Running head: THE IMPACT OF GDPR IN IT POLICY 1
THE IMPACT OF GDPR IN IT POLICY 8
The Impact of GDPR In IT Policy
Submitted To
Dr. Donnie Grimes
University of the Cumberland’s
Submitted in Fulfillment of Research Paper
Information Technology in Global Economy (ITS-832-22)
Submitted By
Group # 7
Amarender Reddy Chada
Ramu Chilukuri
Mittal Patel
Manoj Kumar Peddarapu
Abstract
The current rapid transformation within the world of I.T., is posing a threat not only to personal information but all sectors associated with I.T. Managing management of essential data is the factor that organizations, business firms, and government agencies are struggling with daily. As the organizations strive to ensure that there is complete protection of data during the storage and sharing process, hackers are also working around the globe to create new ways through which they can breach the data protection servers. The dis-collusion of vital data from one point to another is a systematic process that must be regulated at all costs because if the data gets compromised, the outcomes are severe. This paper analyses all the impacts of GDPR on impacted I.T. policy around the world through an evaluation of several peer-reviewed articles on GDPR.
Keywords: GDPR, Privacy, Cybersecurity, emerging technologies.
Introduction
The process of disclosing data from various agencies ought to point the purpose of the data, state the duration for data use. When sharing critical data with a third party, it is vital to assess the channels through which the data follows. Business firms and public authorities that actively operate by systematic processing of data have to use DPO (data protection officer). Having control of personal data key in ensuring that the data is shared only with the relevant people. With the rising cases of cyber threat and selling of personal data through dark webs, keeping track of your personal information is your full responsibility. Relevant authorities only come in to assist when the case that is compromising data I critical and poses a security threat to other sectors. The primary obligation of GDPR is to ensure that people have control of their most essential data. GDPR achieves control of data by facilitating the crucial environmental data regulation environment.
Articles analysis on GDPR
In the article (Cornock, 2018), Cornock systematically analyzes the primary impacts of GDPR on various research institutions and the actual research activities within various sectors, such as the I.T. and medical sectors. According to the article, there are still several debates on how GDPR is going to affect research in various sectors, starting with the I.T. sectors to the business and marketing sectors on just with the European Union but around the globe. Most of the arguments on GDRP look at the regulation as a potential obstacle to a world of free information sharing. Many people are still not aware of the actual implications that both the E.U. and the world ...
Running Head THE IMPACT OF GDPR ON GLOBAL IT POLICIES1THE IMPA.docxjeanettehully
Running Head: THE IMPACT OF GDPR ON GLOBAL IT POLICIES 1
THE IMPACT OF GDPR ON GLOBAL IT POLICIES 3
THE IMPACT OF GDPR ON GLOBAL IT POLICIES
Abstract
The General Regulation of the EU on Data Protection (GDPR) provides essential safeguards in the field of privacy, which offer new challenges and potential opportunities for organizations worldwide. However, worldwide organizations must make GDPR compliance changes to minimize GDPR liability. This editorial preface discusses the benefits and threats of the effect of GDPR on global technology growth. We also speak about how China and the US, the two world economic giants, could respond more effectively to GDPR threats and possibilities.
Introduction
The GDPR, which became law on May 25, 2018, is a data protection law that establishes rules on the collection, storage, and management of data of persons living in the European Union (EU, 2016). This legislation applies to all individuals residing in the EU. To satisfy the new demands on privacy raised by digital technology advancement, the new law increases EU data protection. Although the GDPR also covers EU citizens, it has a global impact that impacts every EU business entity that provides services or keeps data regarding EU nationals, which are personally identifiable.
GDPR offers users with a broad degree of control to be overlooked, including the right to withdraw permission. In the same period, the information controllers and processors, including data protection, are required to record all their processing activities by the layout and by necessity. GDPR notes that businesses must seek the customer's permission for data collection and ' implementing successful technological and functional measures ' to protect personal data for EU citizens. (Kaushik et al. 2018).
In May 2018, the European Union adopted a General Data Protection Regulation, which drew a specific conclusion regarding the worlds most detailed and common law on data security, with substantial and unexpected consequences on multinationals. In the months before it began, both inside and outside of Europe, businesses failed to adhere. However, as many as 80% of the firms concerned were still short of this goal on the eve of enforcement.
A year on, businesses continue to work to achieve full conformity with their newly founded regulations. The government will be more confident. Data processing and the processing of complaints in most European countries have doubled, although businesses of all sizes develop violations and associated penalties practices and processes.
The non-conformity to GDPR was held accountable by organizations that process data belonging to EU citizens. GDPR offers a new obstacle, as well as potentially stricter security measures, protocols, and procedures to protect, handle and maintain your data and ensure compliance with GDPR, technology firms, and providers of cloud services, data centers, and advertisers. Afterward, we were probably subjected to s ...
GDPR: A Threat or Opportunity? www.normanbroadbent.Steven Salter
With General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) a legal requirement for all UK companies from May 2018, there have been numerous articles written either demonstrating the confusion surrounding the new regulations, or detailing the downsides of the legislation.
The growing awareness of the need of protecting personal information, as well as the necessity for companies to be more accountable for their data collecting and use policies, is driving the trend towards more transparency in data privacy.
The document provides an overview of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) that goes into effect in the European Union on May 25, 2018. Some key points:
- GDPR strengthens data protection rights for EU citizens and applies to any organization that collects data from EU individuals, regardless of location.
- It establishes high fines for noncompliance (up to 4% of global revenue or 20 million euros) and requires clear and easy-to-withdraw consent for data collection and use.
- Individuals have new rights regarding their data, including rights to access, correct, and delete personal data, and object to automated decision making. Organizations must also notify about data breaches.
- While
Running Head PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY1PRIVACY AND CYBERSECU.docxtodd581
Running Head: PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY 1
PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY 3
PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY
Name
Institution
PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY
For some time now, the discussion regarding the convergence between data privacy and cybersecurity has been raging on (Burn, 2018). There has been new laws being put in place in a bid to regulate the manner in which people’s private data is collected, used, disclosed and disposed (Bhatia et al, 2016). On the hand, cyber-attacks have spirited exponentially as well as numerous cases of data breaches and unauthorized access and use of personal data. There is need for persons and organizations to understand their rights and obligations regarding such critical personal data as health, financial as well as other information that can be identified as critical. This is one area that is now more than ever very critical for business and almost every other sector in our dynamic world. That said, it is only important to delve into this matter, by means of reviewing the new data privacy laws and regulations, and cybersecurity and personal data protection best practices.
In simple sense, with the experienced rise of large amounts of data and machine learning, the issues of privacy and cybersecurity are converging. What was some time ago an abstract concept that was aimed at ensuring that the expectations of our data were protected has now become concrete and critical matter, to match the level of the threats posed by cybercriminals whose would really like to access our data without our authorization. Looking at it more specifically, the biggest threat to our digital selves is that threat of unauthorized access of our personal information. In days gone by, privacy and security were perhaps largely separate functions that seemed to move almost in a parallel manner. Security took the front seat, thanks to the more tangible concerns about it as privacy took a backseat. Nowadays, their lines have met thanks to extensive machine learning techniques that we have in place. Once data is generated, any person who comes into possession of that poses new dangers to not only our privacy but also security.
With all this in mind, it is perhaps too obvious that the world has reacted in a bid to control this problem. In that accord, new data regulations have been put in place to try as much as possible to mitigate the threats posed by data breaches and unauthorized access of personal data. Examples of the recent data protection laws and regulations put in place are the Global Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) that were enforced in May 2018 (Burn, 2018). The regulation brought with it far-reaching alterations in policies regarding privacy and data security in the European Union and ultimately in the whole world. This is because companies handling data of individuals residing within the EU have to align with the regulation on how that data is managed and/or shared. Some of the far reaching provisions that companies mus.
Running Head PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY1PRIVACY AND CYBERSECU.docxglendar3
Running Head: PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY 1
PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY 3
PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY
Name
Institution
PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY
For some time now, the discussion regarding the convergence between data privacy and cybersecurity has been raging on (Burn, 2018). There has been new laws being put in place in a bid to regulate the manner in which people’s private data is collected, used, disclosed and disposed (Bhatia et al, 2016). On the hand, cyber-attacks have spirited exponentially as well as numerous cases of data breaches and unauthorized access and use of personal data. There is need for persons and organizations to understand their rights and obligations regarding such critical personal data as health, financial as well as other information that can be identified as critical. This is one area that is now more than ever very critical for business and almost every other sector in our dynamic world. That said, it is only important to delve into this matter, by means of reviewing the new data privacy laws and regulations, and cybersecurity and personal data protection best practices.
In simple sense, with the experienced rise of large amounts of data and machine learning, the issues of privacy and cybersecurity are converging. What was some time ago an abstract concept that was aimed at ensuring that the expectations of our data were protected has now become concrete and critical matter, to match the level of the threats posed by cybercriminals whose would really like to access our data without our authorization. Looking at it more specifically, the biggest threat to our digital selves is that threat of unauthorized access of our personal information. In days gone by, privacy and security were perhaps largely separate functions that seemed to move almost in a parallel manner. Security took the front seat, thanks to the more tangible concerns about it as privacy took a backseat. Nowadays, their lines have met thanks to extensive machine learning techniques that we have in place. Once data is generated, any person who comes into possession of that poses new dangers to not only our privacy but also security.
With all this in mind, it is perhaps too obvious that the world has reacted in a bid to control this problem. In that accord, new data regulations have been put in place to try as much as possible to mitigate the threats posed by data breaches and unauthorized access of personal data. Examples of the recent data protection laws and regulations put in place are the Global Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) that were enforced in May 2018 (Burn, 2018). The regulation brought with it far-reaching alterations in policies regarding privacy and data security in the European Union and ultimately in the whole world. This is because companies handling data of individuals residing within the EU have to align with the regulation on how that data is managed and/or shared. Some of the far reaching provisions that companies mus.
The document provides a summary of the key aspects of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in 3 pages. It discusses the basic principles of GDPR, how it may impact technology systems, and software tools that can help with compliance. Some of the main topics covered include the definition of personal and sensitive data, data subject rights, privacy by design, security requirements, and obligations for controllers and processors. The summary emphasizes the need for businesses to review their data protection practices and ensure they are prepared to comply with GDPR requirements that take effect in May 2018.
The document provides a summary of the key aspects of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in 3 pages. It discusses the basic principles of GDPR, how it may impact technology systems, and software tools that can help with compliance. Some of the main topics covered include the definition of personal and sensitive data, data subject rights, privacy by design, security requirements, and obligations for controllers and processors. The summary emphasizes the need for businesses to focus on compliance given the enhanced penalties and wider scope of GDPR.
Running Head THE IMPACT OF GDPR ON GLOBAL IT POLICIES1THE IMPA.docxjeanettehully
Running Head: THE IMPACT OF GDPR ON GLOBAL IT POLICIES 1
THE IMPACT OF GDPR ON GLOBAL IT POLICIES 3
THE IMPACT OF GDPR ON GLOBAL IT POLICIES
Abstract
The General Regulation of the EU on Data Protection (GDPR) provides essential safeguards in the field of privacy, which offer new challenges and potential opportunities for organizations worldwide. However, worldwide organizations must make GDPR compliance changes to minimize GDPR liability. This editorial preface discusses the benefits and threats of the effect of GDPR on global technology growth. We also speak about how China and the US, the two world economic giants, could respond more effectively to GDPR threats and possibilities.
Introduction
The GDPR, which became law on May 25, 2018, is a data protection law that establishes rules on the collection, storage, and management of data of persons living in the European Union (EU, 2016). This legislation applies to all individuals residing in the EU. To satisfy the new demands on privacy raised by digital technology advancement, the new law increases EU data protection. Although the GDPR also covers EU citizens, it has a global impact that impacts every EU business entity that provides services or keeps data regarding EU nationals, which are personally identifiable.
GDPR offers users with a broad degree of control to be overlooked, including the right to withdraw permission. In the same period, the information controllers and processors, including data protection, are required to record all their processing activities by the layout and by necessity. GDPR notes that businesses must seek the customer's permission for data collection and ' implementing successful technological and functional measures ' to protect personal data for EU citizens. (Kaushik et al. 2018).
In May 2018, the European Union adopted a General Data Protection Regulation, which drew a specific conclusion regarding the worlds most detailed and common law on data security, with substantial and unexpected consequences on multinationals. In the months before it began, both inside and outside of Europe, businesses failed to adhere. However, as many as 80% of the firms concerned were still short of this goal on the eve of enforcement.
A year on, businesses continue to work to achieve full conformity with their newly founded regulations. The government will be more confident. Data processing and the processing of complaints in most European countries have doubled, although businesses of all sizes develop violations and associated penalties practices and processes.
The non-conformity to GDPR was held accountable by organizations that process data belonging to EU citizens. GDPR offers a new obstacle, as well as potentially stricter security measures, protocols, and procedures to protect, handle and maintain your data and ensure compliance with GDPR, technology firms, and providers of cloud services, data centers, and advertisers. Afterward, we were probably subjected to s ...
GDPR: A Threat or Opportunity? www.normanbroadbent.Steven Salter
With General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) a legal requirement for all UK companies from May 2018, there have been numerous articles written either demonstrating the confusion surrounding the new regulations, or detailing the downsides of the legislation.
The growing awareness of the need of protecting personal information, as well as the necessity for companies to be more accountable for their data collecting and use policies, is driving the trend towards more transparency in data privacy.
The document provides an overview of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) that goes into effect in the European Union on May 25, 2018. Some key points:
- GDPR strengthens data protection rights for EU citizens and applies to any organization that collects data from EU individuals, regardless of location.
- It establishes high fines for noncompliance (up to 4% of global revenue or 20 million euros) and requires clear and easy-to-withdraw consent for data collection and use.
- Individuals have new rights regarding their data, including rights to access, correct, and delete personal data, and object to automated decision making. Organizations must also notify about data breaches.
- While
Running Head PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY1PRIVACY AND CYBERSECU.docxtodd581
Running Head: PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY 1
PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY 3
PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY
Name
Institution
PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY
For some time now, the discussion regarding the convergence between data privacy and cybersecurity has been raging on (Burn, 2018). There has been new laws being put in place in a bid to regulate the manner in which people’s private data is collected, used, disclosed and disposed (Bhatia et al, 2016). On the hand, cyber-attacks have spirited exponentially as well as numerous cases of data breaches and unauthorized access and use of personal data. There is need for persons and organizations to understand their rights and obligations regarding such critical personal data as health, financial as well as other information that can be identified as critical. This is one area that is now more than ever very critical for business and almost every other sector in our dynamic world. That said, it is only important to delve into this matter, by means of reviewing the new data privacy laws and regulations, and cybersecurity and personal data protection best practices.
In simple sense, with the experienced rise of large amounts of data and machine learning, the issues of privacy and cybersecurity are converging. What was some time ago an abstract concept that was aimed at ensuring that the expectations of our data were protected has now become concrete and critical matter, to match the level of the threats posed by cybercriminals whose would really like to access our data without our authorization. Looking at it more specifically, the biggest threat to our digital selves is that threat of unauthorized access of our personal information. In days gone by, privacy and security were perhaps largely separate functions that seemed to move almost in a parallel manner. Security took the front seat, thanks to the more tangible concerns about it as privacy took a backseat. Nowadays, their lines have met thanks to extensive machine learning techniques that we have in place. Once data is generated, any person who comes into possession of that poses new dangers to not only our privacy but also security.
With all this in mind, it is perhaps too obvious that the world has reacted in a bid to control this problem. In that accord, new data regulations have been put in place to try as much as possible to mitigate the threats posed by data breaches and unauthorized access of personal data. Examples of the recent data protection laws and regulations put in place are the Global Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) that were enforced in May 2018 (Burn, 2018). The regulation brought with it far-reaching alterations in policies regarding privacy and data security in the European Union and ultimately in the whole world. This is because companies handling data of individuals residing within the EU have to align with the regulation on how that data is managed and/or shared. Some of the far reaching provisions that companies mus.
Running Head PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY1PRIVACY AND CYBERSECU.docxglendar3
Running Head: PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY 1
PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY 3
PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY
Name
Institution
PRIVACY AND CYBERSECURITY
For some time now, the discussion regarding the convergence between data privacy and cybersecurity has been raging on (Burn, 2018). There has been new laws being put in place in a bid to regulate the manner in which people’s private data is collected, used, disclosed and disposed (Bhatia et al, 2016). On the hand, cyber-attacks have spirited exponentially as well as numerous cases of data breaches and unauthorized access and use of personal data. There is need for persons and organizations to understand their rights and obligations regarding such critical personal data as health, financial as well as other information that can be identified as critical. This is one area that is now more than ever very critical for business and almost every other sector in our dynamic world. That said, it is only important to delve into this matter, by means of reviewing the new data privacy laws and regulations, and cybersecurity and personal data protection best practices.
In simple sense, with the experienced rise of large amounts of data and machine learning, the issues of privacy and cybersecurity are converging. What was some time ago an abstract concept that was aimed at ensuring that the expectations of our data were protected has now become concrete and critical matter, to match the level of the threats posed by cybercriminals whose would really like to access our data without our authorization. Looking at it more specifically, the biggest threat to our digital selves is that threat of unauthorized access of our personal information. In days gone by, privacy and security were perhaps largely separate functions that seemed to move almost in a parallel manner. Security took the front seat, thanks to the more tangible concerns about it as privacy took a backseat. Nowadays, their lines have met thanks to extensive machine learning techniques that we have in place. Once data is generated, any person who comes into possession of that poses new dangers to not only our privacy but also security.
With all this in mind, it is perhaps too obvious that the world has reacted in a bid to control this problem. In that accord, new data regulations have been put in place to try as much as possible to mitigate the threats posed by data breaches and unauthorized access of personal data. Examples of the recent data protection laws and regulations put in place are the Global Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) that were enforced in May 2018 (Burn, 2018). The regulation brought with it far-reaching alterations in policies regarding privacy and data security in the European Union and ultimately in the whole world. This is because companies handling data of individuals residing within the EU have to align with the regulation on how that data is managed and/or shared. Some of the far reaching provisions that companies mus.
The document provides a summary of the key aspects of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in 3 pages. It discusses the basic principles of GDPR, how it may impact technology systems, and software tools that can help with compliance. Some of the main topics covered include the definition of personal and sensitive data, data subject rights, privacy by design, security requirements, and obligations for controllers and processors. The summary emphasizes the need for businesses to review their data protection practices and ensure they are prepared to comply with GDPR requirements that take effect in May 2018.
The document provides a summary of the key aspects of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in 3 pages. It discusses the basic principles of GDPR, how it may impact technology systems, and software tools that can help with compliance. Some of the main topics covered include the definition of personal and sensitive data, data subject rights, privacy by design, security requirements, and obligations for controllers and processors. The summary emphasizes the need for businesses to focus on compliance given the enhanced penalties and wider scope of GDPR.
Operational impact of gdpr finance industries in the caribbeanEquiGov Institute
A brief outline of the challenges that could be face by financial institutions with the implementation of the GDPR and recommendations to mitigate them
This document provides guidance for companies outside the EU on complying with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It discusses how the GDPR applies extraterritorially to non-EU companies that offer goods/services to or monitor EU citizens. It outlines key GDPR concepts like personal data, data controllers, processors, and consent requirements. It recommends companies inventory all data storage locations, review contracts, and assess if a Data Protection Officer is required. It also covers data breach notification timelines and potential fines for noncompliance.
The document summarizes key aspects of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) taking effect in May 2018 and recommendations for organizations to comply. It outlines the GDPR's 5 main duties: rights of EU data subjects, security of personal data, lawfulness and consent, accountability of compliance, and data protection by design and default. The document recommends organizations assess risks, identify necessary policies, processes, and technologies, and leverage IBM's solutions framework and experience helping clients in various industries prepare for the GDPR.
The engaging white paper delivers the core facts you need to understand the fundamental nature of the GDPR regulations and what it means for your business and the management of its data.
GDPR- Get the facts and prepare your businessMark Baker
The GDPR will become law on May 25, 2018 and requires any organization that collects or processes personal data from EU citizens to comply with new privacy regulations. It mandates breach reporting within 72 hours of discovery and fines of up to 20 million euros for noncompliance. It also introduces the principle of "data protection by design" which requires privacy to be built into new systems and processes from the start. To prepare, organizations need to review technologies and processes for breach detection and reporting, and make privacy protections a fundamental part of their operations and systems.
The document discusses the key aspects and requirements of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It notes that the GDPR strengthens and unifies data protection for individuals within the European Union. It applies to all companies processing personal data of EU residents, regardless of the company's location. The GDPR requires organizations to implement measures regarding data processing activities, data subject rights, security, breaches, and accountability. Non-compliance can result in significant fines of up to 4% of annual global turnover or €20 million. The GDPR has important implications for financial institutions and other organizations in how they manage personal data.
The Evolution of Data Privacy: 3 Things You Need To ConsiderSymantec
The European Union’s proposed General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has left even the most informed confused. This new regulation has been designed
to update the current directive which was drafted in a time that was in technology terms, prehistoric. It’s time to evolve.
For today’s digital businesses, being prepared to meet new compliance requirements when storing and managing consumer data will not only minimize risk, but also enable more valued and trusted customer experiences that drive increased loyalty, engagement and revenue. To gain better perspective on this important issue, it’s important to understand:
- The trends driving governmental regulatory shifts and the basic tenets of these new laws
- The challenges faced by executives across the enterprise when managing privacy compliance for consumer data
- The emergence of cloud-based solutions that help businesses manage privacy compliance by acting as end-to-end customer data storage and management solutions that are far more scalable and flexible than legacy systems
Data theft rules and regulations things you should know (pt.1)Faidepro
The IT Act appears to be adequate in regards to data theft, it is insufficient in addressing the minute technical intricacies involved in such a crime, leaving gaps in the law and allowing the perpetrators to get away with it. Since this problem affects more than one country and has international implications, we have briefed the countries that have such law and how it works; Which will be covered in two parts.
Marketing data management | The new way to think about your dataLaurence
Organisations are at a place where opportunity beckons but, all too often, the gesture is obscured by the confusion that surrounds data compliance. Instead of seeing the benefits that can be found in the regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), that are being introduced, companies take a retracted view that turns inward, seeing only where these policies cause hindrance rather than the value they can add.
Ø Data protection principles set out the main responsibilities for organizations handling personal data, including processing data fairly and lawfully, only collecting data needed for the purpose, keeping data accurate, not storing it longer than needed, securing the data, and being accountable.
Ø Organizations must have a lawful basis to process personal data and do so in a transparent way by providing privacy notices. They can only use data for the specified purpose, not indefinitely or for new unspecified purposes. They must also minimize the data collected, keep it accurate, securely delete unneeded data, and keep records demonstrating compliance.
RIGHT PRACTICES IN DATA MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCEVARUN KESAVAN
This is the era of data revolution. Data is being traded as a commodity and has even been dubbed "the new oil". Almost 2.5 quintillion bytes of data are created daily, and that number is only going up. With this rapid proliferation of data, instances of data misuse are rising. Instant information sharing has both saved and endangered lives. These polar opposite outcomes have sparked debate on data management and governance, with many seeing regulation as a threat to business.
For example, Facebook's recent data breach, if found to violate the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), could cost them 4% of their global revenue (or $1.63 billion) in fines. This resonated as a warning shot to enterprises across the globe. As concerns grow, it will serve enterprises well to remember how valuable consumer trust is to them. That is precisely why the threat of punitive action could, in fact, be enterprises' biggest ally in this data revolution.
6 Lesson GDPR Booklet from Varonis to help stay get compliant and stay compliant.
-Locate your sensitive data
-Prevent data breaches
-Rapidly alert to suspicious behavior
-Build long-term data Security
The document discusses the impact of new European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) regulations on corporate HR functions. It notes that the new regulations, effective in May 2018, will significantly impact how companies collect, store, and use personal employee data. HR departments will need to overhaul processes around data retention, security, transparency, and portability to comply. Non-compliance could result in fines of up to 20 million euros or 4% of global revenue. The document provides recommendations on how companies can assess their readiness, such as conducting privacy impact assessments and implementing centralized governance, risk and compliance solutions.
Data Privacy laws around the world have levied stringent obligations on the way businesses are required to handle sensitive data. Non-compliance to these obligations will have severe consequences and penalties, especially in case of a security breach. Organizations looking to achieve GDPR compliance need to map their data flow to assess privacy risks. GDPR Data Mapping is the process of determining the type of data processed and the way they are processed. This helps determine the risk exposure of your company and systems or applications that are highly exposed to threats.
Impact of GDPR on Data Collection and ProcessingPromptCloud
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a new European data privacy regulation that takes effect May 25, 2018. It regulates how personal data is collected and processed for all EU and EEA citizens. GDPR affects any company that collects or stores personal data from EU/EEA citizens. Key aspects of GDPR include obtaining consent before processing data, allowing data access and deletion, restricting automated processing, and international data transfer regulations. To comply, companies should minimize non-essential data collection, know their customers to obtain proper consent, and have a process to quickly delete data upon request.
data privacy.pdf data privacy data privacyJohnFelix45
Data privacy refers to protecting personal information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure. As digital data volumes surge, data privacy is increasingly important to prevent misuse like identity theft. However, cybercriminals constantly evolve tactics to exploit vulnerabilities. Governments have introduced regulations like GDPR and CCPA to hold organizations accountable and give individuals rights over their data. Ensuring robust data privacy requires a multi-pronged approach including encryption, organizational policies, and user awareness.
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Navigate to the Pearson Assessment website. Identify an assessme.docxgemaherd
This document discusses selecting an assessment from the Pearson Assessment website for diagnostic purposes. It asks the reader to identify a specific assessment, the diagnosis it is intended for, and attributes to consider when matching a client to the test.
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This document provides guidance for companies outside the EU on complying with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It discusses how the GDPR applies extraterritorially to non-EU companies that offer goods/services to or monitor EU citizens. It outlines key GDPR concepts like personal data, data controllers, processors, and consent requirements. It recommends companies inventory all data storage locations, review contracts, and assess if a Data Protection Officer is required. It also covers data breach notification timelines and potential fines for noncompliance.
The document summarizes key aspects of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) taking effect in May 2018 and recommendations for organizations to comply. It outlines the GDPR's 5 main duties: rights of EU data subjects, security of personal data, lawfulness and consent, accountability of compliance, and data protection by design and default. The document recommends organizations assess risks, identify necessary policies, processes, and technologies, and leverage IBM's solutions framework and experience helping clients in various industries prepare for the GDPR.
The engaging white paper delivers the core facts you need to understand the fundamental nature of the GDPR regulations and what it means for your business and the management of its data.
GDPR- Get the facts and prepare your businessMark Baker
The GDPR will become law on May 25, 2018 and requires any organization that collects or processes personal data from EU citizens to comply with new privacy regulations. It mandates breach reporting within 72 hours of discovery and fines of up to 20 million euros for noncompliance. It also introduces the principle of "data protection by design" which requires privacy to be built into new systems and processes from the start. To prepare, organizations need to review technologies and processes for breach detection and reporting, and make privacy protections a fundamental part of their operations and systems.
The document discusses the key aspects and requirements of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It notes that the GDPR strengthens and unifies data protection for individuals within the European Union. It applies to all companies processing personal data of EU residents, regardless of the company's location. The GDPR requires organizations to implement measures regarding data processing activities, data subject rights, security, breaches, and accountability. Non-compliance can result in significant fines of up to 4% of annual global turnover or €20 million. The GDPR has important implications for financial institutions and other organizations in how they manage personal data.
The Evolution of Data Privacy: 3 Things You Need To ConsiderSymantec
The European Union’s proposed General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has left even the most informed confused. This new regulation has been designed
to update the current directive which was drafted in a time that was in technology terms, prehistoric. It’s time to evolve.
For today’s digital businesses, being prepared to meet new compliance requirements when storing and managing consumer data will not only minimize risk, but also enable more valued and trusted customer experiences that drive increased loyalty, engagement and revenue. To gain better perspective on this important issue, it’s important to understand:
- The trends driving governmental regulatory shifts and the basic tenets of these new laws
- The challenges faced by executives across the enterprise when managing privacy compliance for consumer data
- The emergence of cloud-based solutions that help businesses manage privacy compliance by acting as end-to-end customer data storage and management solutions that are far more scalable and flexible than legacy systems
Data theft rules and regulations things you should know (pt.1)Faidepro
The IT Act appears to be adequate in regards to data theft, it is insufficient in addressing the minute technical intricacies involved in such a crime, leaving gaps in the law and allowing the perpetrators to get away with it. Since this problem affects more than one country and has international implications, we have briefed the countries that have such law and how it works; Which will be covered in two parts.
Marketing data management | The new way to think about your dataLaurence
Organisations are at a place where opportunity beckons but, all too often, the gesture is obscured by the confusion that surrounds data compliance. Instead of seeing the benefits that can be found in the regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), that are being introduced, companies take a retracted view that turns inward, seeing only where these policies cause hindrance rather than the value they can add.
Ø Data protection principles set out the main responsibilities for organizations handling personal data, including processing data fairly and lawfully, only collecting data needed for the purpose, keeping data accurate, not storing it longer than needed, securing the data, and being accountable.
Ø Organizations must have a lawful basis to process personal data and do so in a transparent way by providing privacy notices. They can only use data for the specified purpose, not indefinitely or for new unspecified purposes. They must also minimize the data collected, keep it accurate, securely delete unneeded data, and keep records demonstrating compliance.
RIGHT PRACTICES IN DATA MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCEVARUN KESAVAN
This is the era of data revolution. Data is being traded as a commodity and has even been dubbed "the new oil". Almost 2.5 quintillion bytes of data are created daily, and that number is only going up. With this rapid proliferation of data, instances of data misuse are rising. Instant information sharing has both saved and endangered lives. These polar opposite outcomes have sparked debate on data management and governance, with many seeing regulation as a threat to business.
For example, Facebook's recent data breach, if found to violate the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), could cost them 4% of their global revenue (or $1.63 billion) in fines. This resonated as a warning shot to enterprises across the globe. As concerns grow, it will serve enterprises well to remember how valuable consumer trust is to them. That is precisely why the threat of punitive action could, in fact, be enterprises' biggest ally in this data revolution.
6 Lesson GDPR Booklet from Varonis to help stay get compliant and stay compliant.
-Locate your sensitive data
-Prevent data breaches
-Rapidly alert to suspicious behavior
-Build long-term data Security
The document discusses the impact of new European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) regulations on corporate HR functions. It notes that the new regulations, effective in May 2018, will significantly impact how companies collect, store, and use personal employee data. HR departments will need to overhaul processes around data retention, security, transparency, and portability to comply. Non-compliance could result in fines of up to 20 million euros or 4% of global revenue. The document provides recommendations on how companies can assess their readiness, such as conducting privacy impact assessments and implementing centralized governance, risk and compliance solutions.
Data Privacy laws around the world have levied stringent obligations on the way businesses are required to handle sensitive data. Non-compliance to these obligations will have severe consequences and penalties, especially in case of a security breach. Organizations looking to achieve GDPR compliance need to map their data flow to assess privacy risks. GDPR Data Mapping is the process of determining the type of data processed and the way they are processed. This helps determine the risk exposure of your company and systems or applications that are highly exposed to threats.
Impact of GDPR on Data Collection and ProcessingPromptCloud
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a new European data privacy regulation that takes effect May 25, 2018. It regulates how personal data is collected and processed for all EU and EEA citizens. GDPR affects any company that collects or stores personal data from EU/EEA citizens. Key aspects of GDPR include obtaining consent before processing data, allowing data access and deletion, restricting automated processing, and international data transfer regulations. To comply, companies should minimize non-essential data collection, know their customers to obtain proper consent, and have a process to quickly delete data upon request.
data privacy.pdf data privacy data privacyJohnFelix45
Data privacy refers to protecting personal information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure. As digital data volumes surge, data privacy is increasingly important to prevent misuse like identity theft. However, cybercriminals constantly evolve tactics to exploit vulnerabilities. Governments have introduced regulations like GDPR and CCPA to hold organizations accountable and give individuals rights over their data. Ensuring robust data privacy requires a multi-pronged approach including encryption, organizational policies, and user awareness.
Natural Selection and Patterns of Evolution WorksheetComplet.docxgemaherd
This document provides a worksheet with questions about natural selection and patterns of evolution. The worksheet asks students to write short answers in 100 to 200 words for each question. The questions cover direct evidence that supports the theory of natural selection such as examples; whether humans are subject to the same pressures of natural selection as other organisms and why; examples of convergent evolution, divergent evolution, adaptive radiation and co-evolution and implications one example may have for future humans; and how a new species evolves from a pre-existing species including factors affecting speciation.
Navigate to the Pearson Assessment website. Identify an assessme.docxgemaherd
This document discusses selecting an assessment from the Pearson Assessment website for diagnostic purposes. It asks the reader to identify a specific assessment, the diagnosis it is intended for, and attributes to consider when matching a client to the test.
Need a reply 1Amy Simons is an aunt to my mum. Amy passed on.docxgemaherd
Need a reply 1
Amy Simons is an aunt to my mum. Amy passed on May 31, 2020, while surrounded by all her family members after a long fight with colon cancer; she was 48.
On December 21, 1972, Amy Simons was born in Redbone, Alabama, to the late Hadley and Pauline Simons. According to the story I was told by my mum, Amy was a wonderful and selfless person. She was the third child of four after Christine Simons, Reuben Simons, and her older sister to Raphael. The majority of her childhood and teenage years were in Alabama before relocating to New York for her college education at New York University. During her term in the school, she met Joshua, whom they bore their first child Fredrick in 1990. She deferred for one year before resuming and completing her Human Resource Management degree. They got married in 1991, after which they relocated back to Huntsville, Alabama. They opened a bakery in 1993 and were well known by the local community. She gave birth to her second child Diana in 1995; during this period, she began complaining about stomach discomfort. The medical assessment resulted in her having an operation that corrected the issue. In 1999, the Simons family relocated out to Redstone, Alabama, where they resided until Joshua's premature death in 2016.
After his death, she developed complications that were unidentified by numerous physicians. However, after consulting an oncologist in 2018, she was diagnosed with colon cancer. She underwent various sessions of chemotherapy and radiation therapy that extended her life. The affected parts of her colon were surgically removed, allowing her to recover without issue. However, cancer reemerged more aggressively; she died in hospital due to complications caused by the COVID-19 virus. Though her final months were trying and difficult, she maintained a positive attitude recognized by most community members who knew her. The notion was also shared by her doctors, who stated that she never complained and was always optimistic. Similar notions are expressed by the local law enforcement agents who were her close friends. Her baking skills further made her more popular, with the local police department being her primary market.
Amy was a driven and steadfast mother and member of the Redstone community. Her actions were focused on ensuring her children had all their requirements before focusing on others. Her role as the local “mum” made the locals cherish her personality. Her baking skills intrigued and captivated people from various counties and states. With her demise, she leaves behind two children and five grandchildren. Fredrick Simons is aged 31 years, with three children: Jackeline Simons, Chloe Simons, and Ryan Simons. Her daughter Diana aged 26, is married to Geoffrey Green with two children Brenda Green and Brian Green.
Amy’s main objective was to make her children and community happy; therefore, in memory of her desire, her bakery will host a commemo.
Need a PowerPoint 12 pages on the following nursing theory Peacefu.docxgemaherd
Need a PowerPoint 12 pages on the following nursing theory Peaceful end of life by Cornelia Ruland and Shirley Moore. APA format with reference.
All references must be with in the last 5 years and different sources most be used. PLEASE SEE ATTACHMENT FOR EXAMPLE OF WHAT IT IS SUPPOSE TO LOOK LIKE.
What need to be cover on PowerPoint.
Content
Covers primary elements of theory
Contains definitions of person, environment, health, and nursing
Discusses how the theory is used in nursing practice
Accurate and current information
Includes diagram or graphic of theory
Shows evidence of critical thinking
Organization
Well organized with introduction, body, & conclusion
Good transitions
Introduction includes attention-getter
Logical progression and connections
Conclusion includes summary and closure
Delivery
Clear, precise and appropriate word usage
Articulate and expressive
Level appropriate for audience
Maintains audience interest/responds to cues from listeners
Free of distracting mannerisms
Avoids reading from notes or over-reliance on written material
Enthusiasm
Creativity
Reference List
Uses a variety of appropriate references
Books, journals, websites, etc.
Correct APA format
Graphic Representation
Includes principle elements
of the theory
Clear
.
Need 5 papers along with reference page Topic Delay in Phys.docxgemaherd
Need 5 papers along with reference page
Topic: Delay in Physical security related to IT Sector
Covering below 2 topics
Business Continuity and Risk Mitigation
Budgetary Concerns
MUST follow below rules.
1. APA format
2. 4 References must be scholarly peer-reviewed articles
3. The purpose of the research paper is to associate controls (administrative, technical,
and physical) with your assigned physical security goal.
4. Find and review other information that associates with your topic area
5. Apply research from articles on chosen topic area to create research paper
.
Need 6 pages with APA format and referencesThere are several e.docxgemaherd
Need 6 pages with APA format and references
There are several emerging concepts that are using Big Data and Blockchain Technology. Please search the internet and highlight 5 emerging concepts that are exploring the use of Blockchain and Big Dat a
.
need a research paper about leadership in 10 pages with 10 reference.docxgemaherd
This 10 page research paper on leadership in organizations discusses 3 reasons why leadership is important and reviews literature on the topic without an introduction or reference page. The paper covers the background and significance of studying leadership, a literature review on leadership, the research design and methods used, preliminary conclusions, and implications.
Need a QUALITATIVE Journal, The topic is up to you as long as yo.docxgemaherd
Need a QUALITATIVE Journal, The topic is up to you as long as you choose a
peer-reviewed, academic
research piece.
Please use APA formatting and include the following information:
Introduction/Background: Provide context for the research article. What led the author(s) to write the piece? What key concepts were explored? Were there weaknesses in prior research that led the author to the current hypothesis or research question?
Methodology: Describe how the data was gathered and analyzed. What research questions or hypotheses were the researcher trying to explore? What statistical analysis was used?
Study Findings and Results: What were the major findings from the study? Were there any limitations?
Conclusions: Evaluate the article in terms of significance, research methods, readability and the implications of the results. Does the piece lead into further study? Are there different methods you would have chosen based on what you read? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the article in terms of statistical analysis and application? (This is where a large part of the rubric is covered.)
References
.
Need a one response for each discussion post in 50 to 75 words.docxgemaherd
Need a one response for each discussion post in 50 to 75 words
Discussion post 1
Payback Period: The payback period refers to the amount of time it takes to recover the cost of an investment. Simply put, the payback period is the length of time an investment reaches a break-even point. The desirability of an investment is directly related to its payback period. Shorter paybacks mean more attractive investments. The payback period is the cost of the investment divided by the annual cash flow. The shorter the payback, the more desirable the investment. Conversely, the longer the payback, the less desirable it is.
Net Present Value: Net Present Value (NPV) is the value of all future cash flows (positive and negative) over the entire life of an investment discounted to the present. NPV analysis is a form of intrinsic valuation and is used extensively across finance and accounting for determining the value of a business, investment security, capital project, new venture, cost reduction program, and anything that involves cash flow.
Internal Rate of Return: Internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate that makes the net present value of all cash flows (both positive and negative) equal to zero for a specific project or investment.
IRR: What Is It Used For?
The internal rate of return is used to evaluate projects or investments. The IRR estimates a project’s breakeven discount rate or rate of return, which indicates the project’s potential for profitability.
Based on IRR, a company will decide to either accept or reject a project. If the IRR of a new project exceeds a company’s required rate of return, that project will most likely be accepted. If IRR falls below the required rate of return, the project should be rejected.
IRR Formula?
You can use the following formula to calculate IRR:
0 (NPV) = P0 + P1/(1+IRR) + P2/(1+IRR)2 + P3/(1+IRR)3 + . . . +Pn/(1+IRR)n
Profitability Index Definition: Profitability index method measures the present value of benefits for every dollar investment. In other words, it involves the ratio that is created by comparing the ratio of the present value of future cash flows from a project to the initial investment in the project. The Profitability Index Method is often times compared similarly to the Net Present Value Method for their close proximity. One should use caution when utilizing both the NPV and profitability index methods in tandem. Often times, it has been found that both methods can rank projects in a different way. One project could possibly be ranked number 1 for one of the methods while it ranks dead last in the other. Use digression when using both in tandem.
There is relationship between profitability index and net present value method. If profitability index >1, the NPV is positive. If profitability index <1, NPV is negative. The profitability index is a relative measure of an investment’s value while NPV is an absolute measure.
Discussion Post 2
The payback period depicts the dur.
Need 20 -25 pages Identify the key problems and issues in .docxgemaherd
Need 20 -25 pages
Identify the key problems and issues in the case study.
Problems :
1. McD placed itself in the middle with overall-cost leadership and broad differentiation to please everyone. They lost focus on existing business.
2. Bussiness/Marketing strategy unable to provide well-perceived customer experience, did not engage customer’s expectationa and feedback
.
Need a research paper with ANY ONE of the below topicsT.docxgemaherd
Need a research paper with
ANY ONE
of the below topics:
The Research Report, select one of the following research areas:
i) Cyber Security and INTRANET Cloud Computing
ii) Cyber Security and EXTRANET Cloud Computing
iii) Cyber Security and Machine Learning
iv) Cyber Security and Artificial Intelligence
v) Cyber Security and Internet of Things (IoT)
vi) Cyber Security and Robotics
vii) Cyber Security and Medical Technology
Please see the attached document on the instructions that have to be followed for this research paper.
.
Necesito un essay en espanolTema Explique algunas de las inst.docxgemaherd
Necesito un essay en espanol
Tema: Explique algunas de las instituciones sociales de mayor importancia y sus funciones para el desarrollo del individúo y la comunidad.
Instrucciones: Minimo de una pagina, con Introduccion, desarrollo y concluciones. Estilo APA, Lo necesito para el jueves 09/24/2020 a las 6:00 pm.
.
Need 400 wordsBy October of 2017, Yahoo estimated that 3 billion.docxgemaherd
Need 400 words
By October of 2017, Yahoo estimated that 3 billion user accounts were compromised. Users' passwords in clear text, payment card data and bank information were not stolen. Yet, it remains one of the largest data breaches.
What that teach us as a security professional and as regular user ?
.
Need 1500 words Dissertationresearch method on the impact of C.docxgemaherd
Need 1500 words Dissertation/research method on the impact of Cryptocurrencies in the UAE. The format will be:
1)
Background
2)
Research Question, Aim and Objectives
3)
Potential impact of the dissertation
4)
Theoretical Context
5)
References
I have uploaded sample past papers, so please check them to understand the format of the essay. I have also uploaded some dissertation on cryptocurrencies in the Uae to help you out.
.
Need 250 words Initial Post and two replies of 100 words each. Will .docxgemaherd
Need 250 words Initial Post and two replies of 100 words each. Will post the replies later when they become available.
The Importance of Infrastructure
Based on your readings this week, in 200 to 300 words, describe two difficulties that an international logistician could experience in moving goods from a country with a developed infrastructure (transportation, communication, and utilities) to a country with a deficient infrastructure. Be sure to respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts.
.
Nazi GermanyBrenda Thomas LaShuntae JacksonThe R.docxgemaherd
Nazi Germany
Brenda Thomas
LaShuntae Jackson
The Rise of Nazi Germany
Hitler’s Expanding Axis
The United States’ Intervention
The Collapse of Nazi Germany
Key Points
The Rise of Nazi Germany
Hitler (Chancellor) January 30, 1933
Created A Secret Police Force
No Election
No Labor Unions
No Strikes
Cont. Hitler’ Expanding Axis
1. The Battle of Great Britain
German bombers attack Great Britain: The Blitz
b.In July and August 1940, the German Air Force launched day and night bombing raids against military targets across Southeast England. The air raids killed some 43,000 civilians, wounded thousands more, and left 2 million homeless.
Hitler’s Expanding Axis
Cont. Hitler’s Expanding Axis
2. Invades The Soviet Union
a. In April 1941 invading Nazi armies overwhelmed Yugoslavia and Greece. With Hungary Romania and Bulgaria under Nazi control, Hitler ruled nearly all of Europe.
b. On July 22, 1941 without warning massive German armies invaded their supposed alley, the Soviet Union, in “Operation Barbarossa.” Hitler's decision to attack the Soviet Union was the defining moment of the European war, for the German eventually would be worn down and thrown back by the Soviets.
Cont. Hitler’ Expanding Axis
3. The Attack on Pearl Harbor
American battleships were sunk disabled along with eleven other ships, japanese bombers also destroyed 180 American warplanes.
The raid which lasted less than two hours, killed more than 2,400 American servicemen and civilians and wounded nearly 1,200 more.The surprise Japanese attack on the U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 which prompted the immediate American entry into the war.
The United States’ Intervention
1. The Manhattan Project
Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer led the team of almost 200,000 people which consisted of distinguished scientists scattered among several secret facilities across the country to develop an atomic bomb before the German did.
This was a top secret effort set up by the President June 1940 called the National Defense Research Committee to coordinate military research.
Cont. The United States’ Intervention
2. The Lend Lease Bill
Introduced in Congress on January 10,1941.
Allowed the President to lend or lease military equipment to any country whose defense of the United States.
Cont. The United States’ Intervention
3. The Tripartite Pact
September 27, 1940 the Tokyo government signed a pact with Germany and Italy.
Each pledged to declare war on any nation that attacked any of them.
Cont. The United States’ Intervention
4. The Atlantic Charter 1941
Joint statement crafted by Franklin D. Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill listed the war goals of the allied powers.
The Collapse of Nazi Germany
Soviet troops enter Berlin.
Germany surrenders.
Hitler married his mistress, she poisoned herself, and he killed himself two days later.
May 2, Berlin fell. Five days later, on May 7 the ch.
Need a paper with atleast 1000 - 1200 words.you can find the del.docxgemaherd
Need a paper with atleast 1000 - 1200 words.
you can find the deliverables in the "Final Research Assignment Doc".
References in the "References Doc".
And attached an additional DOC for the "challenges of IoT security".
Note: I need this paper by Friday(10/09/2020) Evening before 9pm EST.
.
Necesito un Essay en español, alguien puede ayudarmeTema ¿Cuál.docxgemaherd
El documento solicita ayuda para escribir un ensayo en español de al menos una página sobre los temas que se pueden analizar dentro de la sociología en relación con la preferencia sexual, siguiendo el formato APA y necesitado para el miércoles.
Nature GeNetics VOLUME 46 NUMBER 10 OCTOBER 2014 1 0 8 9.docxgemaherd
Nature GeNetics VOLUME 46 | NUMBER 10 | OCTOBER 2014 1 0 8 9
A suite of forces and factors, including mutation, recombination,
selection, population history and gene duplication influence patterns
of intraspecific genetic variation. Distinguishing which factors have
shaped sequence variation across a genome requires extensive whole-
genome sequencing of multiple individuals, which has only recently
become tractable1. Most large-scale whole-genome resequencing
studies have focused on model and domesticated species1–5. However,
extensive sequencing of natural populations holds great promise for
advancing understanding of evolutionary biology, including identify-
ing functional variation and the molecular bases of adaptation. Recent
work in a number of species has identified genomic regions that show
signatures of positive selection, suggesting that such regions contain
loci that control adaptive traits4,6–8. Relatively few studies, however,
have combined genome-wide scans with phenotypic data to determine
whether computationally identified selected regions influence adap-
tive phenotypic variation5,9–13. Genome-wide studies of large natural
populations combined with phenotypic measurements are necessary
to determine which factors shape patterns of genetic variation within
species and, therefore, enhance understanding of adaptation.
With large geographic ranges spanning wide environmental gradi-
ents and a long history of research showing local adaptation14, forest
trees are ideal for examining the processes shaping genetic variation
in natural populations. Forest trees cover approximately 30% of ter-
restrial land area15, provide direct feedback to global climate15 and
are often foundation species that organize entire biotic communities
and biogeochemical systems16,17. Clearly, biotic and abiotic interac-
tions have influenced population sizes and distributions of forest
trees, leaving diagnostic signatures in the genomes of present-day
populations14,18,19. A deeper understanding of the evolutionary and
ecological forces that shaped these patterns will offer insights and
options for ecosystem management, applied tree improvement and
accelerated domestication efforts20.
Black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray, is a dominant
riparian tree that has become a model for the advancement of genome-
level insights in forest trees21. The sequencing of 16 P. trichocarpa
genomes revealed widespread patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD)
and population structure22 and extensive genecological studies have
revealed a high degree of adaptive phenotypic variation in growth,
vegetative phenology and physiological traits such as water-use effi-
ciency and photosynthesis23–25, suggesting that local adaptation is
prevalent. To date, candidate gene–association analyses have revealed
loci with significant effects on phenotypic traits26,27. However, thus
far there have been no publications describing whole-genome asso-
.
Nature VS NurtureResearch writing 310Joi Tucker.docxgemaherd
Nature VS Nurture
Research writing 310
Joi Tucker
Wilmington University
Nature VS Nurture
Abstract
Nature vs Nurture is one of the oldest arguments known to the Psychology genre. For those who do not know; simply put, the underlying question is, can behaviors be inherited? Initially, upon answering the question without any regard to the actual research and experiments done in this field a conclusion was drawn that Nature outweighs Nurture and that the behaviors of men are innate in that they are inherited genes that have influence over our behaviors. Upon further investigation and deeper insight, it is of my belief that the behaviors of men are based not solely on the behavior of their parents and their genetic makeup but also, by socioeconomic, traditional, educational, religious, and many other external factors. This paper will demonstrate the multiple schools of thought and their perspective on behaviorism, specifically when it comes to the argument of Nature vs Nurture. These perspectives will be used in order to justify the position that was previously stated, that the behaviors of men are influenced not only by their biology but also by their upbringing and multiple external factors.
Nature versus Nurture is one of the oldest debates within Psychology. It is concerned with the extent to which aspects of behavior are a product of either inherited (i.e., genetic) or acquired (i.e., learned) characteristics. Previous to delving into this topic I took the stance that Nature outweighed Nurture and that human behaviors were innate in that they were solely influenced by one’s genetic makeup. After vigorous research on the topic an attempt to take the stance that aspects of behavior are a product of inherited characteristics. Most people no matter what their upbringing and socioeconomical positions are prone to specific types of behaviors due to their genetic makeup. Within this argumentative essay, the attempt to write about Nature vs Nurture taking the perspective that human behaviors are derived from a combination of the two. The plan is to investigate multiple schools of thought in regards to the topic in order to prove the theory which was previously stated; human behaviors are a product of both genetic and environmental influences.
Within the world of biology, it is widely known that physical characteristics as well as one’s vulnerability to certain illnesses are because of one’s genetic makeup. It is of no surprise that one may share the color their mother’s eyes while inheriting their father’s diabetes. If you are a male, you may be prone to balding in your early 30’s just as your father did and women whose mother suffered from Breast Cancer have a higher likelihood of acquiring the same illness. Understanding how genetics works and now knowing how its functioning contributes to physical attributes as well as biological ailments, the question of whethe.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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Running head THE IMPACT OF GDPR IN IT POLICY1THE IMPACT OF GDP.docx
1. Running head: THE IMPACT OF GDPR IN IT POLICY 1
THE IMPACT OF GDPR IN IT POLICY 8
The Impact of GDPR In IT Policy
Submitted To
Dr. Donnie Grimes
University of the Cumberland’s
Submitted in Fulfillment of Research Paper
Information Technology in Global Economy (ITS-832-22)
Submitted By
Group # 7
Amarender Reddy Chada
Ramu Chilukuri
Mittal Patel
Manoj Kumar Peddarapu
Abstract
The current rapid transformation within the world of I.T., is
posing a threat not only to personal information but all sectors
associated with I.T. Managing management of essential data is
the factor that organizations, business firms, and government
agencies are struggling with daily. As the organizations strive
to ensure that there is complete protection of data during the
storage and sharing process, hackers are also working around
the globe to create new ways through which they can breach the
data protection servers. The dis-collusion of vital data from one
point to another is a systematic process that must be regulated
at all costs because if the data gets compromised, the outcomes
are severe. This paper analyses all the impacts of GDPR on
2. impacted I.T. policy around the world through an evaluation of
several peer-reviewed articles on GDPR.
Keywords: GDPR, Privacy, Cybersecurity, emerging
technologies.
Introduction
The process of disclosing data from various agencies ought to
point the purpose of the data, state the duration for data use.
When sharing critical data with a third party, it is vital to assess
the channels through which the data follows. Business firms and
public authorities that actively operate by systematic processing
of data have to use DPO (data protection officer). Having
control of personal data key in ensuring that the data is shared
only with the relevant people. With the rising cases of cyber
threat and selling of personal data through dark webs, keeping
track of your personal information is your full responsibility.
Relevant authorities only come in to assist when the case that is
compromising data I critical and poses a security threat to other
sectors. The primary obligation of GDPR is to ensure that
people have control of their most essential data. GDPR achieves
control of data by facilitating the crucial environmental data
regulation environment.
Articles analysis on GDPR
In the article (Cornock, 2018), Cornock systematically analyzes
the primary impacts of GDPR on various research institutions
and the actual research activities within various sectors, such as
the I.T. and medical sectors. According to the article, there are
still several debates on how GDPR is going to affect research in
various sectors, starting with the I.T. sectors to the business and
marketing sectors on just with the European Union but around
the globe. Most of the arguments on GDRP look at the
regulation as a potential obstacle to a world of free information
sharing. Many people are still not aware of the actual
implications that both the E.U. and the world in general will
faces with the complete implementation of GDPR.
Although the regulation directly affects the E.U.'s member
3. state, the rest of the world is expected to be modified in one
way or another. According to the article, the regulations
outlined in provides a two-year transition period from the DPD
(data protection directive) if there is a need for change. The
primary concern of GDPR is to work practically in handling
data including in the manner in which the data is shared. The
fundamental rights that people will have with regards to the
GDPR are the chances of being forgotten, and this factor
implies that requesting for any data has to be companied by a
data deletion after the use of data. The regulations also outline
criteria for data transfer outside the non-member states of E.U.
These regulations are aimed at ensuring that the rights of
individuals are protected from cases of reduction by any other
laws within the countries that are receiving the data.
This article evaluates all the possible impacts of GDPR on
technology across the globe. According to the authors, GDPR
requires significant protection data. The regulations also pose
several challenges and the potential opportunities that
organizations will enjoy across the I.T. sector on the
international market. Organizations across the globe still
haven't prepared adequately to comply with the regulations. As
a way of minimizing the liability that organizations might face,
organizations have to make drastic transformations in order to
fully comply with the rules. This article also evaluates how U.S.
and China, which are the world's economic super-powers strive
to respond to critical challenges and the opportunities that
GDPR is bringing into the world of technology and data
protection (Li, 2019).
Implementation of GDPR
The comprehensive implementation of the GDPR came into
effect on 25th May 2018. The regulations aim at laying down
precise guidelines for processing, managing, and storing data
from citizens of the E.U. member states. The regulations also
aim at strengthening data protection within the E.U. member
states as a way of meeting data privacy challenges that are
arising from the rapid development of digital technology.
4. Although the regulations primarily protect citizens of the E.U.
member states, it is going to have a significant impact on the
global nature regarding technology and data sharing.
Organizations targeting European market in terms of products
and service delivery in identification of information. As a result
of the implementation of GDPR, consumers have high chances
of controlling data which includes; right to withdraw any form
of consent as provided for in (Art.7) and the right to be
forgotten as provided for in (Art. 17). On the other hand, the
regulation outlines high standards for the data processors and
controllers, which include data protecting based on the data
design as outlined in (Art 25). Recording of significant
processing activity (Art. 30). This requires that organizations
get the consent of the user before collecting data and
implementing the right technical mechanism, including the
measures taken as a way of protecting private data of all E.U.
member states (Kaushik & Wang, 2018).
GDPR holds all organizations that handle all forms of data that
directly affect E.U. members accountable for any kind of non-
compliance with the GDPR. At stated early, the regulations
provide both challenges and opportunities to the technology
firms, the data center provider, cloud services provider, and
data markers who must first adopt all the necessary strict
measures, ways of data protection, standards and the process of
managing all private data. Failing to comply with the
regulations means that the data handlers will incur significant
fines. According to GDPR, personal data is anything used in
identifying a person. Therefore, personal data includes
personally recognizable details such as I.P. addresses, names,
social security details, emails, location data, telephone numbers,
and dates of birth.
Personal data also includes information related to economic,
genetic, social, and cultural identity. The worlds' leading
technology firms such as Facebook, Amazon, and Google have
thoroughly updated their data privacy practices and policies as a
way of complying with all the regulations outlined by GDPR.
5. Complying with the GDPR gives firms a competitive advantage
on the international market as compared to other firms that have
not yet complied with the regulations.
The impacts of GDPR on Technology platforms
The implementation of GDPR is having significant impacts on
technology platforms and the data infrastructures that collect,
manage, and store all forms of private data (Mackay, 2017).
Based on the fact that the requirements outlined in GDPR are
high regarding data collection and processing, all the controllers
and processors have a primary obligation of handling private
data, which also means that they have the full responsibility of
protecting data by default infrastructures or the designed
infrastructures. They also have the responsibility of recording
all the essential activities related to the data. Organizations
have the mandate of conducting though assessments for the
technology platforms and the data infrastructures, including the
information systems, databases, websites, the data warehouse,
and all the processing platforms as a way of understanding the
kind of data collected in situations where all private data exists.
Internal assessments make organizations implement the relevant
changes on the technology platforms and the data
infrastructures as a way of meeting the requirements outlined by
GDPR. In other cases, the process of re-engineering of the
existing information systems/ platforms is necessary for
reducing the threats of non-compliance. The user has the liberty
to request all the relevant information concerning the kind of
data collected, including what the data is to be used for.
Organizations handling the private data have the responsibility
of providing the information on good time upon the user's
requisitions. The possibilities of large firms, such as Alibaba
and Amazon, have the highest chances of receiving requests
from millions of their customers across the globe. The two firms
handle large volumes of data daily, and in cases where
customers don't get satisfied with how a firm is using his/her
personal information, he/she has the liberty to request the firm
or organization to completely delete the data.
6. Organizations with employees from the E.U. or living in the
E.U. must also handle the personal data of the employees, which
includes the bank details, photos, pension information, tax,
medical records, safety reports, C.V.s, and salary information in
the best manners (Beacham, 2018). A way of meeting the
request of both customers and employees concerning the
efficiency of accessing personal data, or the removal of
personal information from the I.T. systems, firms must refine
their current I.T. systems and platforms. The primary starting
point for companies is identifying the private data that is related
to customers or the employees from the I.T. systems such as the
customer relationship data managing systems, the H.R. systems,
the databases, and the I.T. archives.
The second step is for firms to implement the most holistic tools
that search information across all the I.T. systems, platforms,
archives, and infrastructures as a way of identifying and
extracting all the private data (Mackay, 2017). Without using
the holistic search tools, the chances for companies to ensure
that there is complete accountability in handling personal data
are minimal. For companies to meet the primary requirements
outlined by the GDPR, firms have to invest a lot in human
resource and the necessary upgrading of the technology
platforms, update the privacy policy, change/regulate the
advertising methods, and adjust the data storage and processing
mechanisms. The impacts of GDPR on the U.S. and Chinese
firms are significant. The two countries, which are the world's
super economic states, have many companies that carry out
business activities with the European Union.
According to a survey by Price water houses Coopers, almost
68% of U.S. firms will spend between $ 1 million to $10 million
as a way of meeting the regulations outlined by GDPR; 9 % of
the companies will pay more than $ 10 million (PwC, 2017).
The high cost is likely to be transferred to the consumers, a
factor that will weaken the competitive advantages that
American and chines firms enjoy. Furthermore, GDPR is
becoming a tool for the European commissions to appropriately
7. accuse the non-EU firms, including the American and Chinese
firms that have challenges with data protection and, in one way
or another, block the firms from investing and merging.
Several U.S. and Chinese firms try to comply with the
regulations, and the firms include Huawei, which is a Chinese
telecommunication giant, which has appointed a data protection
personnel and You-Tube, which stopped supporting any form a
third-party advert on the services that are specifically reserved
for Europe.
However, despite the efforts that some firms across the globe
are putting in the way of managing the technology platforms,
their unlikely events that are happening, a good example is the
announcement by Yee-light which is one of the sizeable smart
light devices company to cut its services to the European users.
After the enforcement of GDPR, Facebook, and its allies i.e.,
Instagram and WhatsApp, and Google were sued as a result of
"forced consent," the case reflects that picture that any foreign
company's business with E.U. is highly influenced by the
GDPR.
The impacts on Cybersecurity
With the implementation of GDPR, the cybersecurity policies
are expected to change based on the fact that the regulations
require firms to implement the most suitable data protection
mechanisms as a way to protect private consumer information
against the cases of data loss or the breach, which may lead to
the data being exposed. According to article five of the
regulation, the essential privacy and the data protection
regulations include full consent of the subject for any form of
data processing, any form of anonymized collection of data in
protecting data, providing any form of data breach notification
and safe handling of data during the process of transferring the
data from one system to another. Firms must appoint the data
protection officer who is then mandated to oversee that the
firms comply with the GDPR outlines.
Based on the past cases of cyber breaches on vital data. GDPR
requires that all data controllers notify the super authorities
8. about any case of a breach on personal without delay, and the
latest time is within 72 hours after becoming aware of the
breach. This factor, therefore, means that firms have to improve
their cybersecurity efforts as a way of ensuring that there is
complete protection of personal data against any form of
breaches and threats. Firms most also strive to minimize the
liabilities under regulations outlined in GDPR. GDPR further
increases the demands for the cybersecurity experts and the data
protection personnel. In efforts towards addressing the current
shortage of skills in cybersecurity and data protection experts,
governments and the technology firms are investing a lot in
cybersecurity training and other I.T. education programs
(Whitney, 2018)
The requirement to provide robust security for personal data
comes with several opportunities for firms. The issues of
security and privacy are accompanied by the trust of the users, a
factor that is essential in business, especially in the current
highly competitive global market that is controlled by digital
market platforms. There has been a rise in cases are associated
to the vulnerability of security on personal data, in cases where
companies have failed to properly handle personal information
and selling of the information collected from consumers have
raised a number of concerns leading to negative impacts on the
trust of consumers (Midha. 2012). According to the Capgemini
report, 39 % of consumers spend more after being convinced
that organizations protect their private data (Cap Gemini
Research Institute, 2018). This factor means the process of
gaining the trust of customers concerning the privacy of data
security may lead to improved sales translating to competition
advantage (Conroy, Narula, Milano, & Singhal, 2014).
The U.S. and Chins firms need to make use of the opportunities
that GDPR is providing in enhancing the ability to protect
personal data as a way of minimizing the legal liabilities of
GDPR and at the same time win the trust of consumer across the
global market which will help the firms in creating unique
competition advantages over thousands of firms that can't
9. comply with GDPR.
The impacts of GDPR on the emerging technology
The implementation of GDPR has a significant impact on
developing technologies. The emerging of technologies such as
A.I., cloud computing, and blockchains, which are among the
most effective means in boosting productivity and performance
in other sectors of the economy. The actual application and
development of the emerging technology are vital in promoting
other aspects of the economies are the technologies are
becoming one of the robust competitive domains among
countries across the globe. It is vital to note that emerging
technologies only deliver value by using massive data and a
very high-quality algorithm. The strict regulations on the way
data are supposed to be handled and processed is inhibiting the
development of new I.T. policies and technologies. At the same
time, the use of emerging technologies is under strict
regulations increasing the actual cost of developing the new
technologies.
The implementation of GDPR is profoundly impacting the
development of A.I. applications by raising the development
expenses while at the same time limiting the actual application
scope of Artificial Intelligence. According to articles 13 and
articles 22 of the GDPR, several algorithm decisions must go
through a severe reviewing process and be explained by
humanity; the restrictions are likely going to increase the actual
labor expenses. This factor will also break the balance that exist
between transparency and accuracy. According to article 17 of
the regulations, users are provided with an opportunity to delete
private data without delaying a factor that is gradually
destroying primary rules that underpin the Artificial
Intelligence systems leading to a decrease in efficiency and the
actual accuracy of the A.I. algorithms.
Looking at the blockchains, it is challenging when it comes to
the identification of data controllers and hard in requiring the
node that performs strict roles (Wallace & Castro, 2018). As the
10. data of every node of any blockchain impacts the subsequent
records, is at all the blockchain user has the authority to delete
or change data, the effectiveness and efficiency of blockchains
stop existing. Looking at cloud computing, the GDPR develops
several duties of cloud platforms service provider, that are
required to provide information on all the processing of data
which is in relation to article 13 and 14 of GDPR, this factor
definitely brings operational challenges and increases the
expenses of operating any cloud platform, based on the fact that
efficiency of any cloud computing is generated by optimal
resources allocated which are determined by tasks and can't be
entirely determined by data collection times.
Although several firms in the U.S. and China have the
responsibility of complying with the regulations and other
countries across the globe, firms within the European Unions
are still affected within the fields of the emerging technologies
based on the facts that they deal with private data most of the
time and most of the information belongs to the E.U. residents.
If in any way the emerging technology within the E.U. industry
fails to effectively also the challenging associated with cloud
computing, blockchain, and Artificial Intelligence by using the
appropriate technological upgrading, a factor that is likely to be
long term, the actual application and developing of the
emerging technologies within the European Union is going to
slow down. Several industries such as the e-commerce, credit
cards, and intelligent manufacturing, which are crucial
industries supported by the emerging technologies, will also be
affected significantly. Other firms in countries such as the U.S.
and China will have high chances of improving and using
emerging technologies more than firms within the European
Union. Several firms in China and the U.S. have chances of
creating products that effectively serve the domestic needs of
consumers, which means that as time progress, firms in the U.S.
and China have the ability f developing robust competitive
advantages as compared to firs in E.U.
GDPR is basically designed as a mechanism of ensuring that all
11. the necessary precautions are put in place as a way of ensuring
that there is a comprehensive protection of any form of personal
data. Various threats that are going to have a possible risks
control through the GDPR include.
Espionage: many still think that Espionage is not an act of war,
but the fact it causes tension among countries. It is a form of
cyber-attack that involves abstaining confidential data without
the consent of the owner of the information (Kafol & Bregar,
2017). Examples of Espionage is the massive act of spying on
other countries by the American government as an ICT hacker
Edward Snowden revealed.
Sabotage: this form of cyber-attack involves using computer and
satellites system to coordinate and run operations leading to a
severe disruption of other networks, including the military
systems like C4ISTAR that run and control communications. As
a cyber-attack, Sabotage leads to the interception of crucial
communication or malicious replacement of the intended
transmission. Other things that get affected by a Sabotage attack
are; water, transportation, power, and fuel infrastructures.
Propaganda: a cyber-propaganda refers to efforts by one nation
to control another nation's information in any way possible and
use the information in managing the general public opinion
(Goswami, 2018). To a high degree, cyber propaganda is
psychological warfare; the only difference is that it uses
websites that run fake news, social media platforms, and other
internet platforms. Jowett & Donnell (2018) state that
"propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape
perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to
achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the
propagandist" (p. 7).
Economic disruption: this form of cyber-attack targets economic
infrastructures such as manufacturing companies, processing
industry, and other aspects of the economy. An excellent
example of economic disruption is the Wanna-Cry attacks that
affected Ukraine and U.K., s N.H.S, Merck pharmaceuticals,
Maersk shipping, and other organizations globally. Economic
12. disruption is a cyber-crime and financial crime in particular.
Surprise Cyber Attacks: this kind of attack involves using
malware such as antivirus to attack communications systems,
information systems, and other software that is operated by a
particular organization.
On the other the various methods of cyber threats that are likely
to e controlled include;
Denial-of-service (DoS): this method of Cyber Attack
overpowers the computer system affecting the responding speed.
Making it unable to respond to requests during operations. The
attack launched from a significant number of hosting systems
affected by malicious software that is controlled by attackers
(Abawajy, 2014). Attackers that initiate this kind of attack don't
gain direct benefits; in cases where the attack launched into
computer systems of business firms, the attackers are likely to
enjoy some benefits. The Dos also aims at taking off the
operation system online as a way of launching other attacks.
The common types of DoS attacks are teardrop attacks, botnets,
smurf attacks, TCP SYN, and flood attacks.
The MitM (Man-in-the-Middle) attack: this kind of attack takes
place in cases where hackers come in between the
communication servers of the clients and the communication
server of a particular government agency (Thomas,
Vijayaraghavan & Emmanuel, 2020). The common types of
MitM include; session hijacking; this where hackers hijack
communication sessions between trusted clients and network
servers. During this attack, the hacker's computer system
replaces the client's I.P. address with its own and continuous
with the communication session. The original server
manipulated into thinking that it is communication with the
client's computer system.
Two common points of entry for MitM attacks:
1. On unsecured public Wi-Fi, attackers can insert themselves
between a visitor's device and the network. Without knowing,
the visitor passes all information through the attacker.
2. Once the malware has breached a device, an attacker can
13. install software to process all of the victim's information."
The phishing and spear-phishing attack: phishing attack
involves the transmission of manipulated emails that seems to
come from a computer system's trusted source to get personal
data/influence the system users to carry out an activity that they
are not aware. The attack runs by social engineering and a
technical trick, and in some cases, it involves attaching an email
that generates malware onto the computer. The attack also links
the system to illegitimate websites, which can lead the system
into downloading malware/ hand over personal data. On the
other hand, spear phishing is a precise kind of phishing as the
attacker researches the potential target, after which they create
private messages.
The SQL injection attack: this is an attack executed by a
malefactor that carries out an SQL inquiry to the system's
database though the client's input data. The SQL command put
into the DPI (data-plane input) controls the system's login
process. Any successful SQL attack can read crucial
information from the server, change the database information,
run administration operations, content recovery, command the
system to run automatically.
The Drive-in attack: the method is highly used in spreading
malware, though this method, hackers identify the insecure
websites after which they plant malicious scripts into the
PHP/HTTP codes. The planted scripts install malware into the
computer when the sites are visited. In other cases, the texts
direct the networks to the hacker's sites. This attack does not
depend on the user to carry out any activity that actively runs
the offense, meaning the attack runs automatically the moment
the user visits the sites with planted scripts codes.
The password attack: the attack though this method targets
users' passwords, is executed by plugging in a connection then
acquiring passwords as encryptions. The attack is though social
engineering, accessing the password database, or just guessing
though a random approach or systematically.
Malware attack: this method used in cyber-attack involves the
14. installation of unwanted software into a computer system
without the user's consent. The malicious software gets installed
by attaching itself to the computer's legitimates codes then
propagate itself across the network. The common types of
malicious software are; macro virus (affect Microsoft
Word/Excel), the file infectors, the system record infectors,
polymorphic virus, the stealth virus, Trojans, the Logic bombs,
worms, the Droppers, and the Ransomware. Malware is the most
common and most dangerous type of cyber-attack. Malware can
be of many types, and they are sent by hackers intending to
block and change network keys or settings, damage information
from a computer or a network of computers, Sabotage, and,
most importantly, disable a system.
The Eavesdropping attack: the method of attack executed by
intercepting the network traffic. Through this method, the
attacker can access passwords, the credit card number, and any
confidential information sent through the network. The
technique acts in two forms which are; the passive
eavesdropping where the system hacker detects information
through listening to the information transmissions. On the other
hand, the hacker uses the active approach, where the hacker
actively takes information by posing as a friend of the network
transmitting the information.
Conclusion
Base on the fact that the I.T. sector is facing is that GDPR is
having a massive impact on all aspects of technology and the
application of technology in the protection of personal
information. "Although this editorial has discussed many
potential challenges of GDPR, we encourage companies to think
of compliance with GDPR as a strategic opportunity for gaining
a competitive edge in this data-driven world. Technology
companies that target global markets recommended to step up
their efforts to secure their data, systems, products, and services
for compliance with GDPR. We also encourage scholars and
practitioners to study issues related to the implementation and
15. compliance of GDPR and share insights" (Wright, 2017).
References
Beacham, J. (2018). Is your practice GDPR ready? In Practice,
40(3), 124–125.
Cap Gemini Research Institute. (2018). seizing the GDPR
advantage: From mandate to high-value opportunity
Conroy, P., Narula, A., Milano, F.,
& Singhal, R. (2014). Building consumer trust - Protecting
personal data in the consumer product industry.
Cornock, M. (2018). General Data Protection Regulation
(GDPR) and implications for research. Maturities, 111, A1:
European Union. (2016) General data protection regulation. Off
J Eur Union 49: L119
Kaushik, S., & Wang, Y. (2018, December 20). Data privacy:
Demystifying the GDPR.
Li, H., Yu, L., & He, W. (2019). The impact of GDPR on global
technology development.
Mackay, D. (2017). The impact of GDPR from a technology
perspective – is your platform ready?
Public Administration and Information
Technology
Volume 10
Series Editor
Christopher G. Reddick
San Antonio, Texas, USA
More information about this series at
16. http://www.springer.com/series/10796
Marijn Janssen • Maria A. Wimmer
Ameneh Deljoo
Editors
Policy Practice and Digital
Science
Integrating Complex Systems, Social
Simulation and Public Administration
in Policy Research
2123
Editors
Marijn Janssen Ameneh Deljoo
Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Faculty of Technology,
Policy, and
Management Management
Delft University of Technology Delft University of Technology
Delft Delft
The Netherlands The Netherlands
Maria A. Wimmer
Institute for Information Systems Research
University of Koblenz-Landau
Koblenz
Germany
ISBN 978-3-319-12783-5 ISBN 978-3-319-12784-2 (eBook)
Public Administration and Information Technology
18. Preface
The last economic and financial crisis has heavily threatened
European and other
economies around the globe. Also, the Eurozone crisis, the
energy and climate
change crises, challenges of demographic change with high
unemployment rates,
and the most recent conflicts in the Ukraine and the near East or
the Ebola virus
disease in Africa threaten the wealth of our societies in
different ways. The inability
to predict or rapidly deal with dramatic changes and negative
trends in our economies
and societies can seriously hamper the wealth and prosperity of
the European Union
and its Member States as well as the global networks. These
societal and economic
challenges demonstrate an urgent need for more effective and
efficient processes of
governance and policymaking, therewith specifically addressing
crisis management
and economic/welfare impact reduction.
Therefore, investing in the exploitation of innovative
information and commu-
nication technology (ICT) in the support of good governance
and policy modeling
has become a major effort of the European Union to position
itself and its Member
States well in the global digital economy. In this realm, the
European Union has
laid out clear strategic policy objectives for 2020 in the Europe
2020 strategy1: In
a changing world, we want the EU to become a smart,
sustainable, and inclusive
19. economy. These three mutually reinforcing priorities should
help the EU and the
Member States deliver high levels of employment, productivity,
and social cohesion.
Concretely, the Union has set five ambitious objectives—on
employment, innovation,
education, social inclusion, and climate/energy—to be reached
by 2020. Along with
this, Europe 2020 has established four priority areas—smart
growth, sustainable
growth, inclusive growth, and later added: A strong and
effective system of eco-
nomic governance—designed to help Europe emerge from the
crisis stronger and to
coordinate policy actions between the EU and national levels.
To specifically support European research in strengthening
capacities, in overcom-
ing fragmented research in the field of policymaking, and in
advancing solutions for
1 Europe 2020 http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm
v
vi Preface
ICT supported governance and policy modeling, the European
Commission has co-
funded an international support action called eGovPoliNet2. The
overall objective
of eGovPoliNet was to create an international, cross-
disciplinary community of re-
searchers working on ICT solutions for governance and policy
20. modeling. In turn,
the aim of this community was to advance and sustain research
and to share the
insights gleaned from experiences in Europe and globally. To
achieve this, eGovPo-
liNet established a dialogue, brought together experts from
distinct disciplines, and
collected and analyzed knowledge assets (i.e., theories,
concepts, solutions, findings,
and lessons on ICT solutions in the field) from different
research disciplines. It built
on case material accumulated by leading actors coming from
distinct disciplinary
backgrounds and brought together the innovative knowledge in
the field. Tools, meth-
ods, and cases were drawn from the academic community, the
ICT sector, specialized
policy consulting firms as well as from policymakers and
governance experts. These
results were assembled in a knowledge base and analyzed in
order to produce com-
parative analyses and descriptions of cases, tools, and scientific
approaches to enrich
a common knowledge base accessible via www.policy-
community.eu.
This book, entitled “Policy Practice and Digital Science—
Integrating Complex
Systems, Social Simulation, and Public Administration in Policy
Research,” is one
of the exciting results of the activities of eGovPoliNet—fusing
community building
activities and activities of knowledge analysis. It documents
findings of comparative
analyses and brings in experiences of experts from academia
and from case descrip-
21. tions from all over the globe. Specifically, it demonstrates how
the explosive growth
in data, computational power, and social media creates new
opportunities for policy-
making and research. The book provides a first comprehensive
look on how to take
advantage of the development in the digital world with new
approaches, concepts,
instruments, and methods to deal with societal and
computational complexity. This
requires the knowledge traditionally found in different
disciplines including public
administration, policy analyses, information systems, complex
systems, and com-
puter science to work together in a multidisciplinary fashion
and to share approaches.
This book provides the foundation for strongly multidisciplinary
research, in which
the various developments and disciplines work together from a
comprehensive and
holistic policymaking perspective. A wide range of aspects for
social and professional
networking and multidisciplinary constituency building along
the axes of technol-
ogy, participative processes, governance, policy modeling,
social simulation, and
visualization are tackled in the 19 papers.
With this book, the project makes an effective contribution to
the overall objec-
tives of the Europe 2020 strategy by providing a better
understanding of different
approaches to ICT enabled governance and policy modeling, and
by overcoming the
fragmented research of the past. This book provides impressive
insights into various
22. theories, concepts, and solutions of ICT supported policy
modeling and how stake-
holders can be more actively engaged in public policymaking. It
draws conclusions
2 eGovPoliNet is cofunded under FP 7, Call identifier FP7-ICT-
2011-7, URL: www.policy-
community.eu
Preface vii
of how joint multidisciplinary research can bring more effective
and resilient find-
ings for better predicting dramatic changes and negative trends
in our economies and
societies.
It is my great pleasure to provide the preface to the book
resulting from the
eGovPoliNet project. This book presents stimulating research by
researchers coming
from all over Europe and beyond. Congratulations to the project
partners and to the
authors!—Enjoy reading!
Thanassis Chrissafis
Project officer of eGovPoliNet
European Commission
DG CNECT, Excellence in Science, Digital Science
Contents
23. 1 Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 1
Marijn Janssen and Maria A. Wimmer
2 Educating Public Managers and Policy Analysts
in an Era of Informatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 15
Christopher Koliba and Asim Zia
3 The Quality of Social Simulation: An Example from Research
Policy Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Petra Ahrweiler and Nigel Gilbert
4 Policy Making and Modelling in a Complex World . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 57
Wander Jager and Bruce Edmonds
5 From Building a Model to Adaptive Robust Decision Making
Using Systems Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 75
Erik Pruyt
6 Features and Added Value of Simulation Models Using
Different
Modelling Approaches Supporting Policy-Making: A
Comparative
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Dragana Majstorovic, Maria A.Wimmer, Roy Lay-Yee, Peter
Davis
and Petra Ahrweiler
7 A Comparative Analysis of Tools and Technologies
for Policy Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 125
24. Eleni Kamateri, Eleni Panopoulou, Efthimios Tambouris,
Konstantinos Tarabanis, Adegboyega Ojo, Deirdre Lee
and David Price
8 Value Sensitive Design of Complex Product Systems . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 157
Andreas Ligtvoet, Geerten van de Kaa, Theo Fens, Cees van
Beers,
Paulier Herder and Jeroen van den Hoven
ix
x Contents
9 Stakeholder Engagement in Policy Development: Observations
and Lessons from International Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 177
Natalie Helbig, Sharon Dawes, Zamira Dzhusupova, Bram
Klievink
and Catherine Gerald Mkude
10 Values in Computational Models Revalued . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 205
Rebecca Moody and Lasse Gerrits
11 The Psychological Drivers of Bureaucracy: Protecting
the Societal Goals of an Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 221
Tjeerd C. Andringa
12 Active and Passive Crowdsourcing in Government . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 261
Euripidis Loukis and Yannis Charalabidis
25. 13 Management of Complex Systems: Toward Agent-Based
Gaming for Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Wander Jager and Gerben van der Vegt
14 The Role of Microsimulation in the Development of Public
Policy . . . 305
Roy Lay-Yee and Gerry Cotterell
15 Visual Decision Support for Policy Making: Advancing
Policy
Analysis with Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 321
Tobias Ruppert, Jens Dambruch, Michel Krämer, Tina Balke,
Marco
Gavanelli, Stefano Bragaglia, Federico Chesani, Michela
Milano
and Jörn Kohlhammer
16 Analysis of Five Policy Cases in the Field of Energy Policy .
. . . . . . . . 355
Dominik Bär, Maria A.Wimmer, Jozef Glova, Anastasia
Papazafeiropoulou and Laurence Brooks
17 Challenges to Policy-Making in Developing Countries
and the Roles of Emerging Tools, Methods and Instruments:
Experiences from Saint Petersburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 379
Dmitrii Trutnev, Lyudmila Vidyasova and Andrei Chugunov
18 Sustainable Urban Development, Governance and Policy:
A Comparative Overview of EU Policies and Projects . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 393
Diego Navarra and Simona Milio
19 eParticipation, Simulation Exercise and Leadership Training
26. in Nigeria: Bridging the Digital Divide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 417
Tanko Ahmed
Contributors
Tanko Ahmed National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies
(NIPSS), Jos,
Nigeria
Petra Ahrweiler EA European Academy of Technology and
Innovation Assess-
ment GmbH, Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler, Germany
Tjeerd C. Andringa University College Groningen, Institute of
Artificial In-
telligence and Cognitive Engineering (ALICE), University of
Groningen, AB,
Groningen, the Netherlands
Tina Balke University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
Dominik Bär University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, Germany
Cees van Beers Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management, Delft University
of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Stefano Bragaglia University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Laurence Brooks Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
Yannis Charalabidis University of the Aegean, Samos, Greece
27. Federico Chesani University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Andrei Chugunov ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
Gerry Cotterell Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the
Social Sciences
(COMPASS Research Centre), University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand
Jens Dambruch Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics
Research, Darmstadt,
Germany
Peter Davis Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the
Social Sciences
(COMPASS Research Centre), University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand
Sharon Dawes Center for Technology in Government,
University at Albany,
Albany, New York, USA
xi
xii Contributors
Zamira Dzhusupova Department of Public Administration and
Development Man-
agement, United Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs (UNDESA),
NewYork, USA
Bruce Edmonds Manchester Metropolitan University,
Manchester, UK
28. Theo Fens Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management,
Delft University of
Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Marco Gavanelli University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Lasse Gerrits Department of Public Administration, Erasmus
University
Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Nigel Gilbert University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Jozef Glova Technical University Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
Natalie Helbig Center for Technology in Government,
University at Albany,
Albany, New York, USA
Paulier Herder Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management,
Delft University
of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Jeroen van den Hoven Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management, Delft
University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Wander Jager Groningen Center of Social Complexity Studies,
University of
Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Marijn Janssen Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management, Delft University
of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Geerten van de Kaa Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
29. Management, Delft
University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Eleni Kamateri Information Technologies Institute, Centre for
Research &
Technology—Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
Bram Klievink Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management,
Delft University
of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Jörn Kohlhammer GRIS, TU Darmstadt & Fraunhofer IGD,
Darmstadt, Germany
Christopher Koliba University of Vermont, Burlington, VT,
USA
Michel Krämer Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics
Research, Darmstadt,
Germany
Roy Lay-Yee Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the
Social Sciences
(COMPASS Research Centre), University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand
Deirdre Lee INSIGHT Centre for Data Analytics, NUIG,
Galway, Ireland
Contributors xiii
Andreas Ligtvoet Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management, Delft Univer-
sity of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
30. Euripidis Loukis University of the Aegean, Samos, Greece
Dragana Majstorovic University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz,
Germany
Michela Milano University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Simona Milio London School of Economics, Houghton Street,
London, UK
Catherine Gerald Mkude Institute for IS Research, University of
Koblenz-Landau,
Koblenz, Germany
Rebecca Moody Department of Public Administration, Erasmus
University
Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Diego Navarra Studio Navarra, London, UK
Adegboyega Ojo INSIGHT Centre for Data Analytics, NUIG,
Galway, Ireland
Eleni Panopoulou Information Technologies Institute, Centre
for Research &
Technology—Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
Anastasia Papazafeiropoulou Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
David Price Thoughtgraph Ltd, Somerset, UK
Erik Pruyt Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management,
Delft University of
Technology, Delft, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for
Advanced Study,
31. Wassenaar, The Netherlands
Tobias Ruppert Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics
Research, Darmstadt,
Germany
Efthimios Tambouris Information Technologies Institute, Centre
for Research &
Technology—Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece; University of
Macedonia, Thessaloniki,
Greece
Konstantinos Tarabanis Information Technologies Institute,
Centre for Research
& Technology—Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece; University of
Macedonia, Thessa-
loniki, Greece
Dmitrii Trutnev ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
Gerben van der Vegt Faculty of Economics and Business,
University of Groningen,
Groningen, The Netherlands
Lyudmila Vidyasova ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
Maria A. Wimmer University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz,
Germany
Asim Zia University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
Chapter 1
Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age
32. Marijn Janssen and Maria A. Wimmer
We are running the 21st century using 20th century systems on
top of 19th century political structures. . . .
John Pollock, contributing editor MIT technology review
Abstract The explosive growth in data, computational power,
and social media
creates new opportunities for innovating governance and policy-
making. These in-
formation and communications technology (ICT) developments
affect all parts of
the policy-making cycle and result in drastic changes in the way
policies are devel-
oped. To take advantage of these developments in the digital
world, new approaches,
concepts, instruments, and methods are needed, which are able
to deal with so-
cietal complexity and uncertainty. This field of research is
sometimes depicted
as e-government policy, e-policy, policy informatics, or data
science. Advancing
our knowledge demands that different scientific communities
collaborate to create
practice-driven knowledge. For policy-making in the digital age
disciplines such as
complex systems, social simulation, and public administration
need to be combined.
1.1 Introduction
Policy-making and its subsequent implementation is necessary
to deal with societal
problems. Policy interventions can be costly, have long-term
implications, affect
groups of citizens or even the whole country and cannot be
34. computer science. All
these knowledge areas are needed for policy-making in the
digital age. The aim of
this book is to provide a foundation for this new
interdisciplinary field in which
various traditional disciplines are blended.
Both policy-makers and those in charge of policy
implementations acknowledge
that ICT is becoming more and more important and is changing
the policy-making
process, resulting in a next generation policy-making based on
ICT support. The field
of policy-making is changing driven by developments such as
open data, computa-
tional methods for processing data, opinion mining, simulation,
and visualization of
rich data sets, all combined with public engagement, social
media, and participatory
tools. In this respect Web 2.0 and even Web 3.0 point to the
specific applications of
social networks and semantically enriched and linked data
which are important for
policy-making. In policy-making vast amount of data are used
for making predictions
and forecasts. This should result in improving the outcomes of
policy-making.
Policy-making is confronted with an increasing complexity and
uncertainty of the
outcomes which results in a need for developing policy models
that are able to deal
with this. To improve the validity of the models policy-makers
are harvesting data to
generate evidence. Furthermore, they are improving their
models to capture complex
35. phenomena and dealing with uncertainty and limited and
incomplete information.
Despite all these efforts, there remains often uncertainty
concerning the outcomes of
policy interventions. Given the uncertainty, often multiple
scenarios are developed
to show alternative outcomes and impact. A condition for this is
the visualization of
policy alternatives and its impact. Visualization can ensure
involvement of nonexpert
and to communicate alternatives. Furthermore, games can be
used to let people gain
insight in what can happen, given a certain scenario. Games
allow persons to interact
and to experience what happens in the future based on their
interventions.
Policy-makers are often faced with conflicting solutions to
complex problems,
thus making it necessary for them to test out their assumptions,
interventions, and
resolutions. For this reason policy-making organizations
introduce platforms facili-
tating policy-making and citizens engagements and enabling the
processing of large
volumes of data. There are various participative platforms
developed by government
agencies (e.g., De Reuver et al. 2013; Slaviero et al. 2010;
Welch 2012). Platforms
can be viewed as a kind of regulated environment that enable
developers, users, and
others to interact with each other, share data, services, and
applications, enable gov-
ernments to more easily monitor what is happening and
facilitate the development
of innovative solutions (Janssen and Estevez 2013). Platforms
36. should provide not
only support for complex policy deliberations with citizens but
should also bring to-
gether policy-modelers, developers, policy-makers, and other
stakeholders involved
in policy-making. In this way platforms provide an information-
rich, interactive
1 Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age 3
environment that brings together relevant stakeholders and in
which complex phe-
nomena can be modeled, simulated, visualized, discussed, and
even the playing of
games can be facilitated.
1.2 Complexity and Uncertainty in Policy-Making
Policy-making is driven by the need to solve societal problems
and should result in
interventions to solve these societal problems. Examples of
societal problems are
unemployment, pollution, water quality, safety, criminality,
well-being, health, and
immigration. Policy-making is an ongoing process in which
issues are recognized
as a problem, alternative courses of actions are formulated,
policies are affected,
implemented, executed, and evaluated (Stewart et al. 2007).
Figure 1.1 shows the
typical stages of policy formulation, implementation, execution,
enforcement, and
evaluation. This process should not be viewed as linear as many
interactions are
37. necessary as well as interactions with all kind of stakeholders.
In policy-making
processes a vast amount of stakeholders are always involved,
which makes policy-
making complex.
Once a societal need is identified, a policy has to be formulated.
Politicians,
members of parliament, executive branches, courts, and interest
groups may be
involved in these formulations. Often contradictory proposals
are made, and the
impact of a proposal is difficult to determine as data is missing,
models cannot
citizen
s
Policy formulation
Policy
implementation
Policy
execution
Policy
enforcement and
evaluation
politicians
Policy-
makers
38. Administrative
organizations
b
u
sin
esses
Inspection and
enforcement agencies
experts
Fig. 1.1 Overview of policy cycle and stakeholders
4 M. Janssen and M. A. Wimmer
capture the complexity, and the results of policy models are
difficult to interpret and
even might be interpreted in an opposing way. This is further
complicated as some
proposals might be good but cannot be implemented or are too
costly to implement.
There is a large uncertainty concerning the outcomes.
Policy implementation is done by organizations other than those
that formulated
the policy. They often have to interpret the policy and have to
make implemen-
tation decisions. Sometimes IT can block quick implementation
as systems have
to be changed. Although policy-making is the domain of the
government, private
39. organizations can be involved to some extent, in particular in
the execution of policies.
Once all things are ready and decisions are made, policies need
to be executed.
During the execution small changes are typically made to fine
tune the policy formu-
lation, implementation decisions might be more difficult to
realize, policies might
bring other benefits than intended, execution costs might be
higher and so on. Typ-
ically, execution is continually changing. Evaluation is part of
the policy-making
process as it is necessary to ensure that the policy-execution
solved the initial so-
cietal problem. Policies might become obsolete, might not work,
have unintended
affects (like creating bureaucracy) or might lose its support
among elected officials,
or other alternatives might pop up that are better.
Policy-making is a complex process in which many stakeholders
play a role. In
the various phases of policy-making different actors are
dominant and play a role.
Figure 1.1 shows only some actors that might be involved, and
many of them are not
included in this figure. The involvement of so many actors
results in fragmentation
and often actors are even not aware of the decisions made by
other actors. This makes
it difficult to manage a policy-making process as each actor has
other goals and might
be self-interested.
Public values (PVs) are a way to try to manage complexity and
40. give some guidance.
Most policies are made to adhere to certain values. Public value
management (PVM)
represents the paradigm of achieving PVs as being the primary
objective (Stoker
2006). PVM refers to the continuous assessment of the actions
performed by public
officials to ensure that these actions result in the creation of PV
(Moore 1995). Public
servants are not only responsible for following the right
procedure, but they also have
to ensure that PVs are realized. For example, civil servants
should ensure that garbage
is collected. The procedure that one a week garbage is collected
is secondary. If it is
necessary to collect garbage more (or less) frequently to ensure
a healthy environment
then this should be done. The role of managers is not only to
ensure that procedures
are followed but they should be custodians of public assets and
maximize a PV.
There exist a wide variety of PVs (Jørgensen and Bozeman
2007). PVs can be
long-lasting or might be driven by contemporary politics. For
example, equal access
is a typical long-lasting value, whereas providing support for
students at universities
is contemporary, as politicians might give more, less, or no
support to students. PVs
differ over times, but also the emphasis on values is different in
the policy-making
cycle as shown in Fig. 1.2. In this figure some of the values
presented by Jørgensen
and Bozeman (2007) are mapped onto the four policy-making
stages. Dependent on
41. the problem at hand other values might play a role that is not
included in this figure.
1 Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age 5
Policy
formulation
Policy
implementation
Policy
execution
Policy
enforcement
and evaluation
efficiency
efficiency
accountability
transparancy
responsiveness
public interest
will of the people
listening
42. citizen involvement
evidence-based
protection of
individual rights
accountability
transparancy
evidence-based
equal access
balancing of interests
robust
honesty
fair
timelessness
reliable
flexible
fair
Fig. 1.2 Public values in the policy cycle
Policy is often formulated by politicians in consultation with
experts. In the PVM
paradigm, public administrations aim at creating PVs for society
43. and citizens. This
suggests a shift from talking about what citizens expect in
creating a PV. In this view
public officials should focus on collaborating and creating a
dialogue with citizens
in order to determine what constitutes a PV.
1.3 Developments
There is an infusion of technology that changes policy processes
at both the individual
and group level. There are a number of developments that
influence the traditional
way of policy-making, including social media as a means to
interact with the public
(Bertot et al. …