This project analyzes sediment samples from Little Lake in Oregon to understand past environmental changes. Sediment samples will undergo loss on ignition testing to determine organic matter and carbonate content. Charcoal will be separated from the samples before particle size analysis using laser diffraction. Particle size distribution will indicate changes in sediments over time from factors like fire intensity. Results will be presented at scientific conferences and may assist with publishing a research paper. The project benefits the student's learning of paleoenvironmental research techniques and career possibilities in geography.
Photosynthetic rates of Camassia quamash under different burn regimesClaire Cook
1) The study examined the effect of varying burn regimes on the photosynthetic rates of Camassia quamash, a native prairie forb.
2) Productivity of C. quamash, as measured by photosynthetic rates, declined with increasing time since the last burn, with the highest rates found in plots burned in 2013.
3) Soil and foliar nitrogen levels did not significantly vary with burn regime. However, the 2013 burn plot, which had the highest photosynthetic rates, also had the highest percentages of nitrogen in the soil and foliage.
Local human perturbations increase lakes vulnerability to climate changes: A ...Lancaster University
This document outlines a PhD proposal on assessing how local human pressures influence lakes' vulnerability and responses to climate change across Europe. The proposal involves meta-analyzing paleoecological data from 15 lakes around the Alps to compare responses of pelagic biological communities to climate change and determine if variability depends on local human pressures. The student will analyze diatom and cladoceran remains and photosynthetic pigments in sediments to compare community responses over time between lakes and quantify the influence of geomorphology and local human impacts. The supervisors are from INRA CARRTEL in France and CNR ISE in Italy.
This study examines colloid transport mechanisms at the pore scale using x-ray microtomography and pore-scale modeling. Experiments were conducted using glass bead columns dosed with hydrophobic silver-coated colloids under saturated and unsaturated conditions. X-ray imaging showed colloids partitioned between solid-water interfaces, air-water interfaces, and disconnected water phases depending on saturation. Pore-scale modeling implemented colloidal interaction forces and fluid flow to simulate colloid transport. The models showed colloid attachment increased with ionic strength and some colloids were strained during drainage. The research aims to better understand simplifications that can be applied to colloid transport models while maintaining practical applicability for risk analysis.
This document is a thesis submitted to Plymouth University that examines the statistical reliability of sediment sampling methodology for contaminated estuaries. It analyzes metal concentration data from samples collected on grids from two estuaries in southwest England. Various sampling design elements are evaluated, including sieving pretreatment and spatial variability. Monte Carlo resampling is used to compare three sampling strategies with different sample sizes and spatial scales. The study aims to address assumptions in typical sampling designs and propose a generalized approach grounded in statistical reliability for future contamination surveys.
This document models dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) loading from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Puget Sound under different effluent standards scenarios. It finds that reducing WWTP DIN effluent concentrations from 8 mg/L to below 3 mg/L could decrease nitrogen loading but at increased capital and operating costs of $248-513 million annually. The model has limitations as it does not capture time-varying or three-dimensional aspects but provides a starting point for further modeling of Puget Sound dissolved oxygen levels from human-caused nitrogen sources.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the sensitivity of a data-driven soil water balance model to estimate summer evapotranspiration along a forest chronosequence using three sites with Eddy Covariance measurements. The study explored the model's sensitivity to forest succession state, computational time step, rooting depth, and canopy interception capacity. It found that the model generally agreed with observations and was not dependent on stand age, but an optimal combination of parameters was needed to avoid underestimation of actual evapotranspiration.
This study uses luminescence dating techniques to quantify termite bioturbation rates in a savannah ecosystem in Ghana. Specifically, it uses multi-grain and single-grain quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of soil samples from active and historical termite mounds constructed by Macrotermes natalensis termites. The study finds that sediment transported to the surface during termite mound construction and erosion is effectively bleached, allowing retrospective quantification of surface deposition rates of about 0.28 mm per year over the past 4,000 years. It also estimates that downward mixing through subsurface termite galleries may replace 10-20% of sediment volume per 1,000 years below reburied termite
This study examined the transport and transformation of particulate nitrogen during large storm events in forested watersheds. The key questions addressed were: 1) the potential sources of particulate nitrogen and how they vary with storm size and location; 2) how nitrogen and carbon are leached from particulate organic matter of different sizes; and 3) the potential for mineralization and transformation of nitrogen deposited in streams. The results showed that forest floor litter is a major nitrogen source. Leaching experiments found high levels of nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon from litter. Nitrogen release increased under wet-dry cycles, especially for sediments deposited during large storms. Source tracking identified litter, humus and wetland soils as important contributors to coarser particulate organic matter upstream,
Photosynthetic rates of Camassia quamash under different burn regimesClaire Cook
1) The study examined the effect of varying burn regimes on the photosynthetic rates of Camassia quamash, a native prairie forb.
2) Productivity of C. quamash, as measured by photosynthetic rates, declined with increasing time since the last burn, with the highest rates found in plots burned in 2013.
3) Soil and foliar nitrogen levels did not significantly vary with burn regime. However, the 2013 burn plot, which had the highest photosynthetic rates, also had the highest percentages of nitrogen in the soil and foliage.
Local human perturbations increase lakes vulnerability to climate changes: A ...Lancaster University
This document outlines a PhD proposal on assessing how local human pressures influence lakes' vulnerability and responses to climate change across Europe. The proposal involves meta-analyzing paleoecological data from 15 lakes around the Alps to compare responses of pelagic biological communities to climate change and determine if variability depends on local human pressures. The student will analyze diatom and cladoceran remains and photosynthetic pigments in sediments to compare community responses over time between lakes and quantify the influence of geomorphology and local human impacts. The supervisors are from INRA CARRTEL in France and CNR ISE in Italy.
This study examines colloid transport mechanisms at the pore scale using x-ray microtomography and pore-scale modeling. Experiments were conducted using glass bead columns dosed with hydrophobic silver-coated colloids under saturated and unsaturated conditions. X-ray imaging showed colloids partitioned between solid-water interfaces, air-water interfaces, and disconnected water phases depending on saturation. Pore-scale modeling implemented colloidal interaction forces and fluid flow to simulate colloid transport. The models showed colloid attachment increased with ionic strength and some colloids were strained during drainage. The research aims to better understand simplifications that can be applied to colloid transport models while maintaining practical applicability for risk analysis.
This document is a thesis submitted to Plymouth University that examines the statistical reliability of sediment sampling methodology for contaminated estuaries. It analyzes metal concentration data from samples collected on grids from two estuaries in southwest England. Various sampling design elements are evaluated, including sieving pretreatment and spatial variability. Monte Carlo resampling is used to compare three sampling strategies with different sample sizes and spatial scales. The study aims to address assumptions in typical sampling designs and propose a generalized approach grounded in statistical reliability for future contamination surveys.
This document models dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) loading from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Puget Sound under different effluent standards scenarios. It finds that reducing WWTP DIN effluent concentrations from 8 mg/L to below 3 mg/L could decrease nitrogen loading but at increased capital and operating costs of $248-513 million annually. The model has limitations as it does not capture time-varying or three-dimensional aspects but provides a starting point for further modeling of Puget Sound dissolved oxygen levels from human-caused nitrogen sources.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the sensitivity of a data-driven soil water balance model to estimate summer evapotranspiration along a forest chronosequence using three sites with Eddy Covariance measurements. The study explored the model's sensitivity to forest succession state, computational time step, rooting depth, and canopy interception capacity. It found that the model generally agreed with observations and was not dependent on stand age, but an optimal combination of parameters was needed to avoid underestimation of actual evapotranspiration.
This study uses luminescence dating techniques to quantify termite bioturbation rates in a savannah ecosystem in Ghana. Specifically, it uses multi-grain and single-grain quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of soil samples from active and historical termite mounds constructed by Macrotermes natalensis termites. The study finds that sediment transported to the surface during termite mound construction and erosion is effectively bleached, allowing retrospective quantification of surface deposition rates of about 0.28 mm per year over the past 4,000 years. It also estimates that downward mixing through subsurface termite galleries may replace 10-20% of sediment volume per 1,000 years below reburied termite
This study examined the transport and transformation of particulate nitrogen during large storm events in forested watersheds. The key questions addressed were: 1) the potential sources of particulate nitrogen and how they vary with storm size and location; 2) how nitrogen and carbon are leached from particulate organic matter of different sizes; and 3) the potential for mineralization and transformation of nitrogen deposited in streams. The results showed that forest floor litter is a major nitrogen source. Leaching experiments found high levels of nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon from litter. Nitrogen release increased under wet-dry cycles, especially for sediments deposited during large storms. Source tracking identified litter, humus and wetland soils as important contributors to coarser particulate organic matter upstream,
This study investigated ecological processes in an urban stormwater lake during its ice-covered period from November to mid-April. Data from two winter seasons showed chlorophyll-a levels under ice were 22% of open-water levels, indicating primary productivity still occurs. Nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly higher under ice, likely from road and urban runoff. Under ice, total phosphorus levels correlated positively with chlorophyll-a when nutrient ratios were low, suggesting phosphorus controls algal growth. The results provide evidence of active nutrient cycles in stormwater lakes during winter, contrary to assumptions of dormancy under ice cover.
1) Researchers measured nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural land and drainage networks in the US Corn Belt to better understand indirect N2O emissions.
2) Chamber measurements showed that N2O emissions decrease with increasing stream order, indicating lower order streams are hotspots for indirect emissions.
3) Inverse modeling using tall tower measurements estimated seasonal indirect N2O emissions from the Corn Belt, finding current estimates underestimate indirect emissions significantly.
The cores contain 2-4 m thick sequences of hemipelagic siliceous mud and ooze deposited under seasonally open marine conditions on the continental shelf of Mac. Robertson Land, East Antarctica over the past 15,000 years. Geochemical records from five sediment cores spanning the inner, mid, and outer shelf suggest episodes of increased accumulation of biogenic material, particularly diatoms, at around 5.5, 1.2, 3.8, 6.2, and 10.8 thousand years ago. These features likely reflect periods of enhanced diatom production over the shelf, possibly related to climatic warming. In contrast, the inner shelf core indicates relatively constant seasonal diatom production maintained by a coastal polynya
Growing Season Extension & its Impact on Terrestrial Carbon; Gardening Guidebook www.scribd.com/doc/239851313, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Changing patch dynamics of Cape eelgrass Zostera capensis: impacts of loss on...Joseph Galaske
The cape eelgrass Zostera capensis is an ecosystem engineer endemic to South Africa. Given its rapid decline in recent years, this study aimed to address the following: (1) Do total area and patch dynamics change over time? (2) Do these trends impact patch quality? (3) How does this affect epifaunal communities? Using satellite imagery, we discovered fragmentation and a net loss of 47% in seagrass beds from 2009 to 2015.
This study examines the impact of road dust from the Dempster Highway on nearby aquatic ecosystems in the Northwest Territories. Preliminary results show higher conductivity and pH in lakes within 5km of the highway, indicating dust is impacting water chemistry. A snow survey found dust travelling over 100m from the road. Future work includes deploying dust traps and collecting more snow samples to better understand dust dispersal. Analyzing sediment cores will provide historical records of changes in water chemistry and algal communities corresponding to highway construction. This research aims to inform regulatory decisions by quantifying dust impacts on small arctic lakes and ponds.
This document discusses research on the effects of rising ocean temperatures on coral reefs. It summarizes three sources that studied coral bleaching. One source used models to project bleaching through 2100 under different scenarios and found most models predicted high bleaching, though corals may adapt. Another surveyed coral at a atoll in 1998 and 2013, finding higher living coral, suggesting adaptation. The third modeled bleaching by 2050-2100 and found severe bleaching likely due to rising temperatures. The document concludes that while corals may partially adapt, coral reefs will increasingly experience severe bleaching as temperatures rise from climate change.
Kline et al_2015_Plos One_Heron reef flat biogeochemistryDavid Kline
This study analyzed data from a 6-month high-resolution study of carbonate chemistry and temperature on the Heron Island reef flat in Australia. The data revealed:
1) pH, aragonite saturation state, and pCO2 were primarily driven by biologically-produced dissolved organic carbon and total alkalinity rather than temperature or salinity.
2) The largest daily temperature ranges occurred in spring, while the smallest were in winter.
3) Daily pH ranges were also large, up to 0.8 pH units, with lowest pH in spring and highest in fall.
4) Periods of anomalous high temperatures and low pH were asynchronous, highlighting the importance of understanding interactions between multiple stressors on reefs
- Deciduous shrub canopies reached the onset of peak greenness 13 days earlier and the onset of senescence 3 days earlier than evergreen/graminoid canopies, resulting in a 10-day extension of the peak season.
- Modeling showed that the longer peak season and greater leaf area of deciduous shrub canopies almost tripled carbon uptake compared to evergreen/graminoid communities. The longer peak season alone resulted in 84% greater carbon uptake in deciduous shrub communities.
- Increasing deciduous shrub dominance extends the peak season and increases modeled net carbon dioxide uptake in tundra ecosystems by enhancing carbon uptake during the period of peak greenness.
The document summarizes a study that aimed to assess the impact of land use on water quality within hydrologically sensitive areas (HSAs) and entire watersheds in New Jersey. Key findings include:
- Agricultural land and low-density urban land were primary contributors to nitrogen and phosphorus levels in streams.
- Forest cover significantly reduced sediment levels compared to nutrients.
- Wetlands unexpectedly increased nutrient levels, possibly by releasing accumulated phosphorus over time.
- Future work will develop thresholds for defining HSAs and determine land use impacts on stream integrity at HSA and watershed scales.
This document summarizes a USDA-NIFA funded project studying fluvial geomorphology and agricultural resilience in the Deerfield River Watershed in Western Massachusetts. The project goals are to: 1) conduct fluvial geomorphic assessments; 2) implement outreach and education initiatives; 3) hold agrarian resilience roundtables; and 4) support institutional infrastructure for fluvial geomorphology. The project aims to help farms and communities manage rivers and floods following damaging events like Hurricane Irene in 2011 through scientific assessments, education resources, and stakeholder engagement.
Riverine thermal regimes are an important but overlooked component of environmental flows. Dams and other human activities can strongly modify the natural thermal regime of rivers by altering water temperatures, often decreasing temperatures downstream. Five key challenges to incorporating thermal regimes into environmental flow assessments are: 1) improving understanding of natural thermal variability, 2) quantifying the degree dams alter thermal regimes, 3) relating thermal changes to ecological impacts, 4) developing thermal criteria, and 5) implementing management strategies to restore thermal conditions.
This document summarizes a study on changes in soil microbial communities under different land management practices. The study compared soil bacterial and fungal communities in land under the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) for varying lengths of time, as well as land converted from CRP back to cropland. Key findings include:
1) Soil microbial communities differed between long-term cropland and CRP/rangeland, but time under CRP restoration did not significantly impact bacterial composition.
2) Conversion of CRP land to cropland increased soil bacterial diversity in the short-term but bacterial communities resembled long-term cropland within 5 years.
3) Soil fungal communities were
This document summarizes a study on streamflow variability and connectivity in dryland rivers under a changing climate. Electrical resistance sensors were used to measure flow permanence and connectivity across a river network in southeastern Arizona. The study found that stream drying occurred earlier and more frequently during a below-average precipitation year. Hydrologic modeling was used to project increased stream drying and loss of longitudinal connectivity under climate change, with some streams predicted to experience over 150 more days without flow annually. The findings highlight the vulnerability of temporary streams to increased water scarcity.
This document examines how altitude and vegetation affect soil organic matter decomposition in Mediterranean high mountain soils. The study assessed soil parameters, microbial biomass and respiration along an altitudinal gradient from 2100 to 2380 meters above sea level. It also compared soils under grassland versus shrubland vegetation. The results showed that soil organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen content, microbial biomass carbon and microbial respiration decreased with increasing altitude, while temperature sensitivity of microbial respiration increased. Soils under shrubs had lower microbial respiration and carbon availability but higher microbial biomass, dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen than soils under grassland. The findings suggest warming may enhance soil organic matter decomposition more at higher altitude grasslands due to their greater temperature sensitivity.
Andersson_Kline et al_2015_OA review_OceanographyDavid Kline
This document discusses different approaches used in ocean acidification research and their effectiveness. It begins by providing background on ocean acidification and the challenges it poses. It then discusses several key approaches: observations of natural systems, experimental manipulations in laboratories and fields, data from the geological record, and numerical models. Each approach provides insights but also has limitations. The most effective research combines multiple approaches to test hypotheses and improve understanding and projections of ecosystem impacts from ocean acidification. The ultimate goal is to inform policies to address ocean acidification and its consequences.
This document analyzes the relationship between flood rhythmicity and ecological patterns and processes in large tropical river systems. It finds that rivers with more rhythmic annual flooding, characterized by predictable timing and magnitude of flood peaks, tend to have higher fish species richness, more stable avian populations, and higher rates of riparian forest productivity compared to rivers with less rhythmic, unpredictable flooding. Climate change and human alterations like water extraction and dams are expected to disrupt the natural hydrologic rhythms of rivers with negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem function.
Brandon Lee's "STEAM" presentation of NSF & UVA CDE STEM Nanotechnology researchB Lee Lee
This was summer research that was completed through the National Science Foundation (NSF) grant provided to the Center of Diversity in Engineering (CDE) at the University of Virginia (UVA). The Research Experience for Teacher's (RET) placed me as a visiting research assistant, in the Civil & Environmental Engineering department's Virginia Environmentally Sustainable Technologies (VEST) Lab at UVA. I joined a collaborative effort to assist ongoing research under Dr. Andres Claren, professor and student, Shibo Wang.
I was able to develop practical lessons for students to implement current research in the field of Science Technology Engineering Arts and Math (STEAM). Creating a wikispace that will allow for ongoing collaboration, including resources and examples of class lessons.
Climate change impact on ocean forests and their biodiversityAlexander Jueterbock
Rising ocean temperatures due to climate change are negatively impacting ocean forests and their biodiversity in three main ways:
1. Ocean forests are being damaged by increased heat waves and are shifting poleward to cooler waters. This is leading to loss of habitat and declines in species abundance.
2. Genetic diversity of ocean forest species is threatened as climate change endangers glacial refugia that harbor much of their genetic variation. This reduces forests' ability to adapt and recover from stress.
3. Changes in species distributions are altering the composition of ocean forests. Warming is allowing tropical species to move poleward while decreasing the diversity of temperate algal turfs and replacing kelp forests with seaweed
This document examines how the assumption of homogeneous vs heterogeneous radioactive contamination in soil/sediment impacts the external radiation dose rates of fauna. It analyzes contamination profiles from sediment samples in Canada and soil samples in Austria involving various radionuclides. Dose conversion coefficients are calculated using a dosimetry model for different organisms, locations within the contaminated media, and exposure scenarios. The results show dose rates can vary by three orders of magnitude depending on the specific situation. The assumption of homogeneous contamination is not always conservative.
Paleoclimatology is the study of past climates through the use of proxies such as microbial life found in sediment cores, ice cores, and tree rings. Researchers use various analytical methods to extract information from these proxies about past climate conditions. For example, oxygen isotope ratios in foraminifera and diatom shells can provide information about past water temperatures, and the abundance and composition of microbial populations may indicate environmental conditions like temperature. Volcanic eruptions can influence climate in both the short and long term. Large eruptions that eject ash and sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere can block sunlight and cool the planet for several years through radiation scattering. However, massive eruptions that release large amounts of carbon dioxide may
The document provides an introduction to making physical observations and documenting stratigraphic sequences from sediment cores. It discusses the importance of studying lake sediments as archives of environmental and climate change over various timescales. Key points covered include developing standardized approaches to describing sediment textures, structures, and facies; using tools like magnetic susceptibility, x-rays, and image analysis to aid analysis; and asking scientific questions to drive the analysis of cores and development of paleoclimate proxies.
This study investigated ecological processes in an urban stormwater lake during its ice-covered period from November to mid-April. Data from two winter seasons showed chlorophyll-a levels under ice were 22% of open-water levels, indicating primary productivity still occurs. Nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly higher under ice, likely from road and urban runoff. Under ice, total phosphorus levels correlated positively with chlorophyll-a when nutrient ratios were low, suggesting phosphorus controls algal growth. The results provide evidence of active nutrient cycles in stormwater lakes during winter, contrary to assumptions of dormancy under ice cover.
1) Researchers measured nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural land and drainage networks in the US Corn Belt to better understand indirect N2O emissions.
2) Chamber measurements showed that N2O emissions decrease with increasing stream order, indicating lower order streams are hotspots for indirect emissions.
3) Inverse modeling using tall tower measurements estimated seasonal indirect N2O emissions from the Corn Belt, finding current estimates underestimate indirect emissions significantly.
The cores contain 2-4 m thick sequences of hemipelagic siliceous mud and ooze deposited under seasonally open marine conditions on the continental shelf of Mac. Robertson Land, East Antarctica over the past 15,000 years. Geochemical records from five sediment cores spanning the inner, mid, and outer shelf suggest episodes of increased accumulation of biogenic material, particularly diatoms, at around 5.5, 1.2, 3.8, 6.2, and 10.8 thousand years ago. These features likely reflect periods of enhanced diatom production over the shelf, possibly related to climatic warming. In contrast, the inner shelf core indicates relatively constant seasonal diatom production maintained by a coastal polynya
Growing Season Extension & its Impact on Terrestrial Carbon; Gardening Guidebook www.scribd.com/doc/239851313, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Changing patch dynamics of Cape eelgrass Zostera capensis: impacts of loss on...Joseph Galaske
The cape eelgrass Zostera capensis is an ecosystem engineer endemic to South Africa. Given its rapid decline in recent years, this study aimed to address the following: (1) Do total area and patch dynamics change over time? (2) Do these trends impact patch quality? (3) How does this affect epifaunal communities? Using satellite imagery, we discovered fragmentation and a net loss of 47% in seagrass beds from 2009 to 2015.
This study examines the impact of road dust from the Dempster Highway on nearby aquatic ecosystems in the Northwest Territories. Preliminary results show higher conductivity and pH in lakes within 5km of the highway, indicating dust is impacting water chemistry. A snow survey found dust travelling over 100m from the road. Future work includes deploying dust traps and collecting more snow samples to better understand dust dispersal. Analyzing sediment cores will provide historical records of changes in water chemistry and algal communities corresponding to highway construction. This research aims to inform regulatory decisions by quantifying dust impacts on small arctic lakes and ponds.
This document discusses research on the effects of rising ocean temperatures on coral reefs. It summarizes three sources that studied coral bleaching. One source used models to project bleaching through 2100 under different scenarios and found most models predicted high bleaching, though corals may adapt. Another surveyed coral at a atoll in 1998 and 2013, finding higher living coral, suggesting adaptation. The third modeled bleaching by 2050-2100 and found severe bleaching likely due to rising temperatures. The document concludes that while corals may partially adapt, coral reefs will increasingly experience severe bleaching as temperatures rise from climate change.
Kline et al_2015_Plos One_Heron reef flat biogeochemistryDavid Kline
This study analyzed data from a 6-month high-resolution study of carbonate chemistry and temperature on the Heron Island reef flat in Australia. The data revealed:
1) pH, aragonite saturation state, and pCO2 were primarily driven by biologically-produced dissolved organic carbon and total alkalinity rather than temperature or salinity.
2) The largest daily temperature ranges occurred in spring, while the smallest were in winter.
3) Daily pH ranges were also large, up to 0.8 pH units, with lowest pH in spring and highest in fall.
4) Periods of anomalous high temperatures and low pH were asynchronous, highlighting the importance of understanding interactions between multiple stressors on reefs
- Deciduous shrub canopies reached the onset of peak greenness 13 days earlier and the onset of senescence 3 days earlier than evergreen/graminoid canopies, resulting in a 10-day extension of the peak season.
- Modeling showed that the longer peak season and greater leaf area of deciduous shrub canopies almost tripled carbon uptake compared to evergreen/graminoid communities. The longer peak season alone resulted in 84% greater carbon uptake in deciduous shrub communities.
- Increasing deciduous shrub dominance extends the peak season and increases modeled net carbon dioxide uptake in tundra ecosystems by enhancing carbon uptake during the period of peak greenness.
The document summarizes a study that aimed to assess the impact of land use on water quality within hydrologically sensitive areas (HSAs) and entire watersheds in New Jersey. Key findings include:
- Agricultural land and low-density urban land were primary contributors to nitrogen and phosphorus levels in streams.
- Forest cover significantly reduced sediment levels compared to nutrients.
- Wetlands unexpectedly increased nutrient levels, possibly by releasing accumulated phosphorus over time.
- Future work will develop thresholds for defining HSAs and determine land use impacts on stream integrity at HSA and watershed scales.
This document summarizes a USDA-NIFA funded project studying fluvial geomorphology and agricultural resilience in the Deerfield River Watershed in Western Massachusetts. The project goals are to: 1) conduct fluvial geomorphic assessments; 2) implement outreach and education initiatives; 3) hold agrarian resilience roundtables; and 4) support institutional infrastructure for fluvial geomorphology. The project aims to help farms and communities manage rivers and floods following damaging events like Hurricane Irene in 2011 through scientific assessments, education resources, and stakeholder engagement.
Riverine thermal regimes are an important but overlooked component of environmental flows. Dams and other human activities can strongly modify the natural thermal regime of rivers by altering water temperatures, often decreasing temperatures downstream. Five key challenges to incorporating thermal regimes into environmental flow assessments are: 1) improving understanding of natural thermal variability, 2) quantifying the degree dams alter thermal regimes, 3) relating thermal changes to ecological impacts, 4) developing thermal criteria, and 5) implementing management strategies to restore thermal conditions.
This document summarizes a study on changes in soil microbial communities under different land management practices. The study compared soil bacterial and fungal communities in land under the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) for varying lengths of time, as well as land converted from CRP back to cropland. Key findings include:
1) Soil microbial communities differed between long-term cropland and CRP/rangeland, but time under CRP restoration did not significantly impact bacterial composition.
2) Conversion of CRP land to cropland increased soil bacterial diversity in the short-term but bacterial communities resembled long-term cropland within 5 years.
3) Soil fungal communities were
This document summarizes a study on streamflow variability and connectivity in dryland rivers under a changing climate. Electrical resistance sensors were used to measure flow permanence and connectivity across a river network in southeastern Arizona. The study found that stream drying occurred earlier and more frequently during a below-average precipitation year. Hydrologic modeling was used to project increased stream drying and loss of longitudinal connectivity under climate change, with some streams predicted to experience over 150 more days without flow annually. The findings highlight the vulnerability of temporary streams to increased water scarcity.
This document examines how altitude and vegetation affect soil organic matter decomposition in Mediterranean high mountain soils. The study assessed soil parameters, microbial biomass and respiration along an altitudinal gradient from 2100 to 2380 meters above sea level. It also compared soils under grassland versus shrubland vegetation. The results showed that soil organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen content, microbial biomass carbon and microbial respiration decreased with increasing altitude, while temperature sensitivity of microbial respiration increased. Soils under shrubs had lower microbial respiration and carbon availability but higher microbial biomass, dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen than soils under grassland. The findings suggest warming may enhance soil organic matter decomposition more at higher altitude grasslands due to their greater temperature sensitivity.
Andersson_Kline et al_2015_OA review_OceanographyDavid Kline
This document discusses different approaches used in ocean acidification research and their effectiveness. It begins by providing background on ocean acidification and the challenges it poses. It then discusses several key approaches: observations of natural systems, experimental manipulations in laboratories and fields, data from the geological record, and numerical models. Each approach provides insights but also has limitations. The most effective research combines multiple approaches to test hypotheses and improve understanding and projections of ecosystem impacts from ocean acidification. The ultimate goal is to inform policies to address ocean acidification and its consequences.
This document analyzes the relationship between flood rhythmicity and ecological patterns and processes in large tropical river systems. It finds that rivers with more rhythmic annual flooding, characterized by predictable timing and magnitude of flood peaks, tend to have higher fish species richness, more stable avian populations, and higher rates of riparian forest productivity compared to rivers with less rhythmic, unpredictable flooding. Climate change and human alterations like water extraction and dams are expected to disrupt the natural hydrologic rhythms of rivers with negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem function.
Brandon Lee's "STEAM" presentation of NSF & UVA CDE STEM Nanotechnology researchB Lee Lee
This was summer research that was completed through the National Science Foundation (NSF) grant provided to the Center of Diversity in Engineering (CDE) at the University of Virginia (UVA). The Research Experience for Teacher's (RET) placed me as a visiting research assistant, in the Civil & Environmental Engineering department's Virginia Environmentally Sustainable Technologies (VEST) Lab at UVA. I joined a collaborative effort to assist ongoing research under Dr. Andres Claren, professor and student, Shibo Wang.
I was able to develop practical lessons for students to implement current research in the field of Science Technology Engineering Arts and Math (STEAM). Creating a wikispace that will allow for ongoing collaboration, including resources and examples of class lessons.
Climate change impact on ocean forests and their biodiversityAlexander Jueterbock
Rising ocean temperatures due to climate change are negatively impacting ocean forests and their biodiversity in three main ways:
1. Ocean forests are being damaged by increased heat waves and are shifting poleward to cooler waters. This is leading to loss of habitat and declines in species abundance.
2. Genetic diversity of ocean forest species is threatened as climate change endangers glacial refugia that harbor much of their genetic variation. This reduces forests' ability to adapt and recover from stress.
3. Changes in species distributions are altering the composition of ocean forests. Warming is allowing tropical species to move poleward while decreasing the diversity of temperate algal turfs and replacing kelp forests with seaweed
This document examines how the assumption of homogeneous vs heterogeneous radioactive contamination in soil/sediment impacts the external radiation dose rates of fauna. It analyzes contamination profiles from sediment samples in Canada and soil samples in Austria involving various radionuclides. Dose conversion coefficients are calculated using a dosimetry model for different organisms, locations within the contaminated media, and exposure scenarios. The results show dose rates can vary by three orders of magnitude depending on the specific situation. The assumption of homogeneous contamination is not always conservative.
Paleoclimatology is the study of past climates through the use of proxies such as microbial life found in sediment cores, ice cores, and tree rings. Researchers use various analytical methods to extract information from these proxies about past climate conditions. For example, oxygen isotope ratios in foraminifera and diatom shells can provide information about past water temperatures, and the abundance and composition of microbial populations may indicate environmental conditions like temperature. Volcanic eruptions can influence climate in both the short and long term. Large eruptions that eject ash and sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere can block sunlight and cool the planet for several years through radiation scattering. However, massive eruptions that release large amounts of carbon dioxide may
The document provides an introduction to making physical observations and documenting stratigraphic sequences from sediment cores. It discusses the importance of studying lake sediments as archives of environmental and climate change over various timescales. Key points covered include developing standardized approaches to describing sediment textures, structures, and facies; using tools like magnetic susceptibility, x-rays, and image analysis to aid analysis; and asking scientific questions to drive the analysis of cores and development of paleoclimate proxies.
1) The document examines variation in stomatal densities in Macroneuropteris scheuchzeri fossil samples from five locations in the Illinois Basin dating to 306-307 million years ago to understand paleoclimate conditions.
2) Data was collected by counting stomata and epidermal cells in boxes of defined areas on leaf peels and fragments from the samples. Average stomatal densities ranged from 7-13 per box across locations.
3) Preliminary results show modest variation in stomatal densities and indices between samples within locations, suggesting relatively stable climate conditions during this period based on the inverse relationship between stomatal features and atmospheric CO2 levels.
The Toba super-eruption: micro-scale traces of a global-scale climate event?Kim Cobb
Who doesn't love a super-eruption? In this presentation, I review the facts surrounding the Toba super-eruption that occurred 74,000 years ago, and present preliminary data about its impacts on a cave system in the rain forests of Borneo.
The document discusses several key points:
1) There have been few ecosystem-scale experiments investigating the combined effects of increased CO2 and rising temperatures on ecosystems, though these interactions are important to understand for predicting future impacts.
2) Factorial experiments examining multiple factors can be difficult to design and interpret, but are still important for testing models and accounting for potential surprises from interactions.
3) Available data on forest responses to climate change come from limited experimental approaches like soil warming or small tree plots, rather than whole-ecosystem experiments, making it difficult to fully understand interactions between CO2 and temperature at ecosystem scales.
The document analyzes how wind-driven hydrodynamics influence the plankton community in a shallow coastal lake in Brazil. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to test if environmental variables like turbidity, suspended solids, and water level formed seasonal spatial gradients in response to wind. The analysis found that certain physical variables correlated with plankton distribution, though plankton responded less readily than physical factors. It indicates that wind patterns govern the spatial and temporal distribution of physical, chemical, and biological aspects in the lake.
The document discusses middle range theory in archaeology. Middle range theory aims to connect raw archaeological data to broader conclusions about human behavior in the past. It seeks to develop testable theories that are abstract enough for generalization but grounded in empirical evidence. While archaeologists initially applied middle range theory haphazardly, it has the potential to play an important role in the future by refocusing research on theoretical issues and human behavior rather than just interpretation. However, more work needs to be done to further define middle range theory in archaeology.
Near real-time measurement of CO2, water and energy fluxes: determining the b...TERN Australia
The document discusses determining carbon and water fluxes and budgets at ecosystem to continental scales. It notes that terrestrial ecosystems annually sequester about one quarter of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, providing an important ecosystem service. OzFlux directly measures exchanges of carbon, water, and energy using eddy covariance across Australia. These measurements are used to test and improve land surface models, reduce uncertainty in estimates of net primary production for Australia, and develop the first comprehensive carbon budget for Australia. The document emphasizes the role of OzFlux measurements in quantifying carbon and water budgets from local to continental scales.
Paleoecology and paleolimnology study ancient environments and inland waterways by examining sediments from lakes and wetlands. Sediments contain remains that provide clues about past climate, vegetation, and human impacts. Studies show wetlands expanded during warm, wet periods and contracted in cool, dry periods. While vegetation can impact wetland landscapes over time, wetlands remain stable ecosystems rather than progressing to forest climax communities as suggested by early theories of plant succession.
- The document analyzes growth patterns of black spruce trees in a central Maine peat bog to understand relationships between tree growth, climate, and distance from the bog edge.
- Tree cores were collected from black spruce trees along three transects at increasing distances from the bog edge. Tree and stand characteristics, growth rates, and influence of climate factors like temperature and precipitation were analyzed.
- Preliminary results suggest that tree growth rates increased with distance from the bog edge likely due to higher nutrient availability further from the bog. Climate accounted for only small variations in growth, with temperature having a greater influence than precipitation.
Samec - Regression analysis of relations among main Quaternary environmental ...swenney
This document analyzes relationships between environmental change indicators during the Quaternary period using regression analysis. It uses proxy data from loess/paleosol sequences in China, deep sea sediments in the east Pacific, and ice cores from East Antarctica to represent glacial/interglacial cycles. Exploratory analysis, interpolation, and multiple regression methods were used to analyze relationships between the proxy records over the middle to late Pleistocene. Results found weaker correlations between soil properties and climate cycles compared to other proxies. Logistic regression also suggested temporal variability in relationships between climate change factors and sediment properties.
Speleothems are cave formations like stalactites and stalagmites that form from calcium carbonate deposited by dripping water. Their layered structure (laminae) can provide annual records similar to tree rings. Different laminae types - fluorescent, visible, calcite-aragonite couplets, trace elements - record climate factors like temperature and precipitation. Studies of laminae in speleothems from various regions confirmed their annual nature and showed correlations between laminae characteristics and climate records, validating their use in paleoclimate reconstruction over thousands of years.
How we know what we know about climate changeLisa Gardiner
This document provides information and activities for a workshop on using climate science to increase student confidence in scientific data and interpretation. It outlines that 97-98% of climate scientists agree humans are causing warming, while only 50-60% of the US public agrees. Key points about climate science are presented, attributed to the IPCC. The document describes climate modeling and paleoclimate proxy activities to help students understand different ways scientists study past and project future climates.
The document describes an Earth science module called "Climate and the Carbon Cycle" that examines the carbon cycle through eight labs. The labs use a variety of learning activities like experiments, visualizations, videos, and data analysis. They address topics like photosynthesis, respiration, forests, soils, oceans, and feedback mechanisms. The module aims to help students understand connections between the carbon cycle, climate change, and human activities according to crosscutting concepts and performance expectations in the Next Generation Science Standards.
NSTA Boston 2014 PowerPoint Presentation "Climate and the Carbon Cycle&q...SERC at Carleton College
The document describes an Earth science module called "Climate and the Carbon Cycle" that examines the carbon cycle through eight labs. The labs use a variety of learning activities like experiments, visualizations, videos, and data analysis. They address topics like photosynthesis, respiration, forests, soils, oceans, and feedback mechanisms. The module aims to help students understand connections between the carbon cycle, climate change, and human activities according to crosscutting concepts and performance expectations in the Next Generation Science Standards.
This document contains a two-pager summarizing the state of scientific research on climate change. It discusses what is known and still unknown about climate change, factors driving changes in the global climate, who is conducting the research, areas needing further study, and key questions. It also includes two charts showing greenhouse gas emissions by country and selected contributors. The attached document was prepared by a top DOE scientist for the Department of Energy to summarize the consensus views on climate change research.
- Core 19 is a 3.61m sediment core collected from a 212m deep basin in Lago Sarmiento, Chile. Various measurements were taken from the core including magnetic susceptibility, weight % carbonate, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios.
- Five zones were identified in the core based on trends in the chemical signals over time. Zone 1 showed fluctuations that could indicate a shift in climate. Zone 2 showed increased precipitation and decreased productivity. Zone 3 was the opposite with decreased precipitation and increased productivity.
- Three tephra layers were identified that aided in developing an age model for the core. The results provide clues about past climate conditions in Southern Patagonia and implications for climate change, health,
This study aims to quantify the amount of organic carbon stored in clastic floodplain deposits compared to organic-rich wetland deposits in the Mississippi Delta. Total organic carbon, sediment bulk density, and chronology/accretion rates will be measured from cores taken in Bayou Lafourche, Louisiana. Total organic carbon will be quantified using both loss on ignition and elemental analysis. Sediment texture will be correlated with carbon content. Bulk density and radiocarbon/optically stimulated luminescence dating will provide chronology to calculate annual accumulation rates of organic carbon over time. Comparing storage in floodplains versus wetlands will improve understanding of carbon sequestration in these environments.
1. Forest Fires and Erosion: Sediment Analysis of Little Lake, Oregon
Rebecca A. Puta
Background
Records of how the climate and vegetation may have changed in an area over time are
found and can be analyzed from a multitude of sources, such as lake and ocean sediments, wind-
blown deposits, ice cores, tree rings, and coral, in addition to historical documents (US Global
Change Research Program, 2003). Paleolimnology (Cohen, 2003) is the study of ancient lake
sediments and the significant paleoenvironmental records preserved in them. These deposits are
records of past vegetation, climate and forest fire frequency changes that span several thousands
of years. Examining these sediments and the organic remains in them gives us a better
understanding of how these systems respond to changes similar in scale to those predicted to
occur in the near future (i.e. global warming). Although lake studies are common, the linkage
between these systems and landscape evolution are not. This study will analyze sediments from
Little Lake to compare with charcoal analysis conducted by Dr. Colin Long of UW-Oshkosh to
test if there are correlations between them.
Little Lake is a small lake located in western Oregon, nestled in the Coastal Range forests
between the Pacific Ocean coast and the Cascade Mountains at 44°10’03” N, 123°35’01”W.
Cool wet winters and warm dry summers characterize the climate of the Oregon Coast Range
(Hemstrom and Logan, 1986). The lightning storms that occur during the dry summer period are
most likely the main source of the forest fires that are quite common in this area, but the logging
industry has also provided the area with an effective ignition source over the last 200 years
(Agee, 1993). As seen in Figure 1 below, the Little Lake area is now predominantly covered by
a second-growth Douglas fir forest. Several other species of hardwood trees occupy the area, but
rushes, sedges, and grasses comprise the land within 60 meters of Little Lake (Worona and
Whitlock, 1995).
Several studies have been done on the pollen analysis, charcoal and organic matter of the
Little Lake site, which has led to the determination that the climate of this area was colder and
drier approximately 42,000 years ago, and that the land supported an array of vegetation much
different from that of the present day. The previous charcoal analyses of the Little Lake
sediments also correlate to changes in forest fire frequency and intensity over time (Long and
Whitlock, 2002). Little research and analysis have been done on the particle-size analysis of
Little Lake sediment, which could provide valuable insight into what sediments have been
covering the immediate landscape and has been deposited into the lake, whether from erosion or
from a fire event, and possibly the intensity of the fire event. This study has the potential to
unlock a copious amount of information about the environmental changes of the past and present
at Little Lake.
2. The Project
Dr. Colin Long of UW-Oshkosh has been studying Little Lake for over 10 years and is
considered one of the foremost experts of the site. Dr. Long has already collected 152 samples
from Little Lake and is conducting charcoal analysis on them. He sent the samples to UW-
Platteville for organic matter content analysis and particle-size analysis. This project will use the
commonly accepted methods of loss on ignition, charcoal separation, and particle size analysis
on the sediment samples from Little Lake. While each method/test is important to the project,
the most significant is the particle size analysis because it has the potential to unlock the most
about this area and how its environment has changed over time. Researchers studying this area
have concentrated primarily on organic and charcoal matter in the Little Lake sediments, leaving
the door wide open for a vast amount of information that could be derived from particle-size
analysis of the sediment. The data derived from the laboratory tests of this project will be used
to relate any changes in sediment size to possible changes in the frequency or intensity of past
forest fires in the area, whether those fires also affected the changes in the type of sediment that
accumulated at the Little Lake site, and how being up or down wind of the fires may have
affected sediments in the lake. All of this information may then be used and tied together to
determine what the past climate of the area may have looked like and how drastically or minutely
it has changed compared to the climate of the present day.
The Solution
The loss on ignition (LOI) procedure has shown strong correlations with determining the
organic and carbonate content in lake sediments according to Heiri, Lotter, and Lemcke (2001).
The weight percent of organic matter and carbonate content in the 152 sediment samples will be
determined by loss on ignition (LOI) following Heiri, Lotter, and Lemcke (2001). LOI uses
Figure 1: Photograph of Little Lake, Oregon provided by Dr. Colin Long.
3. sequential heating in a Leco TGA 701 Thermogravimetric Analyzer muffle furnace. The
samples are heated to 550°C and 950°C, which are temperatures that organic matter and
carbonate are combusted. The samples are weighed before and after they are heated. The latter
weight is subtracted from the former, which is then divided by the initial weight and multiplied
by 100 to determine the weight percent of organic matter and carbonate content.
Prior to particle-size analysis, the samples must first undergo a charcoal separation
because it could affect the analyses. Ferrous sulfate will be used to cause any charcoal to float
from the sediments. The density of the ferrous sulfate falls between charcoal and sand/silt grains
so the charcoal tends to float on top of the liquid. Samples will be pretreated for charcoal
removal at the Williams Laboratory in the UW-Madison Geography Department. These
pretreatments will take about one week and require travel from Platteville to Madison during the
summer. This quick and simple method has been shown to produce good, useful results.
Lastly, particle-size analysis will be performed following Sperazza (2004), to determine
the size of the sediments in each of the samples and how the size changes among the samples.
Laboratory equipment available for this is a Malvern Mastersizer 2000E laser diffraction
particle-size analyzer. This is a fairly inexpensive and easy to perform procedure that returns
very precise and easy to analyze results on the particle size of the samples run. In the laboratory,
the samples will be dispersed by chemical treatment (NaHMP) and ultrasound, and analyzed on
the Malvern Mastersizer 2000E following Sperazza et al. (2004). Each sample takes
approximately ten minutes to analyze. The data for the samples are then represented on a graph
that shows the particle size of the sediment (in micrometers, µm) and change in volume. The
peak of the curve indicates what the sediment is primarily comprised of, and as the curves from
other samples are also placed on the graph, it is easy to see the minute or significant changes in
the particle size from sample to sample. Figure 2 is an example of the data from the particle-size
analysis of three soil samples taken from the Platteville Gun Range, which indicates that while
all three samples are significantly comprised of clay sediment, there are small changes in the
amount of clay found in each sample. The Malvern Mastersizer is not only a simple and efficient
method of particle-size analysis, but also displays the resulting data in a very understandable and
easy to decipher format.
Dissemination Plan
There are a multitude of ways to disseminate the results of this project, primarily at
scientific poster sessions and professional meetings in the fields of geology and geography. If
the lab work can be completed before October 2008, the first presentation could be at the
National Geological Society of America (GSA) meeting. This meeting will be held in Houston,
Particle Size Distribution
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Particle Size (µm)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Volume(%)
Figure 2: An example of what the
data from a particle-size analysis
will look like. This was a sample
of sediment taken from the
Platteville Gun Range.
4. Texas, and will allow some of the most recognizable, experienced, and influential professionals
in the fields of geography, geology, and sedimentology to see and hear about the results of the
project firsthand. If the work cannot be completed in this amount of time, though, there is a
regional meeting for the North-Central Section of the GSA that will be held in Ypsilanti,
Michigan in April 2009, and allows for the same type of presentation to professionals in the
same fields of study, but concentrated in this particular section of the United States. The results
of this project will also be presented at the UW-Platteville Research/Poster Day, the ‘Posters in
the Rotunda’ for scientific posters and research held annually in Madison, WI, the UW System
Undergraduate Research Symposium, as well as at any other scientific research/poster sessions
available in the area that this project qualifies for. There is also the possibility of assisting in the
publishing of a professional research paper that ties together the results of this project with the
information that Dr. Colin Long has on the area, and the conclusions that can be made related to
paleoenvironments and paleolimnology.
Benefits
This project not only benefits scientists studying how paleoenvironments changed or
were affected in this area, but it also has many personal benefits for me. By majoring in
Geography, with a particular interest in Physical Geography, this project will illuminate the
possibilities of what types of research are currently being done and what jobs will need to be
filled. It will also give me the skills and knowledge of how to conduct my own research project,
as well as how to use common, modern techniques that influence the way research is done. My
career plans are to work outdoors conducting research on soil, rocks, plate tectonics, and
possibly even volcanoes. Having the laboratory, analytical, and dissemination knowledge and
experience will only further increase my abilities and likeliness of finding a position in field
research. This project could very well be the hand that turns the knob on the opening door of my
future in physical geography.
Bibliography
Agee J.K. 1993. “Fire ecology of Pacific Northwest forests.” Island
Press: Washington, D.C.
Cohen, A.S. 2003. Paleolimnology. Oxford University Press. 3-5.
Heiri, O., Lotter, A., and Lemcke, G. 2001. “Loss on ignition as a method for estimating
organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results.”
Journal of Paleolimnology 25: 101-110.
Hemstrom, M.A., and Logan, S.E. 1986. “Plant association and management
guide Siuslaw National Forest.” USDA For. Serv.
Rep. No. R6-Ecol 220.1986a.
Konert, M., Vandenberghe J., 1997. “Comparison of laser grain size analysis
with pipette and sieve analysis: a solution for the underestimation of the clay
fraction.” Sedimentology 44, 523-535.
Last, M. and Smol, J. 2001. Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments, Volume 1:
Basin Analysis, Coring, and Chronological Techniques. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1.
5. Long, C. and Whitlock, C. 2002. “Fire and Vegetation History from the Coastal Rain Forest of
the Western Oregon Coast Range.” Quaternary Research, 58: 215-225.
Sperazza M., Moore, J.E., Hendrix, M.S., 2004. “High-resolution particle size
analysis of naturally occurring very fine-grained sediment through laser diffractometry.”
Journal of Sedimentary Research 74, 736-743.
US Climate Change Science Program: Paleoenvironment and Paleoclimate.
http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/ProgramElements/paleo.htm October 12, 2003
Whitlock, C. and Larsen, C. 2001. Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments,
Volume 3: Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 75-76.
Worona, M.A. and Whitlock, C. 1995. “Late-Quaternary vegetation and climate history near
Little Lake, central Coast Range, Oregon.” Geological Society of America Bulletin 107, 867-
876.