This document summarizes the political system and indigenous peoples' land rights in Russia. It discusses Russia's federal structure and population demographics. There are over 200 ethnic groups in Russia, with Russians making up over 80% of the population. The document also outlines Russia's federal laws regarding indigenous peoples and examines challenges between indigenous groups and extractive industries operating in indigenous lands in northern Russia. It concludes by noting that indigenous peoples in Russia remain vulnerable and that fully implementing the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples would help address issues around land and resource rights.