The document discusses rural areas in India, including types of rural settlements, water sources, and factors affecting estimated water requirements. It describes compact, hamleted, semi-compact, and dispersed rural settlements. Surface water sources mentioned include rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds, while underground sources include springs, wells, and infiltration galleries. Estimating water requirements considers tap capacity, per capita demand for street taps and house taps, and higher demand if flush systems are available.

1. THE PLACE WHERE WE CAN SMELL THE LAND
WHERE TRADITIONS STILL PREVAIL IN AIR
OUR VILLAGES ARE NOT PROPERLY MAINTAINED THEY ARE NOT AWARE OF WHAT
IS HAPPENING AROUND THE WORLD AND EVEN IN THE CITIES AROUND THEM.
WHAT MAKES THE CITY GENERATION TO HATE VILLAGES IS THEIR EXTREME
DEPENDENCY ON CULTURE. THEIR BELIEFS ARE TOO OLD FOR THE PRESENT
GENERATION CULTURE. THEY WANT THEIR CHILDREN TO STUDY. BUT DO NOT
POSSESS THE PROPER FACILITIES FOR THEIR HIGHER EDUCATION. THEIR JOB OF
AGRICULTURE MAY NOT YIELD THEM MONEY THAT IS ENOUGH FOR THEIR
LIVELIHOOD
RURALAREAS ARE THE BIGGEST SUPPORT OF INDIA, FROM THE PAST TO FUTURE.
THEY ARE THE ONE, WITH WHICH THE WORLD RECOGNIZES INDIA. THEY ARE
THE ONE THAT DOES NOT DEPEND ON OTHER CITIES, BUT THE ENTIRE
INDIA IS DEPENDENT ON THE RURALAREAS. THEY CONTRIBUTE TO OUR MODERN
INDIA IN EVERY FIELDS FROM AGRICULTURE, ECONOMY, PRETTINESS OF OUR
COUNTRY. HENCE SPITE OF ALL THE NEGATIVE FACTORS, THE POSITIVE NESS
LEADS THE WAY. HENCE, WE CONCLUDE THAT VILLAGES ARE THE BIGGEST
STRENGTH TO OUR INDIA.
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS IN INDIAN RURAL AREAS?
SUBMITED TO
AR.DEEPSHIKHA AND AR.SIDHART
SUBMITTED BY :
CHITRESH,DEEPAK,DHAIRYA AND JAI

2. • RURAL AREAS… URBAN AREAS…
• A RURAL AREA OR CONTRYSIDE IS A GEOGEAPHICAL AREA AN URBAN AREA IS A
LOCATION CHARACTERISED BY HIGH
• THAT IS LOCATED OUTSIDE TOWNS AND CITIES. TYPICAL HUMAN POPULATION
DENSITYAND VAST HUMAN BUILT
• AREAS HAVE A LOW POPULATION DENSITY AND SMALL FEATURES IN COMPARISION
TO THE AREAS SURROUNDING IT
• SETTLEMENTS. FOR THE CENSUS OF INDIA
2011, THE DEFINATION OF
• IN INDIA, THE NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY ORGANISATION URBAN IS
• (NSSO) DEFINES RURAL AS : ALL PLACES WITH
MUNCIPALITY, CORPORATION,
• : AN AREA WITH A POPULATION DENSITY UPTO 400 / KM CANTONMENT BOARD OR
NOTIFIED TOWN AREA , ETC.
• : VILLAGES WITH CLEAR SURVEY BOUNDARIES BUT NO : ALL OTHER PLACES
WHICH SATIISFIED FOLLOWING CRITERIA
• MUNICIPAL BOARD. 1. A MINIMUM POPULATION
OF 5000
• : A MINIMUM OF 75% OF MALE WORKING POPULATION 2. ATLEAST 75% OF THE MALE
MAIN WORKING POPULATION
• INVOLVED IN AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED ACTIVITIES. ENGAGED IN NON
AGRICULTURAL WORK.
• 3. A DENSITY OF
POPULATION OF ATLEAST 400 PERSONS/SQM
• COMPARISION BETWEEN RURAL AREAS AND URBAN AREAS
• 1) THE POPULATION IN RURAL AREAS IS LOW, PEOPLE ARE MORE ILLETRATE
• A) THE POPULATION IN URBAN AREAS IS HGH, PEOPLE ARE MORE LITERATE
• 2.) AGRICULTURAL PRACTICIES AND UNSKILLED LABOUR ARE THE MAIN OCCUPATION HERE
• B) SERVICE CLASS AND BUSINESS ARE THE MAIN OCCUPATION HERE
• 3) THE GOVERNMENT SERVICES HERE MAY BE DISTANT, LIMITED IN SCOPE OR UNAVAILABLE
• C) URBAN AREAS ARE EQIPPED WITH ALL THE SERVICES
• 4) THE STANDARD OF LIVING HERE IS VERY LOW, PEOPLE STILL ARE IN THEIR TRADITIONAL WAY
• D) THE STANDARD OF LIVING HERE IS VERY HIGH, PEOPLE ARE ADOPTING NEW TECHNOLOGIES
• 5) THEY HAVE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
• E) THE ARE ADOPTING MORDERN ARCHITECTURE
• 6) THE DEVELOPMENT IS VERY LESS, INCOME LEVEL HERE IS NOT FIXED
• F) MORE DEVELOPMENT IS SEEN HERE, INCOME LEVEL HERE IS FIXED
• 7) PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN RURAL AREAS ARE SOMETIMES ABSENT OR VERY LIMITED
• G) URBAN AREAS HAVE 365 DAYS PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES
• SIMILARITIES IN RURAL AND URBAN
• 1) POVERTY CONTINUE TO EXIST IN BOTH RURAL ANJD URBAN AREAS
• 2) SOME COMMON JOBS CONTINUE TO EXIST IN BOTH RURAL AND URBAN LIIKE TEACHERS, BARBERS, SHOPKEEPERS, THOUGH
• SCALE OF OPERATION MAY DIFFER
• 3) DAILY WAGE LABORERS EXIST IN RURAL AREAS WHO MAY BE EMPLOYED IN FARMS AND IN URBAN AREAS THEY ARE IN FACTORIES
• 4) BOTH RURAL AND URBAN AREAS WILL HAVE DEPENDENT POPULATION THAT IS ELDERLY POPULATION AND CHILDREN
RURAL AREA

3. •
• EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CLIMATIC ZONES ON RURALAREAS
• ZONE 1 ZON E 4
• CLIMATIC ZONE – MONTANE CLIMATIC ZONE – TROPICAL WET
• DUE TO THE LARGE MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS, THE AREAS IN IT IS CHARACTERISED BY THE HIGH TEMP THROUGHOUT THE
• THIS ZONE ARE HIGHLY INACCESSIBLE DUE TO WHICH YEAR. THE RAINFALL IS SEASONALAND RECEIVED IN THE PERIOD
• ITS CONNECTIVITY FROM THE OUTER WORLD IS LESS, OF MAY TO DECEMBER.. PEROPLE IN THESE AREAS ARE
• WHICH IS BEING FACED BY THE PEOPLE LIVING THERE BENEFITED BECAUSE OF TROPICAL CLIMATE THEY CAN GROW
• IN ALL THE ASPECTS,.ELECTRICITY, WATER, SERVICES AMPLE VEGETATION THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.AS EVERGREEN
• ARE LESS PROCESSED IN THESE AREAS WHICH THEREFORE FORESTS LIE UNDER THIS REGION WITH MANYANIMAL SPECIES,
• AFFECTS THEIR INCOME AND INFRASTRUCTURE. PEOPLE HERE HAVE ADAPTED THIS AND BECAUSE OF THIS HEAVY
• RAINFALLAND FORESTS THEY ARE UNABLE TO DEVELOP FURTHER
• ZONE 2
• CLIMATIC ZONE – HUMID SUBTROPICAL ZONE 5
• IN HUMID SUBTROPICAL, THE RAINFALL IS RECEIVED CLIMATIC ZONE – SEMI ARID
• MOSTLY IN SUMMERS AND THE TEMPERATURE REACHES THIS AREA RECIEVES MINIMAL RAINFALLAS BEING SITUATED
• UPTO 46’C.WINTER MONTHS ARE MOSTLY DRY.THE AREAS IN THE RAINSHADOW AREA.THE COLDEST MONTH IS DECEMBER
• HERE FACE BLOCKAGES IN STREETS AND OVERFLOW DUE WITH TEMP BETWEEN 20’C TO 24’C. SUMMERS ARE VERY HOT .
• TO THE POOR DRAINAGE AND DIFFERENCE IN RAINFALL DUE TO THESE TYPE OF WEATHER CONDITIONS PEOPLE HERE IN
• BETWEEN EAST AND WEST GIVE RISE TO DIFFERNCE RURALAREAS ARE UNABLE TO GROW VEGETATION WHICH BOUND
• BETWEEN THE NATURAL VEGETATION. THEM TO WORK AS A DAILY WAGE LABOUR WHICH FURTHER
• RESULTS IN LOW INCOME AND LESS DEVELOPMENT.
• ZONE 3
• CLIMATIC ZONE – TROPICAL WET AND DRY ZONE - 6
• WINTERS AND EARLY SUMMER ARE LONG DRY PERIOD WITH CLIMATIC ZONE - ARID
• TEMPABOVE 18’C.SUMMERS ARE VERY HOT AND TEMP GOES THE RAINFALL IS IRRATIC HERE AND FEW REGIONS MIGHT NOT
• ABOVE 45’C AND THE RAINY SEASON IS FOR 4 TO 5 MONTHS. SEE RAINFALL FOR COUPLE OF YEARS.SUMMERS HERE ARE
• RURALAREAS HERE HAVE TO FACE THE SUDDEN CHANGES ARE EXTREMELY HOT WITH THE TEMP RISING UPTO 50’C. DURING
• IN TEMP. THESE CHANGES DESTROYS THE VEGETATION AS WINTERS THE TEMP DROPS BELOW FREEZING POINT.THE RURAL
• WELLAS STOP LETTING THE PEOPLE THINK FOR FURTHER COMMUNITIES HERE HAVE NO PERMANENT SHELTER AND HENCE
• DEVELOPMENT NOT VERY MUCH CONCERNED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT
INDIA CLIMATIC ZONES

4. CONNECTIVITY
• RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN INDIA
• : COMPACT SETTLEMENTS : HAMLETED SETTLEMENTS
• 1) IF THE NUMBER OF VILLAGES EQUALS THE NUMBER OF HAMLETS 1) IF THE NUMBER OF VILLAGES IS EQUAL TO HALFOF THE HAMLET
NO.
• IN AN AREA UNIT, THE SETTLEMENT IS DESIGNATED AS COMPACT. IT IS A HAMLET SETTLEMENT.
• 2) IN SUCH VILLAGES ALL THE DWELLINGS ARE CONCENTRATED IN 2) THE HAMLETS ARE SPREAD OVER THE AREA WITH INTERVEINING
• ONE CENTRAL SIDE. FIELDS OR THE MAIN OR CENTRAL SETTLEMENT IS EITHER
ABSENT OR
• 3)THE INHABITANTS OF THE VILLAGE LIVE TOGETRHER AND ENJOY HAS FEEBLE INFLUENCE ON THE OTHERS
• THE BENEFITS OF THE COMMUNITY LIFE. 3) THE ORIGINAL SITE IS NOT EASILY DISTINGUISHABLE AND THE
• 4) SUCH SETTLEMENTS RANGE FROM A CLUSTER OF ABOUT THIRTY MORPHOLOGICL DIVERSITY IS RARELY NOTICED.
• TO HUNDRED OF DWELLINGS OF DIFFRNET FORMS, SIZES AND FUNCTIONS 4) SUCH SETTLEMENTS ARE FOUND IN WEST BENGAL, EASTERN
UTTAR
• 5) SUCH SETTLMENTS ARE FOUND THROUGHOUT THE PLATEAU REGION OF PRADESH, MADHYA PRADESH AND COASTAL PLAINS.
• MALWA, IN THE NARMADA VALLEY, LARGE PARTS OF RAJASTHAN.
•
• SEMI – COMPACT SETTLEMENTS : DISPERSED SETTLEMENTS
• 1) IF THE NUMBER OF VILLAGES EQUALS MORE THAN HALF 1) IF THE NUMBER OF VILLAGES IS EQUAL TO THE HALF OF NUMBER
OF
• OF HAMLETS, IT IS SEMI COMPACT SETTLEMENT. HAMLETS. THE SETTLEMENT IS REGARDED AS DESPERSED.
• 2) THESE ARE FOUND IN BOTH PLAINS AND PLATEAUES 2) THE INHABITANTS OF DISPERSED SETTLEMENTS LIVE IN ISOLATED
• DEPENDING UPON THE ENVIRONMENTAL CODITIONS DWELLINGS SCATTERED IN THE CULTIVATED FEILDS
• PREVALING THERE. 3) INDIVIDUALISM, SENTIMENTS OF LIVING FREELY, CUSTOM OF
• 3) THE DWELLINGS IN SUCH SETTLEMENTS ARE NOT MARRIAGE RELATIONS ARE CONDUCTIVE TO SUCH SETTLEMENTS.
• VRY CLOSE KNITTED AND ARE HUDDLED TOGERTHER 4) THESE ARE FOUND IN TRIBALAREAS COVERING CENTRAL PARTS OF
• AT ONE COMMON SITE. INDIA, EASTERN AND SOUTHERN RAJASTHAN, HIMALAYAN SLOPES.
• 4) THE HAMLETS OCCUPY NEW SITES NEAR PERIPHERRY
• OF THE VILLAGE BOUNDARY.
• PHYSICAL CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN
•

5. WATER SOURCES
* HISTORY HAVE PROOVED THAT CIVILIZATIONS HAS ALWAYS GREW UP NEAR THE WATER BODIES
, PROVEING THE IMPOTANCE OF WATER
* WATER SOURCES CAN BE BRODLY DEVIDED INTO TWO SECTIONS
- SURFACE SOURCES - UNDERGROUND SOURCES
* SURFACE SOURCES SUCH AS:
-RIVER STREAMS : FLOWING WATER IS TERMED AS STREAMS,IN MOUNTAINIOUS REGIONS
STREAMS ARE FORMED BY THE RUN OFF
-LAKES : SOME PLACES NATURAL BASINS ARE FORMED WITH IMPERVIOUS
BEDS.WATER FROM SPRINGS AND STREAMS GENRALLY FLOWS TOWARDS
THESE BASINS AND ‘LAKES ‘ ARE FORMED.
-PONDS (POKAHR) : THESE ARE DEPRESSIONS IN PLAINS LIKE LAKES OF MOUNTAINS,IN WHICH
WATER IS COLLECTED DURING RAINY SEASONS. SOMETIME MUCH
EXCAVATION IS DONE FOR CONSTRUCTIING KACCHA HOUSES IN VILLAGES
RESULTIJNG IN POND FORMATION
-IMPONDED RESERVIORS:RESERVIORS ARE MADE SO THAT WATER CAN BE STORED IN REVERS
TO MEAT WATER DEMANDS IN SUMMER SEASON
* UNDER GROUND SOURCES
-SPRINGS :SOME TIMES GROUND WATER REAPPEARS AT THE GROUND SURFACES IN THE FORM
OF SPRINGS
-WELLS :THESE ARE SHALLOW WELLS WHICH ARE USUALLY CONFINED TO SOFT GROUND , SAND
AND GRAVEL.THE DIAMETER OF THESE WELLS MAY BE UPTO 20 M
DEPENDING ON THE REQIREMENTS AND GEOLOGICAL STRUCTRURE OF THE
EARTH
-INFILTRATION GALLERIES:MANY ATIMES GROUND WATER TRAVELS TOWARDS LAKES ,REVERS
OR STREAMS.THIS WATER IS TREVELLING CAN BE INTERCEPTED BY DIGGING
A TRENCH OR BY CONSTRUCTING A TUNNEL WITH HOLES ON SIDES AT
RIGHT ANGLE TO THE DIRECTION OF UNDER GROUND WATER
SOURCE:WARTER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGINEERING
 ESTIMATED WATER REQUIREMENTS AND OTHER RELEVANT
FACTORS
* THE CAPACITY OF EACH WATEERR TAP IS 101/MIN, AND HENCE THE TOTAL
QUALITY IN LETERS CAN BE WORKED OUT THROUGH RATE FACTOR OF
10LIT/MIN
* STREET TAPS PER CAPITA DEMAND MAY BE TAKEN AS18LIT/PERSON/DAY
* HOUSES TAPS AVERAGE PER CAPITA DEMAND MAY BE TAKEN AS
45LIT/CAPITA/DAY
*IF HOUSER IS PROVIDED WITH FLUSH SYSTEM THEN PER CAPITA WATER
DEMANDS
MAY BE TAKEN AS 225L/C/D
* FOR SCHOOLOR HOSPITALS 45L/C/D
* LOSS THROUGH FAULTY JOINTS AND CARE LESS HANDLING OFTAPS
CANBE TAKEN AS 25% SOURCE:WARTER SUPPLY AND SANITARY
ENGINEERING
 RURAL POPULATION IN INDIA
*RUARAL POPULATION IN INDIAWAS LAST MEASURED AT 67.63 IN 2014,
ACCORDING TO THE
WORLD BANK
*RURAL POPOLATIOL IS CACLULATED AS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TOTAL
POPULATION AND
URBAN POPULATION
SOURCE:TRADING
ECONOMICS
WORLD BANK INDICATORS-INDIA-DENSITY & URBANIZATION
1990 2000 2010 2014
POPULATION DENSITY(PEPOLE PER SQ. KM) 285.7 354.5 411.9 435.7
IN INDIA
RURAL POPULATION IN INDIA 632888675.0 761968331.4 856005414.6 876057482
RURAL POPULATION GROWTH 1.7% 1.4% 1.0% 0.7%
RURAL POPULATION 74.5% 72.3% 69.9% 67.6%

6.  SEX RATIO
* THE RATIO OF COUNT OF FEMALES PER THOUSAND MALES ARE TERMED AS SEX
RATIO
* STATES WHERE RURAL FEMALE SEX RATIO IS HIGHER THAN OR EQUAL TO MALE
- KERELA-1077
- PUDUCHHERY UT-1029
- CHHATISGARH-1002
- UTTRAKHAND-1000
 ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN RURAL INDIA
* THERE HAS BEEMN INC. IN CONSUPTION OF ELECTRICITYACROSS ALL
INCOME GROUP.
* HOUSEHOLDS BELONGING TO THE LOW INCOME CATEGORIES HAS SEEN AN
INC. OF 12% Ie 33KWh(55TH ROUND OF NSSO) TO 37KWh (66TH ROUND OFMI
NSSO PER HOUSE HOLD PER MONTH
* INC. IN CONSUMPTION IN MIDDLE CLASS GROUP IS 21% WHERE AS IN HIGHER
SPECTRAAN INCREASE OF 48% HAS BEEN RECORDED
* 1.4 BILLION PEPOLE HAVE NO ACCESS OF ELECTRICITY (87% OF WHOME ;LIVE
IN RURAL AREAS) AND 1BILLION THAT HAS ACCESS TO UN RELIABLE
ELECTRICITY NETWORKS .JUST 52.5% OF RURAL HOUSES HAVE ELECTRICITY
* IN RURAL AREAS MANY UNAUTHORIZED CONNECTIONS ARE ALSO BEEING
SETUPED WHICHCOULD BE EXTREAMLY DENJOROUS MANY A TIMES
RURAL
ELECTRIFIC
ATION
RATES
NO. OF
STATES
AND
UTs
REMARKS, ELECTRIFICATION % ,
UN – ELECTRIFIED VILLAGES
100% 15
99% 5 ELECTIFIACTION% , UN-ELECTRIFIED VILLAGES:
WESTBENGAL(99.9%,2),MAHARASHTRA(99.9%,36),
KARNATKA
(99.9%,34),HIMACHAL PRADESH(99.7%.54),
UTTARAKHAND(99.35,107)
+95% 7 ASSAM(96.8%),BIHAR(95.5%),CHATTISGARH(97.7%)
,M.P.(97.2%)
JAMMU AND KASHMIR(98.2%),TRIPURA(97%),
UTTAR PRADESH(98.7%)
+90% 5 JHARKHAND(92.9%),MIZORAM(93.6%),NAGALAND(9
0.8%),
ORRISA(91.9%),RAJASTHAN(90.4%)
+80% 2 MEGHALAYA(80.1%),MANIPUR(86.6%)
UNDER 80% 2 ANDAMAN & NICOBAR(77.8%),ARUNACHAL
PRADESH(70.3%)
 WASTE MANAGEMENTS AND ALTERNATE ENERGY
GENRATION
*IN ALL VILLAGES OF INDIAAGRICULTURE IS MAJORLY
PRACTICED SO IT CAN BE
SAID THAT MAJORLY AGRICULTURE WASTE IS PRODUCED
WHICH COULD BE
TREATED FOR GENRATION OF BIO GAS IN BIO GAS PLANTS
*VILLAGES OF NORTH AND CENTER INDIA IS BLESSED WITH
SOLAR ENERGY
HANCE MANY VILLAGES HAVE USED SOLAR ENERGY TO
MEET DAILY ENERGY
RECUIREMENTS
*VILLAGES ADJECENT TO COSTAL LINE OF INDIA HAVE GREAT
DEAL OF WIND
ENERGY WHICH COULD BE HARNESSED FOR ENENRGY
GENRATION FOR
SMALLER SCALE
 COMMUNITY BUILDINGS
* PANCHAYAT BHAVAN
* CHAUPALS
* DISPENSARY
* VETINARY CENTER
* ANGAN WADI
* KISAN KENDR
* SCHOOLS

7. PRDHAN MANTRI GRAM SADAK YOJNA (PMGSY) AND BHARAT NIRMAN ( RURAL CONNECTIVITY )
 ROAD NETWORK STATUS IN INDIA
* TOTAL LENGTH OF ROAD NETWORK IN INDIA 32 LAKHS KM
* NATIONAL HIGHWAYS(NH) 65600 KM (2.05%)
* STATE HIGHWAYS AND MAJORDISTRICT 432000KM (13.5%)
ROADS (SH&MDRS)
* RURAL ROADS 27 LAKHS KM(84.4%)
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
CUMULATIVE
CONNECTIVITY
CUMULATIVE STATES
(Starting the least % Connected in 2K as well…
Graph May 2011 - LORENZ CURVES 2 K and May
2011 - PMGSY
(BASED ON STATE WISE % of HABITATIONS
CONNECTED)
Gi
Gini Coefficient
 PROVIDING ALL WEATHER CONNECTIVITY TO ALL HABITATIONS
HAVING
POPULATION OF 500 OR MORE IN PLAINS AREAS AND ALL
HABITATIONS
HAVING POPULATION OF 250 OR MORE IN HILLS
 TO UPGRADE SOME ELIGIBLE EXISTING THROUGH ROUTES AND
MAJOR RURAL LINKS ROUTES TO ENSURE FULL FARM TO
MARKET CONNECTIVITY
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
Total
Habitati
ons
CONNECTIVITY STATUS –
‘CORE’ STATES
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
Total
Habi
tatio
ns
NTERNALLY HIGHLY
CONNECTED STATES
BHARAT NIRMAN
 RURAL ROADS-A MAJOR COMPONENT OF BHARAT
NIRMAN FORAUGMENT RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE
LAUNCHED IN FEB 2005
 AIMS TO PROVIDE CONNECTIVITY TO HABITATIONS OF
POPULATION OF 1000+ ELIGIBILITY FOR HILLS STATES,
TRIBAL(SCHEDULE-V) AREAS BEING ABOVE 500.
 TO COVER 54648UNCONNECTED HABITATIONS
INVOLVING 1.46 LAKHS KM OF NEW ROADS
 TOUPGRADE/RENEW 1.94 LAKHS KM OF THROUGH
ROUTES TO ENSURE TO MARKET CONNECTIVITY.
*ESTIMATED INVESTMENT RS48000 CR (2003-04)
*ORIGINAL TIME FRAME - MARCH 2009
*REVISED TIME FRAME - MARCH 2012
PROGRESS UNDER BHARAT NIRMAN (RURAL ROADS COMPONENT)
Sl.No.
Name the
State
New Connectivity Upgradation
Target (Total
Length to be
covered under
PMGSY
Achievement
(upto March
11)
Target
(Upgradation
under PMGSY
(60% of
Upgradation
Length)
Achieveme
nt
(Upto March
11)
15 Maharashtra 4654 3055.83 11834 15699.60
16 Manipur 2131 2116.00 1428 472.94
17 Meghalaya 2662 949.76 2208 15.00
18 Mizoram 2021 1898.68 886 73.50
19 Nagaland 1789 1782.27 1023 857.71
20 Orissa 29374 15173.07 16996 4740.52
21 Punjab 979 820.13 6088 3542.47
22 Rajasthan 36472 33516.98 15670 14649.60
23 Sikkim 1107 955.11 508 1371.37
24 Tamil Nadu 4978 3348.55 13321 5747.11
25 Tripura 2980 1728.74 1406 256.76
26 Uttar Pradesh 38600 18904.88 34244 20409.38
27 Uttaranchal 10429 3108.00
4134
304.01
28 West Bengal 22995 10007.06 11375 683.69
Total 367673 190964.24 224906 128474.20
Sl.
No.
Name the
State
New Connectivity Upgradation
Target
(Total
Length
to be
covered
under
PMGSY
Achievement
(upto March
11)
Target
(Upgradati
on under
PMGSY
(60% of
Upgradatio
n Length)
Achiev
ement
(Upto
March
11)
1
Andhra
Pradesh
3326 3373.95 10321
15801.6
2
2
Arunachal
Pradesh
6095 2924.27 2512 1.67
3 Assam 14571 10091.06 7828 16.20
4 Bihar 33544 7957.99 11149 4278.36
5
Chhattisgar
h
37556 15895.04 10135 2513.48
6 Goa 40 1.87 114 156.83
7 Gujarat 7453 3938.42 5449 3217.98
8 Haryana 26 2.00 4515 4294.08
9
Himachal
Pradesh
12832 7141.30 5659 2123.07
10
Jammu &
Kashmir
8412 1744.24 3522 139.91
11 Jharkhand 21445 5589.70 7457 572.55
12 Karnataka 500 500.78 10153
13181.3
7
13 Kerala 439 592.98 2631 680.82
14
Madhya
Pradesh
60264 33845.59 22342
12672.6
0
NH
2%
SH & MDRs
14%
Rural Roads
84%

8. STATE ACTION PLANS FOR RURAL
HOUSING
ACTION PLAN FOR ACHIEVING VARIOUS
GOALS OF VISION PLAN PARTICULARLY THE
GOAL OF REPLACING OF ALL KUTCHA
HOUSES IN RURAL AREAS BY 2016-17
ACTION PLAN FOR HOMESTEAD SCHEME
ACTION PLAN FOR DISBURSING DRI LOANS
ACTION PLAN FOR IMPROVING QUALITY OF
HOUSES
• PREPARE TYPE DESIGN
• PROVIDE INPUTS ON TECHNOLOGY
• FACILITATE AVAILABILITY OF
BUILDING MATERIAL
• IMPART TRAINING
INDIRAAWAAS YOJANA (Rural Housing )
ASPECTS COVERED
1. FINANCIAL & PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE
2. IMPROVING QUALITY OF HOUSES
3. HOMESTEAD SCHEME
4. DIFFERENTIAL RATE OF INTEREST (DRI)
5. PERMANENT IAY WAITLISTS
6. MONITORING & IAY-MIS
7. PERFORMANCE OUTPUT MATRIX (POM)
8. STATE ACTION PLAN
COVERAGE OF TARGETED COMPONEN(2010-2011)
SCHEME FOR ALLOTTING HOMESTEAD PLOTS
BASIC PARAMETERS
 SHOULD BE A BPL HOUSEHOLD WITH NEITHER
LAND NOR HOUSE-SITE & SHOULD BELONG TO THE
PERMANENT IAY WAITLIST
 RS. 10,000 OR ACTUAL, WHICHEVER IS LESS, ON
THE BASIS OF 50:50 FUNDING BY CENTRE & STATE
INCENTIVISING STATES
 ADDITIONAL FUNDS UNDER IAY TO THE EXTENT
OF PLOTS ALLOTTED BY WAY OF
REGULARIZATION/ALLOTMENT OF GOVT LAND /
PURCHASE / ACQUISITION
OUTCOME
 PROPOSALS RECEIVED FROM BIHAR, KARNATAKA,
KERALA, SIKKIM, AND MAHARASHTRA
 FUNDS RELEASED TO BIHAR, KARNATAKA,
KERALA , RAJASTHAN AND SIKKIM
 PROPOSALS OF MAHARASHTRA IS UNDER
CONSIDERATION

9.  ONE REASON FOR THE FAILURE OF RURAL
DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES
•LACK OF A HOLISTIC FOCUS ON THE VILLAGE AS A
UNIT.
•SEPARATE FLAGSHIP SCHEMES TARGETING
DIFFERENT SECTORS SUCH AS HEALTH (NRHM),
EDUCATION (SSA) AND LIVELIHOOD (NREGA,
NRLM) HAVE BEEN LAUNCHED IN THE PAST, BUT
MET WITH LIMITED SUCCESS.
ADARSH GRAM YOJANA, LAUNCHED BY THE
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT IN 2009-10. THE SCHEME WAS
IMPLEMENTED IN PILOT MODE IN 1000 VILLAGES OF
•CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT BY
ENGAGING ALL SECTIONS OF THE COMMUNITY IN THE
TASK OF VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT.
•CREATE AND SUSTAIN A CULTURE OF COOPERATIVE
LIVING FOR INCLUSIVE AND RAPID
DEVELOPMENT.
3. KEY ELEMENTS OFA MODEL VILLAGE
4. RESOURCES
FOR AN MP, THERE ARE 3 PRIMARY RESOURCE
STREAMS WHICH CAN BE UTILIZED FOR THIS
PURPOSE:
 FUNDS UNDER EXISTING SCHEMES ACROSS
DIFFERENT SECTORS SUCH AS HEALTH,
EDUCATION, SKILL DEVELOPMENT, LIVELIHOOD
ETC COULD BE UTILIZED, AND BASED ON THE
SPECIFIC DEMANDS OF THE VILLAGE. SOME
IMPORTANT CENTRALLY SPONSORED SCHEMES
(CSS) WHICH COULD BE UTILIZED ARE NRLM,
NHM, SSA, NREGA, BRGF, RKVY AND MID-DAY
MEAL SCHEME.
 MPLAD FUNDS (RS 5 CRORE PER YEAR) COULD BE
UTILIZED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH
QUALITY, SUSTAINABLE ASSETS SUCH AS SCHOOL
BUILDINGS, HOSPITALS, ANGANWADI CENTRES
AND SCHOOL KITCHENS FOR MID-DAY MEALS.
 SELF-HELP GROUPS, WHO ARE
ELIGIBLE FOR SUBSIDIZED
LOANS UNDER VARIOUS
CENTRAL AND STATE
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
 GRAM PANCHAYATS COULD
ALSO RAISE LOANS, IF LEGALLY
PERMITTED TO DO SO UNDER
THE STATE PANCHAYATI RAJ
ACTS LIKE IN THE CASE OF
KERALA.
• ASSAM, BIHAR,
• HIMACHAL PRADESH
• RAJASTHAN AND
• TAMIL NADU,
SUSTAINABLITY
-BETTER HEALT-WITH SPECIAL FOCOUS
ON MATEMAL AND CHILD HEALTH
-PRACTICAL AND SMART EDUCATION
-HOUSING AND LIVELIHOOD
-CAPICITY BULLDING OF ALL
STAKEHOLDERS
-CLEAN DRINKING WATER AND
SANITRATION
COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
-PLAING OF VILLAGE DVELOPMENT
-MOBILIZING RESOUCES FOR THE PLAN,
WITH ACTIVE ENGEGEMENT WITH
ELECTED REPRESNTATIVE
-MONITORING THE UTILIZATION OF
GOVERNMENT FUNDS TO INCREASE
ACCOUNTABLITY
TECHNOLOGY
-DELIVERY OF GOVRNMENT SERVICES
-ICT AND SPACE TECHONOLOGY IN THE
YEALD OF FARMER
-REMOTE SENSING FOR RESOURCE
MPPING AND BETTER UTILIZATION OF
EXISTING ASSETS
-LAND RECORD MODERNIZATION
CONNETCTIVITY
-PHISICAL CONNECTIVITY TO TOWNS
AND OTHER ROADS
-EASY AND CHEAP MEANS OF
TRANSPORTATION
-DIGITAL CONNETIVITY AND MOBILE
CONNCTIVITY
-FINANCIAL CONNECTIVITY
MODEL VILLAGE
2. OBJECTIVES
A MODEL VILLAGE PROJECT HAS THE FOLLOWING
IMPORTANT OBJECTIVES:
•PREVENT DISTRESS MIGRATION FROM RURAL TO
URBAN AREAS.
•MAKE THE MODEL VILLAGE A “HUB” THAT COULD
ATTRACT RESOURCES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF
OTHERVILLAGES IN ITS VICINITY.
•PROVIDE EASIER, FASTER AND CHEAPER ACCESS
TO URBAN MARKETS FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
1. THE IDEA OFA MODEL VILLAGE
 68.9% OF OUR POPULATION LIVES IN RURAL AREAS
(CENSUS 2011).
 IT IS STILL ESTIMATED THAT MORE THAN HALF OF OUR
POPULATION WOULD BE RURAL EVEN IN 2050.
 ON MOST DEVELOPMENT PARAMETERS, THERE IS STILL
A SIGNIFICANT GAP BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN
INDIA,

10. 5. CHOOSING A VILLAGE FOR ADOPTION
AS PER THE LATEST CENSUS, THERE ARE MORE THAN
640,000 VILLAGES IN INDIA, AND MORE THAN 2.5 LAKH
GRAM PANCHAYATS (GPS). AMONG THESE, CHOOSING
ONE (OR 2-3) GP. ACCORDING TO THE LATEST
GUIDELINES, THE MP MAY CHOOSE ANY GRAM
PANCHAYAT WITH A POPULATION OF 3000-5000 PEOPLE IN
PLAIN AREAS, AND 1000-3000 IN HILLY, TRIBAL AND
DIFFICULT AREAS
 STRONG PANCHAYATS IN TERMS OF FINANCES,
FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONARIES – THE VILLAGE
PANCHAYAT WILL HAVE A PIVOTAL ROLE TO PLAY IN
ANY VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT. THE
FINANCIAL AND FUNCTIONAL STRENGTH OF A
PANCHAYAT WILL BE EXTREMELY USEFUL IN
PREPARING VILLAGE PLANS.
 PROXIMITY TO AN URBAN CENTRE – CHOOSING A
VILLAGE CLOSE TO AN URBAN CENTRE MIGHT
FACILITATE ACCESS TO PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL
RESOURCES, AND ALSO HELP IN ESTABLISHING
BETTER CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN THE VILLAGE AND
THE URBAN TOWN. SUCH A VILLAGE COULD ALSO
BECOME AN EXTENSION OF THE URBAN CENTRE,
AND HAVE FACILITIES WHICH COULD VIRTUALLY BE
AT PAR WITH THE URBAN CENTRE.
 POTENTIAL FOR PILOTING NEW TECHNOLOGIES –
SINCE TECHNOLOGY WOULD BE AT THE CORE OF THE
MODEL VILLAGE CONCEPT, THE VILLAGE MUST OFFER
AVENUES FOR EXPERIMENTING WITH SUCH
TECHNOLOGY. SOME EXAMPLES OF SUCH
TECHNOLOGIES COULD BE THE USE OF SOLAR POWER
FOR IRRIGATION AND DOMESTIC LIGHTING, AND
AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS BASED ON SOIL
SUITABILITY AND CLIMATE.
 DIVERSE POPULATION GROUPS – THE REAL SUCCESS
OF SUCH AN INITIATIVE CAN BE DEMONSTRATED IF
THE LIVES OF LARGE AND DIVERSE SECTIONS OF THE
POPULATION CAN BE POSITIVELY IMPACTED BY IT.
RATHER THAN FOCUSING ON ANY PARTICULAR
RELIGIOUS OR CASTE GROUP, THE MODEL VILLAGE
MUST AIM TOWARDS THE UPLIFT OF ALL SECTIONS
OF THE POPULATION IN THE VILLAGE. HOWEVER, IT
IS IMPORTANT THAT SPECIAL ATTENTION IS PAID TO
VULNERABLE GROUPS SUCH AS YOUNG CHILDREN,
WOMEN AND THE BPL POPULATION.
 ROLE OFAN MP –
THE PRIMARY ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN
MP UNDER SAGY ARE AS FOLLOWS:
• IDENTIFYING THE GRAM PANCHAYAT
• FACILITATING THE PLANNING PROCESS
• MOBILIZING ADDITIONAL RESOURCES AS AND
WHEN REQUIRED UNDER THE PLAN
• FILLING IN CRITICAL GAPS USING MPLADS FUNDS
• TWO NATIONAL LEVEL COMMITTEES WOULD
MONITOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SCHEME.
• ONE COMMITTEE WOULD BE HEADED BY THE
RURAL DEVELOPMENT MINISTER AND INCLUDE
MINISTERS IN-CHARGE OF PLANNING AND
PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION.
• THE SECOND COMMITTEE WILL BE HEADED THE
SECRETARY, RURAL DEVELOPMENT WITH
REPRESENTATIVES FROM VARIOUS OTHER
MINISTRIES/DEPARTMENTS RELEVANT TO SAGY
6. SANSAD ADARSH GRAM YOJANA (SAGY)
APART FROM THOSE COVERED EARLIER IN THIS BRIEF,
THE OTHER IMPORTANT FEATURES OF THE NEW
SANSAD ADARSH GRAM YOJANAARE AS
FOLLOWS:
• 2379 VILLAGES WOULD BE COVERED BY THE SCHEME
TILL 2019
• VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT PLANS WILL BE PREPARED
BY THE GRAM PANCHAYAT AND APPROVED BY THE
GRAM SABHA. THE PLANNING STAGES OUTLINED IN
THE SCHEME ARE AS FOLLOWS:
KEY STAGES IN THE PREPARATION OF A VILLAGE
DEVELOPMENT PLAN UNDER SAGY
1. CREATING AN ENVIRONMENT FOR COMMUNITY-
LED PLANNING, WITH THE MP SPEARHEADING THIS
CAMPAIGN
2. SITUATION ANALYSIS, INCLUDING BASELINE
SURVEYING AND RESOURCE MAPPING.
3. IDENTIFICATION OF FINANCIAL RESOURCE
STREAMS
4. FINALIZING NEEDS
5. PREPARATION OF THE VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT
PLAN(VDP) BY A WORKING GROUP SET UP BY THE
DISTRICT COLLECTOR WITH
REPRESENTATION OF EXPERTS FROM DIVERSE
FIELDS,
6. CLEARANCE TO VDP BY THE GRAM SABHA
7. APPROVAL OF VDP BY DISTRICT LEVEL
COMMITTEE HEADED BY THE DISTRICT
COLLECTOR IN THE PRESENCE OF AN MP

11. MODEL VILLAGES1. HIWARE-BAZAAR, MAHARASHTRA
FROM THE 1990S ONWARDS, THINGS BEGAN TO CHANGE. THE
VILLAGE PANCHAYAT ADOPTED A HOLISTIC FOCUS ON A VARIETY OF
ACTIVITIES, WITH COMMUNITY GROUPS RESPONSIBLE FOR
VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE VILLAGE ECONOMY AND SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT. WOMEN THRIFT GROUPS, MILK DAIRY SOCIETY AND
YOUTH CLUBS ARE EXAMPLES OF SUCH COMMUNITY-BASED
ORGANIZATIONS. THE VILLAGE PANCHAYAT ALSO FOCUSED ON
FAMILY PLANNING AND REFORESTATION, FOR WHICH AWARENESS
PROGRAMMES AND DRIVES HAVE FREQUENTLY BEEN ORGANIZED
IN THE VILLAGE. THE VILLAGE GRAM SABHA ALSO LAUNCHED A
WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME, AND AN ANNUAL WATER
AUDIT IS BEING CONDUCTED IN THE VILLAGE SINCE 2004 FOR MORE
EFFICIENT AND EQUITABLE MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES.
IT HAS ALSO CONTRIBUTED TO GREATER AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTIVITY.
TODAY, THE VILLAGE IS CONSIDERED A MODEL FOR COMMUNITY-
LED, MULTI-SECTORAL GROWTH OF RURAL PARTS OF THE
COUNTRY.
THIS IS A VILLAGE LOCATED IN THE RAINSHADOW REGION OF THE
SAHYADRI MOUNTAIN RANGE IN MAHARASHTRA’S AHMEDNAGAR
DISTRICT. TILL THE 1980S, FARMING IN THE VILLAGE WAS LARGELY
RAINFED, AND FARMERS WERE FORCED TO MIGRATE SEASONALLY
TO SURROUNDING AREAS FOR WORK.
2. PUNSARI VILLAGE GUJARAT
IMPORTANT FEATURES OF THE VILLAGE INCLUDE:
A REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANT WHICH SUPPLIES 20
LITRES OF WATER TO EACH HOUSEHOLD AT RS 4.
USE OF SOLAR POWER FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES
ACCIDENTAL INSURANCE COVER TO ONE MEMBER OF
EVERY HOUSEHOLD
AIR-CONDITIONED PRIMARY SCHOOLS WITH NO
DROPOUTS
BUS FACILITY FOR ALL HOUSEHOLDS
FOCUS ON BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE THROUGH
CAMPAIGNS AND AWARENESS DRIVES. FOR THIS
PURPOSE, 120 LOUDSPEAKERS
HAVE BEEN INSTALLED IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE
VILLAGE
PUNSARI WAS AWARDED WITH THE BEST GRAM
PANCHAYAT AWARD FROM THE CENTRE AND THE STATE IN
2011.
LOCATED IN GUJARAT’S SABARKANTHA DISTRICT, PUNSARI
VILLAGE HAS EMERGED AS A MODEL VILLAGE WITH
MODERN URBAN AMENITIES SUCH AS 24X7 POWER
SUPPLY, WIFI CONNECTIVITY, CCTV CAMERAS TO ENSURE
SECURITY, AND PUCCA ROADS CONNECTING THE VILLAGE
WITH OTHER VILLAGES AND TOWNS.

12. 4. KUMBALANGI VILLAGE, KERALA – A MODEL FOR
ECO-TOURISM
THE KUMBALANGI APPROACH COULD BE ADOPTED BY OTHER
COASTAL VILLAGES TO BOOST TOURISM AND PROVIDE
LIVELIHOOD TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES KUMBALANGI IS
ESSENTIALLY A FISHING HAMLET WHICH HAS BEEN
DEVELOPED AS A UNIQUE RURAL TOURIST DESTINATION IN
KERALA’S ERNAKULAM DISTRICT. THE KUMBALANGI
INTEGRATED TOURISM VILLAGE PROJECT WAS LAUNCHED IN
2004, WITH A FOCUS ON ECO-TOURISM, WHILE OFFERING
TOURISTS A GLIMPSE OF THE RICH AND RUSTIC LIFE OF THE
INDIAN COUNTRYSIDE. THE IMPORTANT ATTRACTIONS IN
KUMBALANGI INCLUDE ORGANIC FARM PRODUCE USED TO
PREPARE MEALS FOR TOURISTS, TODDY TAPPING AND CRAB
FARMING. TO KEEP THE VILLAGE CLEAN AND SERVE ITS
ENERGY NEEDS, HOUSEHOLDS ARE ALSO PROVIDED
SUBSIDIES FOR SETTING UP MINI BIOGAS PLANTS IN THEIR
HOUSEHOLDS.
3. ANKAPOOR, TELANGANA
SOME OF THE IMPORTANT FEATURES OF THE AGRICULTURAL
MODEL OF THE ANKAPOOR INCLUDE:
 PEASANT ASSOCIATION OF THE VILLAGE COORDINATES
VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL INTERVENTIONS
 THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS IS INCLUSIVE AND BASED
ON CONSENSUS-BUILDING. WOMEN HAVE A DOMINANT ROLE
IN THE
 UTILIZATION AND SUPERVISION OF LABOUR.
 FOCUS ON NEW SOURCES OF INCOME, SUCH AS
COMMERCIAL CULTIVATION OF SEEDS, SCIENTIFIC CROP
ROTATION TECHNIQUES.
 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE WITH GREATER USE OF
FARMYARD MANURE AND LESSER USE OF CHEMICAL
FERTILIZERS
VILLAGE MARKET YARDS FACILITATE THE SALE OF
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE WITH MINIMAL WASTAGE
SINCE AGRICULTURE ACCOUNTS FOR ALMOST THE ENTIRE
ECONOMIC OUTPUT FROM MANY VILLAGES IN INDIA,
PARTICIPATORY AGRICULTURE, WITH EQUAL FOCUS ON
IRRIGATION, WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY-
LED CULTIVATION SHOULD BE THE WAY FORWARD.
ANKAPOOR IS LOCATED IN THE NIZAMABAD DISTRICT IN THE
STATE OF TELANGANA. ANKAPOOR HAS BEEN GLOBALLY
RECOGNIZED AS A “MODEL AGRICULTURAL VILLAGE” FOR ITS
ACHIEVEMENTS IN INTRODUCING MODERN TECHNOLOGIES IN
AGRICULTURE WHILE ENSURING THE PARTICIPATION OF ALL
SECTIONS OF THE VILLAGE COMMUNITY, PARTICULARLY
WOMEN. ORGANIZATIONS LIKE THE INDIAN COUNCIL FOR
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH (ICAR), INTERNATIONAL RICE
RESEARCH INSTITUTE (IRRI), MANILA AND INTERNATIONAL
CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE SEMI-ARID TROPICS
(ICRISAT) HAVE FORMALLY COMMENDED THE DEVELOPMENTS
IN AGRICULTURE IN THE VILLAGE.

13. OCCUPATION
 MAIN OCCUPATION OF THE
VILLAGERS IS AGRICULTURE.
 70% OF TOTAL POPULATION OF THE
VILLAGE DEPENDS UPON
AGRICULTURE.
 REST POPULATION IS ENGAGED
WITH GOVT. AND PRIVATE
SERVICES.
 FARMING: MAIN CROPS- RICE, LADY
FINGER, CARROT, POTATO , WHEAT ,
PEAPODS. 30% PEOPLE DEPEND ON
FARMING FOR THEIR LIVELIHOOD
SOME PEOPLE ALSO DEPEND ON
THE SIDE WORKS THAT ARE BEING
DONE DURING FARMING AND AFTER
THAT . LIKE CARROT WASHING , LADY
FINGER CUTTING
SURVEY ANALYSIS
 MONTHLY INCOME: VARIES FROM 2000-8000
IN GENERAL .EXCEPTIONS ARE THERE.
 SOURCES: OWN SHOPS AS WORKERS IN
MILLS ,FACTORIES , BY FARMING , CATTLE ,
DRIVING , HOUSE HOLD WORKS LIKE
STITCHING , PAINTING .
 SHOPPING: PEOPLE WITH LOW INCOME
GENERALLY SHOP FROM NANDNAUR
ITSELF WHEREAS OTHERS GO TO SONEPAT
AND MURTHAL .
 HEALTH FACILITIES: PEOPLE WITH LOW
INCOME GO TO GOVERNMENT
DISPENSARIES IN VILLAGE . FACTORY
WORKERS USE THEIR ESI CARDS ISSUED .
OTHERS IN CASE OF MAJOR PROBLEMS
PREFER TO GO TO HOSPITALS IN SONEPAT
AND DELHI.
 SOIL WASTE: USE OF SEPTIC TANKS.
 CATTLE WASTE: USED TO MAKE DUNG
CAKES THAT ARE BEING USED AS A FUEL IN
COOKING PURPOSE .
 COMMUNICATION: PEOPLE USE MOBILE
PHONES FOR THE PURPOSE OF
COMMUNICATION. THERE IS NO INTRNET
FACILITY. THERE IS A POST OFFICE FOR
COMMUNICTION.