Kubernetes has been a key component for many companies to reduce technical debt in infrastructure by: • Fostering the Adoption of Docker • Simplifying Container Management • Onboarding Developers On Infrastructure • Unlocking Continuous Integration and Delivery During this meetup we are going to discuss the following topics and share some best practices • What's new with Kubernetes 1.3 • Generate Cluster Configuration using CloudFormation • Deploy Kubernetes Clusters on AWS • Scaling the Cluster • Integrating Ingress with Elastic Load Balancer • Using Internal ELB's as Kubernetes' Service • Using EBS for persistent volumes • Integrating Route53

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Running Production-Grade
Kubernetes on AWS

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<vadim@doit-intl.com>

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Let’s Play
Join at kahoot.it with Game PIN:
728274

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Agenda
● What’s new in Kubernetes v1.3
● Bootstrapping K8s cluster on AWS
● Watchouts & Limitations!

5. Copyright 2015 Google Inc
Kubernetes 101
Replication controllers create
new pod "replicas" from a
template and ensures that a
configurable number of
those pods are running.
Services provide a bridge
based on an IP and port
pair for client applications to
access backends without
needing to write code that is
Kubernetes-specific.
Replication
Controllers
ServicesLabels
Labels are metadata that
are attached to objects,
such as pods.
They enable organization
and selection of subsets of
objects with a cluster.
Pods
Pods are ephemeral units
that are used to manage
one or more tightly
coupled containers.
They enable data sharing
and communication
among their constituent
components.

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What's new in Kubernetes 1.3

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Release Highlights
● Init Containers (alpha)
● Fixed PDs
● Cluster Federation (alpha)
● Optional HTTP2
● Pod Level QoS Policy
● TLS Secrets
● kubectl set command
● UI
● Jobs
● RBAC (alpha, experimental)
● Garbage Collector (alpha)
● Pet Sets
● rkt runtime
● Network Policies
● kubectl auto-complete

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Init Containers

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Init Container: register pod to external
service

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Init Container: clone a git repo into a volume

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Jobs (pods are *expected* to terminate)
Creates 1...n pods and ensures that a certain number of them run to completion.
3 job types:
● Non-Parallel (normally only one pod is started, unless the pod fails)
● Parallel with fixed count (complete when there is one successful pod for each
value in range 1 to .spec.completions)
● Parallel with a work queue

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Job: Work Queue with Pod Per Work Item

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Increased Scale
● Up w/ up to 2k nodes per cluster
● Up to 60k pods per cluster
Under the bonnet, the biggest change that has resulted in the improvements in
scalability is to use Protocol Buffer-based serialization in the API instead of
JSON.

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Multi-Zone Clusters
Deploy clusters to multiple availability zones to increase availability:
● Multiple zones can be configured at cluster creation or can be added to a
cluster after the fact.

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Heterogeneous Clusters
Customers can now add different types of nodes to the same cluster.
● NodePools allow for different types of nodes to be joined to a single master,
minimizing administrative overhead
● Built-in scheduler changes to allow scheduling to node types with only a
configuration change

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Cluster Federation
Deploy a service to multiple clusters simultaneously (including external load balancer configuration) via a
single Federated API.
● Federated Services span multiple clusters (possibly running on
different cloud providers, or on premise), and are created with a
single API call.
● The federation service automatically:
○ deploys the service across multiple clusters in the federation
○ monitors the health of these services
○ manages DNS records to ensure that clients are always
directed to the closest healthy instance of the federated
service.
More info:
● Sneak peek video

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New kubectl commands
A new command kubectl set now allows the container image to be set in a single one-line command.
$ kubectl set image deployment/web nginx=nginx:1.9.1
To watch the update rollout and verify it succeeds, there is now a new convenient command: rollout status. So,
for example, to see the rollout of nginx/nginx:1.9.1 from nginx/nginx:1.7.9:
$ kubectl rollout status deployment/web
Waiting for rollout to finish: 2 out of 4 new replicas has been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 2 out of 4 new replicas has been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 2 out of 4 new replicas has been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 3 out of 4 new replicas has been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 3 out of 4 new replicas has been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 3 out of 4 new replicas has been updated...
deployment nginx successfully rolled out

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clusters can now automatically request more compute when the have
scheduled more jobs than there is CPU or memory available
● If there are no resources in the cluster to schedule a recently created pod, a
new node is added.
● If a nodes is underutilized and all pods running on it can be easily moved
elsewhere, then the node can be drained and deleted.
● Pay only for resources that are actually needed and get new resources when
the demand increases.
Cluster Autoscaling (alpha)

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Improved dashboard
Manage Kubernetes almost
entirely through a web browser.
● All workload types are now
supported, including
DaemonSets, Deployments
and Rolling updates

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Minikube
Minikube is a new local development platform for Kubernetes,
so customers can begin developing on their desktop or laptop.
● Packages and configures a Linux VM, Docker and all Kubernetes
components, optimized for local development
● Can be installed with a single command
● Alongside the regular pods, services and controllers, supports advanced
Kubernetes features:
● DNS
● NodePorts
● ConfigMaps and Secrets
● Dashboards

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The new "PetSet" object provides a raft of features for supporting containers that
run stateful workloads (such as databases or key value stores), including:
● Permanent hostnames, that persist across restarts
● Automatically provisioned Persistent Disks per-container, that live beyond
the life of a container
● Unique identities in a group, to allow for clustering and leader election
● Initialization containers, which are critical for starting up clustered
applications
Stateful workload support (Pet Sets)
In Alpha in Kubernetes 1.3

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What's coming next

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New features for Kubernetes in 1.4
● Full cross-cluster federation, including
○ Single universal API
○ Global load balancer
○ Replica sets that span multiple clusters
● Granular permissions for clusters
● Simplified installation for common applications
One line install for simple applications in fully tested configurations
● Universal setup
Greatly simplified on-prem and complex cloud deployments
● Integrated external DNS (including Route53)
Simplified integration with external DNS providers
Expected release date for 1.4 is 16 September

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Deploying K8s to Amazon AWS

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What we wanted to achieve...

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4.5 Step Deployment into existing VPC
Based on CoreOS K8s project:
$ kube-aws init & adjust your cluster.yaml
$ kube-aws render (generates CF stack)
$ kube-aws validate
$ kube-aws up (deploys the CF stack)

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What you get...
CloudFormation Stack w/:
● Controller (master) node with EIP
● Autoscaling Group/Launch Config for Worker Nodes (fixed scaling)
● A Record in Route53 for Controller
● Security Groups to allow traffic between controller and works
● IAM Roles for both Controller and Workers
● AWS Addons (ELB, EBS integration)

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Watchouts!
etcd high availability
- build your own etcd cluster and expose it with internal ELB (CF stack)
default TLS keys 90-days expiration
- replace generated TLS assets with your own
master/controller sizing
- m3.xlarge for < 100 nodes
- m3.2xlarge for < 250 nodes
- c4.4xlarge > 500 nodes

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Limitations
can’t deploy the cluster into existing subnets
- the fix is on the way in 0.9
pv/pvc are available only in the same zone
- because ebs volumes available in single AZ

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Scaling the cluster

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Exposing Services
$ kubectl expose deployment nginx --port:80 --type=”LoadBalancer”
kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
name: nginx
annotations:
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-internal: 0.0.0.0/0
Externally with ELB (nodePort implementation)
Internally with ELB:

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Persistent Volumes/Claims
EBS Volumes (available in single AZ)
EFS Volumes (multi AZ but with require manual recovery)

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Spot Instances
Import ASG to Spotinst’s Elastigroup

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