
• IO Density = IOPS per Terabyte of data for a given
volume
• What is I/O Density?
• I/O Density (IOPS/TB) provides a level-set view of
performance regardless of volume size allowing a
uniform unit of measurement for analysis
• IOPS and TB tend to grow at similar rates, keeping
IO Density constant for each application
• The I/O Density value is the peak value of the averages
taken for the hour or day, depending on the sampling
chosen (Daily, Hourly or Sample Average).
• Daily Average has thus far proven the most reliable
indicator of future re-tiering results
• Hourly Average useful for brief but intense high-demand
workloads
*
Note:
I/O Density can be
represented per TB
or per GB
700 IOPS/TB = 0.7 IOPS/GB

10. The Many Forms of Tiering – Single System
Optimization
Low-latency DRAM
and Flash
Solid State
Drives (SSD)
Enterprise Disk
(15K and 10K)
Nearline Disk
(7200 RPM)
Automated Tape
Libraries
FlashSystem V9000
with External Disk
DS8000 Disk System
SAN Volume Controller
Storwize
$$$
10

11. I/O Density for Different Disk Technologies
1000
700
500
100
10
1
146GB
15K
300GB
15K
600GB
10K
900GB
10K
3 TB
7200
4 TB
7200
73GB
15K
I/O Density
(IOPS / TB)
Spinning disks get larger
in capacity, but the overall
IOPS per spindle remains
constant, causing lower
I/O density
* Typical values, drives may vary
RPM IOPS/drive
15K 175-210
10K 125-150
7200 75-100
11

12. Automated Sub-LUN Tiering within Storage Array
Flash and
Solid-State Drives
Enterprise HDD
15K and 10K rpm
Nearline HDD
7200 rpm
Problem:
SSDs appear more expensive than traditional disks (per GB)
Without optimization tools, clients have been over-provisioning them
Administrators spend too much time monitoring, reporting, and tuning
tiers
Solution:
Three data relocation functions
that enable smart data
placement and movement to
optimize SSD deployments with
minimal costs
– Entire-LUN Relocation
– Sub-LUN Automatic
Movement
– Re-balancing Intra-Tier Extent
Pool
12

13. IBM Easy Tier®
• Pools can have mixed media
– Tier 0 (High Performance) Flash
– Tier 1 (High Capacity, Read-Intensive)
Flash
– Enterprise HDD (15K and 10K RPM)
– Nearline HDD (7200 RPM)
• Easy Tier measures and manages activity
– 24 hour learning period
– Every five minutes: up to 8 extents moved
• Hottest Extents moved up to faster tiers
• Coldest Extents moved down to slowest tiers
– New allocations placed initially on fastest HDD
• A small amount of Flash (as little as 2-3%) can
dramatically reduce response times and increase
IOPS throughput
• Storage Tier Advisory Tool can estimate
benefits of adding Flash before purchase!
Flash and SSD
Enterprise HDD
Nearline HDD
13

14. Flash and Solid State Drive Options – Tier 0 vs Tier 1
Tier 0 (High performance)
• Due to repetitive ‘write-erase’ cycles,
flash drives have a life span or ‘write-
endurance’
• Most current “write intensive" flash
drives have endurance that allows up
to 10-25 Drive Writes per Day
(DWPD)
• For example, with a 700GB flash
drive, you can write up to 7 TB on
that one drive in a day and
maintain the usable capacity for 5
years
Tier 1 (High Capacity, Read-Intensive)
• Flash drive vendors have engineered
a lower cost drive, qualified for up to
1-5 DWPD
• Often called “read intensive” (RI)
flash drives
• One DWPD drives can meet the vast
majority of workload demands
• IBM and competitors are
aggressively moving to all-flash
arrays with extensive use of read
intensive drives for competitive
reasons
Original (1050 GB)
Tier 0 – Sold as 700GB with extra … 350GB for 10 DWPD
Tier 1 – Sold as 1000GB …with only 50GB extra for 1 DWPD
14

15. Workload skew from different client environments
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percentage of extents
ComulativePercentageofActivity
Mainframe1 - Small IOs Mainframe1 - MB Mainframe2 - Small IOs Mainframe2 - MB
Mainframe 3 - Small IOs Mainframe3 - MB Open1 - Small IOs Open1 - MB
Open2 - Small IOs Open2 - MB Open3 - Small IOs Open3 - MB
Nearline
Enterprise
SSD
Source: Internal IBM lab tests
15

16. Easy Tier Application Transaction Improvement
16
Application
Transactions
Easy Tier
Learning
Easy Tier
In Action
240% from
Original
brokerage
transaction
No change to
the database
or application
No work
required to
identify active
indexes or
I/O profiles
No manual
movement of
files or
volumes
Just turn it on
and let it
work!
16

17. Flash only
pool
Easy Tier
pool
HDD only
pool
ERP
FlashSystem
Storwize / XIV /
DS8000
Spectrum Virtualize
SCM SRM CRM BW
Production DB servers
Non-prod DB
servers
ERP SCM … … …
• Put DB with a high IO/s per TB
ratio on Flash only
• Put Production DB
on Easy Tier™ tiered storage
• Put Non-production DBs
on HDD only
Spectrum Virtualize storage pools
Best Practices – Three Pools
17

18. The Many Forms of Tiering – Datacenter Optimization
Low-latency DRAM
and Flash
Solid State
Drives (SSD)
Enterprise Disk
(15K and 10K)
Nearline Disk
(7200 RPM)
Automated Tape
Libraries
$$
$$$
IBM Spectrum Control
IBM Spectrum Virtualize
Datacenter
Optimization
18

19. Realize Cost-Savings through
Right-Tiering of Data Storage
19
Problem:
High-end disk arrays are expensive
Difficult to identify which data should be
moved
Manually re-locating LUNs is time-
consuming and disruptive

20. IBM Intelligent ILM Implementation Phases
1. Understand Client Data
2. Implement Tiering & Lifecycle Policies
TapeArchiveTier 3Tier 2Tier 1
3. Automate Lifecycle Management
• Analyze your data usage
patterns and provides
recommendations on how to
cost-effectively store your data
using storage tiers
• Define and implement storage
tiers with policies on where to
place your data initially and when
to move it based on its changing
business value
• Automate the movement of
your data, without disruption or
downtime, to lower cost storage
tiers based on pre-defined
policies and your business
priorities
20

21. Where Does Your Data Belong?
1000
700
500
100
10
1
I/O Density
(IOPS / TB)
Different data have
different I/O densities
Intelligent Information
Lifecycle Management
(IILM) Identifies the I/O
density of your existing
data to help relocate
data to more cost
effective storage
4%
Tier 0
>1000
2%
Tier 1A
700-1000
3%
Tier 1B
500-700
20%
Tier 2
100-500
42%
Tier 3
10-100
24%
Archive
<10
5%
Inactive
* Typical percentages, client data may vary
21

22. 1. Understand Your Data –
Intelligent Information Lifecycle Management (IILM) services
Intelligent Information Lifecycle Management
(IILM) - simulates savings by analyzing historical
data usage patterns in existing environment
•Using IBM Spectrum Control or similar tools,
the IBM team can identify the volumes and TB
that will be analyzed over period of 30 days
– IOPS average will be based on calculations
using 96-288 samples taken for each
volume throughout a 24-hour period.
– Often, IBM team finds volumes of data that
were totally inactive during the analyzed
period. This is not unknown access, but
known zero access
•Based on this performance data collected from
the storage environment, the analysis
determines the average Indicative Tier
Distribution for the volumes
Tier
IOPS/
TB
Daily
TB
Daily
%
Hourly
TB
Hourly
%
Tier 0 > 1000 17.61 1% 102.25 4%
Tier 1a 700-1000 11.31 0% 40.75 2%
Tier 1b 550-700 19.08 1% 61.87 3%
Tier 2 100-500 225.95 10% 473.55 20%
Tier 3 10-100 1147.23 50% 1010.86 42%
Archive <10 763.10 33% 579.83 24%
Inactive 0 120.42 5% 123.65 5%
Indicative Tier Distribution
Tier 0 Tier 1a
Tier 1b Tier 2
Tier 3 Nearline
Inactive
22

23. 2. Implement Tiering & Lifecycle Policies
23
Purchase
additional Tier 0
(Cache, Flash, SSD)
for most demanding
I/O densities
Purchase
additional Tier 2 and 3
for less demanding
I/O densities

24. IBM Virtual Storage Center (VSC)
Optimize Your ResourcesOptimize Your Resources
Automate Your WorkloadsAutomate Your Workloads
Simplified
Management
Simplified
Management
ComputeCompute StorageStorage NetworkNetwork
APIs
Orchestration
Service Levels
Standard Interfaces
Provisioning
Virtualization
Control
Plane
Data
Plane
SAN
Storage Virtualization
IBM Spectrum Virtualize
•IBM SAN Volume Controller
•IBM Storwize V7000 / V5000
•IBM FlashSystem V9000
Snapshot
Data Protection
Storage Optimization,
Provisioning and
Transformation
Infrastructure
Resource Management
IBM Spectrum Control
•Data and storage management
•Storage analytics engine
One or
more
24

25. IBM Spectrum Control and Virtual Storage Center
IBM Virtual
Storage Center
• Storage Analytics
• Policy-based
Automation
• Service level
provisioning
IBM Spectrum
Control
Advanced
Edition
IBM
Spectrum
Control
Base Edition
• VMware
IBM
Spectrum
Virtualize
IBM Spectrum
Control
Standard
Edition
• Capacity Planning
and Provisioning
• Performance
Monitoring and Alerts
IBM Copy Services
Manager
Base Edition
IBM
Spectrum
Snapshot
Standard
Edition
IBM
Spectrum
Snapshot
Standard
Edition
IBM Spectrum
Control
Storage
Insights
• Reclaim space
• Optimize data
placement
• Monitor capacity
and performance
On-premises
Off-premises
25

26. 3. Automate Lifecycle Policies
SSD
Ent
HDD
NL
HDD
SSD
Ent
HDD
NL
HDD
NL
HDD
SAN
Solution:
IBM Spectrum Virtualize™ can manage
hundreds of arrays (IBM and non-IBM)
IBM Spectrum Control Advanced Edition
recommends and performs up-tier and down-
tier moves based on I/O Density and Age of
the data
Move LUNs non-disruptively within and across
arrays
26

27. IBM Global Account (IGA)
As part of a technology refresh, IBM internally
transformed its heavily Tier 1 environment to a
4-tier cost-effective infrastructure
– IGA realized $17 million in USD cost savings
in 2012, primarily through CAPEX avoidance
– IBM realized $90 million in savings over five
years
– “We were able to reduce a multi-day
complex process to a matter of 2-3
hours!”
— Kris Myers. Dir. Information Technology
IBM Global Account Division
IBM VSC managing the following tiers:
– Tier 1A = DS8000 w/ 15K RPM and SSD
– Tier 1B = XIV w/ 7200 RPM disk
– Tier 3 = V7000 w/ 2TB 7200 RPM
Data that is most active remains on Tier 1,
while data with lower activity is moved down
to lower tiers, consuming less costly storage
capacity on Tier 3
Case Study: IBM Global Account
USD $17M cost savings in 2012
• Costs savings over $90M over 5 years
27

28. IBM Sweden Shared Environment
Sweden has begun transforming its Tier 1 only
environment to a 3-tier cost-effective
infrastructure to deliver tiered solution to its
existing and prospective clients
Customer #1: IBM Sweden Internal Data
– Savings of 15M Swedish Krona (SEK) in
estimated cost savings over next 5 years
Customer #2: Large Fertilizer Business
– Savings of SEK 12M in estimated cost
savings over next 5 years
Estimated cost savings for existing shared
clients
– Savings of SEK 50M in estimated cost
savings over next 5 years for 12 existing
shared clients
IBM Sweden Shared Tiered Architecture
– Tier 1A = DS8K w/ 300GB 15K RPM drives
– Tier 1B = DS8K w/ 600GB 10K RPM
– Tier 3 = V7000 w/ 3TB 7.5K RPM
SEK 50M cost savings
estimated over 5 years
Case Study #2: IBM Sweden Shared Environment
28

29. The Many Forms of Tiering – Global Optimization
Low-latency DRAM
and Flash
Solid State
Drives (SSD)
Enterprise Disk
(15K and 10K)
Nearline Disk
(7200 RPM)
Automated Tape
Libraries
$$$
$$
$
IBM Spectrum Scale
IBM Spectrum Archive
Global
Optimization
29

30. IBM Spectrum Scale – Flexible File and Object Storage
FS1 FS256. . .
Exabyte-Scale,
Global Namespace
One big file system or divide into as
many as 256 smaller file/object
systems
Each file system can
be further divided into
fileset containers
Network Shared Disk
(NSD) refers to:
• Flash and Disk
devices
• Servers connected to
these devices
• Protocol between
clients and servers
Metadata can be separated to
its own Pool or intermixed with
data
Files and objects
can be migrated to
Tape, Object store,
or Cloud
30

31. IBM Spectrum Scale™ – Supported Topologies
Twin-tailed
FCP, iSCSI, IB
Internal, Direct-Attach
Shared PoolsShare-Nothing Pools
NSD Servers
Access files on direct, twin-
tailed or SAN attached disk
OpenStack drivers
Can be enabled as
“Protocol Nodes”
File Placement
Optimization (FPO)
Servers
For AIX, Linux-x86
and Linux on POWER
Access files on direct
attached disk
Exports files to other
FPO servers
Hyperconverged
External Clients
Access data via NAS, HDFS and
object protocols over IP network
TCP/IP
NSD Clients
For Linux, AIX,
and Windows
Access files via
SAN, TCP/IP or
RDMA
TCP/IP or RDMA network
31

32. IBM Spectrum Scale™ – More than just a file system!
Remote Office/
Branch Office
Other NAS
Other
Datacenters
Scale
Active File
Management
(AFM) caches data
to where it is
needed, can be
used to migrate from
other NAS
Hierarchical Storage
Management (HSM) migrates
infrequently accessed files to tape or
object-based cloud, automatically
recalls back when accessed
Local Read-Only Cache (LROC)
and Highly Available Write Cache
(HAWC) caches the busiest blocks of
files on local flash
Disaster Recovery
(DR) remotely mirrors data
to remote locations
Active/active
Migrate/Recall
Tape
NSD Client
Information Lifecycle
Management (ILM) moves data
across tiers of flash and disk
Object
Cloud
Cloud
32

33. I/O Density for Different Disk Technologies
Automated
Tape library
Shelf Tape
(on-premises)
Shelf Tape
(off-premises)
As data ages, it is
accessed less frequently
It can be cost-effective to
move older data to
physical tape media
1000
700
500
100
10
1
I/O Density
(IOPS / TB)
33

34. Library Edition
Linux or Windows Server
Tape Library
NFS / SMB
Linux Etc.Archive
Management
Solutions
Application file
access to tape
IBM Spectrum Scale
File system
Single Drive Edition
LTFS Format Enablement
Single Drive Support
Library Edition
Digital Archive Enablement
Tape Automation Support
Enterprise Edition
Integrated Tiered
Storage Solutions
Application file access
to tiered storage
Tape Library 1 Tape Library n
IBM Spectrum Archive – Implementations
…
NSD
NFS/SMB
Object
POSIX
Hadoop
34

35. IBM Spectrum Archive™ Overview
IBM Spectrum Archive enables IBM tape libraries to read/write
LTFS-format tapes in an IBM Spectrum Scale™ environment
–Based on the integration of IBM Spectrum Scale™ and LTFS
format
–Supports LTFS-enabled libraries
and drives
•TS4500 and TS3500 Enterprise libraries
•TS4300, TS3310, TS3200, TS3100, TS2900 libraries
•TS1140 (or higher) Enterprise Drive
•LTO5 (or higher) Ultrium drive
–Integrated functionality with
IBM Spectrum Scale
•Supports Policy based migrations
•Seamless DMAPI usage
•Data replication to multiple pools
–Supports scale-out for capacity and I/O
•Seamless cache controls between
IBM Spectrum Archive nodes
•Tape drive performance balancing
•Multiple node performance balancing
Los Angeles London Tokyo
Clients
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Global Namespace
LTFS LTFS LTFS LTFS
35

36. Three ways to move cold data out of IBM Spectrum
Scale
Migrate/Recall
LTFS
Tape
Information Lifecycle
Management (ILM) moves
data across tiers of flash and
disk
Migrate/Recall
Migrate/RecallTransparent
Cloud Tiering
Other NAS
AFM
IBM Cloud Object
Storage System
IBM Cloud
36

37. IBM Spectrum Storage and
IBM Cloud Object Storage System
Unified file and object
storage. Optimized for
high performance, across
flash, disk and object
store
Flash
Object
Store
15K
Object storage on disk
( File, backup and archive interfaces
available through variety of options )
IBM Cloud
Amazon Web Services
Microsoft Azure
Swift S3 emulation
OpenStack Swift
Unified file and object
storage on tape
Transparent Cloud Tiering
Information Lifecycle
Management (ILM) across tiers
HighestPerformance
Lowest cost
Tape10K 7200
37

38. Session summary
Tiered storage helps to balance
between performance and costs
• IBM Easy Tier can help optimize data
placement within a single system of
flash, enterprise and nearline disk
• IBM Spectrum Control and IBM
Spectrum Virtualize can help optimize
data placement across many different
flash and disk arrays in the datacenter
• IBM Spectrum Scale and IBM
Spectrum Archive can optimize data
placement globally, across multiple
datacenter locations, for data stored on
flash, disk and tape
38

39. 39

40. Your feedback about this session is very important to us.
Submit a survey at:
ibmtechu.com
40

41. • http://www.ibm.com/training/events
• https://www-03.ibm.com/systems/storage/
• http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/
• http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ssg1S4000935
• https://www-935.ibm.com/services/id/en/it-services/information-lifecycle-
management-solution.html
• https://www-935.ibm.com/services/ch/gts/pdf/br-storage-ilm-factsheet-
en.pdf
• https://www-03.ibm.com/systems/storage/spectrum/suite/
• https://www-03.ibm.com/systems/storage/spectrum/scale/
• http://www.ibm.com/systems/clientcenterdemonstrations
• https://ibm.biz/client-experience-portal
Session reference links

42. IBM Tucson Executive Briefing Center
• Tucson, Arizona is
home for storage
hardware and
software design and
development
• IBM Tucson
Executive Briefing
Center offers:
– Technology
briefings
– Product
demonstrations
– Solution workshops
• Take a video tour!
– http://youtu.be/CXr
poCZAazg
https://www.ibm.com/it-infrastructure/services/client-centers
ccenter@us.ibm.com
42

43. About the Speaker
43
Tony Pearson is a Master Inventor and Senior IT Architect for the IBM Storage product line. Tony joined IBM Corporation in
1986 in Tucson, Arizona, USA, and has lived there ever since. In his current role, Tony presents briefings on storage topics
covering the entire IBM Storage product line, IBM Spectrum Storage software products, and topics related to Cloud Computing,
Analytics and Cognitive Solutions. He interacts with clients, speaks at conferences and events, and leads client workshops to
help clients with strategic planning for IBM’s integrated set of storage management software, hardware, and virtualization
solutions.
Tony writes the “Inside System Storage” blog, which is read by thousands of clients, IBM sales reps and IBM Business Partners
every week. This blog was rated one of the top 10 blogs for the IT storage industry by “Networking World” magazine, and #1
most read IBM blog on IBM’s developerWorks. The blog has been published in series of books, Inside System Storage: Volume
I through V.
Over the past years, Tony has worked in development, marketing and consulting for various storage hardware and software
products. Tony has a Bachelor of Science degree in Software Engineering, and a Master of Science degree in Electrical
Engineering, both from the University of Arizona. . Tony is an inventor or co-inventor of 19 patents in the field of electronic data
storage.
9000 S. Rita Road
Bldg 9032 Floor 1
Tucson, AZ 85744
+1 520-799-4309 (Office)
tpearson@us.ibm.com
Tony Pearson
Master Inventor
Senior IT Architect
IBM Storage

44. Email:
tpearson@us.ibm.com
Twitter:
twitter.com/az990tony
Blog:
ibm.co/Pearson
Books:
www.lulu.com/spotlight/990_tony
IBM Expert Network on Slideshare:
www.slideshare.net/az990tony
Facebook:
www.facebook.com/tony.pearson.16121
Linkedin:
https://www.linkedin.com/in/az990tony
Additional Resources from Tony Pearson
44

45. Notice and disclaimers
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45

46. Notice and disclaimers continued
Information concerning non-IBM products was obtained from the
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products in connection with this publication and cannot confirm
the accuracy of performance, compatibility or any other claims
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