1) The document discusses key concepts of democracy including that democracy is a system where rule is by the people rather than monarchs. 2) It discusses representative democracy as the normal method for rule by the people and defines liberal democracy as the dominant global model. 3) The public sphere is defined as the arena of public debate and discussion in modern societies, consisting of both formal and informal spaces, and was vital to early democracy by introducing the idea of resolving political issues through public discussion.