Running head: LOUIS VUITTON IN JAPAN
1
Louis Vuitton in Japan
2
Louis Vuitton in Japan
Name
Institution
SECTION 1 Introduction.
In Japan market, some of the opportunities the firm can take advantage of is the high number of people who are wealthy. Most of the wealthy population are old thus giving them the opportunity to spend much on the luxury products. The second opportunity that exists is the online business. Most people buy goods and services online thus reducing the overhead cost to the firm. The firm can take a bold step to venture into the online sales increase its sales (Hata, 2004).The firm is also experiencing some challenges. First, the firm is faced with stiff competition from the large and the small firms which have established links with the customers. Some firms offer door to door delivery. The second challenge is the production of counterfeit products in the name of Louis Vuitton thus painting the name of the firm negatively. The fake products are also cheap thus denying the genuine firm its revenue ("Louis Vuitton in Japan by Jessica Kelley on Prezi", 2018).
SECTION 2 Opportunities.
As highlighted the Japanese population consist of a huge number especially the women who are rich but old. This is a good opportunity that the firm can capitalize on since this group is ready to spend their saving having in mind that they will die soon. Women are always easy spenders and the product of Louis Vuitton can be their target based on the quality of the goods. Another opportunity is the online businesses (Hata, 2004). With the advancement in technology, the company can take its products online so that the sale can improve. The online sales will reduce the expenses incurred but at the same time increase the earnings since many people will be able to get access to the products. The online business bridges the gap between the seller and the buyer without movement or extra cost incurred ("Louis Vuitton in Japan by Jessica Kelley on Prezi", 2018).
SECTION 3 Challenges.
As an organization that operates in a competitive market structure, it is faced with competition from both well established and the upcoming firms. Some of the firms that compete with Louis Vuitton include, Burberry Bulgari and Gucci. Some of these firms offer comparatively lower prices compared to Louis Vuitton thus reducing the marketability of her products. The second challenge the organization faces is the production of the counterfeit products. The liberalization has made it hard to determine the genuine products from the fake products. The counterfeit products are cheaper than the original products thus barring the genuine companies from reaping to the maximum based on the cost of production. The competition forces the firm to reduce its prices but retains the quality thus reducing her revenue (Hata, 2004).
SECTION 4
Solution
s.
The firm needs to take advantage of the opportunities and make the firm more profitable. The firm must reduce its cost of p ...
The document discusses the history and growth of Abercrombie & Fitch from its founding in 1892 to today. It began as an upscale sporting goods store and expanded successfully under new leadership. Limited Brands purchased the struggling brand in 1988 and reinvented its image, transforming it into a multi-billion dollar global youth fashion retailer. The company continues growing through new concepts and cautious international expansion.
The document outlines the syllabus for an International Business course, covering topics such as the meaning and nature of international business, drivers of internationalization, theories of international trade, international institutions, and foreign market entry strategies. Major players in international business discussed include multinational corporations, which operate in multiple countries and maintain headquarters in a home country to coordinate global operations. Benefits and challenges of internationalization for both host and home countries are also examined.
Chapter 5 How Managers Use Balance of Payments Data – p.213Do.docxrobertad6
Chapter 5: How Managers Use Balance of Payments Data – p.213
Do some research on the items in the table below and see if you see a pattern with the various country’s economies:
1. What is the G7?
2. What is the E7?
G7 Countries
Continent where the country lies
GDP
Ease of Doing Business
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
NOTE: When you find the GDP (Gross National Product) note the year – you may not have 2018 statistics. That is okay –find the latest data available. You may need to search for the Ranking of Ease of Doing Business – and then find the countries that make up the G7 or the E7.
NEXT PAGE!
E7 Countries
Continent where the country lies
GDP
Ease of Doing Business
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A. Compare the 2 groups of countries – explain your findings.
Globalization Effects on Country Institutions, People and Business
Chapter 3
Key Points for the Chapter
Economic development comprises positive economic growth and entails changes in a country’s political, economic, and cultural institutions, as well as in individual values, attitudes, and behaviors.
Economic development requires resources from public and private sectors, both internal and external.
Technology transfers by international corporations comprise manufacturing technologies, management organizations, and marketing know-how.
Intro: The Economic Development Process
Economic development is the progress countries make in living standards as they experience positive economic growth and the changes occurring in societal and cultural institutions and values as nations move toward more advanced stages of industrialization.
Economic progress demonstrates human progress, and more pragmatically, it keeps politicians in power, companies busy, and consumers (and voters) optimistic about the future.
Technology Transfers
International trade, investments, and global media have opened world markets up to a variety of modernizing influences.
In general terms, technology transfers occur as corporations enter new markets with products, technologies, lifestyles, and business methods developed in their home and other international markets.
Technology transfers first affect urban segments of developing countries where there are developed infrastructures and pocket of economically significant customers.
As media become commercialization and distribution channels are built into rural areas, greater proportions of developing-country populations come into contact with modernization influences.
4
Positive Effects
Positive effects occur as societies are exposed to broad varieties of products that make lives easier.
Convenience products such as packaged foods, and consumer durables such as refrigerators, radios, televisions, and stoves have positive effects on consumer lifestyles.
New technologies in manufacturing and distribution make products cheaper and more widely available. They provide employment opportunities for lo.
The document discusses various topics related to international trade and business operations. It begins by asking students to read a handout about McDonald's community commitments. It then covers challenges and opportunities faced by international companies, examples of government policies that encourage international trade, and formal and informal barriers to trade. Examples of how companies like Walmart, Coca-Cola, and Nike address various challenges in different markets are provided. The document concludes by discussing currencies and other considerations for doing business internationally.
This document provides an overview of topics related to international business and trade, including:
1. Actions governments can take to encourage international trade such as free-trade zones, free-trade agreements, and common markets.
2. Types of international trade barriers such as quotas, tariffs, and embargos imposed by governments. Cultural differences can also act as informal trade barriers.
3. Considerations for businesses operating internationally such as adapting marketing and business practices to local cultures and managing currency exchange rates.
The document discusses various topics related to international trade and business operations. It begins by asking students to read a handout about McDonald's community commitments. It then covers challenges and opportunities companies like McDonald's, Walmart, and Coke face when expanding internationally. These include dealing with formal trade barriers imposed by governments as well as informal cultural barriers. The document discusses how companies must adapt their marketing, operations, and business practices to different country contexts. It provides examples of product launches that failed due to cultural misunderstandings. Students are assigned homework to analyze challenges faced by Nike in comparison to these other companies.
This document provides an overview of theories of international trade, beginning with mercantilism and including absolute advantage, comparative advantage, factor proportions, product life cycles, new trade theory, and national competitive advantage. It discusses key aspects of each theory, such as how mercantilism aimed to accumulate wealth through trade surpluses while exploiting colonies, and how comparative advantage shows that trade benefits both parties even if one country is less efficient. Theories have evolved over time to better explain patterns of trade.
Full Strategic Appraisal of Louis Vuitton Chris Marshall
This document appears to be a student's coursework submission for a strategic appraisal assessment of luxury brand Louis Vuitton. It includes:
1) A cover sheet with submission details.
2) An outline of the contents of the strategic appraisal report, which includes sections on external/internal analysis, corporate/business strategy, issues/challenges, growth options, and recommendations.
3) An excerpt from the introduction discussing Louis Vuitton's history and focus on customer service, as well as an overview of the company's stakeholders and competitive environment.
The summary provides high-level context about the document being a student coursework submission assessing Louis Vuitton's strategy through various analyses.
The document discusses the history and growth of Abercrombie & Fitch from its founding in 1892 to today. It began as an upscale sporting goods store and expanded successfully under new leadership. Limited Brands purchased the struggling brand in 1988 and reinvented its image, transforming it into a multi-billion dollar global youth fashion retailer. The company continues growing through new concepts and cautious international expansion.
The document outlines the syllabus for an International Business course, covering topics such as the meaning and nature of international business, drivers of internationalization, theories of international trade, international institutions, and foreign market entry strategies. Major players in international business discussed include multinational corporations, which operate in multiple countries and maintain headquarters in a home country to coordinate global operations. Benefits and challenges of internationalization for both host and home countries are also examined.
Chapter 5 How Managers Use Balance of Payments Data – p.213Do.docxrobertad6
Chapter 5: How Managers Use Balance of Payments Data – p.213
Do some research on the items in the table below and see if you see a pattern with the various country’s economies:
1. What is the G7?
2. What is the E7?
G7 Countries
Continent where the country lies
GDP
Ease of Doing Business
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
NOTE: When you find the GDP (Gross National Product) note the year – you may not have 2018 statistics. That is okay –find the latest data available. You may need to search for the Ranking of Ease of Doing Business – and then find the countries that make up the G7 or the E7.
NEXT PAGE!
E7 Countries
Continent where the country lies
GDP
Ease of Doing Business
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A. Compare the 2 groups of countries – explain your findings.
Globalization Effects on Country Institutions, People and Business
Chapter 3
Key Points for the Chapter
Economic development comprises positive economic growth and entails changes in a country’s political, economic, and cultural institutions, as well as in individual values, attitudes, and behaviors.
Economic development requires resources from public and private sectors, both internal and external.
Technology transfers by international corporations comprise manufacturing technologies, management organizations, and marketing know-how.
Intro: The Economic Development Process
Economic development is the progress countries make in living standards as they experience positive economic growth and the changes occurring in societal and cultural institutions and values as nations move toward more advanced stages of industrialization.
Economic progress demonstrates human progress, and more pragmatically, it keeps politicians in power, companies busy, and consumers (and voters) optimistic about the future.
Technology Transfers
International trade, investments, and global media have opened world markets up to a variety of modernizing influences.
In general terms, technology transfers occur as corporations enter new markets with products, technologies, lifestyles, and business methods developed in their home and other international markets.
Technology transfers first affect urban segments of developing countries where there are developed infrastructures and pocket of economically significant customers.
As media become commercialization and distribution channels are built into rural areas, greater proportions of developing-country populations come into contact with modernization influences.
4
Positive Effects
Positive effects occur as societies are exposed to broad varieties of products that make lives easier.
Convenience products such as packaged foods, and consumer durables such as refrigerators, radios, televisions, and stoves have positive effects on consumer lifestyles.
New technologies in manufacturing and distribution make products cheaper and more widely available. They provide employment opportunities for lo.
The document discusses various topics related to international trade and business operations. It begins by asking students to read a handout about McDonald's community commitments. It then covers challenges and opportunities faced by international companies, examples of government policies that encourage international trade, and formal and informal barriers to trade. Examples of how companies like Walmart, Coca-Cola, and Nike address various challenges in different markets are provided. The document concludes by discussing currencies and other considerations for doing business internationally.
This document provides an overview of topics related to international business and trade, including:
1. Actions governments can take to encourage international trade such as free-trade zones, free-trade agreements, and common markets.
2. Types of international trade barriers such as quotas, tariffs, and embargos imposed by governments. Cultural differences can also act as informal trade barriers.
3. Considerations for businesses operating internationally such as adapting marketing and business practices to local cultures and managing currency exchange rates.
The document discusses various topics related to international trade and business operations. It begins by asking students to read a handout about McDonald's community commitments. It then covers challenges and opportunities companies like McDonald's, Walmart, and Coke face when expanding internationally. These include dealing with formal trade barriers imposed by governments as well as informal cultural barriers. The document discusses how companies must adapt their marketing, operations, and business practices to different country contexts. It provides examples of product launches that failed due to cultural misunderstandings. Students are assigned homework to analyze challenges faced by Nike in comparison to these other companies.
This document provides an overview of theories of international trade, beginning with mercantilism and including absolute advantage, comparative advantage, factor proportions, product life cycles, new trade theory, and national competitive advantage. It discusses key aspects of each theory, such as how mercantilism aimed to accumulate wealth through trade surpluses while exploiting colonies, and how comparative advantage shows that trade benefits both parties even if one country is less efficient. Theories have evolved over time to better explain patterns of trade.
Full Strategic Appraisal of Louis Vuitton Chris Marshall
This document appears to be a student's coursework submission for a strategic appraisal assessment of luxury brand Louis Vuitton. It includes:
1) A cover sheet with submission details.
2) An outline of the contents of the strategic appraisal report, which includes sections on external/internal analysis, corporate/business strategy, issues/challenges, growth options, and recommendations.
3) An excerpt from the introduction discussing Louis Vuitton's history and focus on customer service, as well as an overview of the company's stakeholders and competitive environment.
The summary provides high-level context about the document being a student coursework submission assessing Louis Vuitton's strategy through various analyses.
This document discusses international marketing and various strategies for entering foreign markets. It begins with quotes highlighting the global nature of business today. It then covers topics like the growth in international trade, differences between domestic and international marketing, factors driving firms to go global, objectives of international marketing, and common market entry strategies like exporting, licensing, joint ventures, and direct investment. Key strategies discussed in more depth include exporting, alliances, and different modes of foreign market entry.
The document discusses several learning outcomes related to global marketing. It covers the importance of global marketing, the impact of multinational firms, factors in the external environment facing global marketers, ways for firms to enter the global marketplace, elements of a global marketing mix, and how the internet is affecting global marketing. Specific topics discussed include rewards of global marketing, stages of global business development, cultural and economic factors, methods for entering foreign markets, adapting the marketing mix to different cultures, and examples of companies using the internet and tailored ads for international markets.
The document summarizes key political and economic trends in the US textile and apparel industry from the 1950s to present. It discusses how different industry segments such as manufacturers, retailers, and trade unions have shifted from protectionist to more free trade oriented positions over time. It also outlines how firms and trade associations have evolved from focusing solely on domestic markets to becoming more global/transnational in scope. Regional trade blocs have also formed as companies internationalize their supply chains and markets.
This document provides an outline for Chapter 7 of a textbook on international trade. The chapter discusses how governments influence trade through various policies and instruments. It begins with an opening case study on textile trade restrictions between the US, Europe and other countries. The chapter then outlines the economic and noneconomic rationales governments use to intervene in trade, including protecting domestic industries and managing balance of payments. Finally, it examines the major instruments governments use to restrict or regulate trade, such as tariffs, subsidies, quotas and other nontariff barriers that directly or indirectly influence prices and quantities traded.
The document discusses the rise of global corporations and their strategies and operations. It provides background on globalization and how it has led companies to formulate global strategies. It then discusses three key aspects of global corporations: 1) their operational decisions around procurement, production, and delivery; 2) the strategies they use around location of facilities, production characteristics, and goods vs services; 3) the major concerns of global managers around these operational areas.
A good slide on export vs import it will help you more to understand about export vs import. just look at this slide and you automatically see how worthy this slides are . Thank you
The document discusses various concepts related to business environment and economics including environmental forces, general environment, competitive forces, economic systems, money supply, and economic activities. It defines key terms and provides explanations of factors like political-legal forces, technological forces, suppliers, buyers, substitutes, new entrants, and more. Measurement of economic activity is discussed including metrics like GDP, unemployment, inflation, and balance of trade. Money related topics covered include money supply classifications, expansion/contraction of money, and the Reserve Bank of India's role in monetary policy.
The document discusses various concepts related to business environment and economic activities. It defines key terms like liberalization, privatization, and economic systems. It describes factors in the general environment like economic conditions, political system, demographics, and culture. It also explains competitive forces in the task environment, market entry strategies, and methods to measure economic activity like GDP, inflation, unemployment etc. Strategic orientations for international market entry and reasons for Indian privatization are also summarized.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of economies across the world through international trade, investment, and financial capital flows. It involves companies expanding their business operations globally. The key drivers of globalization are international trade, capital flows, technology advancement, communication, and population mobility. As companies become more global in their operations, they typically progress from having a domestic focus to establishing international subsidiaries, and eventually operating as multinational or global firms. Successful globalization requires conditions like business freedom, infrastructure, government support, access to resources, and competitiveness. Potential benefits include increased foreign investment, competition, consumer choice, and innovation. However, challenges include attracting investment, economic inequality, unemployment, increased competition, and barriers
The document discusses various aspects of globalization including:
1) Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interaction between countries through international trade, flow of capital and technology.
2) Key drivers of globalization include multinational corporations, the WTO, World Bank and IMF.
3) Firms operate globally to access new markets, raw materials, labor and gain economies of scale. However, globalization benefits are not evenly distributed.
The term globalization derives from the word globalize, which refers to the emergence of an international network of economic systems. Globalisation refers to rapid increase in the share of economic activity taking place across national borders. It goes beyond the international trade includes goods and services, delivered &sold & movement of capital.
Globalization or globalisation is the trend of increasing interaction between people or companies on a worldwide scale due to advances in transportation and communication technology, normally beginning with the steamship and the telegraph in the early to mid-1800s. With increased interactions between nation-states and individuals came the growth of international trade, ideas, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic process of integration that has social and cultural aspects, but conflicts and diplomacy are also large parts of the history of globalization.
The document discusses several topics related to business including factors that contribute to rapid business change, the role of entrepreneurship in the economy, how American businesses began focusing on customer needs after WWII, differences between non-profit and for-profit organizations, factors of production, strategies for developing a competitive advantage, and how the rise of the internet has changed business practices. Key points made are that global competition, technology changes, and resource depletion are accelerating the pace of business change. Entrepreneurial success benefits job creation and economic growth. Meeting customer needs became essential to business success due to increased post-war competition. Non-profits contribute to the economy through employment and revenue while partnering with businesses.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interaction between people and corporations around the world through trade, investment and technology. It involves the dismantling of trade barriers and integration of economies. While globalization can generate wealth and improve living standards by increasing trade and innovation, its current form is increasing inequality between rich and poor since policies focus more on business needs. Companies operate internationally to access resources, labor, markets and opportunities for growth. The forces driving globalization include improved transportation and communication technologies as well as liberalized trade policies. Globalization impacts societies both positively through increased prosperity and cultural exchange, and negatively by threatening local economies and cultures.
Controllable and uncontrollable factors of international marketingGurleen Kaur
This document discusses controllable and uncontrollable factors in marketing, with a focus on globalization and the role of multinational corporations (MNCs). It provides examples of political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, and legal uncontrollable environmental factors. It then examines McDonald's controllable marketing mix strategies for the Indian market, including customized products, widespread locations, and varied pricing. Finally, it outlines how globalization has facilitated international trade and the growth of MNCs, providing benefits but also drawbacks to home and host countries.
The document discusses global marketing and international business decisions. It covers factors in the global marketing environment like exchange rates, trade barriers, and corruption. It also discusses reasons for companies to expand internationally like competing globally or accessing new markets. The document outlines decisions for international market selection, market entry methods, developing a global marketing program, and global organizational structure.
Case Study 1 Applying Theory to PracticeSocial scientists hav.docxcowinhelen
Case Study 1: Applying Theory to Practice
Social scientists have proposed a number of theories to explain juvenile delinquency. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses. For this assignment, go to the following Website, located at http://listverse.com/2011/05/14/top-10-young-killers/ and select one of the juvenile case studies.
After reading the case, select one (1) of the psychological theories discussed in Chapter 4 of the text.
Write a two to three (2-3) page paper in which you:
1. Summarize three (3) key aspects of the juvenile case study that you selected.
2. Highlight at least three (3) factors that you believe are important for one to understand the origins of the juvenile’s delinquent behavior.
3. Apply at least two (2) concepts from the theory that you chose from the text that would help explain the juvenile’s behavior.
4. Identify one (1) appropriate strategy geared toward preventing delinquency that is consistent with the theory you chose.
5. Use at least three (3) quality references. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Discussion-
"The Changing Family System"
Using what you’ve learned this week, respond to the following prompts in your post:
· Explain at least two (2) roles that different parenting styles play in shaping the overall behavior of children. Next, indicate the significant impacts that each role has in contributing to delinquent behavior among juveniles.
· Think about the following question: Should juvenile delinquents be removed from their home and parent(s) and placed in a foster home or group home if the child continues to commit criminal acts after repeated attempts at treatment and confinement? Based on this question, discuss your thoughts on this subject. Provide support for your response.
Discussion-
"Exploring Monopolies and Oligopolies"
Watch this video, Oligopolies and Monopolistic Competition, to help you prepare for this week’s discussion.
Reply to these prompts by using the company for which you currently work, a business with which your familiar, or a dream business you want to start:
· With your selected business in mind, determine if it is competitive, monopolistic competitive, an oligopoly, or pure monopoly. Explain how you drew your conclusion about its market structure.
· How does the business/firm in this industry determine the price it will charge for the products or services it sells?
Discussion-
"Considering Tradeoffs You Make Every Day"
Let's talk about two tradeoffs we face every day: how we spend our time and money.
We can only do two things with income: spend it or save it. Time is the ultimate resource. We can choose to spend time working to earn an income or we can do other things, broadly classified as leisure. Reply to these prompts to start your discussion:
· How does a change in interest rate affect your decision to spend or save? How would a change in the interest rate affect a firm's decision to invest or save?
· How might an increas.
Case Study - Option 3 BarbaraBarbara is a 22 year old woman who h.docxcowinhelen
Case Study - Option 3: Barbara
Barbara is a 22 year old woman who has recently graduated from college with a psychology degree. She is currently working as a waitress at a popular restaurant near campus, and says she has always planned to attend law school. Barbara was born in a New Orleans, Louisiana. Her mother is an African American who is an assistant manager at a grocery store. Her father is Caucasian and works at a department store. Barbara reports that she was a shy, unattractive child, but that in general her early childhood was "pretty happy." Barbara says that during elementary school, she was constantly harassed by classmates about being of mixed race. Still, she says that she felt very close to her family during this period. She now insists that "I am not black or white, I am me."
Barbara is sexually active and engages in sexual activity with different men at least 1 time a week. Barbara indicates that she does not need protection because she is on the pill. She says she is simply too young to settle down. During her junior year of high school, Barbara had her first serious boyfriend, Morris, who was a high school classmate. She describes the relationship as warm and supportive and they became sexually active during her senior year of high school. They broke up soon after the first sexual interaction. In college, Barbara has dated and she acknowledges some bisexual experimentation. Barbara says that she prefers heterosexual relationships, however.
Although Barbara appears to be a natural athlete, she leads a relatively sedentary lifestyle. She does not exercise regularly and indicates that it is just not enjoyable.
Barbara does not like her job at the restaurant, but seems unwilling to look for other employment. She says that she feels "very jittery" whenever she gets ready for work, and she uses any excuse to take days off. She also refuses to associate with fellow employees, and reports getting very anxious when she was given a surprise birthday party. Recently, she has lost interest in cleaning her house and seldom cooks for herself. She also attends less to her personal grooming.
Diagnosis – Social Anxiety Disorder/Minor Depression
DSM-5 – Diagnostic Criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder
1. Fear or anxiety specific to social settings, in which a person feels noticed, observed, or scrutinized.
2. Typically the individual will fear that they will display their anxiety and experience social rejection,
3. Social interaction will consistently provoke distress,
4. Social interactions are either avoided, or painfully and reluctantly endured,
5. The fear and anxiety will be grossly disproportionate to the actual situation,
6. The fear, anxiety or other distress around social situations will persist for six months or longer and
7. Cause personal distress and impairment of functioning in one or more domains, such as interpersonal or occupational functioning,
8. The fear or anxiety cannot be attributed to a medical disorder, s.
Case Study - Cyberterrorism—A New RealityWhen hackers claiming .docxcowinhelen
Case Study - Cyberterrorism—A New Reality:
When hackers claiming to support the Syrian regime of Bashar Al-Assad attacked and disabled the website of Al Jazeera, the Qatar-based satellite news channel, in September 2012, the act was another act of hacktivism, purporting to promote a specific political agenda over another. Hacktivism has become a very visible form of expressing dissent. Even though there have been numerous incidents reported by the media, the first case of hacktivism was documented in 1989 when a member of the Cult of the Dead Cow hacker collective named Omega coined the term in 1996. However, hacktivism is not the only form of cyber protest and conflict that has everyone from ICT professionals to governments scrambling for solutions. Individuals, enterprises, and governments alike rely in many instances almost completely on network computing technologies, including cloud computing. The international and ever-evolving nature of the Internet along with inadequate law enforcement and the anonymity the global architecture offers creates opportunities for hackers to attack vulnerable nodes for personal, financial, or political gain.
The Internet is also rapidly becoming the political and advocacy platform of choice, bringing with it both positive and negative consequences. Increasingly sophisticated off-the-shelf technologies and easy access to the Internet are significantly increasing incidents of cyberterrorism, netwars, and cyberwarfare. The following are a few examples.
• According to The Israel Electric Company, Israel is attacked 1,000 times a minute by cyberterrorists targeting the country’s infrastructure—water, electricity, communications, and other services.• The New York Times, quoting military officials, said there was a seventeen-fold increase in cyberattacks targeting the US critical infrastructure between 2009 and 2011.• The 2010 Data Breach Investigations Report has data recording more than 900 instances of computer hacking and other data breaches in the past seven years, resulting in some 900 million compromised records. In 2012, the same study listed 855 breaches, resulting in 174 million compromised records in 2011 alone, up from 4 million in 2010.• Another study of 49 breaches in 2011 reported that the average organizational cost of a data breach (including detection, internal response, notification, post notification cost) was $5.5 million. This number was down from $7.2 million in 2010.14 The Telegraph (London) reported that “India blamed a new ‘cyber-jihad’ by Pakistani militant groups for the exodus of thousands of people from India’s north-eastern minorities from its main southern cities in August after text messages warning them to flee went viral.”
There have been recorded instances of nations allegedly engaging in cyberwarfare. The Center for the Study of Technology and Society has identified five methods by which cyberwarfare can be used as a means of military action. These include defacing or di.
Case Study - APA paper with min 4 page content Review the Blai.docxcowinhelen
Case Study - APA paper with min 4 page content
Review the
Blaine
case on the capital structure by understanding the case well enough to help the CEO make informed analysis and decisions on the issues listed in the second paragraph.
I want you to, of course, show me that you understand the situation but then to add the
.
Case Study - Global Mobile Corporation Damn it, .docxcowinhelen
Case Study - Global Mobile Corporation
“Damn it, he's done it again!”
Charlie Newburg had to get up and walk around his office, he was so frustrated. He had been
reviewing the most recent design, parts, and assembly specifications for Global Mobile's latest
smart phone (code named: Nonphixhun) that had been released for production the previous
Thursday. The files had just come back to Charlie's engineering services department with a
caustic note that began, “This one can't be produced, either…” It was the fourth time production
had returned the design.
Newburg, director of engineering for the Global Mobile Corporation, was normally a quiet
person. But the Nonphixhun project was stretching his patience; it was beginning to appear like
several other new products that had hit delays and problems in the transition from design to
production during the eight months Charlie had worked for Global Mobile. These problems were
nothing new at Global Mobile's Asian factory; Charlie's predecessor in the engineering job had
run afoul of them, too, and had finally been fired for protesting too vehemently about the other
departments. But the Nonphixhun phone should have been different. Charlie and the firm's
president, Hannah Hoover, had video-conferenced two months earlier (on July 3, 2006) with the
factory superintendent, Tyson Wang, to smooth the way for the new phone's design. He thought
back to the meeting …
• “Now, we all know there's a tight deadline on the Nonphixhun,” Hannah Hoover said, “and
Charlie's done well to ask us to talk about its introduction. I'm counting on both of you to find
any snags in the system, and to work together to get that first production run out by October
2. Can you do it?” “We can do it in production if we get a clean design two weeks from
now, as scheduled,” answered Tyson Wang, the factory manager. “Charlie and I have already
talked about that, of course. I've spoken with our circuit board and other parts suppliers and
scheduled assembly capacity, and we'll be ready. If the design goes over schedule, though, I'll
have to fill in with other runs, and it will cost us a bundle to break in for the Nonphixhun.
How does it look in engineering, Charlie?” “I've just reviewed the design for the second
time,” Charlie replied. “If Marianne Price can keep the salespeople out of our hair, and avoid
any more last minute changes, we've got a shot. I've pulled my technical support people off of
three other overdue jobs to get this one out. But, Tyson, that means we can't spring engineers
loose to confer with your production people on other manufacturing problems.” “Well
Charlie, most of those problems are caused by the engineers, and we need them to resolve the
difficulties. We've all agreed that production problems come from both of us bowing to sales
pressure, and putting equipment into production before the designs are really ready. That's
just wh.
Case Study #3Apple Suppliers & Labor PracticesWith its h.docxcowinhelen
Case Study #3
Apple Suppliers & Labor Practices
With its highly coveted line of consumer electronics, Apple has a cult following among loyal consumers. During the 2014 holiday season, 74.5 million iPhones were sold. Demand like this meant that Apple was in line to make over $52 billion in profits in 2015, the largest annual profit ever generated from a company’s operations. Despite its consistent financial performance year over year, Apple’s robust profit margin hides a more complicated set of business ethics. Similar to many products sold in the U.S., Apple does not manufacture most its goods domestically. Most of the component sourcing and factory production is done overseas in conditions that critics have argued are dangerous to workers and harmful to the environment.
For example, tin is a major component in Apple’s products and much of it is sourced in Indonesia. Although there are mines that source tin ethically, there are also many that do not. One study found workers—many of them children—working in unsafe conditions, digging tin out by hand in mines prone to landslides that could bury workers alive. About 70% of the tin used in electronic devices such as smartphones and tablets comes from these more dangerous, small-scale mines. An investigation by the BBC revealed how perilous these working conditions can be. In interviews with miners, a 12-yearold working at the bottom of a 70-foot cliff of sand said: “I worry about landslides. The earth slipping from up there to the bottom. It could happen.”
Apple defends its practices by saying it only has so much control over monitoring and regulating its component sources. The company justifies its sourcing practices by saying that it is a complex process, with tens of thousands of miners selling tin, many of them through middle-men. In a statement to the BBC, Apple said “the simplest course of action would be for Apple to unilaterally refuse any tin from Indonesian mines. That would be easy for us to do and would certainly shield us from criticism. But that would also be the lazy and cowardly path, since it would do nothing to improve the situation. We have chosen to stay engaged and attempt to drive changes on the ground.”
In an effort for greater transparency, Apple has released annual reports detailing their work with suppliers and labor practices. While more recent investigations have shown some improvements to suppliers’ working conditions, Apple continues to face criticism as consumer demand for iPhones and other products continues to grow.
Essay directions –
Students will have to identify and analyze the above ethical dilemma. Write a 750 – 1000 word, double-spaced paper, and APA style.
Students are expected to identify the key stakeholders, discussion of the implications of the ethical dilemma, and answer the case study questions. Each paper should have the following sections: • Introduction of the case• The ethical dilemma • Stakeholders • Questions • Conclusions • References .
More Related Content
Similar to Running head LOUIS VUITTON IN JAPAN1Louis Vuitt.docx
This document discusses international marketing and various strategies for entering foreign markets. It begins with quotes highlighting the global nature of business today. It then covers topics like the growth in international trade, differences between domestic and international marketing, factors driving firms to go global, objectives of international marketing, and common market entry strategies like exporting, licensing, joint ventures, and direct investment. Key strategies discussed in more depth include exporting, alliances, and different modes of foreign market entry.
The document discusses several learning outcomes related to global marketing. It covers the importance of global marketing, the impact of multinational firms, factors in the external environment facing global marketers, ways for firms to enter the global marketplace, elements of a global marketing mix, and how the internet is affecting global marketing. Specific topics discussed include rewards of global marketing, stages of global business development, cultural and economic factors, methods for entering foreign markets, adapting the marketing mix to different cultures, and examples of companies using the internet and tailored ads for international markets.
The document summarizes key political and economic trends in the US textile and apparel industry from the 1950s to present. It discusses how different industry segments such as manufacturers, retailers, and trade unions have shifted from protectionist to more free trade oriented positions over time. It also outlines how firms and trade associations have evolved from focusing solely on domestic markets to becoming more global/transnational in scope. Regional trade blocs have also formed as companies internationalize their supply chains and markets.
This document provides an outline for Chapter 7 of a textbook on international trade. The chapter discusses how governments influence trade through various policies and instruments. It begins with an opening case study on textile trade restrictions between the US, Europe and other countries. The chapter then outlines the economic and noneconomic rationales governments use to intervene in trade, including protecting domestic industries and managing balance of payments. Finally, it examines the major instruments governments use to restrict or regulate trade, such as tariffs, subsidies, quotas and other nontariff barriers that directly or indirectly influence prices and quantities traded.
The document discusses the rise of global corporations and their strategies and operations. It provides background on globalization and how it has led companies to formulate global strategies. It then discusses three key aspects of global corporations: 1) their operational decisions around procurement, production, and delivery; 2) the strategies they use around location of facilities, production characteristics, and goods vs services; 3) the major concerns of global managers around these operational areas.
A good slide on export vs import it will help you more to understand about export vs import. just look at this slide and you automatically see how worthy this slides are . Thank you
The document discusses various concepts related to business environment and economics including environmental forces, general environment, competitive forces, economic systems, money supply, and economic activities. It defines key terms and provides explanations of factors like political-legal forces, technological forces, suppliers, buyers, substitutes, new entrants, and more. Measurement of economic activity is discussed including metrics like GDP, unemployment, inflation, and balance of trade. Money related topics covered include money supply classifications, expansion/contraction of money, and the Reserve Bank of India's role in monetary policy.
The document discusses various concepts related to business environment and economic activities. It defines key terms like liberalization, privatization, and economic systems. It describes factors in the general environment like economic conditions, political system, demographics, and culture. It also explains competitive forces in the task environment, market entry strategies, and methods to measure economic activity like GDP, inflation, unemployment etc. Strategic orientations for international market entry and reasons for Indian privatization are also summarized.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of economies across the world through international trade, investment, and financial capital flows. It involves companies expanding their business operations globally. The key drivers of globalization are international trade, capital flows, technology advancement, communication, and population mobility. As companies become more global in their operations, they typically progress from having a domestic focus to establishing international subsidiaries, and eventually operating as multinational or global firms. Successful globalization requires conditions like business freedom, infrastructure, government support, access to resources, and competitiveness. Potential benefits include increased foreign investment, competition, consumer choice, and innovation. However, challenges include attracting investment, economic inequality, unemployment, increased competition, and barriers
The document discusses various aspects of globalization including:
1) Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interaction between countries through international trade, flow of capital and technology.
2) Key drivers of globalization include multinational corporations, the WTO, World Bank and IMF.
3) Firms operate globally to access new markets, raw materials, labor and gain economies of scale. However, globalization benefits are not evenly distributed.
The term globalization derives from the word globalize, which refers to the emergence of an international network of economic systems. Globalisation refers to rapid increase in the share of economic activity taking place across national borders. It goes beyond the international trade includes goods and services, delivered &sold & movement of capital.
Globalization or globalisation is the trend of increasing interaction between people or companies on a worldwide scale due to advances in transportation and communication technology, normally beginning with the steamship and the telegraph in the early to mid-1800s. With increased interactions between nation-states and individuals came the growth of international trade, ideas, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic process of integration that has social and cultural aspects, but conflicts and diplomacy are also large parts of the history of globalization.
The document discusses several topics related to business including factors that contribute to rapid business change, the role of entrepreneurship in the economy, how American businesses began focusing on customer needs after WWII, differences between non-profit and for-profit organizations, factors of production, strategies for developing a competitive advantage, and how the rise of the internet has changed business practices. Key points made are that global competition, technology changes, and resource depletion are accelerating the pace of business change. Entrepreneurial success benefits job creation and economic growth. Meeting customer needs became essential to business success due to increased post-war competition. Non-profits contribute to the economy through employment and revenue while partnering with businesses.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interaction between people and corporations around the world through trade, investment and technology. It involves the dismantling of trade barriers and integration of economies. While globalization can generate wealth and improve living standards by increasing trade and innovation, its current form is increasing inequality between rich and poor since policies focus more on business needs. Companies operate internationally to access resources, labor, markets and opportunities for growth. The forces driving globalization include improved transportation and communication technologies as well as liberalized trade policies. Globalization impacts societies both positively through increased prosperity and cultural exchange, and negatively by threatening local economies and cultures.
Controllable and uncontrollable factors of international marketingGurleen Kaur
This document discusses controllable and uncontrollable factors in marketing, with a focus on globalization and the role of multinational corporations (MNCs). It provides examples of political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, and legal uncontrollable environmental factors. It then examines McDonald's controllable marketing mix strategies for the Indian market, including customized products, widespread locations, and varied pricing. Finally, it outlines how globalization has facilitated international trade and the growth of MNCs, providing benefits but also drawbacks to home and host countries.
The document discusses global marketing and international business decisions. It covers factors in the global marketing environment like exchange rates, trade barriers, and corruption. It also discusses reasons for companies to expand internationally like competing globally or accessing new markets. The document outlines decisions for international market selection, market entry methods, developing a global marketing program, and global organizational structure.
Similar to Running head LOUIS VUITTON IN JAPAN1Louis Vuitt.docx (16)
Case Study 1 Applying Theory to PracticeSocial scientists hav.docxcowinhelen
Case Study 1: Applying Theory to Practice
Social scientists have proposed a number of theories to explain juvenile delinquency. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses. For this assignment, go to the following Website, located at http://listverse.com/2011/05/14/top-10-young-killers/ and select one of the juvenile case studies.
After reading the case, select one (1) of the psychological theories discussed in Chapter 4 of the text.
Write a two to three (2-3) page paper in which you:
1. Summarize three (3) key aspects of the juvenile case study that you selected.
2. Highlight at least three (3) factors that you believe are important for one to understand the origins of the juvenile’s delinquent behavior.
3. Apply at least two (2) concepts from the theory that you chose from the text that would help explain the juvenile’s behavior.
4. Identify one (1) appropriate strategy geared toward preventing delinquency that is consistent with the theory you chose.
5. Use at least three (3) quality references. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Discussion-
"The Changing Family System"
Using what you’ve learned this week, respond to the following prompts in your post:
· Explain at least two (2) roles that different parenting styles play in shaping the overall behavior of children. Next, indicate the significant impacts that each role has in contributing to delinquent behavior among juveniles.
· Think about the following question: Should juvenile delinquents be removed from their home and parent(s) and placed in a foster home or group home if the child continues to commit criminal acts after repeated attempts at treatment and confinement? Based on this question, discuss your thoughts on this subject. Provide support for your response.
Discussion-
"Exploring Monopolies and Oligopolies"
Watch this video, Oligopolies and Monopolistic Competition, to help you prepare for this week’s discussion.
Reply to these prompts by using the company for which you currently work, a business with which your familiar, or a dream business you want to start:
· With your selected business in mind, determine if it is competitive, monopolistic competitive, an oligopoly, or pure monopoly. Explain how you drew your conclusion about its market structure.
· How does the business/firm in this industry determine the price it will charge for the products or services it sells?
Discussion-
"Considering Tradeoffs You Make Every Day"
Let's talk about two tradeoffs we face every day: how we spend our time and money.
We can only do two things with income: spend it or save it. Time is the ultimate resource. We can choose to spend time working to earn an income or we can do other things, broadly classified as leisure. Reply to these prompts to start your discussion:
· How does a change in interest rate affect your decision to spend or save? How would a change in the interest rate affect a firm's decision to invest or save?
· How might an increas.
Case Study - Option 3 BarbaraBarbara is a 22 year old woman who h.docxcowinhelen
Case Study - Option 3: Barbara
Barbara is a 22 year old woman who has recently graduated from college with a psychology degree. She is currently working as a waitress at a popular restaurant near campus, and says she has always planned to attend law school. Barbara was born in a New Orleans, Louisiana. Her mother is an African American who is an assistant manager at a grocery store. Her father is Caucasian and works at a department store. Barbara reports that she was a shy, unattractive child, but that in general her early childhood was "pretty happy." Barbara says that during elementary school, she was constantly harassed by classmates about being of mixed race. Still, she says that she felt very close to her family during this period. She now insists that "I am not black or white, I am me."
Barbara is sexually active and engages in sexual activity with different men at least 1 time a week. Barbara indicates that she does not need protection because she is on the pill. She says she is simply too young to settle down. During her junior year of high school, Barbara had her first serious boyfriend, Morris, who was a high school classmate. She describes the relationship as warm and supportive and they became sexually active during her senior year of high school. They broke up soon after the first sexual interaction. In college, Barbara has dated and she acknowledges some bisexual experimentation. Barbara says that she prefers heterosexual relationships, however.
Although Barbara appears to be a natural athlete, she leads a relatively sedentary lifestyle. She does not exercise regularly and indicates that it is just not enjoyable.
Barbara does not like her job at the restaurant, but seems unwilling to look for other employment. She says that she feels "very jittery" whenever she gets ready for work, and she uses any excuse to take days off. She also refuses to associate with fellow employees, and reports getting very anxious when she was given a surprise birthday party. Recently, she has lost interest in cleaning her house and seldom cooks for herself. She also attends less to her personal grooming.
Diagnosis – Social Anxiety Disorder/Minor Depression
DSM-5 – Diagnostic Criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder
1. Fear or anxiety specific to social settings, in which a person feels noticed, observed, or scrutinized.
2. Typically the individual will fear that they will display their anxiety and experience social rejection,
3. Social interaction will consistently provoke distress,
4. Social interactions are either avoided, or painfully and reluctantly endured,
5. The fear and anxiety will be grossly disproportionate to the actual situation,
6. The fear, anxiety or other distress around social situations will persist for six months or longer and
7. Cause personal distress and impairment of functioning in one or more domains, such as interpersonal or occupational functioning,
8. The fear or anxiety cannot be attributed to a medical disorder, s.
Case Study - Cyberterrorism—A New RealityWhen hackers claiming .docxcowinhelen
Case Study - Cyberterrorism—A New Reality:
When hackers claiming to support the Syrian regime of Bashar Al-Assad attacked and disabled the website of Al Jazeera, the Qatar-based satellite news channel, in September 2012, the act was another act of hacktivism, purporting to promote a specific political agenda over another. Hacktivism has become a very visible form of expressing dissent. Even though there have been numerous incidents reported by the media, the first case of hacktivism was documented in 1989 when a member of the Cult of the Dead Cow hacker collective named Omega coined the term in 1996. However, hacktivism is not the only form of cyber protest and conflict that has everyone from ICT professionals to governments scrambling for solutions. Individuals, enterprises, and governments alike rely in many instances almost completely on network computing technologies, including cloud computing. The international and ever-evolving nature of the Internet along with inadequate law enforcement and the anonymity the global architecture offers creates opportunities for hackers to attack vulnerable nodes for personal, financial, or political gain.
The Internet is also rapidly becoming the political and advocacy platform of choice, bringing with it both positive and negative consequences. Increasingly sophisticated off-the-shelf technologies and easy access to the Internet are significantly increasing incidents of cyberterrorism, netwars, and cyberwarfare. The following are a few examples.
• According to The Israel Electric Company, Israel is attacked 1,000 times a minute by cyberterrorists targeting the country’s infrastructure—water, electricity, communications, and other services.• The New York Times, quoting military officials, said there was a seventeen-fold increase in cyberattacks targeting the US critical infrastructure between 2009 and 2011.• The 2010 Data Breach Investigations Report has data recording more than 900 instances of computer hacking and other data breaches in the past seven years, resulting in some 900 million compromised records. In 2012, the same study listed 855 breaches, resulting in 174 million compromised records in 2011 alone, up from 4 million in 2010.• Another study of 49 breaches in 2011 reported that the average organizational cost of a data breach (including detection, internal response, notification, post notification cost) was $5.5 million. This number was down from $7.2 million in 2010.14 The Telegraph (London) reported that “India blamed a new ‘cyber-jihad’ by Pakistani militant groups for the exodus of thousands of people from India’s north-eastern minorities from its main southern cities in August after text messages warning them to flee went viral.”
There have been recorded instances of nations allegedly engaging in cyberwarfare. The Center for the Study of Technology and Society has identified five methods by which cyberwarfare can be used as a means of military action. These include defacing or di.
Case Study - APA paper with min 4 page content Review the Blai.docxcowinhelen
Case Study - APA paper with min 4 page content
Review the
Blaine
case on the capital structure by understanding the case well enough to help the CEO make informed analysis and decisions on the issues listed in the second paragraph.
I want you to, of course, show me that you understand the situation but then to add the
.
Case Study - Global Mobile Corporation Damn it, .docxcowinhelen
Case Study - Global Mobile Corporation
“Damn it, he's done it again!”
Charlie Newburg had to get up and walk around his office, he was so frustrated. He had been
reviewing the most recent design, parts, and assembly specifications for Global Mobile's latest
smart phone (code named: Nonphixhun) that had been released for production the previous
Thursday. The files had just come back to Charlie's engineering services department with a
caustic note that began, “This one can't be produced, either…” It was the fourth time production
had returned the design.
Newburg, director of engineering for the Global Mobile Corporation, was normally a quiet
person. But the Nonphixhun project was stretching his patience; it was beginning to appear like
several other new products that had hit delays and problems in the transition from design to
production during the eight months Charlie had worked for Global Mobile. These problems were
nothing new at Global Mobile's Asian factory; Charlie's predecessor in the engineering job had
run afoul of them, too, and had finally been fired for protesting too vehemently about the other
departments. But the Nonphixhun phone should have been different. Charlie and the firm's
president, Hannah Hoover, had video-conferenced two months earlier (on July 3, 2006) with the
factory superintendent, Tyson Wang, to smooth the way for the new phone's design. He thought
back to the meeting …
• “Now, we all know there's a tight deadline on the Nonphixhun,” Hannah Hoover said, “and
Charlie's done well to ask us to talk about its introduction. I'm counting on both of you to find
any snags in the system, and to work together to get that first production run out by October
2. Can you do it?” “We can do it in production if we get a clean design two weeks from
now, as scheduled,” answered Tyson Wang, the factory manager. “Charlie and I have already
talked about that, of course. I've spoken with our circuit board and other parts suppliers and
scheduled assembly capacity, and we'll be ready. If the design goes over schedule, though, I'll
have to fill in with other runs, and it will cost us a bundle to break in for the Nonphixhun.
How does it look in engineering, Charlie?” “I've just reviewed the design for the second
time,” Charlie replied. “If Marianne Price can keep the salespeople out of our hair, and avoid
any more last minute changes, we've got a shot. I've pulled my technical support people off of
three other overdue jobs to get this one out. But, Tyson, that means we can't spring engineers
loose to confer with your production people on other manufacturing problems.” “Well
Charlie, most of those problems are caused by the engineers, and we need them to resolve the
difficulties. We've all agreed that production problems come from both of us bowing to sales
pressure, and putting equipment into production before the designs are really ready. That's
just wh.
Case Study #3Apple Suppliers & Labor PracticesWith its h.docxcowinhelen
Case Study #3
Apple Suppliers & Labor Practices
With its highly coveted line of consumer electronics, Apple has a cult following among loyal consumers. During the 2014 holiday season, 74.5 million iPhones were sold. Demand like this meant that Apple was in line to make over $52 billion in profits in 2015, the largest annual profit ever generated from a company’s operations. Despite its consistent financial performance year over year, Apple’s robust profit margin hides a more complicated set of business ethics. Similar to many products sold in the U.S., Apple does not manufacture most its goods domestically. Most of the component sourcing and factory production is done overseas in conditions that critics have argued are dangerous to workers and harmful to the environment.
For example, tin is a major component in Apple’s products and much of it is sourced in Indonesia. Although there are mines that source tin ethically, there are also many that do not. One study found workers—many of them children—working in unsafe conditions, digging tin out by hand in mines prone to landslides that could bury workers alive. About 70% of the tin used in electronic devices such as smartphones and tablets comes from these more dangerous, small-scale mines. An investigation by the BBC revealed how perilous these working conditions can be. In interviews with miners, a 12-yearold working at the bottom of a 70-foot cliff of sand said: “I worry about landslides. The earth slipping from up there to the bottom. It could happen.”
Apple defends its practices by saying it only has so much control over monitoring and regulating its component sources. The company justifies its sourcing practices by saying that it is a complex process, with tens of thousands of miners selling tin, many of them through middle-men. In a statement to the BBC, Apple said “the simplest course of action would be for Apple to unilaterally refuse any tin from Indonesian mines. That would be easy for us to do and would certainly shield us from criticism. But that would also be the lazy and cowardly path, since it would do nothing to improve the situation. We have chosen to stay engaged and attempt to drive changes on the ground.”
In an effort for greater transparency, Apple has released annual reports detailing their work with suppliers and labor practices. While more recent investigations have shown some improvements to suppliers’ working conditions, Apple continues to face criticism as consumer demand for iPhones and other products continues to grow.
Essay directions –
Students will have to identify and analyze the above ethical dilemma. Write a 750 – 1000 word, double-spaced paper, and APA style.
Students are expected to identify the key stakeholders, discussion of the implications of the ethical dilemma, and answer the case study questions. Each paper should have the following sections: • Introduction of the case• The ethical dilemma • Stakeholders • Questions • Conclusions • References .
CASE STUDY (Individual) Scotland In terms of its physical l.docxcowinhelen
CASE STUDY (Individual): Scotland
* In terms of its physical landscape, where is the region that is experiencing a devolutionary process located and what type of climate is prevalent? (use Figure 2.5 and 2.4 of the textbook).
* According to the sources you have consulted, do these physical/natural characteristics have played any role in the historical background for this devolutionary process? How?
* How do the people that inhabit the region you are studying speak about their relationship to the land and the environment? Do they express any ideas on biodiversity conservation?
* Do they say anything about their homeland? If the region you are studying has a website (official or not), what role do maps play on their web site/s?
* Is this region located close to or far from the center of power of the country (the national capital city)?
* Does this condition have any impact on the reasons why they would like to gain at-least more autonomy to make their own decisions?
* According to the source/s you have consulted, what are the main reason/s why this population would like to break-up from the country in which they live in?
Do this/these source/s mention any explanation/s based on cultural or ethnic characteristics? For example, speaking a different language? Which one? Professing a different religion? Which one? Economic disparities
.
Case Study #2 T.D. enjoys caring for the children and young peop.docxcowinhelen
Case Study #2
T.D. enjoys caring for the children and young people in the schools where she works, but sometimes she is faced with tough situations such as suspected child abuse and neglect, teen pregnancy, and alcohol and drug use among teenagers. She works hard to ensure that the children in her schools receive the best care possible.
Question:
Several third graders reports having received no breakfast at home for more than a week. T.D. is exercising Advocacy for the students under her care. What type of actions she might be doing to exercise advocacy for the students?
Discuss this:
Moral distress is a frequent situation where health care providers should face. Please define and discuss a personal experience where you have faced Moral distress in your practice.
Discuss how health promotion relates to morality.
Discuss your insights about your own communication strengths and weaknesses. Identify situations in which it may be difficult for you to establish or terminate a therapeutic relationship.
*
formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources.
.
CASE STUDY #2 Chief Complaint I have pain in my belly”.docxcowinhelen
CASE STUDY #2
Chief Complaint:
“I have pain in my belly”
History of Present Illness (HPI):
A 25-year-old female presents to the emergency room (ER) with complaints of severe abdominal pain for 2 weeks . The pain is sharp and crampy It hurts if I run, sit down hard, or if I have sex
PMH:
Patient denies
Drug Hx:
Birth control
Allergies:
NKA
Subjective:
Nausea and vomiting, Last menstrual period 5 days ago, New sexual partner about 2 months ago, No condoms, he hates them No pain, blood or difficulty with urination
Objective Data:
PE:
B/P 138/90; temperature 99°F; (RR) 20; (HR) 110, regular; oxygen saturation (PO2) 96%; pain 5/10
General:
acute distress and severe pain
HEENT:
Atraumatic, normocephalic, PERRLA, EOMI, conjunctiva and sclera clear; nares patent, nasopharynx clear, good dentition. Piercing in her right nostril and lower lip.
Lungs:
CTA AP&L
Card:
S1S2 without rub or gallop
Abd:
INSPECTION: no masses or thrills noted; no discoloration and skin is warm to; no tattoos or piercings; abdomen is nondistended and round
• AUSCULTATION: bowel sounds (BS) are normal in all four quadrants, no bruits noted
• PALPATION: on palpation, abdomen is tender to touch in four quadrants; tenderness noted on light palpation, deep palpation reveals no masses, spleen and liver unremarkable
• PERCUSSION: tympany heard in all quadrants, no dullness noted in abdominal area
GU:
• EXTERNAL: mature hair distribution; no external lesions on labia
• INTROITUS: slight green-gray discharge, no lesions
• VAGINAL: normal rugae; moderate amount of green discharge on vaginal walls
• CERVIX: nulliparous os with small amount of purulent discharge from os with positive cervical motion tenderness (CMT)
• UTERUS: ante-flexed, normal size, shape, and position
• ADNEXA: bilateral tenderness with fullness; both ovaries without masses
• RECTAL: deferred
• VAGINAL DISCHARGE: green in color
Ext:
no cyanosis, clubbing or edema
Integument:
intact without lesions masses or rashes
Neuro:
No obvious deficits and CN grossly intact II-XII
Then answer the following questions:
What other subjective data would you obtain?
What other objective findings would you look for?
What diagnostic exams do you want to order?
Name 3 differential diagnoses based on this patient presenting symptoms?
Give rationales for your each differential diagnosis.
-
Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources.
.
Case Study #1Jennifer is a 29-year-old administrative assistan.docxcowinhelen
Case Study #1
Jennifer is a 29-year-old administrative assistant married to Antonio, an Italian engineer, whom Jennifer met four years earlier while on a business trip for her marketing company. The couple now lives in Nebraska, where Antonio works for the county's transportation department and Jennifer commutes an hour each way to her marketing office. They have been trying to start a family for over a year. Eight months ago, Jennifer miscarried in her second month of pregnancy. Antonio's parents love Jennifer and often ask her if she is expecting again, hoping to encourage her to focus on her next baby. Jennifer's mother passed away two years ago and her father's health is rapidly deteriorating. Jennifer faces the probability of placing her father in a skilled nursing care facility within the next few months, against his wishes.
At work, Jennifer runs a tight ship. She is organized and prepares lists to assure that everything is done according to schedule. Everyone counts on Jennifer and she takes pride in never letting people down.
Jennifer has visited her physician numerous times in the last six months, complaining of headaches, backaches, and indigestion. Jennifer insists that she is happy and is not feeling stressed, yet she finds herself making more mistakes at work, unable to keep up with housework, and feeling tired and overwhelmed; she has begun to question her effectiveness as an employee, wife, daughter, and potential mother. Her pains seem to be increasing, but her doctor cannot find a physical cause for her discomfort.
Case Study #2
Michael is a 40-year-old airline pilot who has recently begun to experience chest pains. The chest pains began when Michael signed his final divorce papers, ending his 15-year marriage. He fought for joint custody of his two children, ages 12 and 10, but although he wants to be with them more frequently, he only sees them every two weeks. This schedule is, in great part, a result of his employer's announcement that budget constraints would result in layoffs. Michael worries that without his job he will be unable to support his children and lose the new townhouse that he purchased. Michael's chest pains are becoming more frequent and he fears that he may be dying.
Review case studies 1 and 2.
Choose one case study.
Complete the following questions in 150 to 200 words each. Be as detailed as possible and use the information you have learned throughout this course.
• What are the causes of stress in Michael’s or Jennifer’s life? How is stress affecting Michael’s or Jennifer’s health?
• How are these stressors affecting Michael’s or Jennifer’s self-concept and self-esteem?
• How might Michael’s or Jennifer’s situation illustrate adjustment? How might this situation become an opportunity for personal growth?
• What defensive coping methods is Michael or Jennifer using? What active coping methods might be healthier for Michael or Jennifer to use? Explain why you would recom.
Case Study # 2 –Danny’s Unhappy DutyEmployee ProfilesCaro.docxcowinhelen
Case Study # 2 –Danny’s Unhappy Duty
Employee Profiles
:
Carol Brown, Danny Winthrop, Thomas Fletcher
Carol, the Department Secretary for Purchasing and General Stores, has been
working at St. Louis Memorial Hospital for sixteen years, four of which have
been for the present Manager, Dan Winthrop. Carol likes her Boss, who gives
his employees more leeway than most. Carol’s main interests are her work and
her home—traits also typical of the other people who work in the Department.
Carol feels she is part of a close, cooperative group of employees.
Dan, or Danny, as he likes to be called, arrived at St. Louis Memorial four years
ago as a replacement for a Department manager who had been at the Hospital
for a number of years. Danny’s predecessor, Bill Taylor, was very strict in
everything from insisting that employees take exactly one-half hour for lunch
breaks to not having a coffee pot in the Department. When Danny came on
board as a Department Manager, his management style was much less strict.
The result was that Danny’s employees were much happier, and began to meet
and exceed expectations in getting their work done. St. Louis Memorial’s
previous CEO was a good friend and frequently complimented Danny on his
efficient and effective staff. Now a new CEO, Thomas Fletcher, has been hired
by the Hospital’s Board of Directors. Things are about to change.
Thomas Fletcher, new CEO and a recent graduate from a superior school of
hospital management, has always believed in “doing things by the book”.
Thomas originally had wanted to become a doctor, but decided two years into
the process that it was going to take him too long, and that he would be better
off becoming an administrator. He likes the idea of being an administrator,
and wants to be a good one. He has decided to start out his career at St. Louis
Memorial, of the smaller hospitals in the St. Louis area, but hopes to progress to a
a much larger facility in about four years, once he develops a track record at
St. Louis Memorial.
The Challenge: Communication, Criticism and Discipline, Leadership, Motivation,
Rules and Policies
Danny knows his employees quite well. They are generally a happy, cohesive, and cooperative group. They joke around a lot among themselves, but get the work done more than satisfactorily. All of them seem to give a
gr.
Case Study – Multicultural ParadeRead the Case below, and answe.docxcowinhelen
This document provides a case study about a school's multicultural day celebration that resulted in confusion and exclusion. The school encouraged students to participate in a culture parade by wearing clothing representing their ethnic heritage. However, when two students - an African American girl and a white girl - brought everyday clothing, they were not allowed to participate. The teacher was worried others would be confused by their inclusion or that the girls would be ridiculed for misunderstanding the instructions. This highlighted differences between concepts like culture, ethnicity, and nationality.
Case Study THE INVISIBLE SPONSOR1BackgroundSome execut.docxcowinhelen
Case Study : THE INVISIBLE SPONSOR1
Background
Some executives prefer to micromanage projects whereas other executives
are fearful of making a decision because, if they were to make the wrong
decision, it could impact their career. In this case study, the president of the company assigned one of the vice presidents to act as the project sponsor on a project designed to build tooling for a client. The sponsor, however, was reluctant to make any decisions.
Assigning the VP
Moreland Company was well-respected as a tooling design-and-build
company. Moreland was project-driven because all of its income came
from projects. Moreland was also reasonably mature in project management.
When the previous VP for engineering retired, Moreland hired an executive from a manufacturing company to replace him. The new VP for engineering, Al Zink, had excellent engineering knowledge about tooling but had worked for companies that were not project-driven. Al had very little knowledge about project management and had never functioned as a project sponsor. Because of Al’s lack of experience as a sponsor, the president decided that Al should “get his feet wet” as quickly as possible and assigned him as the project sponsor on a mediumsized project. The project manager on this project was Fred Cutler. Fred was an engineer with more than twenty years of experience in tooling design and manufacturing. Fred reported directly to Al Zink administratively.
Fred's Dilemma
Fred understood the situation; he would have to train Al Zink on how to
function as a project sponsor. This was a new experience for Fred because subordinates usually do not train senior personnel on how to do their job. Would Al Zink be receptive?
Fred explained the role of the sponsor and how there are certain project documents that require the signatures of both the project manager and the project sponsor. Everything seemed to be going well until Fred informed Al that the project sponsor is the person that the president eventually holds accountable for the success or failure of the project. Fred could tell that Al was
quite upset over this statement.
Al realized that the failure of a project where he was the sponsor could damage his reputation and career. Al was now uncomfortable about having to act as a sponsor but knew that he might eventually be assigned as a sponsor on other projects. Al also knew that this project was somewhat of a high risk. If Al could function as an invisible sponsor, he could avoid making any critical decisions.
In the first meeting between Fred and Al where Al was the sponsor, Al asked Fred for a copy of the schedule for the project. Fred responded: I’m working on the schedule right now. I cannot finish the schedule until you tell me whether you want me to lay out the schedule based upon best time, least cost, or least risk.
Al stated that he would think about it and get back to Fred as soon as possible.
During the middle of the next week, Fred and Al m.
CASE STUDY Experiential training encourages changes in work beha.docxcowinhelen
CASE STUDY: Experiential training encourages changes in work behavior and growth in one’s abilities, which is accomplished through a multitude of methods. Experiential training has proven to be cost-effective while motivating employees as well as improving self-awareness, personal accountability, teamwork skills, and communication skills (Ritchie, 2011). Additionally, the training methods provide trainees with direct experience, the opportunity to reflect on that experience, and share models to help trainees to deduce using both present and past experience, while accommodating learning styles and strengths (Ritchie, 2011). Valkanos and Fragoulis identify several reasons why experiential training provides value:
1. Ongoing advances in technology requiring changes in knowledge, skills, and abilities
2. Divergence between theory and practice
3. Mergers and acquisitions of enterprises which tend to bring new jobs, organizational culture, and work content
4. Constant environment of change, from working conditions to processes and procedures relating to organizational issues, quality, and new products or services, and requiring new competencies, duties, or work content (Valkanos & Fragoulis, 2007, p. 22).
Method
Description
On-the-job Training
Receives instructions on the functions of their job in their assigned workplace.
Simulators
Teaches employees on how to operate equipment in a given context
Role Playing
Developing interpersonal and business skills, such as decision-making, communication, conflict resolution, and solving complex problems.
Case Study
Develops critical thinking skills to include analytical, higher-level skills, and exploring and resolving complex problems.
Games
Develops general business and organizational principles addressing application in a variety of situations.
Behavior Modeling
Used when learning goals are a rule and inflexible procedures. Provides skills and practice to modify and model behavior.
In-basket Techniques
A variety of items placed in an envelope that reflects what might be found in an inbox. This activity is used to assist trainees in developing and applying their strategic and operational skills.
(Blanchard & Thacker, 2013, pp. 222-223)
References:
· Blanchard, P. N., & Thacker, J. W. (2013). Effective training: Systems, strategies, and practices (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
· Valkanos, E., & Fragoulis, I. (2007). Experiential learning – its place in in‐house education and training. Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, 21(5), 21-23. doi:10.1108/14777280710779454
Discussion Question--Choose one perspective in which to respond.
Non-HR Perspective: Your department is not meeting performance expectations. What steps do you take to resolve the issue? Is training a possible solution; if so, which of the above training methods would be the most effective in addressing the issue? Would you, at any point, involve HR--if so, at what point and why?.
Case Study Hereditary AngioedemaAll responses must be in your .docxcowinhelen
Case Study: Hereditary Angioedema
All responses must be in your own words. Answers that have been copied and pasted will not receive credit.
1. Translate “angioedema”. [Note: I am not looking for a description of the disorder. Rather, I would like you to translate the medical term itself.]
2. The complement system is described as a ‘cascade system’. How does the system fit into this description of being a cascade? [Suggestion: Google the definition of cascade, then think about the complement system in light of the definition]
3. Is complement involved in the innate, or the adaptive immune system, or both? Please explain you answer.
4. What role does C1INH play in the complement system? Why is it so important?
5. What was the physiologic cause of Richard’s abdominal pain?
6. How can one distinguish the swelling of HAE from the swelling of allergic angioedema?
7. What is bradykinin’s role in HA?
8. Do you think Richard’s infancy colic was related to his HA? No need to research this. Just use your intuition. Explain your thinking.
9. What is typically used to treat attacks of HAE?
10. Swelling in the extremities is not dangerous. What other areas of the body are subject to swelling? What is the most dangerous location for swelling to occur and why is it the most dangerous?
2018
BUS 308 Week 2 Lecture 1
Examining Differences - overview
Expected Outcomes
After reading this lecture, the student should be familiar with:
1. The importance of random sampling.
2. The meaning of statistical significance.
3. The basic approach to determining statistical significance.
4. The meaning of the null and alternate hypothesis statements.
5. The hypothesis testing process.
6. The purpose of the F-test and the T-test.
Overview
Last week we collected clues and evidence to help us answer our case question about
males and females getting equal pay for equal work. As we looked at the clues presented by the
salary and comp-ratio measures of pay, things got a bit confusing with results that did not see to
be consistent. We found, among other things, that the male and female compa-ratios were fairly
close together with the female mean being slightly larger. The salary analysis showed a different
view; here we noticed that the averages were apparently quite different with the males, on
average, earning more. Contradictory findings such as this are not all that uncommon when
examining data in the “real world.”
One issue that we could not fully address last week was how meaningful were the
differences? That is, would a different sample have results that might be completely different, or
can we be fairly sure that the observed differences are real and show up in the population as
well? This issue, often referred to as sampling error, deals with the fact that random samples
taken from a population will generally be a bit different than the actual population parameters,
but will be “close” enough to the actual.
case studieson Gentrification and Displacement in the Sa.docxcowinhelen
case studies
on Gentrification and Displacement
in the San Francisco Bay Area
Authors:
Miriam Zuk and Karen Chapple
Chapter 3: Nicole Montojo
Chapter 4: Sydney Cespedes, Mitchell Crispell, Christina Blackston, Jonathan Plowman, and
Edward Graves
Chapter 5: Logan Rockefeller Harris, Mitchell Crispell, Fern Uennatornwaranggoon, and Hannah Clark
Chapter 6: Nicole Montojo and Beki McElvain
Chapter 7: Celina Chan, Viviana Lopez, Sydney Céspedes, and Nicole Montojo
Chapter 8: Alexander Kowalski, Julia Ehrman, Mitchell Crispell and Fern Uennatornwaranggoon
Chapter 9: Mitchell Crispell
Chapter 10: Logan Rockefeller Harris and Sydney Cespedes
Chapter 11: Mitchell Crispell
Partner Organizations:
Causa Justa :: Just Cause, Chinatown Community Development Center, Marin Grassroots, Monument
Impact, People Organizing to Demand Environmental & Economic Rights (PODER), San Francisco
Organizing Project / Peninsula Interfaith Action , Working Partnerships USA
Acknowledgements:
Research support was provided by Maura Baldiga, Julian Collins, Mitchell Crispell, Julia Ehrman, Alex
Kowalski, Jenn Liu, Beki McElvain, Carlos Recarte, Maira Sanchez, Mar Velez, David Von Stroh, and
Teo Wickland. Report layout and design was done by Somaya Abdelgany.
Additional advisory support was provided by Carlos Romero. This case study was funded in part by
the Regional Prosperity Plan1 of the Metropolitan Transportation Commission as part of the “Regional
Early Warning System for Displacement” project and from the California Air Resources Board2 as part
of the project “Developing a New Methodology for Analyzing Potential Displacement.”
The Center for Community Innovation (CCI) at UC-Berkeley nurtures effective solutions that expand
economic opportunity, diversify housing options, and strengthen connection to place. The Center
builds the capacity of nonprofits and government by convening practitioner leaders, providing techni-
cal assistance and student interns, interpreting academic research, and developing new research out
of practitioner needs.
communityinnovation.berkeley.edu
July 2015
Cover Photographs: Robert Campbell, Ricardo Sanchez, David Monniaux, sanmateorealestateonline.com/Redwood-City, marinretail-
buzz.blogspot.com, trulia.com/homes/California/Oakland , bloomingrock.com, sharks.nhl.com/club/gallery, panoramio.com
1 The work that provided the basis for this publication was supported by funding under an award with the U.S. Department of Hous-
ing and Urban Development. The substance and findings of the work are dedicated to the public. The author and publisher are solely
responsible for the accuracy of the statements and interpretations contained in this publication. Such interpretations do not neces-
sarily reflect the views of the Government.
2 The statements and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the California Air Resources
Board. The mention of commercial products, their source, or their u.
Case Studt on KFC Introduction1) Identify the type of .docxcowinhelen
Case Studt on KFC
Introduction
1) Identify the type of business organization and strategies
2) Key players
Body
1. Opportunities
2. Threats
Closing/Conclusion
1. Make recommendations
2. Offer a plan for implementation
.
Case Study Crocs Revolutionizing an Industry’s Supply Chain .docxcowinhelen
Case Study Crocs: Revolutionizing an Industry’s Supply Chain Model for
Competitive Advantage
If the products sell extremely well, we will
build more in season, and will be back on the
shelves in a few weeks. And we’ll build even
more, and even more, and even more, in that
same season. We’re not going to wait with a
hot new product until next year, when hope-
fully the same trend is alive.
—Ronald Snyder, CEO of Crocs, Inc.1
On May 3, 2007, Crocs, Inc. released its results for the
first quarter of the year. The footwear company,
which had sold its first shoes in 2003, reported reve-
nues of $142 million for the quarter, more than three
times its sales for the first quarter of 2006. Net in-
come, at $0.61 per share was more than 17 percent
of sales, nearly four times higher than the previous
year.2 These results far exceeded market expecta-
tions, which had been for earnings of $0.49 per share
on $114 million of revenue.3 As part of the earnings
release, the company announced a two-for-one stock
split. Immediately after the announcement, the stock
price jumped 15 percent.
The growth and profitability of Crocs, which made
funky, brightly colored shoes using an extremely com-
fortable plastic material, had been astounding. Much
of this growth had been made possible by a highly
flexible supply chain which enabled the company to
build additional product to fulfill new orders quickly
within the selling season, allowing it to respond to un-
expectedly high demand—a capability that was previ-
ously unheard of in the footwear industry. This ability
to fulfill the needs of retailers also made the company
a very popular supplier to shoe sellers.
This success also raised questions about how
the company should grow in the future. Should it
vertically integrate or grow through product line
extension? Should it grow organically or through ac-
quisition? Would potential growth paths exploit
Crocs’ core competencies or defocus them?
CROCS, INC.
In 2002, three friends from Boulder, Colorado went
sailing in the Caribbean. One brought a pair of foam
clog shoes that he had bought from a company in
Canada. The clogs were made from a special mate-
rial that did not slip on wet boat decks, was easy
to wash, prevented odor, and was extremely com-
fortable. The three, Lyndon “Duke” Hanson, Scott
Seamans, and George Boedecker, decided to start a
business selling these Canadian shoes to sailing en-
thusiasts out of a leased warehouse in Florida, as
Hanson said, “so we could work when we went on
sailing trips there.”4 The founders wanted to name
the shoes something that captured the amphibious
nature of the product. Since “Alligator” had already
been taken, they chose to name the shoes “Crocs.”
The shoes were an immediate success, and word
of mouth expanded the customer base to a wide
range of people who spent much of their days stand-
ing, such as doctors and gardeners. In October 2003,
as the business began to grow, th.
Case Studies Student must complete 5 case studies as instructed.docxcowinhelen
Case Studies: Student must
complete 5 case studies
as instructed by course
materials. Fill out form below for 5 different people (imaginary is okay).
Master Herbalist Questionnaire
Date: _____________________
Name: _________________________________ Age: ______ Birth date:_____________
Address: ________________________________________________________________
Home Phone: _________________________ Work Phone:________________________
Height: _________ Weight: _________ 1 year ago:__________ 5 years ago:_________
Occupation: _______________________________________ Full Time Part Time
Living situation: Alone Friends Partner Spouse Parents Children Pets
What are your major health concerns and intentions for your visit today?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Please list any other health care providers or consultants you are currently working with:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Please list any current health conditions diagnosed by a medical doctor:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Please use this form
as a source of
reference when
conducting your
Case-Studies.
Treat this part as information only as you are not to treat or prescribe treatment for any specific diseases
It is important to know if the client is receiving treatment from other practitioners and what these entail
Since legally you are not allowed to diagnose disease, it is helpful to get one from an MD
When was your last physical exam?
________________________________________________________________________
Please list all herbs, vitamins, and dietary supplements you are currently taking, includingdosage and frequency:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
List all medication.
Case Studies in Telehealth AdoptionThe mission of The Comm.docxcowinhelen
Case Studies in Telehealth Adoption
The mission of The Commonwealth
Fund is to promote a high performance
health care system. The Fund carries
out this mandate by supporting
independent research on health care
issues and making grants to improve
health care practice and policy. Support
for this research was provided by
The Commonwealth Fund. The views
presented here are those of the author
and not necessarily those of The
Commonwealth Fund or its directors,
officers, or staff.
For more information about this study,
please contact:
Andrew Broderick, M.A., M.B.A.
Codirector, Center for Innovation
and Technology in Public Health
Public Health Institute
[email protected]
The Veterans Health Administration:
Taking Home Telehealth Services to
Scale Nationally
Andrew Broderick
ABSTRACT: Since the 1990s, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has used infor-
mation and communications technologies to provide high-quality, coordinated, and com-
prehensive primary and specialist care services to its veteran population. Within the VHA,
the Office of Telehealth Services offers veterans a program called Care Coordination/
Home Telehealth (CCHT) to provide routine noninstitutional care and targeted care man-
agement and case management services to veterans with diabetes, congestive heart fail-
ure, hypertension, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other conditions. The program uses
remote monitoring devices in veterans’ homes to communicate health status and to cap-
ture and transmit biometric data that are monitored remotely by care coordinators. CCHT
has shown promising results: fewer bed days of care, reduced hospital admissions, and
high rates of patient satisfaction. This issue brief highlights factors critical to the VHA’s
success—like the organization’s leadership, culture, and existing information technology
infrastructure—as well as opportunities and challenges.
OVERVIEW
Since the 1990s, information and communications technologies—including tele-
health—have been at the core of the Veterans Health Administration’s (VHA’s)
successful system-level transformation toward providing continuous, coordinated,
and comprehensive primary and specialist care services. The VHA’s leadership
and culture; underlying health information technology infrastructure; and strong
commitment to standardized work processes, policies, and training have all con-
tributed to the home telehealth program’s success in meeting the chronic care
needs of a population of aging veterans and reducing their use of institutional
care and its associated costs. The home teleheath model also encourages patient
activation, self-management, and helps in the early detection of complications.
To learn more about new publications
when they become available, visit the
Fund's website and register to receive
Fund email alerts.
Commonwealth Fund pub. 1657
Vol. 4
January 2013
www.commonwealthfund.org
www.commonwealthfund.org
mailto:[email pro.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
Running head LOUIS VUITTON IN JAPAN1Louis Vuitt.docx
1. Running head: LOUIS VUITTON IN JAPAN
1
Louis Vuitton in Japan
2
Louis Vuitton in Japan
Name
Institution
SECTION 1 Introduction.
In Japan market, some of the opportunities the firm can take
advantage of is the high number of people who are wealthy.
Most of the wealthy population are old thus giving them the
opportunity to spend much on the luxury products. The second
opportunity that exists is the online business. Most people buy
goods and services online thus reducing the overhead cost to the
firm. The firm can take a bold step to venture into the online
sales increase its sales (Hata, 2004).The firm is also
experiencing some challenges. First, the firm is faced with stiff
2. competition from the large and the small firms which have
established links with the customers. Some firms offer door to
door delivery. The second challenge is the production of
counterfeit products in the name of Louis Vuitton thus painting
the name of the firm negatively. The fake products are also
cheap thus denying the genuine firm its revenue ("Louis Vuitton
in Japan by Jessica Kelley on Prezi", 2018).
SECTION 2 Opportunities.
As highlighted the Japanese population consist of a huge
number especially the women who are rich but old. This is a
good opportunity that the firm can capitalize on since this group
is ready to spend their saving having in mind that they will die
soon. Women are always easy spenders and the product of
Louis Vuitton can be their target based on the quality of the
goods. Another opportunity is the online businesses (Hata,
2004). With the advancement in technology, the company can
take its products online so that the sale can improve. The online
sales will reduce the expenses incurred but at the same time
increase the earnings since many people will be able to get
access to the products. The online business bridges the gap
between the seller and the buyer without movement or extra cost
incurred ("Louis Vuitton in Japan by Jessica Kelley on Prezi",
2018).
SECTION 3 Challenges.
As an organization that operates in a competitive market
structure, it is faced with competition from both well
established and the upcoming firms. Some of the firms that
compete with Louis Vuitton include, Burberry Bulgari and
Gucci. Some of these firms offer comparatively lower prices
compared to Louis Vuitton thus reducing the marketability of
her products. The second challenge the organization faces is the
production of the counterfeit products. The liberalization has
made it hard to determine the genuine products from the fake
products. The counterfeit products are cheaper than the original
3. products thus barring the genuine companies from reaping to the
maximum based on the cost of production. The competition
forces the firm to reduce its prices but retains the quality thus
reducing her revenue (Hata, 2004).
SECTION 4
Solution
s.
The firm needs to take advantage of the opportunities and make
the firm more profitable. The firm must reduce its cost of
production to continue attracting more clients. In addition to the
price reduction, the firm needs to put more effort in the
advertisement so that more customers can be aware of the
products of the firm thus increase in sales. On the challenges,
the firm needs to collaborate with the body that deals with
product quality so as to weed out the counterfeit products. The
firm can also organize education forum that will help the
customers differentiate genuine products from the counterfeits.
Offering its products online will also ensure that the firm grows
to greater levels (Hata, 2004).
SECTION 5 Conclusion
The firm had learned how to deal with different situations in the
market thus has risen above her competitors. The advancement
4. in technology has enabled the firm to produce more goods and
reach more customers. The variation of prices based on the
economic situations has been the cornerstone of the firm in the
industry. Finally, the success of the firm has largely been
contributed by dedicated management who are keen to handle
all the issues within the firm before they spill to the public
(Hata, 2004).
References
Hata, K. (2004). Louis Vuitton Japan. New York, NY:
Assouline.
Louis Vuitton in Japan by Jessica Kelley on Prezi. Retrieved 17
March 2018, from https://prezi.com/wexbfvnk4tvn/louis-
vuitton-in-japan/
2/26/18
1
Governments and Trade
Learning objectives
5. ! Explain why governments try to enhance and restrict trade
! Show the effects of pressure groups on trade policies
! Compare the potential and actual effects of government
intervention on the free flow of trade
! Illustrate the major means by which trade is restricted and
regulated
Learning Objectives
" Demonstrate the business uncertainties and opportunities
created by governmental trade policies
" Discern how businesses may respond to import competition
" Fathom how the growing complexity of products and trade
regulations may affect the future
Introduction
• Protectionism - policies that
– affect the ability of foreign producers to compete in your
home market
– limit or enhance your company’s ability to sell abroad or
6. acquire needed foreign supplies
Conflicting Results
of Trade Policies
• Governments intervene in trade to achieve economic, social,
and political goals
• Policymakers are challenged by
• conflicting objectives
• interest groups
The Role of Stakeholders
• Proposed policies on trade spark debate
• Stakeholders include
1
2
3
4
5
9. – Workers
– Owners
– Suppliers
– Local politicians
• Consumers usually don’t care
Economic Rationales for Government Intervention
• Why governments intervene in trade
– Economic rationales
• Fighting unemployment
• Protecting infant industries
• Promoting industrialization
• Improving comparative position
– Non-economic rationales
• Maintaining essential industries
• Promoting acceptable practices abroad
• Maintaining or extending spheres of influence
• Preserving national culture
Fighting Unemployment
• The unemployed are the most effective pressure group
• But, import restrictions
10. • can lead to retaliation by other countries
• are less likely retaliated against effectively by small
economies
• are less likely to be met with retaliation if implemented by
small economies
• may decrease export jobs because of price increases for
components
• may decrease export jobs because of lower incomes abroad
Protecting ‘Infant Industries’
• The infant industry argument
• government protection of import competition is necessary to
help certain industries evolve from high-cost to low-cost
production
• Used by developing countries
1
2
13. 3
production
• Used by developing countries
Developing an industrial base
• Countries promote industrialization because it
– brings faster growth than agriculture
– brings in investment funds
– diversifies the economy
– creates growth in manufactured goods
– reduces imports and promotes exports
– helps the nation-building process
Economic Relationships
With Other Countries
• Trade controls can be used
• to improve the balance of payments
• to gain fair access to foreign markets
• comparable access argument
• as a bargaining tool
14. • believability and importance
• to control prices
• dumping
• optimum-tariff theory
Noneconomic Rationales for Government Intervention
• Noneconomic rationales include
• Maintaining essential industries
• Promoting acceptable practices abroad
• Maintaining or extending spheres of influence
• Preserving national culture
Maintaining Essential Industries
• The essential industry argument
– protect essential industries so the country is not dependent
on foreign supplies during war
• Countries must
– determine which industries are essential
– consider costs and alternatives
17. 2/26/18
4
– determine which industries are essential
– consider costs and alternatives
– consider political consequences
Promoting Acceptable
Practices Abroad
• Import trade controls can be used
– to promote changes in foreign countries’ political policies or
capabilities
– as a foreign policy weapon
– to pressure governments to alter their stances on a variety
of issues
• human rights
• environmental protection
Maintaining or Extending Spheres of Influence
18. • Governments provide assistance and encourage imports from
countries that join a political alliance or vote a preferred way
within international bodies
• A country’s trade restrictions may coerce governments to
follow certain political actions or punish companies whose
governments do not
Preserving National Culture
• In order to preserve national culture, countries
• limit foreign products and services in certain sectors
• Canada’s cultural sovereignty
• prohibit exports of art and historical items deemed important
to national heritage
Instruments of Trade Control
• Two types of trade controls
• those that indirectly affect the amount traded by directly
influencing prices of exports or imports
• those that directly limit the amount of a good that can be
21. 25
2/26/18
5
• those that directly limit the amount of a good that can be
traded
Tariffs
• Tariffs are also known as duties
• refer to a government levied tax on goods shipped
internationally
• Tariffs may be levied
• on goods entering, leaving, or passing through a country
• for protection or revenue
• on a per unit basis or a value basis
• export tariffs
• transit tariffs
• import tariffs
22. Nontariff Barriers:
Direct Price Influencers
• Subsidies
– direct assistance to companies to make them more
competitive
• agricultural subsidies
• overcoming market imperfections
• valuation problems
Nontariff Barriers:
Direct Price Influencers
• Aid and loans
– tied
– untied
• Customs valuation
• Other direct-price influences
– special fees and requirements
1
25. 2/26/18
6
Nontariff Barriers:
Quantity Controls
• Quotas
– limit the quantity of a product that can be imported or
exported in a given time frame
• Voluntary export restraint (VER)
• Embargoes
Nontariff Barriers:
Quantity Controls
• “Buy local” legislation
• Standards and labels
• Specific permission requirements
• import or export license
• Administrative delays
• Reciprocal requirements
• Countertrade or offsets
• Restrictions on services
26. Dealing with Governmental Trade Influencers
• Companies facing import competition can
• Move abroad
• Seek other market niches
• Create greater efficiency or superior products
• Try to get governmental protection
Tactics For Dealing
With Import Competition
• Convince decision makers of the merits of particular policies
• Involve the industry and stakeholders
• Prepare for changes in the competitive environment
Dynamics and Complexity
• Trade restriction changes bring about winners and losers
among countries, companies, and workers
• Gains to consumers from freer trade may come at the
1
2
29. 7
• Gains to consumers from freer trade may come at the
expense of companies and workers
• The international regulatory situation is becoming more
complex
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
31. 22
23
24
25
3/7/18
1
Cross-national cooperation and agreements
Toyota in Europe
• In 1990, Toyota had 20 production facilities in 14 countries
• In 2012, it had 50 manufacturing facilities in 27 countries
– Including factories in Czech Republic, France, Poland,
Portugal, the UK, and Russia
• Before 2002, Toyota suffered from low market share and
32. growth in Europe, not posting a profit for its European
operations for 30 years
Toyota in Europe: Why the slow growth?
• After WWII, the Japanese government asked European car
makers to significantly decrease exports to Japan
– Rebuild the Japanese car industry
• Europeans reciprocated by limiting Japanese access to
European markets
– Quota system
• E.g., France at 3% of its market
• E.g., Italy at 3,000 units
• In 1999, the EU lifted the import quota
Toyota in Europe: Upswing
• The lifting of the quota allowed Toyota to:
– Invest more heavily in design and manufacturing facilities in
the EU
– Broaden the range of products marketed there
– Customize their options to better appeal to European
33. customers
• European Design and Development Center established in
southern France
• Manufactures all best-selling European vehicles in Europe
– Low costs (wages) in Eastern Europe
– State-of-the-art production facilities in the Czech
Republic and Poland
• Elimination of internal tariffs in the EU allows Toyota to
manufacture its cars anywhere in the EU and ship to other
member nations duty-free
1
2
3
4
5
6
35. 19
3/7/18
2
manufacture its cars anywhere in the EU and ship to other
member nations duty-free
Toyota in Europe: Meeting European Tastes
• Faced with high unemployment and low growth, Europeans
turned to more economical and higher-quality cars
• Erosion of brand loyalty to European car makers
• Emphasis on environmental sustainability increases appeal of
hybrid models
– Maintaining a comparative advantage over rivals in hybrid
technology
• Shifting decision-making power from Japan to Brussels
(European division) to better meet European demand
36. Learning objectives
• Discuss the three major approaches to economic integration
• Discuss the pros and cons of global (the WTO), bilateral, and
regional integration
• Identify how the different approaches to economic integration
can be a free trade agreement, a customs union, or a
common market
• Describe the static and dynamic impact of trade agreements
on trade and investment flows
• Examine how the EU works and its implications for business
Introduction
• Economic integration
– the political and monetary agreements among nations and
world regions in which preference is given to member
countries
• Bilateral integration
• Regional integration
• Global integration
37. Introduction
• Trade agreements
– Define the size of the regional market and the rules under
which a company must operate
– MNEs are interested in regional trade groups because they
also tend to be regional
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
39. 3/7/18
3
– MNEs are interested in regional trade groups because they
also tend to be regional
• Triad regions = Europe, North America, Asia
• Of the 500 largest companies (in terms of FDI and trade),
320 generate at least 50% of their revenues from their
home region; only 9 are global (generating at least 20% in
each of the three regions)
• A 1% increase in distance results in a 1% decrease in
trade
– MNEs also care about trade agreements to determine where
to import or source from
Rise of bilateral agreements
• Bilateral agreements
– can be between two individual countries or can involve one
country dealing with a group of other countries
• Also known as
40. – Preferential trade agreements (PTAs)
– Free trade agreements (FTAs)
• Though not easy to negotiate, can be simpler than multilateral
agreements
– E.g., U.S. signed FTAs with Colombia and South Korea in
2012
Regional economic integration
• Regional trade agreements
– integration confined to a region and involving more than two
countries
• Examples include
– European Union (EU)
– European Free Trade Area (EFTA)
– North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA)
– Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
– Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
Regional economic integration
• Geography matters
43. suggests consumers’ tastes are more similar and companies
can more easily export products produced for the home
market to neighboring countries
– Neighbors tend to share a common history and may be
more willing to negotiate policies
• However, FTAs exist between non-neighbors, too
Regional economic integration
• Major types of economic integration
– Free trade area
• no internal tariffs
• individual external tariffs
– Customs union
• no internal tariffs
• common external tariffs
– E.g., Toyota had to reach an agreement with the EU as
a whole, not individual countries
– Common market
• customs union plus factor mobility
44. – E.g., EU workers can work in any EU country
Effects of integration
• Effects of regional integration
– Allows for specialization and trade based on comparative
advantage
– Static effects: shifting of resources from inefficient to
efficient
companies
• trade creation: production shifts to more efficient producers
• trade diversion: trade shifts to countries in the group at the
expense of countries not in the group
Effects of integration
– Dynamic effects: overall growth in the market
– Growth allows companies to increase production
• Economies of scale: the average cost per unit falls as the
1
2
46. 15
16
17
18
19
3/7/18
5
– Growth allows companies to increase production
• Economies of scale: the average cost per unit falls as the
number of units produced increases
• Increased competition: pushes companies to become
more efficient
– E.g., mergers and acquisitions in the EU to match large
market
47. Major regional trading groups
• Companies are interested in regional trading groups because:
– New markets
– Sources of raw materials
– Production locations
• The larger and richer the new market, the more likely it will
attract attention from MNEs
• Reduced tariffs and other restrictions provide better access to
these regions
The European Union
• European Union (EU)
– The largest and most successful regional trade group in the
world
– Some key features
• provides free movement of goods, services, capital, and
people
• has a common agricultural policy
• uses common external tariffs
48. • has a common currency
The European Union
• Key governing bodies
– European Commission
• provides political leadership, drafts laws, and runs the
various daily programs of the EU
– Council of the EU
• composed of the heads of state of each member country;
ministers meet regularly to discuss policy
1
2
3
4
5
6
50. 3/7/18
6
ministers meet regularly to discuss policy
– European Parliament
• has legislative power, control over the budget, and is
supervisor of executive decisions; grouped by political
affiliation rather than nationality
– European Court of Justice
• interprets and applies EU treaties; serves as appeals court
for individuals, firms, and organizations fined by the
commission for infringing treaty law
The European Union
• Single European Act
– designed to eliminate the remaining nontariff barriers to
trade (e.g., certification procedures) in Europe
51. – However, some barriers still remain (e.g., labeling)
• Lisbon Treaty
– strengthens the EU’s governance process and improves the
ability of the EU to make and implement decisions
– Some opposed because of threats to national sovereignty
• Treaty of Maastricht
– fostered political and monetary union
• the euro
• another way barriers to trade are reduced
Doing business with the EU
• Lucrative market
– Size, income
• Influences corporate strategy, especially for outside MNEs
– Determining where to produce
• Centrality = lower transportation costs, but higher labor
costs
• E.g., Toyota producing in Eastern Europe
– Determining whether to grow through new investments,
52. expanding existing investments, or through joint ventures/
mergers
• Many U.S. companies are buying European companies to
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
54. gain market presence, eliminate competition, and take
advantage of existing distribution channels
– Balancing “common” denominators with national differences
• Different cultures and histories
• Different rates of growth in different member nations
• Adopt a pan-European or different regional strategies?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
56. 3/13/18
1
Globalization, Ethics, and Society
Learning Objectives
• Examine the broad foundations of ethical behavior
• Understand cultural differences in morality
• Understand cultural differences in perceptions of justice
• Demonstrate the cultural and legal foundations of ethical
behavior
• Discuss key ethical issues for international business
Ethics Defined
• People have a responsibility to do what is right and to avoid
doing what is wrong
• Ethics are complicated in the international sphere, because
definitions of what is right and wrong as well as people’s
modes of moral reasoning and judgment vary across cultures
Foundations of Ethical Behavior
• Kohlberg’s model of moral development
57. – Moral development progresses as cognitive reasoning
develops
– Three levels of moral development
1. Preconventional
2. Conventional
3. Postconventional
Foundations of Ethical Behavior Across Cultures
• Review of 45 studies examining 27 different cultural areas
• Some universality
– Many children reasoned at the preconventional level
– In no cultural group did the average adult reason at the
preconventional level
– Can explain reasoning at the preconventional vs.
conventional level
• However, cultural differences exist at the postconventional
level
– Common in Western, industrialized cultures
– Not found in tribal communities
58. • Risk of ethnocentrism
Foundations of Ethical Behavior
• People’s moral judgments are guided by three codes of ethics
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
61. 37
38
39
3/13/18
2
Foundations of Ethical Behavior
• People’s moral judgments are guided by three codes of ethics
1. Ethic of Autonomy
• Based on individual rights and freedoms, personal choice,
and the right to engage in free contracts
• Violations are those that infringe on individual liberties
and/or directly hurt another person
2. Ethic of Community
62. • Based on duties to conform to one’s role in a community
and/or the social hierarchy
• Violations are those in which people fail to uphold their
interpersonal and social duties and obligations
3. Ethic of Divinity
• Based on sanctity and the standards set by a
transcendent authority
• Violations are those that cause impurity or degradation of
the self or others and/or disrespect God or God’s
creations
Foundations of Ethical Behavior
• Examples of ethics violations
Foundations of Ethical Behavior
• Cultures differ in the extent to which each of the three codes
of ethics is emphasized
– E.g., controversies over depiction and caricatures of the
prophet Mohammed
63. Culture and Distributive Justice
• People can decide to allocate resources based on three
principles
1. Principle of need
• Resources are directed towards those who need them the
most
• Often institutionalized (e.g., welfare)
2. Principle of equality
• Resources are shared equally
• One form is seniority systems (i.e., time with the company
or age are rewarded)
3. Principle of equity
• Resources are distributed based on an individual’s
1
2
3
67. 3/13/18
3
3. Principle of equity
• Resources are distributed based on an individual’s
contributions
• Social systems built on the principle of equity are called
meritocracies
Culture and Distributive Justice
• Cultural differences in distributive justice
• The case of seniority systems in Japan
Culture and Distributive Justice
• Benefits of meritocracies
– High motivation
– High performance
• Costs of meritocracies
– Finite resources create winners and losers
– Breeds competition
68. • Benefits of seniority systems
– Harmony and low conflict
• Costs of seniority systems
– Lower motivation
– However, Japanese workers are some of the most hard-
working (e.g., voluntary overtime, not taking vacations)
Culture and Distributive Justice
• Westerners are more likely than those from other cultures to
view the equity principle as most fair
– Meritocracies are most common in individualistic cultures
• Other cultures, like India, tend to favor the need principle
Why Do Companies Care?
• Understand social responsibilities, obligations, and norms
across cultures
• Ethical behavior can help a company
– develop a competitive advantage
– avoid being perceived as irresponsible
• NGOs becoming more active in monitoring companies
69. Relativism versus Normativism
• Relativism
– ethical truths depend on the groups holding them
• E.g., “If it’s OK to bribe in Country X, I guess I need to
bribe when I’m in Country X”
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
72. 35
36
37
38
39
3/13/18
4
• E.g., “If it’s OK to bribe in Country X, I guess I need to
bribe when I’m in Country X”
• Normativism
– there are universal standards of behavior that all cultures
should follow
• Companies may face both pressures
73. – Governments can reinforce these
Legal Justification: Pro and Con
• Legal justification is appropriate because
– The law embodies many of a country’s moral principles
– The law provides a clearly defined set of rules
– The law contains enforceable rules that apply to everyone
– The law reflects careful and wide-ranging discussions based
on consensus
Legal Justification: Pro and Con
• The law is inadequate because
– Some things that are unethical are not illegal
– Laws are slow to develop in emerging areas of concern and
develop in response to events that have happened (can’t
anticipate)
– Laws may be based on imprecisely defined moral concepts
– The law often needs to undergo scrutiny by the courts
– The law is not very efficient (i.e., achieving ethical behavior
at low cost)
Extraterritoriality
74. • Basic problem with using the law: laws differ from one
country
to another
• Home-country governments may practice extraterritoriality
– imposing domestic legal and ethical practices on the foreign
subsidiaries of companies headquartered in their
jurisdictions
• Challenge for MNEs
– Cumbersome and costly to monitor and follow various laws
and regulations
– Counter to globalization
Legal Justification
• The law remains a good starting point
• Countries looking for solutions to common problems take
similar legal steps
1
2
78. 3/13/18
5
• Countries looking for solutions to common problems take
similar legal steps
Corruption and Bribery
• Corruption
– the misuse of entrusted power for private gain
• Bribes
– payments or promises to pay cash or anything of value
– Occurs
• to obtain government contracts
• to get public officials to do what they should be doing
anyway
• to gain a competitive advantage
– E.g., Ralph Lauren
79. Corruption and Bribery
• Problems with corruption
– Related to lower levels of national growth and per capita
income
– Can erode the authority and legitimacy of the governments
that condone it
– Downfall of heads of state and business executives
• Imprisoned, fined, forced to resign, even executed
– Compromise the legitimacy and reputation of MNEs for both
local and global communities
– It is costly
Corruption and Bribery
• “When in Rome, do as the Romans do” (relativism) is a
tempting approach to IB
• International initiatives have made headway in introducing
the
rule of law into more and more IB activities
• More international integration in laws and practices helps
80. MNEs implement ethical behavior
Siemens and Bribery
• In 2006, police raided the offices of Siemens AG
– Found tens of thousands of documents to support that the
company diverted funds into a network of “black accounts”
– Funds were used for bribing officials in countries like Italy,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
83. 34
35
36
37
38
39
3/13/18
6
– Funds were used for bribing officials in countries like Italy,
Greece, Argentina, and Saudi Arabia for lucrative public-
sector contracts
– Suspicious payments went back as far as the early 1990s
and totaled $570 million USD
84. Siemens and Bribery
• Siemens was fined $1.6 billion USD, the largest fine for
bribery in modern corporate history
• Managers caught up in the scandal claimed that knowledge
and approval of bribery went as far up the ranks as the CEO
Klaus Kleinfeld and board chief Heinrich von Pierer
Siemens and Bribery
• Are top managers responsible for corruption?
• What is the role of law?
• How could corruption and bribery at Siemens have been
reduced?
Ethics and the Environment
• Companies compromise the environment
– contamination of air, soil, or water during manufacturing
– producing products that emit fossil-fuel contaminants
• Effect of natural resource extraction
– renewable versus non-renewable
85. What is Sustainability?
• Sustainability
– meeting the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs
• Regardless of how businesses feel about the principle of
sustainability, they should set policies for reasonable behavior
toward the earth
• Is sustainability good business practice?
– yes
Global Warming, Kyoto Protocol
• Kyoto Protocol (1997)
– signed to require countries to cut greenhouse gas emissions
to 5.2% below 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012
• Some countries have adopted stricter requirements
1
2
89. 3/13/18
7
• Some countries have adopted stricter requirements
– others have not ratified the agreement including
• the U.S., China, India
Implications for Business
• Companies operating in countries that have adopted the
Kyoto Protocol must do one of the following:
– Reduce emissions to target levels
– Buy credits from companies that have reduced emissions
below target levels
• Many MNEs have to reconsider their global strategies
– If country’s standards are more aggressive than those set
forth in the Protocol, MNEs must adhere to these stricter
standards
• E.g., Germany’s target is 21% below 1990s levels
Implications for Business
90. • Even if MNEs are not bound by the Protocol at home (e.g.,
U.S.), they face the same standards as foreign companies
when operating in the foreign country (e.g., EU)
• Many MNEs therefore engage in voluntary emissions
reductions at home
– E.g., Between 2000-2005, GM achieved a 10% reduction in
its emissions from North American plants
Implications for Business
• Two approaches to responsible corporate behavior
– Legal approach
• Comply with local laws and standards
– Ethical approach
• Go beyond the law to do whatever is necessary and
economically feasible to reduce emissions
Ecomagination at GE
• Strategy developed by CEO Jeffrey Immelt in 2005
– “Green is Green” – demonstrate that an ecologically
conscious conglomerate can grow its bottom line while
91. doing something for the environment
– Goals include:
• Reduce emissions and improve energy efficiency of
operations
• Double investment in R&D of “clean” technologies
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
94. 35
36
37
38
39
3/13/18
8
• Double investment in R&D of “clean” technologies
• Increase revenues from those technologies
• Reduce its global water use by 20%
• Keep the public informed
• Immelt assembled a cross-business, cross-functional team to
oversee planning and monitoring of the goals
95. Ecomagination Success
• In 2005, GE marketed only 17 products that met its
Ecomagination criteria
• By 2011
– there were 140 products and solutions generating $105
billion in revenues
– Emissions were reduced by 29% from 2004 levels
– Website keeps the public informed
Ecomagination as a Response to Globalization
• A response to political environments
– GE actively participates in shaping international political
debate over global warming and lobbies American
lawmakers on mandatory emissions reductions
– Half of GE’s markets are outside the U.S.
• Under stricter regulations (e.g., Kyoto Protocol)
• Being ecologically proactive is a forward-looking approach to
create a strategic advantage
– One step ahead of where environmental standards are
96. going
• E.g., Climate deal signed Saturday, Oct 15, 2016 in Kigali,
Rwanda by 150 nations (incl. U.S. and EU) to reduce
emissions of HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons), used in
refrigerators and air conditioners
Ecomagination as a Response to Globalization
• A response to consumer demand
– Markets for green products and services are growing and
profitable
– Especially growing economies like those of China and India
are in great need of cleaner technologies
• E.g., China has set aside $85 billion for environmental
spending
1
2
3
4
100. 9
spending
• A response to competitors
– Many of GE’s competitors (e.g., in Europe) had already
been investing in clean technologies
Ethical Dimensions of
Labor Conditions
• Labor issues include
– Wages
– Child labor
– Working conditions
– Working hours
– Freedom of association
Ethical Dimensions of
Labor Conditions
• Labor conditions are particularly critical for retail, clothing,
footwear, and agriculture industries
Ethical Dimensions of
101. Labor Conditions
• Child labor – ILO estimates 250 million children aged 5–17
years work
• Some companies avoid operating in countries where child
labor is common
• Others establish responsible policies in those countries
• E.g., IKEA
Corporate Codes of Ethics
• How should a company behave?
– Fine line between relativism and normativism
• Managers need to exhibit ordinary decency—principles of
honesty and fairness
• The UN Global Compact is a good place to start
– Establishes ten broad principles for appropriate behavior in
the areas of human rights, labor, the environment, and anti-
corruption
– Not legally binding, but a useful guide for companies to
establish a code of conduct
105. 38
39
3/13/18
10
Motivations for
Corporate Responsibility
• Unethical and irresponsible behavior could
– result in legal sanctions
– result in consumer boycotts
– lower employee morale
– cost sales because of bad publicity
• A code of conduct
– sets global policy that must be complied with
– communicates the code to employees, suppliers, and
subcontractors
– ensures that policies are carried out
133. Governments and Trade
Learning objectives
! Explain why governments try to enhance and restrict trade
! Show the effects of pressure groups on trade policies
! Compare the potential and actual effects of government
intervention on the free flow of trade
! Illustrate the major means by which trade is restricted and
regulated
Learning Objectives
" Demonstrate the business uncertainties and opportunities
created by governmental trade policies
" Discern how businesses may respond to import competition
" Fathom how the growing complexity of products and trade
regulations may affect the future
Introduction
• Protectionism - policies that
– affect the ability of foreign producers to compete in your
134. home market
– limit or enhance your company’s ability to sell abroad or
acquire needed foreign supplies
Conflicting Results
of Trade Policies
• Governments intervene in trade to achieve economic, social,
and political goals
• Policymakers are challenged by
• conflicting objectives
• interest groups
The Role of Stakeholders
• Proposed policies on trade spark debate
• Stakeholders include
1
2
3
137. • Proposed policies on trade spark debate
• Stakeholders include
– Workers
– Owners
– Suppliers
– Local politicians
• Consumers usually don’t care
Economic Rationales for Government Intervention
• Why governments intervene in trade
– Economic rationales
• Fighting unemployment
• Protecting infant industries
• Promoting industrialization
• Improving comparative position
– Non-economic rationales
• Maintaining essential industries
• Promoting acceptable practices abroad
• Maintaining or extending spheres of influence
• Preserving national culture
138. Fighting Unemployment
• The unemployed are the most effective pressure group
• But, import restrictions
• can lead to retaliation by other countries
• are less likely retaliated against effectively by small
economies
• are less likely to be met with retaliation if implemented by
small economies
• may decrease export jobs because of price increases for
components
• may decrease export jobs because of lower incomes abroad
Protecting ‘Infant Industries’
• The infant industry argument
• government protection of import competition is necessary to
help certain industries evolve from high-cost to low-cost
production
• Used by developing countries
141. 2/26/18
3
production
• Used by developing countries
Developing an industrial base
• Countries promote industrialization because it
– brings faster growth than agriculture
– brings in investment funds
– diversifies the economy
– creates growth in manufactured goods
– reduces imports and promotes exports
– helps the nation-building process
Economic Relationships
With Other Countries
• Trade controls can be used
• to improve the balance of payments
• to gain fair access to foreign markets
142. • comparable access argument
• as a bargaining tool
• believability and importance
• to control prices
• dumping
• optimum-tariff theory
Noneconomic Rationales for Government Intervention
• Noneconomic rationales include
• Maintaining essential industries
• Promoting acceptable practices abroad
• Maintaining or extending spheres of influence
• Preserving national culture
Maintaining Essential Industries
• The essential industry argument
– protect essential industries so the country is not dependent
on foreign supplies during war
• Countries must
143. – determine which industries are essential
– consider costs and alternatives
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
145. 25
2/26/18
4
– determine which industries are essential
– consider costs and alternatives
– consider political consequences
Promoting Acceptable
Practices Abroad
• Import trade controls can be used
– to promote changes in foreign countries’ political policies or
capabilities
– as a foreign policy weapon
– to pressure governments to alter their stances on a variety
of issues
• human rights
146. • environmental protection
Maintaining or Extending Spheres of Influence
• Governments provide assistance and encourage imports from
countries that join a political alliance or vote a preferred way
within international bodies
• A country’s trade restrictions may coerce governments to
follow certain political actions or punish companies whose
governments do not
Preserving National Culture
• In order to preserve national culture, countries
• limit foreign products and services in certain sectors
• Canada’s cultural sovereignty
• prohibit exports of art and historical items deemed important
to national heritage
Instruments of Trade Control
• Two types of trade controls
• those that indirectly affect the amount traded by directly
147. influencing prices of exports or imports
• those that directly limit the amount of a good that can be
traded
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
149. 24
25
2/26/18
5
• those that directly limit the amount of a good that can be
traded
Tariffs
• Tariffs are also known as duties
• refer to a government levied tax on goods shipped
internationally
• Tariffs may be levied
• on goods entering, leaving, or passing through a country
• for protection or revenue
• on a per unit basis or a value basis
150. • export tariffs
• transit tariffs
• import tariffs
Nontariff Barriers:
Direct Price Influencers
• Subsidies
– direct assistance to companies to make them more
competitive
• agricultural subsidies
• overcoming market imperfections
• valuation problems
Nontariff Barriers:
Direct Price Influencers
• Aid and loans
– tied
– untied
• Customs valuation
• Other direct-price influences
– special fees and requirements
153. 2/26/18
6
Nontariff Barriers:
Quantity Controls
• Quotas
– limit the quantity of a product that can be imported or
exported in a given time frame
• Voluntary export restraint (VER)
• Embargoes
Nontariff Barriers:
Quantity Controls
• “Buy local” legislation
• Standards and labels
• Specific permission requirements
• import or export license
• Administrative delays
• Reciprocal requirements
154. • Countertrade or offsets
• Restrictions on services
Dealing with Governmental Trade Influencers
• Companies facing import competition can
• Move abroad
• Seek other market niches
• Create greater efficiency or superior products
• Try to get governmental protection
Tactics For Dealing
With Import Competition
• Convince decision makers of the merits of particular policies
• Involve the industry and stakeholders
• Prepare for changes in the competitive environment
Dynamics and Complexity
• Trade restriction changes bring about winners and losers
among countries, companies, and workers
• Gains to consumers from freer trade may come at the
1
157. 2/26/18
7
• Gains to consumers from freer trade may come at the
expense of companies and workers
• The international regulatory situation is becoming more
complex
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
159. 21
22
23
24
25
3/7/18
1
Cross-national cooperation and agreements
Toyota in Europe
• In 1990, Toyota had 20 production facilities in 14 countries
• In 2012, it had 50 manufacturing facilities in 27 countries
– Including factories in Czech Republic, France, Poland,
160. Portugal, the UK, and Russia
• Before 2002, Toyota suffered from low market share and
growth in Europe, not posting a profit for its European
operations for 30 years
Toyota in Europe: Why the slow growth?
• After WWII, the Japanese government asked European car
makers to significantly decrease exports to Japan
– Rebuild the Japanese car industry
• Europeans reciprocated by limiting Japanese access to
European markets
– Quota system
• E.g., France at 3% of its market
• E.g., Italy at 3,000 units
• In 1999, the EU lifted the import quota
Toyota in Europe: Upswing
• The lifting of the quota allowed Toyota to:
– Invest more heavily in design and manufacturing facilities in
the EU
161. – Broaden the range of products marketed there
– Customize their options to better appeal to European
customers
• European Design and Development Center established in
southern France
• Manufactures all best-selling European vehicles in Europe
– Low costs (wages) in Eastern Europe
– State-of-the-art production facilities in the Czech
Republic and Poland
• Elimination of internal tariffs in the EU allows Toyota to
manufacture its cars anywhere in the EU and ship to other
member nations duty-free
1
2
3
4
163. 18
19
3/7/18
2
manufacture its cars anywhere in the EU and ship to other
member nations duty-free
Toyota in Europe: Meeting European Tastes
• Faced with high unemployment and low growth, Europeans
turned to more economical and higher-quality cars
• Erosion of brand loyalty to European car makers
• Emphasis on environmental sustainability increases appeal of
hybrid models
– Maintaining a comparative advantage over rivals in hybrid
technology
164. • Shifting decision-making power from Japan to Brussels
(European division) to better meet European demand
Learning objectives
• Discuss the three major approaches to economic integration
• Discuss the pros and cons of global (the WTO), bilateral, and
regional integration
• Identify how the different approaches to economic integration
can be a free trade agreement, a customs union, or a
common market
• Describe the static and dynamic impact of trade agreements
on trade and investment flows
• Examine how the EU works and its implications for business
Introduction
• Economic integration
– the political and monetary agreements among nations and
world regions in which preference is given to member
countries
165. • Bilateral integration
• Regional integration
• Global integration
Introduction
• Trade agreements
– Define the size of the regional market and the rules under
which a company must operate
– MNEs are interested in regional trade groups because they
also tend to be regional
1
2
3
4
5
6
167. 3/7/18
3
– MNEs are interested in regional trade groups because they
also tend to be regional
• Triad regions = Europe, North America, Asia
• Of the 500 largest companies (in terms of FDI and trade),
320 generate at least 50% of their revenues from their
home region; only 9 are global (generating at least 20% in
each of the three regions)
• A 1% increase in distance results in a 1% decrease in
trade
– MNEs also care about trade agreements to determine where
to import or source from
Rise of bilateral agreements
• Bilateral agreements
– can be between two individual countries or can involve one
168. country dealing with a group of other countries
• Also known as
– Preferential trade agreements (PTAs)
– Free trade agreements (FTAs)
• Though not easy to negotiate, can be simpler than multilateral
agreements
– E.g., U.S. signed FTAs with Colombia and South Korea in
2012
Regional economic integration
• Regional trade agreements
– integration confined to a region and involving more than two
countries
• Examples include
– European Union (EU)
– European Free Trade Area (EFTA)
– North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA)
– Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
– Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
171. – Shorter distances mean lower transportation costs
– Geographic proximity, according to country similarity theory,
suggests consumers’ tastes are more similar and companies
can more easily export products produced for the home
market to neighboring countries
– Neighbors tend to share a common history and may be
more willing to negotiate policies
• However, FTAs exist between non-neighbors, too
Regional economic integration
• Major types of economic integration
– Free trade area
• no internal tariffs
• individual external tariffs
– Customs union
• no internal tariffs
• common external tariffs
– E.g., Toyota had to reach an agreement with the EU as
a whole, not individual countries
172. – Common market
• customs union plus factor mobility
– E.g., EU workers can work in any EU country
Effects of integration
• Effects of regional integration
– Allows for specialization and trade based on comparative
advantage
– Static effects: shifting of resources from inefficient to
efficient
companies
• trade creation: production shifts to more efficient producers
• trade diversion: trade shifts to countries in the group at the
expense of countries not in the group
Effects of integration
– Dynamic effects: overall growth in the market
– Growth allows companies to increase production
• Economies of scale: the average cost per unit falls as the
174. 14
15
16
17
18
19
3/7/18
5
– Growth allows companies to increase production
• Economies of scale: the average cost per unit falls as the
number of units produced increases
• Increased competition: pushes companies to become
more efficient
175. – E.g., mergers and acquisitions in the EU to match large
market
Major regional trading groups
• Companies are interested in regional trading groups because:
– New markets
– Sources of raw materials
– Production locations
• The larger and richer the new market, the more likely it will
attract attention from MNEs
• Reduced tariffs and other restrictions provide better access to
these regions
The European Union
• European Union (EU)
– The largest and most successful regional trade group in the
world
– Some key features
• provides free movement of goods, services, capital, and
people
176. • has a common agricultural policy
• uses common external tariffs
• has a common currency
The European Union
• Key governing bodies
– European Commission
• provides political leadership, drafts laws, and runs the
various daily programs of the EU
– Council of the EU
• composed of the heads of state of each member country;
ministers meet regularly to discuss policy
1
2
3
4
5
178. 18
19
3/7/18
6
ministers meet regularly to discuss policy
– European Parliament
• has legislative power, control over the budget, and is
supervisor of executive decisions; grouped by political
affiliation rather than nationality
– European Court of Justice
• interprets and applies EU treaties; serves as appeals court
for individuals, firms, and organizations fined by the
commission for infringing treaty law
The European Union
• Single European Act
179. – designed to eliminate the remaining nontariff barriers to
trade (e.g., certification procedures) in Europe
– However, some barriers still remain (e.g., labeling)
• Lisbon Treaty
– strengthens the EU’s governance process and improves the
ability of the EU to make and implement decisions
– Some opposed because of threats to national sovereignty
• Treaty of Maastricht
– fostered political and monetary union
• the euro
• another way barriers to trade are reduced
Doing business with the EU
• Lucrative market
– Size, income
• Influences corporate strategy, especially for outside MNEs
– Determining where to produce
• Centrality = lower transportation costs, but higher labor
costs
180. • E.g., Toyota producing in Eastern Europe
– Determining whether to grow through new investments,
expanding existing investments, or through joint ventures/
mergers
• Many U.S. companies are buying European companies to
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
182. 7
• Many U.S. companies are buying European companies to
gain market presence, eliminate competition, and take
advantage of existing distribution channels
– Balancing “common” denominators with national differences
• Different cultures and histories
• Different rates of growth in different member nations
• Adopt a pan-European or different regional strategies?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
184. 3/13/18
1
Globalization, Ethics, and Society
Learning Objectives
• Examine the broad foundations of ethical behavior
• Understand cultural differences in morality
• Understand cultural differences in perceptions of justice
• Demonstrate the cultural and legal foundations of ethical
behavior
• Discuss key ethical issues for international business
Ethics Defined
• People have a responsibility to do what is right and to avoid
doing what is wrong
• Ethics are complicated in the international sphere, because
definitions of what is right and wrong as well as people’s
modes of moral reasoning and judgment vary across cultures
185. Foundations of Ethical Behavior
• Kohlberg’s model of moral development
– Moral development progresses as cognitive reasoning
develops
– Three levels of moral development
1. Preconventional
2. Conventional
3. Postconventional
Foundations of Ethical Behavior Across Cultures
• Review of 45 studies examining 27 different cultural areas
• Some universality
– Many children reasoned at the preconventional level
– In no cultural group did the average adult reason at the
preconventional level
– Can explain reasoning at the preconventional vs.
conventional level
• However, cultural differences exist at the postconventional
level
186. – Common in Western, industrialized cultures
– Not found in tribal communities
• Risk of ethnocentrism
Foundations of Ethical Behavior
• People’s moral judgments are guided by three codes of ethics
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
189. 35
36
37
38
39
3/13/18
2
Foundations of Ethical Behavior
• People’s moral judgments are guided by three codes of ethics
1. Ethic of Autonomy
• Based on individual rights and freedoms, personal choice,
and the right to engage in free contracts
• Violations are those that infringe on individual liberties
190. and/or directly hurt another person
2. Ethic of Community
• Based on duties to conform to one’s role in a community
and/or the social hierarchy
• Violations are those in which people fail to uphold their
interpersonal and social duties and obligations
3. Ethic of Divinity
• Based on sanctity and the standards set by a
transcendent authority
• Violations are those that cause impurity or degradation of
the self or others and/or disrespect God or God’s
creations
Foundations of Ethical Behavior
• Examples of ethics violations
Foundations of Ethical Behavior
• Cultures differ in the extent to which each of the three codes
of ethics is emphasized
– E.g., controversies over depiction and caricatures of the
191. prophet Mohammed
Culture and Distributive Justice
• People can decide to allocate resources based on three
principles
1. Principle of need
• Resources are directed towards those who need them the
most
• Often institutionalized (e.g., welfare)
2. Principle of equality
• Resources are shared equally
• One form is seniority systems (i.e., time with the company
or age are rewarded)
3. Principle of equity
• Resources are distributed based on an individual’s
1
195. 3/13/18
3
3. Principle of equity
• Resources are distributed based on an individual’s
contributions
• Social systems built on the principle of equity are called
meritocracies
Culture and Distributive Justice
• Cultural differences in distributive justice
• The case of seniority systems in Japan
Culture and Distributive Justice
• Benefits of meritocracies
– High motivation
– High performance
• Costs of meritocracies
196. – Finite resources create winners and losers
– Breeds competition
• Benefits of seniority systems
– Harmony and low conflict
• Costs of seniority systems
– Lower motivation
– However, Japanese workers are some of the most hard-
working (e.g., voluntary overtime, not taking vacations)
Culture and Distributive Justice
• Westerners are more likely than those from other cultures to
view the equity principle as most fair
– Meritocracies are most common in individualistic cultures
• Other cultures, like India, tend to favor the need principle
Why Do Companies Care?
• Understand social responsibilities, obligations, and norms
across cultures
• Ethical behavior can help a company
– develop a competitive advantage
197. – avoid being perceived as irresponsible
• NGOs becoming more active in monitoring companies
Relativism versus Normativism
• Relativism
– ethical truths depend on the groups holding them
• E.g., “If it’s OK to bribe in Country X, I guess I need to
bribe when I’m in Country X”
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
200. 34
35
36
37
38
39
3/13/18
4
• E.g., “If it’s OK to bribe in Country X, I guess I need to
bribe when I’m in Country X”
• Normativism
– there are universal standards of behavior that all cultures
201. should follow
• Companies may face both pressures
– Governments can reinforce these
Legal Justification: Pro and Con
• Legal justification is appropriate because
– The law embodies many of a country’s moral principles
– The law provides a clearly defined set of rules
– The law contains enforceable rules that apply to everyone
– The law reflects careful and wide-ranging discussions based
on consensus
Legal Justification: Pro and Con
• The law is inadequate because
– Some things that are unethical are not illegal
– Laws are slow to develop in emerging areas of concern and
develop in response to events that have happened (can’t
anticipate)
– Laws may be based on imprecisely defined moral concepts
– The law often needs to undergo scrutiny by the courts
– The law is not very efficient (i.e., achieving ethical behavior
202. at low cost)
Extraterritoriality
• Basic problem with using the law: laws differ from one
country
to another
• Home-country governments may practice extraterritoriality
– imposing domestic legal and ethical practices on the foreign
subsidiaries of companies headquartered in their
jurisdictions
• Challenge for MNEs
– Cumbersome and costly to monitor and follow various laws
and regulations
– Counter to globalization
Legal Justification
• The law remains a good starting point
• Countries looking for solutions to common problems take
similar legal steps
206. 39
3/13/18
5
• Countries looking for solutions to common problems take
similar legal steps
Corruption and Bribery
• Corruption
– the misuse of entrusted power for private gain
• Bribes
– payments or promises to pay cash or anything of value
– Occurs
• to obtain government contracts
• to get public officials to do what they should be doing
anyway
207. • to gain a competitive advantage
– E.g., Ralph Lauren
Corruption and Bribery
• Problems with corruption
– Related to lower levels of national growth and per capita
income
– Can erode the authority and legitimacy of the governments
that condone it
– Downfall of heads of state and business executives
• Imprisoned, fined, forced to resign, even executed
– Compromise the legitimacy and reputation of MNEs for both
local and global communities
– It is costly
Corruption and Bribery
• “When in Rome, do as the Romans do” (relativism) is a
tempting approach to IB
• International initiatives have made headway in introducing
the
208. rule of law into more and more IB activities
• More international integration in laws and practices helps
MNEs implement ethical behavior
Siemens and Bribery
• In 2006, police raided the offices of Siemens AG
– Found tens of thousands of documents to support that the
company diverted funds into a network of “black accounts”
– Funds were used for bribing officials in countries like Italy,
1
2
3
4
5
6
212. – Suspicious payments went back as far as the early 1990s
and totaled $570 million USD
Siemens and Bribery
• Siemens was fined $1.6 billion USD, the largest fine for
bribery in modern corporate history
• Managers caught up in the scandal claimed that knowledge
and approval of bribery went as far up the ranks as the CEO
Klaus Kleinfeld and board chief Heinrich von Pierer
Siemens and Bribery
• Are top managers responsible for corruption?
• What is the role of law?
• How could corruption and bribery at Siemens have been
reduced?
Ethics and the Environment
• Companies compromise the environment
– contamination of air, soil, or water during manufacturing
– producing products that emit fossil-fuel contaminants
213. • Effect of natural resource extraction
– renewable versus non-renewable
What is Sustainability?
• Sustainability
– meeting the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs
• Regardless of how businesses feel about the principle of
sustainability, they should set policies for reasonable behavior
toward the earth
• Is sustainability good business practice?
– yes
Global Warming, Kyoto Protocol
• Kyoto Protocol (1997)
– signed to require countries to cut greenhouse gas emissions
to 5.2% below 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012
• Some countries have adopted stricter requirements
1
217. 39
3/13/18
7
• Some countries have adopted stricter requirements
– others have not ratified the agreement including
• the U.S., China, India
Implications for Business
• Companies operating in countries that have adopted the
Kyoto Protocol must do one of the following:
– Reduce emissions to target levels
– Buy credits from companies that have reduced emissions
below target levels
• Many MNEs have to reconsider their global strategies
– If country’s standards are more aggressive than those set
forth in the Protocol, MNEs must adhere to these stricter
standards
218. • E.g., Germany’s target is 21% below 1990s levels
Implications for Business
• Even if MNEs are not bound by the Protocol at home (e.g.,
U.S.), they face the same standards as foreign companies
when operating in the foreign country (e.g., EU)
• Many MNEs therefore engage in voluntary emissions
reductions at home
– E.g., Between 2000-2005, GM achieved a 10% reduction in
its emissions from North American plants
Implications for Business
• Two approaches to responsible corporate behavior
– Legal approach
• Comply with local laws and standards
– Ethical approach
• Go beyond the law to do whatever is necessary and
economically feasible to reduce emissions
Ecomagination at GE
• Strategy developed by CEO Jeffrey Immelt in 2005
219. – “Green is Green” – demonstrate that an ecologically
conscious conglomerate can grow its bottom line while
doing something for the environment
– Goals include:
• Reduce emissions and improve energy efficiency of
operations
• Double investment in R&D of “clean” technologies
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
223. • Immelt assembled a cross-business, cross-functional team to
oversee planning and monitoring of the goals
Ecomagination Success
• In 2005, GE marketed only 17 products that met its
Ecomagination criteria
• By 2011
– there were 140 products and solutions generating $105
billion in revenues
– Emissions were reduced by 29% from 2004 levels
– Website keeps the public informed
Ecomagination as a Response to Globalization
• A response to political environments
– GE actively participates in shaping international political
debate over global warming and lobbies American
lawmakers on mandatory emissions reductions
– Half of GE’s markets are outside the U.S.
• Under stricter regulations (e.g., Kyoto Protocol)
224. • Being ecologically proactive is a forward-looking approach to
create a strategic advantage
– One step ahead of where environmental standards are
going
• E.g., Climate deal signed Saturday, Oct 15, 2016 in Kigali,
Rwanda by 150 nations (incl. U.S. and EU) to reduce
emissions of HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons), used in
refrigerators and air conditioners
Ecomagination as a Response to Globalization
• A response to consumer demand
– Markets for green products and services are growing and
profitable
– Especially growing economies like those of China and India
are in great need of cleaner technologies
• E.g., China has set aside $85 billion for environmental
spending
1
2
228. 3/13/18
9
spending
• A response to competitors
– Many of GE’s competitors (e.g., in Europe) had already
been investing in clean technologies
Ethical Dimensions of
Labor Conditions
• Labor issues include
– Wages
– Child labor
– Working conditions
– Working hours
– Freedom of association
Ethical Dimensions of
Labor Conditions
• Labor conditions are particularly critical for retail, clothing,
229. footwear, and agriculture industries
Ethical Dimensions of
Labor Conditions
• Child labor – ILO estimates 250 million children aged 5–17
years work
• Some companies avoid operating in countries where child
labor is common
• Others establish responsible policies in those countries
• E.g., IKEA
Corporate Codes of Ethics
• How should a company behave?
– Fine line between relativism and normativism
• Managers need to exhibit ordinary decency—principles of
honesty and fairness
• The UN Global Compact is a good place to start
– Establishes ten broad principles for appropriate behavior in
the areas of human rights, labor, the environment, and anti-
corruption
230. – Not legally binding, but a useful guide for companies to
establish a code of conduct
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
233. 37
38
39
3/13/18
10
Motivations for
Corporate Responsibility
• Unethical and irresponsible behavior could
– result in legal sanctions
– result in consumer boycotts
– lower employee morale
– cost sales because of bad publicity
• A code of conduct
– sets global policy that must be complied with
– communicates the code to employees, suppliers, and
234. subcontractors
– ensures that policies are carried out
– reports results to external stakeholders
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
261. 1
International Trade
Learning objectives
! Understand how different approaches to international trade
theories help policy makers achieve economic objectives
! Comprehend the historical and current rationale for
interventionist trade theories
! Explain how free trade improves global efficiency
! Distinguish factors affecting national trade patterns
• Distinguish factors affecting national trade patterns
• Recognize why a country’s export capabilities are dynamic
• Detect why production factors, especially labor and capital,
move internationally
• Describe the relationship between foreign trade and
international factor mobility
Laissez-Faire vs. Intervention
• Trade theory helps answer
262. – What products should we import and export?
– How much should we trade?
– With whom should we trade?
• Laissez-faire approach
– Free trade theories – absolute advantage and comparative
advantage
• Intervention approach
– Mercantilism and neomercantilism
Theories of Trade Patterns
• Theories explore
• country size
• factor proportions
• country similarity
• Theories explore trade competitiveness
• Product life cycle
• Diamond of national advantage
Factor Mobility Theory
• A country’s competitiveness depends on
265. 2
Factor Mobility Theory
• A country’s competitiveness depends on
– quality and quantity of production factors
• Land
• Labor
• Capital
Interventionist Theories
• Theories that support government intervention in the flow of
trade
• Mercantilism
• Neomercantilism
Mercantilism
• Mercantilism countries should export more than they import
• Maintain a favorable balance of trade
• trade surplus
• Avoid an unfavorable balance of trade
266. • trade deficit
Neomercantilism
• Neomercantilism run an export surplus to achieve social or
political objectives
Free trade theories
• Two theories that support free trade
• Absolute advantage theory
• Comparative advantage theory
• Market forces should determine trade
• specialization
Theory of absolute advantage
• Theory of absolute advantage
• different countries produce some goods more efficiently than
others
• Free trade brings
• Specialization
269. 3
• Free trade brings
• Specialization
• natural advantage
• The more two countries’ natural advantages differ, the
more likely they will favor trade with one another
• acquired advantage
• product technology
• process technology
• Greater efficiency
• Higher global output
Theory of comparative advantage
• Theory of comparative advantage
• free trade can increase global output even if one country has
an absolute advantage in the production of all products
• Consider
• comparative advantage
• absolute disadvantage
270. Theories of Specialization: Assumptions and Limitations
• Theories of specialization make assumptions that may not be
valid
• full employment
• economic efficiency
• division of gains
• transport costs
• statics and dynamics
• services
• production networks
• mobility
New Trade Theory
• Countries specialize in the production and export of particular
products not because of underlying differences in factor
endowments
• Instead depends on first-mover advantages
– Because certain industries the world market can only
1
273. • Instead depends on first-mover advantages
– Because certain industries the world market can only
support a limited amount of firms
• E.g., Boeing
How Much Does A Country Trade?
• Theory of country size
• large countries depend less on trade than small countries
• Large countries usually
• export a smaller portion of output and import a smaller part
of consumption
• have higher transportation costs for foreign trade
What Types of Products Does A Country Trade?
• Factor proportions theory
• factors in relative abundance are cheaper than factors that
are relatively scarce
• But
• production factors are not homogenous
274. • labor
• Process technology
• capital versus labor
Manufactured Products
• Manufacturing competitiveness depends on
– New technology, which requires skilled labor and capital to
invest in R&D
• These tend to be more abundant in industrialized countries
• Industrialized countries account for
– Most manufactured products
– Most new product development
With Whom Do Countries Trade?
• Country similarity theory
• most trade occurs among developed countries
• share similar market characteristics
• produce and consume much more than developing
countries
275. • Trading partners are affected by
• Cultural similarity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11