This document provides an overview of foreign and private banks in India through several key periods:
1) It discusses the historical presence of foreign banks in India since the 1840s and their diminished importance from independence until the 1990s, as well as the resurgence of foreign banks after economic reforms in the 1990s.
2) Norms for foreign bank entry were relaxed throughout the 1990s and 2000s, allowing increased presence through branches and subsidiaries. Guidelines in 2004 and 2005 set caps on foreign investment in private banks.
3) Performance snapshots are provided for foreign and private banks from 2006-2011 based on factors like branches, employees, profits, and asset quality.
4) The objective of the
BSE Ltd is Asia's first stock exchange located in Mumbai, India. It has over 5,000 listed companies and a total market capitalization of around 4K Cr. BSE generates revenue from listing fees, market data fees, and platform fees from services like BSE StAR MF and its electronic bond platform. It has a strong position in the SME and mutual fund segments. The company has no debt and 2426 Cr in cash/bank balances. At the current market price of 738, BSE Ltd is undervalued given its diverse revenue streams, leadership positions, and strong balance sheet.
Comparative study of non interest income of the Indian Banking SectorGaurav Sharma
This document provides an overview and comparative analysis of the non-interest income of the Indian banking sector from 1994 to 2004. It analyzes non-interest income for four categories of banks: SBI and associates, nationalized (public sector) banks, private sector banks, and foreign banks. Regression analysis found that non-interest income had a significant influence on profits for SBI/associates and public sector banks. Commission/brokerage and profit/loss on investments most influenced SBI profits, while no single non-interest component significantly influenced public sector bank profits. Overall, non-interest income grew faster than interest income and its contribution to total income increased for most banks over the period studied.
This document summarizes recent developments and policy issues in the Indian capital market. It discusses how the market has modernized with online transactions and increased transparency through electronic trading. However, confidence was damaged in recent years by financial irregularities. The document calls for continued reforms to improve market infrastructure, transparency, integration between exchanges, and links between the banking and securities industries to develop a more efficient capital market in India.
1. The Indian stock broking industry has seen significant growth and consolidation over the past few decades. The top 10 brokerage firms now control over 66% of the market.
2. Revenues from equity broking have remained flat in recent years due to declining cash volumes and futures trading. However, the commodity and currency segments have seen higher growth rates.
3. While large brokerage firms have profit margins around 17%, mid-sized and small firms have lower margins of 9.5-10.5% respectively. Cost rationalization will be challenging due to competitive pressures.
The document discusses the merger between Global Trust Bank and Oriental Bank of Commerce from several perspectives:
1. An analysis of the banks' financial performance and profitability ratios before and after the merger found that the merger did not result in significant improvements and burdened the acquiring bank.
2. The terms of the merger provided no compensation for Global Trust Bank shareholders. Some investors may have had insider information and sold their shares before details of the troubled financial condition became public.
3. Employee retention strategies implemented included salary loans, education financing, and developing a supportive work environment, though most employees felt no formal retention strategies were in place.
4. HR professionals played a key role and culture integration was important, but
Merger of Oriental Bank & Global trust bankRajesh More
The document summarizes a merger between Global Trust Bank (GTB) and Oriental Bank of Commerce (OBC) in India. GTB rapidly grew through high deposit and loan rates, but suffered losses in 2000-2001 due to risky lending. In 2004, GTB and OBC merged, with OBC acquiring GTB. The merger provided benefits to both banks by expanding OBC's branch network in southern India and protecting GTB depositors by joining a larger public sector bank.
This document provides an analysis of trends at HDFC Ltd. over four years from 2011-2014. It first introduces HDFC as a public banking and financial services company founded in 1994. It then outlines the objectives, research methodology and data sources used for the trend analysis. The analysis specifically looks at trends in total fixed assets, current assets, liabilities, loan funds, shareholder funds, revenues and expenses, and profit after tax. Overall, the analysis finds that assets and funds are increasing each year, allowing the company to expand its business and increase profits annually.
Comaparative study of indian stock market with otherMisbah Choudhary
This document compares the Indian stock market to other Asian markets. It finds that the Indian market has the highest compound annual growth rate of returns over 5 years and 1 year compared to markets in Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan and Korea. The Indian market also shows weak correlation to these other markets, indicating it provides diversification benefits for international investors. Overall, the study finds the Indian stock market delivers strong returns with low correlation to other Asian markets, making it an attractive investment option for the Asia Pacific region.
BSE Ltd is Asia's first stock exchange located in Mumbai, India. It has over 5,000 listed companies and a total market capitalization of around 4K Cr. BSE generates revenue from listing fees, market data fees, and platform fees from services like BSE StAR MF and its electronic bond platform. It has a strong position in the SME and mutual fund segments. The company has no debt and 2426 Cr in cash/bank balances. At the current market price of 738, BSE Ltd is undervalued given its diverse revenue streams, leadership positions, and strong balance sheet.
Comparative study of non interest income of the Indian Banking SectorGaurav Sharma
This document provides an overview and comparative analysis of the non-interest income of the Indian banking sector from 1994 to 2004. It analyzes non-interest income for four categories of banks: SBI and associates, nationalized (public sector) banks, private sector banks, and foreign banks. Regression analysis found that non-interest income had a significant influence on profits for SBI/associates and public sector banks. Commission/brokerage and profit/loss on investments most influenced SBI profits, while no single non-interest component significantly influenced public sector bank profits. Overall, non-interest income grew faster than interest income and its contribution to total income increased for most banks over the period studied.
This document summarizes recent developments and policy issues in the Indian capital market. It discusses how the market has modernized with online transactions and increased transparency through electronic trading. However, confidence was damaged in recent years by financial irregularities. The document calls for continued reforms to improve market infrastructure, transparency, integration between exchanges, and links between the banking and securities industries to develop a more efficient capital market in India.
1. The Indian stock broking industry has seen significant growth and consolidation over the past few decades. The top 10 brokerage firms now control over 66% of the market.
2. Revenues from equity broking have remained flat in recent years due to declining cash volumes and futures trading. However, the commodity and currency segments have seen higher growth rates.
3. While large brokerage firms have profit margins around 17%, mid-sized and small firms have lower margins of 9.5-10.5% respectively. Cost rationalization will be challenging due to competitive pressures.
The document discusses the merger between Global Trust Bank and Oriental Bank of Commerce from several perspectives:
1. An analysis of the banks' financial performance and profitability ratios before and after the merger found that the merger did not result in significant improvements and burdened the acquiring bank.
2. The terms of the merger provided no compensation for Global Trust Bank shareholders. Some investors may have had insider information and sold their shares before details of the troubled financial condition became public.
3. Employee retention strategies implemented included salary loans, education financing, and developing a supportive work environment, though most employees felt no formal retention strategies were in place.
4. HR professionals played a key role and culture integration was important, but
Merger of Oriental Bank & Global trust bankRajesh More
The document summarizes a merger between Global Trust Bank (GTB) and Oriental Bank of Commerce (OBC) in India. GTB rapidly grew through high deposit and loan rates, but suffered losses in 2000-2001 due to risky lending. In 2004, GTB and OBC merged, with OBC acquiring GTB. The merger provided benefits to both banks by expanding OBC's branch network in southern India and protecting GTB depositors by joining a larger public sector bank.
This document provides an analysis of trends at HDFC Ltd. over four years from 2011-2014. It first introduces HDFC as a public banking and financial services company founded in 1994. It then outlines the objectives, research methodology and data sources used for the trend analysis. The analysis specifically looks at trends in total fixed assets, current assets, liabilities, loan funds, shareholder funds, revenues and expenses, and profit after tax. Overall, the analysis finds that assets and funds are increasing each year, allowing the company to expand its business and increase profits annually.
Comaparative study of indian stock market with otherMisbah Choudhary
This document compares the Indian stock market to other Asian markets. It finds that the Indian market has the highest compound annual growth rate of returns over 5 years and 1 year compared to markets in Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan and Korea. The Indian market also shows weak correlation to these other markets, indicating it provides diversification benefits for international investors. Overall, the study finds the Indian stock market delivers strong returns with low correlation to other Asian markets, making it an attractive investment option for the Asia Pacific region.
The document summarizes a merger between HDFC Bank and Centurion Bank of Punjab (CBoP) in 2008. HDFC Bank acquired CBoP in an all-stock deal valued at Rs 9510 crores. The merger combined HDFC Bank's 754 branches and 11,088 ATMs with CBoP's 394 branches and 452 ATMs, providing geographic expansion. While the merger faced short-term issues from CBoP's poor asset quality, long-term HDFC Bank saw growth in profits, assets, deposits and its share price as a result of the increased scale from the acquisition.
The role of securities and exchange board ofRavinder Kumar
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the regulator for the securities market in India, established in 1988 and given statutory powers in 1992 through the SEBI Act. SEBI has three main functions: quasi-legislative, quasi-judicial, and quasi-executive. Its objectives are to protect investors, promote securities market development, and regulate the securities market. Some of SEBI's roles include licensing brokers and dealers, stopping fraud, regulating mergers and acquisitions, auditing stock market performance, and educating investors. SEBI has achieved several milestones like facilitating dematerialization of shares and shortening the settlement cycle. Key ongoing challenges include enforcement, developing talent and market intelligence, and deep
HDFC Bank is India's second largest private sector bank. Some key points:
- It is headquartered in Mumbai and was incorporated in 1994.
- HDFC Bank offers personal and commercial banking services as well as products like loans, credit cards, investments, insurance, etc.
- An analysis of HDFC Bank's financial statements from 2011-2015 shows increasing revenues, expenses and profits over the years. Key financial ratios meet regulatory requirements.
- The bank has a network of over 4,000 branches across India and has operations overseas as well.
- As of 2015, HDFC Bank's capital adequacy ratio (CAR) of 16.79% meets regulatory requirements, showing it
A project on analysis of derivatives and stock broking at apollo sindhooriBabasab Patil
This document provides an analysis of derivatives and stock broking at Apollo Sindhoori Capital Investment Ltd. It discusses derivatives such as futures and options, and the role of stock broking in the capital market. It also describes ASCI Computer Share Private Ltd., a joint venture that provides registry management services. The objectives of the analysis are to understand derivatives products and trading, the stock broking process, and the services offered by ASCI. Methodology includes collecting primary data from ASCI clients and secondary data from websites, magazines and newspapers.
This document analyzes the performance of banks in India before and after the World Trade Organization's General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). It discusses how GATS led to increased competition in India's banking sector through allowing more foreign bank presence. The study develops a composite index to rank different bank groups (public sector, private sector, foreign) based on measures of productivity, profitability, and efficiency. It finds that while foreign and new private banks initially outperformed public sector banks, the performance of traditional banks (public and old private) improved after GATS as they adapted to greater competition. The document provides context on banking reforms in India and reviews previous related studies.
The document summarizes the merger between Centurion Bank of Punjab (CBoP) and HDFC Bank in 2008. [1] The merger created a larger bank with over 1,100 branches, deposits of Rs. 1.22 trillion, net advances of Rs. 890 billion, and a balance sheet size of over Rs. 1.63 trillion. [2] The objectives of the merger were to achieve economies of scale, widen product offerings, and gain more market dominance. [3] The merger faced challenges integrating technologies, employees, operations, and infrastructure between the two banks.
Banking sector reforms in India were introduced in 1991 as part of broader economic liberalization. Key recommendations from the 1991 Narasimham Committee report included reducing statutory reserve requirements and introducing transparency measures. Subsequent reforms focused on strengthening the banking system, including increasing capital requirements. The 1998 Narasimham report proposed further regulatory changes. Major reforms since then include financial inclusion programs, new types of banks like payments banks, and growth of digital banking technologies like UPI and ATMs. However, increased technology usage has also raised cybersecurity risks for the Indian banking sector.
A project report on overview of indian stock marketProjects Kart
The document provides an overview of the Indian stock market, including its history dating back nearly 200 years. It discusses the two major stock exchanges in India - the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). It provides details on the establishment of NSE in 1992 to modernize Indian stock trading, and its role in reforming practices and increasing trading volumes through electronic trading and settlement methods. Trading at NSE includes both wholesale debt and capital markets.
Impact of banking sector on economy of India with relation to chinaShivam Kumar
This document presents a comparative study of the banking sectors in India and China and their role in economic growth and development. It finds that GDP and bank deposits are highly correlated with economic growth in both countries. It recommends that India and China increase savings, investments, and bank deposits to further strengthen their economies and increase GDP.
Indian Stock Broking Industry & Franchisee Business Model (2015)Sumit Kumar Singh
This document is a summer project report submitted by Sumit Kumar Singh to Prof. Srinjay Sengupta of Aditya Institute of Management Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Management Studies degree. The report analyzes the Indian stock broking industry and SMC Global Securities Ltd.'s franchise business model based on a summer internship conducted by the author at SMC Global Securities Ltd. The report includes an introduction to the company, the stock broking industry, and the author's department. It then identifies problems and objectives of the study.
This document discusses a comparative study of the Indian stock market and its international counterparts. It analyzes trends, similarities, and patterns in activities and movements between the Indian stock exchanges (BSE and NSE) and exchanges in other countries from 1995 to 2006. The study finds that Indian stock markets have become more integrated with global markets and react in tandem with global cues. It concludes that Indian exchanges are ready to further integrate if regulations are relaxed and a variety of instruments are introduced.
This document discusses non-performing assets (NPAs) in the Indian banking system. It provides background on the banking system and regulations around NPAs. The key points are:
1) NPAs are a major issue for Indian banks, particularly public sector banks, and reducing NPAs is a national priority. High NPAs negatively impact bank profitability and ability to lend.
2) Basel accords introduced capital adequacy requirements and guidelines for identifying and classifying NPAs. NPAs are classified as gross NPAs or net NPAs depending on provisions made.
3) High NPAs in public sector banks are due to factors like directed lending to priority sectors and loan waiver programs. Strategies to reduce
This document provides an overview of the banking reforms and reorganization that have occurred in India since the beginning of economic liberalization in the 1990s. It discusses how interest rates have been deregulated, competition has increased from new private banks and foreign banks entering the market, and non-performing assets have remained high, particularly for public sector banks. While reforms have improved the banking system, issues still remain regarding the performance of public sector banks and their high levels of non-performing loans.
This document provides an overview of the Indian stock market and Indiabulls Securities, an Indian retail brokerage firm. It discusses the history of stock trading in India dating back to the 18th century. It also outlines the objectives and roles of brokerage firms in helping investors minimize risk and maximize returns. The document examines Indiabulls Securities and compares it to its competitors in the Indian retail brokerage market. It analyzes the financial performance and competitive strategies of Indiabulls Securities.
The document provides an overview of the Indian banking sector. Some key points:
- The value of public sector bank assets increased from $1.34 trillion in FY16 to $1.52 trillion in FY17, demonstrating robust asset growth.
- Total lending and deposits have increased at a CAGR of 10.94% and 11.66% respectively during FY07-18, and are expected to continue growing due to demand for housing and personal finance.
- ATM penetration is increasing, with the number of ATMs growing from 210,312 in May 2018 to an expected 407,000 by 2021. Rural banking is also expanding.
IMPACT OF DEMONETIZATION ON STOCK MARKETRupal Rout
The project is carried out in Bhubaneswar Stock Exchange ltd and is all about for Bhubaneswar locality and the questionnaires are for both commoner and investors.The project includes both primary and secondary data analyzed.The observation is my own observation according to my knowledge,experience,analysis.
All credits go to my guides Apeksha Sahay,BJB COLLEGE who gave me freedom to carry out this project and thanks to Bipin Dutta Sir.manager of Bhubaneswar Stock Exchange who taught me basics of share market and much more
The document summarizes the evolution of the Indian banking sector from the pre-1950 period to the present day. It discusses the foundational phase in the 1950s-1970s, the expansion phase in the 1970s-1980s following nationalization, the consolidation phase of the 1980s-1990s, and the ongoing reformatory phase since liberalization. It outlines the performance improvements seen in the sector as well as ongoing challenges around infrastructure, technology, skills, and competition in a changing market. Overall the banking sector has strengthened but continues transforming to meet new demands.
Travel720 Social Media Strategy Comparison 051412 for q-fanQijiao Fan
It is a summary of the analysis from the social media tool Sproutsocial. This summary can be served as the proof to demonstrate the effectiveness of the social media strategy I have implemented for the major social media channels in order to increase more traffic and target more right customers.
The document contains details of 10 different offers from Marblehead Marketing that expire on December 31, 2015. Each offer lists a regular price for quantities of 25 or more, and provides contact information to call, email, or text for more information or to place an order. The prices range from $8.39 to $22.82 for 25 or more items.
The document summarizes a merger between HDFC Bank and Centurion Bank of Punjab (CBoP) in 2008. HDFC Bank acquired CBoP in an all-stock deal valued at Rs 9510 crores. The merger combined HDFC Bank's 754 branches and 11,088 ATMs with CBoP's 394 branches and 452 ATMs, providing geographic expansion. While the merger faced short-term issues from CBoP's poor asset quality, long-term HDFC Bank saw growth in profits, assets, deposits and its share price as a result of the increased scale from the acquisition.
The role of securities and exchange board ofRavinder Kumar
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the regulator for the securities market in India, established in 1988 and given statutory powers in 1992 through the SEBI Act. SEBI has three main functions: quasi-legislative, quasi-judicial, and quasi-executive. Its objectives are to protect investors, promote securities market development, and regulate the securities market. Some of SEBI's roles include licensing brokers and dealers, stopping fraud, regulating mergers and acquisitions, auditing stock market performance, and educating investors. SEBI has achieved several milestones like facilitating dematerialization of shares and shortening the settlement cycle. Key ongoing challenges include enforcement, developing talent and market intelligence, and deep
HDFC Bank is India's second largest private sector bank. Some key points:
- It is headquartered in Mumbai and was incorporated in 1994.
- HDFC Bank offers personal and commercial banking services as well as products like loans, credit cards, investments, insurance, etc.
- An analysis of HDFC Bank's financial statements from 2011-2015 shows increasing revenues, expenses and profits over the years. Key financial ratios meet regulatory requirements.
- The bank has a network of over 4,000 branches across India and has operations overseas as well.
- As of 2015, HDFC Bank's capital adequacy ratio (CAR) of 16.79% meets regulatory requirements, showing it
A project on analysis of derivatives and stock broking at apollo sindhooriBabasab Patil
This document provides an analysis of derivatives and stock broking at Apollo Sindhoori Capital Investment Ltd. It discusses derivatives such as futures and options, and the role of stock broking in the capital market. It also describes ASCI Computer Share Private Ltd., a joint venture that provides registry management services. The objectives of the analysis are to understand derivatives products and trading, the stock broking process, and the services offered by ASCI. Methodology includes collecting primary data from ASCI clients and secondary data from websites, magazines and newspapers.
This document analyzes the performance of banks in India before and after the World Trade Organization's General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). It discusses how GATS led to increased competition in India's banking sector through allowing more foreign bank presence. The study develops a composite index to rank different bank groups (public sector, private sector, foreign) based on measures of productivity, profitability, and efficiency. It finds that while foreign and new private banks initially outperformed public sector banks, the performance of traditional banks (public and old private) improved after GATS as they adapted to greater competition. The document provides context on banking reforms in India and reviews previous related studies.
The document summarizes the merger between Centurion Bank of Punjab (CBoP) and HDFC Bank in 2008. [1] The merger created a larger bank with over 1,100 branches, deposits of Rs. 1.22 trillion, net advances of Rs. 890 billion, and a balance sheet size of over Rs. 1.63 trillion. [2] The objectives of the merger were to achieve economies of scale, widen product offerings, and gain more market dominance. [3] The merger faced challenges integrating technologies, employees, operations, and infrastructure between the two banks.
Banking sector reforms in India were introduced in 1991 as part of broader economic liberalization. Key recommendations from the 1991 Narasimham Committee report included reducing statutory reserve requirements and introducing transparency measures. Subsequent reforms focused on strengthening the banking system, including increasing capital requirements. The 1998 Narasimham report proposed further regulatory changes. Major reforms since then include financial inclusion programs, new types of banks like payments banks, and growth of digital banking technologies like UPI and ATMs. However, increased technology usage has also raised cybersecurity risks for the Indian banking sector.
A project report on overview of indian stock marketProjects Kart
The document provides an overview of the Indian stock market, including its history dating back nearly 200 years. It discusses the two major stock exchanges in India - the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). It provides details on the establishment of NSE in 1992 to modernize Indian stock trading, and its role in reforming practices and increasing trading volumes through electronic trading and settlement methods. Trading at NSE includes both wholesale debt and capital markets.
Impact of banking sector on economy of India with relation to chinaShivam Kumar
This document presents a comparative study of the banking sectors in India and China and their role in economic growth and development. It finds that GDP and bank deposits are highly correlated with economic growth in both countries. It recommends that India and China increase savings, investments, and bank deposits to further strengthen their economies and increase GDP.
Indian Stock Broking Industry & Franchisee Business Model (2015)Sumit Kumar Singh
This document is a summer project report submitted by Sumit Kumar Singh to Prof. Srinjay Sengupta of Aditya Institute of Management Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Management Studies degree. The report analyzes the Indian stock broking industry and SMC Global Securities Ltd.'s franchise business model based on a summer internship conducted by the author at SMC Global Securities Ltd. The report includes an introduction to the company, the stock broking industry, and the author's department. It then identifies problems and objectives of the study.
This document discusses a comparative study of the Indian stock market and its international counterparts. It analyzes trends, similarities, and patterns in activities and movements between the Indian stock exchanges (BSE and NSE) and exchanges in other countries from 1995 to 2006. The study finds that Indian stock markets have become more integrated with global markets and react in tandem with global cues. It concludes that Indian exchanges are ready to further integrate if regulations are relaxed and a variety of instruments are introduced.
This document discusses non-performing assets (NPAs) in the Indian banking system. It provides background on the banking system and regulations around NPAs. The key points are:
1) NPAs are a major issue for Indian banks, particularly public sector banks, and reducing NPAs is a national priority. High NPAs negatively impact bank profitability and ability to lend.
2) Basel accords introduced capital adequacy requirements and guidelines for identifying and classifying NPAs. NPAs are classified as gross NPAs or net NPAs depending on provisions made.
3) High NPAs in public sector banks are due to factors like directed lending to priority sectors and loan waiver programs. Strategies to reduce
This document provides an overview of the banking reforms and reorganization that have occurred in India since the beginning of economic liberalization in the 1990s. It discusses how interest rates have been deregulated, competition has increased from new private banks and foreign banks entering the market, and non-performing assets have remained high, particularly for public sector banks. While reforms have improved the banking system, issues still remain regarding the performance of public sector banks and their high levels of non-performing loans.
This document provides an overview of the Indian stock market and Indiabulls Securities, an Indian retail brokerage firm. It discusses the history of stock trading in India dating back to the 18th century. It also outlines the objectives and roles of brokerage firms in helping investors minimize risk and maximize returns. The document examines Indiabulls Securities and compares it to its competitors in the Indian retail brokerage market. It analyzes the financial performance and competitive strategies of Indiabulls Securities.
The document provides an overview of the Indian banking sector. Some key points:
- The value of public sector bank assets increased from $1.34 trillion in FY16 to $1.52 trillion in FY17, demonstrating robust asset growth.
- Total lending and deposits have increased at a CAGR of 10.94% and 11.66% respectively during FY07-18, and are expected to continue growing due to demand for housing and personal finance.
- ATM penetration is increasing, with the number of ATMs growing from 210,312 in May 2018 to an expected 407,000 by 2021. Rural banking is also expanding.
IMPACT OF DEMONETIZATION ON STOCK MARKETRupal Rout
The project is carried out in Bhubaneswar Stock Exchange ltd and is all about for Bhubaneswar locality and the questionnaires are for both commoner and investors.The project includes both primary and secondary data analyzed.The observation is my own observation according to my knowledge,experience,analysis.
All credits go to my guides Apeksha Sahay,BJB COLLEGE who gave me freedom to carry out this project and thanks to Bipin Dutta Sir.manager of Bhubaneswar Stock Exchange who taught me basics of share market and much more
The document summarizes the evolution of the Indian banking sector from the pre-1950 period to the present day. It discusses the foundational phase in the 1950s-1970s, the expansion phase in the 1970s-1980s following nationalization, the consolidation phase of the 1980s-1990s, and the ongoing reformatory phase since liberalization. It outlines the performance improvements seen in the sector as well as ongoing challenges around infrastructure, technology, skills, and competition in a changing market. Overall the banking sector has strengthened but continues transforming to meet new demands.
Travel720 Social Media Strategy Comparison 051412 for q-fanQijiao Fan
It is a summary of the analysis from the social media tool Sproutsocial. This summary can be served as the proof to demonstrate the effectiveness of the social media strategy I have implemented for the major social media channels in order to increase more traffic and target more right customers.
The document contains details of 10 different offers from Marblehead Marketing that expire on December 31, 2015. Each offer lists a regular price for quantities of 25 or more, and provides contact information to call, email, or text for more information or to place an order. The prices range from $8.39 to $22.82 for 25 or more items.
The document provides a date range from July 16, 1954 to April 5, 2012, suggesting it may contain biographical information spanning someone's life and times.
Week 5 of the Library 160 course focuses on helping students successfully complete the class. Students are required to read Chapter 5 and take Quiz 5. They are also highly recommended to attend a final exam review session to prepare for the exam. The document encourages students to allocate consistent study time each week, read for understanding, take their time on assessments, and engage with the class material and other students through questions and discussion board participation to enhance their learning.
Are indian life insurance companies cost efficient pptRam Pratap Sinha
The document analyzes the cost efficiency of Indian life insurance companies following deregulation in the 1990s. It uses a Data Envelopment Analysis approach to estimate cost efficiency scores for major life insurers in India from 2002-2007. The key findings are that the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) achieved a score of 1 (full efficiency) each year, while private insurers' scores ranged from 0.1912 to 0.8697, indicating room for reducing costs while maintaining output levels. Overall, cost efficiency improved for most insurers over the period examined, but LIC remained the most cost efficient operator in the Indian life insurance market.
Students are instructed to complete required and recommended tasks in Week 4 of their Library 160 course to enhance their learning and ensure success, including reading Chapter 4, taking Quiz 4, participating in the discussion board and discussion group, and allocating consistent weekly study time. The document emphasizes comprehending reading material, taking time to complete assignments, and activating learning through asking questions and participation.
Regional disparity in financial inclusion [compatibility mode]Ram Pratap Sinha
This document analyzes regional disparity in financial inclusion in India using two models. Model I uses a multidimensional index approach to compare states based on deposits, credits, and insurance across regions. The Southern region had the highest index value, while the Eastern region was the lowest. Model II uses a data envelopment analysis approach, finding higher index values for Western and Northern regions compared to the North-Eastern region having the lowest values. Overall, the study finds significant regional variation in financial inclusion across Indian states.
The document discusses a student's decision to study abroad in the United States through a high school exchange program at age 16, despite risks. It describes their initial homesickness and challenges adjusting, but how over time they made friends, improved their English, and gained confidence. The exchange year experience helped them adjust well to college life in the US and find their passion, and it was ultimately a rewarding experience that helped them grow and lay a foundation for future success.
Este documento presenta un álbum de fotografías del festival de coplas organizado por maestros en la sección "E" de un centro escolar. Incluye fotos de los alumnos preparándose para el evento, reuniéndose para organizarlo y algunas de las decoraciones y actores durante el festival.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Rich Mistkowski and Wanda Zoeller of Proforma Double Dog Dare and Proforma ROI about how technology can help businesses streamline print, digital media, and content distribution while reducing costs. They discuss how current processes can be inefficient due to time spent, waste, redundancy, shipping costs, and out-of-date information. They then introduce a technology that uses programmable and updatable secure cards to distribute customizable content and track usage, allowing businesses to securely control content access even without internet and minimize costs associated with communications. The result is improved internal and external customer loyalty through a more efficient content distribution system.
This document discusses performance benchmarking between foreign and private banks in India using distance functions and data envelopment analysis. It provides background on the history of foreign banks in India and policy changes that impacted their operations. Technical efficiency scores are estimated for foreign and private banks from 2006-2007 to 2010-2011 using a bilateral comparison framework that accounts for banks belonging to different systems. On average, foreign banks had higher technical efficiency than private banks over the period examined, though efficiency scores varied more for foreign banks as shown by their higher coefficient of variation.
El documento contiene 4 estrofas cortas que hablan sobre el amor y las relaciones. La primera estrofa describe cómo el amor crece de a poco como una planta. La segunda estrofa habla sobre cómo el tiempo madura el amor al igual que una naranja. La tercera estrofa menciona la luna y las estrellas y cómo un hombre se pone bravo cuando una mujer lo engaña. La cuarta estrofa le pregunta a una mujer morena si ha olvidado su amor.
This document discusses the nature and definitions of religion from various perspectives. It addresses religion as a universal and fundamental part of human experience, examining religious needs, beliefs, rituals, and the major world religions. The document also summarizes different approaches to studying religion comparatively and scientifically, including philosophical, psychological, sociological, theological, and historical methods. It explores theories about the origin of religion and how views have progressed from theological to more empirical stages of understanding.
This document discusses endogenous benchmarking of mutual funds using bootstrap data envelopment analysis (DEA) in R. It aims to benchmark funds using multiple outputs, stochastic dominance indicators, and bootstrap analysis for robust evaluation. The study uses DEA with daily return mean and upside potential mean as outputs and return variance as the input to evaluate select sector funds over 6 months. Descriptive statistics of the technical efficiency scores from input-oriented, output-oriented, and graph hyperbolic DEA models are provided. Bootstrapping techniques including naive and smoothed bootstrap, bias correction, and confidence intervals are also introduced.
American Express' marketing plan aims to enhance customer relationships and boost brand awareness through community building. The plan focuses on greater market penetration to stimulate consumer spending at small businesses by refreshing perceptions of AMEX. This will be achieved through ad campaigns and event sponsorships promoting AMEX's values of being trusted, community-based brands. The budget covers start-up costs and operational expenses for these events.
Chipotle has grown from a single taqueria in 1993 to over 1200 locations today. Their vision of "Food with Integrity", focusing on high quality, sustainably-raised ingredients, has driven their success. A brand audit examines Chipotle's history, menu, marketing mix, and brand attributes from both a company and customer perspective. Qualitative and quantitative research with customers found high awareness of Chipotle's "big burritos" and association with "fresh, tasty, naturally-raised meat". Over 75% of customers reported regularly eating at Chipotle, demonstrating strong customer loyalty and relationships central to Chipotle's brand equity.
Foreign banks have operated in India for over 200 years, facilitating foreign trade. Since economic liberalization in 1991, the presence of foreign banks has increased significantly. While foreign banks now number over 40 with hundreds of branches, their market share remains around 5%. They have enhanced competition and technology transfer in Indian banking. However, some criticize foreign banks for prioritizing profits over social banking needs.
Challenges for Foreign Banks Entering India Open New Opportunities for Consul...Cognizant
Foreign banks face regulatory, technological, and social hurdles when entering the Indian market. Regulatory challenges include complying with priority sector lending requirements and obtaining a banking license. Marketplace challenges involve competing in a diverse banking environment and developing products suited to Indian customers. Social issues incorporate integrating into relationships-based Indian banking and overcoming perceptions. Infrastructure barriers relate to implementing specialized IT systems. Consulting firms can help foreign banks navigate these obstacles by providing regulatory expertise, market research, branding support, and assistance integrating new technology platforms.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of banking in India. It discusses the following key points:
1. Banking in India can be broadly classified into commercial banks, cooperative banks, regional rural banks, and foreign banks. The Reserve Bank of India acts as the central bank.
2. The Indian banking system has undergone significant reforms since the early 1990s to increase efficiency and competition. This included reducing reserve requirements, deregulating interest rates, and allowing more private sector and foreign banks.
3. Reforms have helped improve banks' profitability and diversification of services. However, more reforms are still needed to strengthen the system and ensure banks can meet the challenges of globalization.
This document analyzes the performance of banks in India before and after the World Trade Organization's General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). It discusses how GATS led to increased competition in India's banking sector through allowing more foreign bank presence. The study develops a composite index to rank different bank groups (public sector, private sector, foreign) based on measures of productivity, profitability, and efficiency. It finds that while foreign and new private banks initially outperformed public sector banks, the traditional banks improved after GATS as they adapted to greater competition. The document provides context on banking reforms in India and reviews prior literature on comparing performance of different bank ownership groups.
Banking industry of india analysis - PDFdeniver003
Let’s have an analysis of Indian Banking industries. This PDF Contains various banking overview, and a dig at the segmentation of the Indian banking industry, as well as classification, NBFCs, Digitalization of banking, and role of RBI.
This document provides an overview of the Indian financial system, including its key components and institutions. It discusses the three main parts of a financial system: financial assets, financial institutions, and financial markets. It describes various financial assets and instruments, money market instruments, types of financial institutions, and different financial markets. It also provides details on the evolution of banking in India, including the nationalization of banks, branch expansion, and the increasing role of commercial banks. The document summarizes recommendations to improve bank profitability and reduce non-performing assets. Finally, it concludes with a brief overview of the Indian capital market and various financial intermediaries.
• The 'District Industries Centre' (DICs) programme was started by the central government in 1978 with the objective of providing a focal point for promoting small, tiny, cottage and village industries in a particular area and to make available to them all necessary services and facilities at one place.
• The District Industries Centre is the institution at the District level, which provides all the services and support facilities to the entrepreneur for setting up Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. This included identification of suitable schemes, preparation of feasibility reports, arrangements for credit facilities, machinery and equipments, provision of raw materials and development of industrial clusters etc.
• Established in 1940
• Vision is to be primary driving force of commercially sustainable industrial development .
• Industrial development Corporations are companies or agencies in India which were established at various times under the policy of Government of India for the promotion of small - scale industries.
• A Central Industrial Finance corporation was set up under the industrial Finance corporations Act, 1948 in order to provide medium and long term credit to industrial undertakings which fall outside normal activities of commercial banks.
• The State governments expressed their desire that similar corporations be set up in states to supplement the work of the Industrial financial corporation. State governments also expressed that the State corporations be established under a special statue in order to make it possible to incorporate in the constitutions necessary provisions in regard to majority control by the government, guaranteed by the State government in regard to the payment principal. In order to implement the views Expressed by the State governments the State Financial Corporation bill was introduced in the Parliament.
• Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), set up on April 2, 1990 under an Act of Indian Parliament, is the Principal Financial Institution for the Promotion, Financing and Development of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) sector and for Co-ordination of the functions of the institutions engaged in similar activities.
• It was incorporated initially as a wholly owned subsidiary of Industrial Development Bank of India.
• The purpose is to provide refinance facilities and short term lending to industries. Its headquarters is in Lucknow.
• Former Deputy Managing Director is Shri N.K. Maini. Dr. Kshatrapati Shivaji is the new Chairman and Managing Director of the organisation.
This document provides a project report submitted to Savitribai Phule Pune University on "A Financial Approach Towards Performance of Various Services of Axis Bank Ltd". The report was submitted to the Department of MBA at SR College of Engineering in partial fulfillment of an MBA degree. It discusses the objectives, methodology, theoretical background, data analysis, findings, conclusion and suggestions of the project conducted at the Kopargaon branch of Axis Bank Ltd. The project aims to study the financial services, account types, operations processes and customer feedback to analyze the bank's performance. It finds that Axis Bank's financial position is good with potential for improved liquidity and customer relationships.
This document provides a project report submitted to Savitribai Phule Pune University on "A Financial Approach Towards Performance of Various Services of Axis Bank Ltd". The report was submitted to the Department of MBA at SRES College of Engineering in Kopargaon, India in partial fulfillment of an MBA degree. The report discusses Axis Bank's financial services, account types, operations processes, and analyzes customer feedback to evaluate the bank's performance. Overall, the report finds that Axis Bank's financial position is good with opportunities to improve liquidity and increase customer relationships. It provides suggestions such as maintaining solvency and decreasing account costs.
Financial Management
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State Bank of India (SBI) is the largest bank in India in terms of assets, deposits, profits, capital, and number of branches. It has over 17,000 branches across India and has a long history dating back to 1806. SBI offers a wide range of banking products and services to both retail and corporate customers through multiple channels including branches, ATMs, internet banking, and mobile banking. It focuses on customer centricity, high service quality, and product innovation in its marketing strategy and positioning in the highly competitive Indian banking sector.
The document discusses factors that determine the profitability and liquidity of commercial banks. It lists 10 factors that affect profitability, including the amount of working funds deployed, cost and yield of funds, spread, operating costs, risk costs, non-interest income, technology usage, level of non-performing assets, and competition level. It also lists 8 factors that determine liquidity, such as statutory reserve requirements, banking habits, monetary transactions, money market conditions, banking system structure, deposit size and type, and other banks' liquidity policies. Maintaining a balance between profitability and liquidity ensures a commercial bank's sound operation.
This course focuses on commercial banking management including liabilities management, credit management, capital adequacy management, investment management, and risk management such as liquidity risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, and operational risk. It provides an overview of the Indian banking sector including its evolution, nationalization, financial reforms, policies, and current institutional structure. Key trends in the banking industry include increased competition, consolidation, globalization, technology adoption, and initiatives for financial inclusion.
The document provides an overview of the Indian banking industry. It discusses that the industry comprises of public sector banks, private sector banks, and foreign banks. Public sector banks still control around 80% of the market. The industry is moving towards more qualitative growth with focus on better customer service and use of new technologies. Key drivers of sustainability include lender's liability for environmental cleanups, assessing borrower's ability to repay loans, and addressing growing environmental concerns.
This document outlines draft guidelines for licensing new banks in the private sector in India. Some key points:
1) Only private sector entities owned and controlled by Indian residents will be eligible to promote banks. Promoters must have a successful 10+ year track record running diversified businesses.
2) Promoters will need to set up a Non-Operative Financial Holding Company (NOHC) to hold the bank and other financial entities. The NOHC structure is meant to ringfence banking activities.
3) Initial minimum paid-up capital for new banks is ₹500 crore. The NOHC must hold 40% of the bank's capital for 5 years, reducing to 20
This document discusses the evolution and future of banking in India. It outlines 5 phases of banking: 1) Indigenous reign, 2) Direct state intervention, 3) Liberalization, 4) Transition to modern banking, and 5) Entry of foreign banks. Key developments include nationalization of banks in 1969/1980, liberalization in 1991, and growth of private sector and foreign banks. The future of banking involves increased technology, niche competitors, and a focus on green initiatives.
This document is a project report submitted by Rajesh Kumar Sitaram to Dr. Ambedkar College of Commerce and Economics in Mumbai, India for his M.Com program in Advanced Accounting in 2013-2014. The report focuses on analyzing various aspects of banks in India such as their roles, functions, governing statutes, non-performing assets, and financial statements. It also provides a case study analysis of home loans offered by HDFC Bank. The project was guided by Prof. Suresh Pujari and aims to provide an overview of the banking sector in India.
A Study on Emerging Challenges & Opportunities for Indian Banking Sectorinventionjournals
Banking sector is treated as a backbone of a nation as it plays multifarious role for the all total growth of a developing country like India. The banking industry in India has a huge canvas of history, which covers the traditional banking Practices from the time of Britishers to the reforms period, nationalization to privatization of banks and now increasing numbers of foreign banks in India. Therefore, Banking in India has been through a long journey. Banking industry in India has also achieved a new height with the changing times. The use of technology has brought a revolution in the working style of the banks. Nevertheless, the fundamental aspects of banking i.e. trust and the confidence of the people on the institution remain the same. Here commercial banks cater to short and medium term financing requirements, while national level and state level financial institutions meet longer-term requirements. Banking industry in India has also achieved anew height with the changing times. Most of banks provide various services such as Mobile banking, SMS & Net banking and ATMs to their customers for their convenience. The use of technology has brought a revolution in the working style of the banks. Banking today has transformed into a technology intensive and customer friendly model with a focus inconvenience. However, changing dynamics of banking business also brings new kind of risk exposure
A Study on Emerging Challenges & Opportunities for Indian Banking Sectorinventionjournals
Banking sector is treated as a backbone of a nation as it plays multifarious role for the all total growth of a developing country like India. The banking industry in India has a huge canvas of history, which covers the traditional banking Practices from the time of Britishers to the reforms period, nationalization to privatization of banks and now increasing numbers of foreign banks in India. Therefore, Banking in India has been through a long journey. Banking industry in India has also achieved a new height with the changing times. The use of technology has brought a revolution in the working style of the banks. Nevertheless, the fundamental aspects of banking i.e. trust and the confidence of the people on the institution remain the same. Here commercial banks cater to short and medium term financing requirements, while national level and state level financial institutions meet longer-term requirements. Banking industry in India has also achieved anew height with the changing times. Most of banks provide various services such as Mobile banking, SMS & Net banking and ATMs to their customers for their convenience. The use of technology has brought a revolution in the working style of the banks. Banking today has transformed into a technology intensive and customer friendly model with a focus inconvenience. However, changing dynamics of banking business also brings new kind of risk exposure.
HDFC Bank began operations in 1995 with a mission to be a world-class Indian bank. It has since grown to have over 761 branches across 327 cities in India as of March 2008. The bank focuses on using the latest technology like centralized processing units, electronic straight-through processing, data warehousing, and CRM to improve efficiency and provide innovative products. Some key strategies that have contributed to its success include developing a strong national network, focusing on retail and transaction banking, and maintaining high asset quality.
Dr. Alyce Su Cover Story - China's Investment Leadermsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Madhya Pradesh, the "Heart of India," boasts a rich tapestry of culture and heritage, from ancient dynasties to modern developments. Explore its land records, historical landmarks, and vibrant traditions. From agricultural expanses to urban growth, Madhya Pradesh offers a unique blend of the ancient and modern.
University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcripttscdzuip
办理美国UNCC毕业证书制作北卡大学夏洛特分校假文凭定制Q微168899991做UNCC留信网教留服认证海牙认证改UNCC成绩单GPA做UNCC假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请北卡罗莱纳大学夏洛特分校University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcript
South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcriptynfqplhm
办理美国SDSU毕业证书制作南达科他州立大学假文凭定制Q微168899991做SDSU留信网教留服认证海牙认证改SDSU成绩单GPA做SDSU假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请南达科他州立大学South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
KYC Compliance: A Cornerstone of Global Crypto Regulatory FrameworksAny kyc Account
This presentation explores the pivotal role of KYC compliance in shaping and enforcing global regulations within the dynamic landscape of cryptocurrencies. Dive into the intricate connection between KYC practices and the evolving legal frameworks governing the crypto industry.
Confirmation of Payee (CoP) is a vital security measure adopted by financial institutions and payment service providers. Its core purpose is to confirm that the recipient’s name matches the information provided by the sender during a banking transaction, ensuring that funds are transferred to the correct payment account.
Confirmation of Payee was built to tackle the increasing numbers of APP Fraud and in the landscape of UK banking, the spectre of APP fraud looms large. In 2022, over £1.2 billion was stolen by fraudsters through authorised and unauthorised fraud, equivalent to more than £2,300 every minute. This statistic emphasises the urgent need for robust security measures like CoP. While over £1.2 billion was stolen through fraud in 2022, there was an eight per cent reduction compared to 2021 which highlights the positive outcomes obtained from the implementation of Confirmation of Payee. The number of fraud cases across the UK also decreased by four per cent to nearly three million cases during the same period; latest statistics from UK Finance.
In essence, Confirmation of Payee plays a pivotal role in digital banking, guaranteeing the flawless execution of banking transactions. It stands as a guardian against fraud and misallocation, demonstrating the commitment of financial institutions to safeguard their clients’ assets. The next time you engage in a banking transaction, remember the invaluable role of CoP in ensuring the security of your financial interests.
For more details, you can visit https://technoxander.com.
New Visa Rules for Tourists and Students in Thailand | Amit Kakkar Easy VisaAmit Kakkar
Discover essential details about Thailand's recent visa policy changes, tailored for tourists and students. Amit Kakkar Easy Visa provides a comprehensive overview of new requirements, application processes, and tips to ensure a smooth transition for all travelers.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.
13 Jun 24 ILC Retirement Income Summit - slides.pptxILC- UK
ILC's Retirement Income Summit was hosted by M&G and supported by Canada Life. The event brought together key policymakers, influencers and experts to help identify policy priorities for the next Government and ensure more of us have access to a decent income in retirement.
Contributors included:
Jo Blanden, Professor in Economics, University of Surrey
Clive Bolton, CEO, Life Insurance M&G Plc
Jim Boyd, CEO, Equity Release Council
Molly Broome, Economist, Resolution Foundation
Nida Broughton, Co-Director of Economic Policy, Behavioural Insights Team
Jonathan Cribb, Associate Director and Head of Retirement, Savings, and Ageing, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Joanna Elson CBE, Chief Executive Officer, Independent Age
Tom Evans, Managing Director of Retirement, Canada Life
Steve Groves, Chair, Key Retirement Group
Tish Hanifan, Founder and Joint Chair of the Society of Later life Advisers
Sue Lewis, ILC Trustee
Siobhan Lough, Senior Consultant, Hymans Robertson
Mick McAteer, Co-Director, The Financial Inclusion Centre
Stuart McDonald MBE, Head of Longevity and Democratic Insights, LCP
Anusha Mittal, Managing Director, Individual Life and Pensions, M&G Life
Shelley Morris, Senior Project Manager, Living Pension, Living Wage Foundation
Sarah O'Grady, Journalist
Will Sherlock, Head of External Relations, M&G Plc
Daniela Silcock, Head of Policy Research, Pensions Policy Institute
David Sinclair, Chief Executive, ILC
Jordi Skilbeck, Senior Policy Advisor, Pensions and Lifetime Savings Association
Rt Hon Sir Stephen Timms, former Chair, Work & Pensions Committee
Nigel Waterson, ILC Trustee
Jackie Wells, Strategy and Policy Consultant, ILC Strategic Advisory Board
The Rise and Fall of Ponzi Schemes in America.pptxDiana Rose
Ponzi schemes, a notorious form of financial fraud, have plagued America’s investment landscape for decades. Named after Charles Ponzi, who orchestrated one of the most infamous schemes in the early 20th century, these fraudulent operations promise high returns with little or no risk, only to collapse and leave investors with significant losses. This article explores the nature of Ponzi schemes, notable cases in American history, their impact on victims, and measures to prevent falling prey to such scams.
Understanding Ponzi Schemes
A Ponzi scheme is an investment scam where returns are paid to earlier investors using the capital from newer investors, rather than from legitimate profit earned. The scheme relies on a constant influx of new investments to continue paying the promised returns. Eventually, when the flow of new money slows down or stops, the scheme collapses, leaving the majority of investors with substantial financial losses.
Historical Context: Charles Ponzi and His Legacy
Charles Ponzi is the namesake of this deceptive practice. In the 1920s, Ponzi promised investors in Boston a 50% return within 45 days or 100% return in 90 days through arbitrage of international reply coupons. Initially, he paid returns as promised, not from profits, but from the investments of new participants. When his scheme unraveled, it resulted in losses exceeding $20 million (equivalent to about $270 million today).
Notable American Ponzi Schemes
1. Bernie Madoff: Perhaps the most notorious Ponzi scheme in recent history, Bernie Madoff’s fraud involved $65 billion. Madoff, a well-respected figure in the financial industry, promised steady, high returns through a secretive investment strategy. His scheme lasted for decades before collapsing in 2008, devastating thousands of investors, including individuals, charities, and institutional clients.
2. Allen Stanford: Through his company, Stanford Financial Group, Allen Stanford orchestrated a $7 billion Ponzi scheme, luring investors with fraudulent certificates of deposit issued by his offshore bank. Stanford promised high returns and lavish lifestyle benefits to his investors, which ultimately led to a 110-year prison sentence for the financier in 2012.
3. Tom Petters: In a scheme that lasted more than a decade, Tom Petters ran a $3.65 billion Ponzi scheme, using his company, Petters Group Worldwide. He claimed to buy and sell consumer electronics, but in reality, he used new investments to pay off old debts and fund his extravagant lifestyle. Petters was convicted in 2009 and sentenced to 50 years in prison.
4. Eric Dalius and Saivian: Eric Dalius, a prominent figure behind Saivian, a cashback program promising high returns, is under scrutiny for allegedly orchestrating a Ponzi scheme. Saivian enticed investors with promises of up to 20% cash back on everyday purchases. However, investigations suggest that the returns were paid using new investments rather than legitimate profits. The collapse of Saivian l
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
1. PEFORMANCE BENCHMARKING OF FOREIGN
BANKS-A BILATERAL COMPARISON
DR.RAM PRATAP SINHA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ECONOMICS
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND LEATHER
TECHNOLOGY
LB BLOCK, SALT LAKE, SECTOR-III,KOLKATA-700098
E Mail:rampratapsinha39@gmail.com
2. The Background
• Commercial banking in pre-independent India commenced with the establishment
British owned foreign banks during the 1840s and 1850s. Banks from countries like
France, Germany, US and Japan also entered in the Indian market. This trend persisted
during the pre-independence phase. Thus at the time of independence, foreign banks
occupied commanding heights of the Indian economy.occupied commanding heights of the Indian economy.
• However, during the first four decades of independent India, the relative importance
of foreign banks in the Indian banking sector diminished considerably due to the
policy stance taken by the government as well as the Reserve Bank of India. The
market share of foreign banks in the deposit market declined from 8.3 per cent to
4.16 per cent and in respect of loans and advances from 8.56 percent to 2.8 per cent.
3. Resurgence of Foreign Banks in India
• The operation of foreign banks got a fresh boost in the post 1992
phase as a fall out of the initiation of banking sector reform and
commitments given by the Indian government to open up its
banking sector to the foreign participants in a gradual fashion.banking sector to the foreign participants in a gradual fashion.
• During this period, the operation of indigenous private sector
commercial banks also had a significant growth following the
announcement of new entry policies towards private sector banks
in 1993 and 2001.
4. Relaxed Entry Norms
• Since the 1990s the Government of India / R.B.I. initiated a slew of measures
which benefited the business prospects of foreign banks in India.
• A major relaxation for the foreign banks came in the form of liberalization of
entry norms. In the initial provisions of Financial Services Agreement
(December 1994), India permitted foreign bank presence only through
branches at the rate of five licenses per year. An ATM outside the branch
premises was treated as a branch. What is even more important was that
India’s offers were based on reciprocity.India’s offers were based on reciprocity.
• However, in December 1997, during the final round of negotiations relating
to financial services agreement India made the following commitments:
• (a) The MFN exemption was deleted in respect of all areas of financial
services.
• (b) The limit on the number of bank licences granted per year was raised
from eight to 12 while keeping the market share unchanged at 15 per cent
for foreign banks. Now the market share was computed on the basis of both
on- and off-balance sheet items. Moreover, licences issued for ATMs
installed by foreign banks were not included in the ceiling of 12 licences.
5. 2004 Guidelines
• In March 2004, the Government of India revised the then existing guidelines on foreign
direct investment (FDI) in the banking sector. The revised guidelines also included
investment by non-resident Indians (NRIs) and FIIs in the banking sector.
• As per the revised (2004) guidelines, the aggregate foreign investment from all sources
was allowed up to a cap of 74 per cent of the paid up capital of the bank and the resident
Indian holding of the capital was to be at least 26 per cent. The revised also stipulated that
foreign banks may operate in India through only one of the three channels, namely (i)
branches (ii) a Wholly owned Subsidiary or (iii) a subsidiary with an aggregate foreign
investment up to a maximum of 74 per cent in a private bank.
6. Road Map for Presence (2005)
• In February 2005, the RBI in consultation with the Government of India,
released the road map for presence of foreign banks in India. The
roadmap was framed with the objective of implementation of the
guidelines. The roadmap permitted the foreign banks to establish
presence in the Indian market by either setting up a wholly owned
banking subsidiary (WOS) or conversion of the existing branches into a
WOS. The RBI also issued detailed guidelines for setting up/conversion
process.process.
• The guidelines covered, inter alia, the eligibility criteria of the applicant
foreign banks encompassing ownership pattern, financial soundness,
supervisory rating and the international ranking. The WOS is to have a
minimum capital requirement of Rs. 300 crore, i.e., Rs 3 billion and
would need to ensure sound corporate governance. The WOS is treated
on par with the existing branches of foreign banks for branch expansion
with flexibility to go beyond the existing WTO commitments of 12
branches in a year and preference for branch expansion in under-banked
areas.
7. 2011 Discussion Paper
Revised Caps:
The discussion paper proposed that when the capital and reserves of the foreign
banks inIndia including WOS and branches exceed 25% of the capital of the
banking system, restrictions would be placed on (i) further entry of new foreign
banks, (ii) branch expansion in Tier I and Tier II centres of WOS and (iii) capital
infusion into the WOS – this will require RBI’s prior approval. Presently, the capinfusion into the WOS – this will require RBI’s prior approval. Presently, the cap
exists in the form of 15% of the assets (both on balance sheet as well as off-
balance sheet items) of the banking system.
Revised Priority Sector Lending Norms:
The RBI has issued revised priority sector lending norm for the foreign banks
which suggest that while the foreign banks with less than 20 branches in India
will continue to get preferential treatments in respect of priority sector lending,
banks with more than 20 branches would have to fulfil same priority sector
lending requirement as that of domestic banks.
8. Foreign Banks in India: A Snapshot View
Particulars 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
No of banks 29 28 31 32 33
No. of offices 272 277 295 308 316
No. of
employees
28426 31301 29582 28012 27968
employees
Business per
employee
(in Rs Lakh)
974.77 1125.50 1282.74 1411.39 1559.74
Profit per
employee
(in Rs Lakh)
16.13 21.12 25.39 16.92 27.59
Return on
Assets
2.28 2.09 1.99 1.26 1.74
CRAR 12.39 13.05 14.32 17.26 16.72
Net NPA Ratio 0.73 0.77 1.81 1.82 0.67
9. Private Banks in India: A Snapshot View
Particulars 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
No of banks 25 23 22 22 21
No. of offices 7322 8325 9241 10452 11968
No. of
employees
139054 158823 176339 182520 218679
Business perBusiness per
employee
(in Rs Lakh)
695.23 751.42 743.85 797.31 823.26
Profit per
employee
(in Rs Lakh)
4.65 6.00 6.16 7.18 8.10
Return on
Assets
1.02 1.13 1.13 1.28 1.43
CRAR 12.01 14.34 15.23 17.43 16.46
Net NPA Ratio 0.97 1.09 1.29 1.03 0.56
10. Objective of the Study
• In the context of growing presence of foreign and indigenous private sector
commercial banks in the Indian banking scene, the present study makes a
bilateral comparison of performance of these two category of banks.
• Conceptually the analysis is based on the concept of distance function first
coined by Shephard (1953,1970) provide a functional characterisation of thecoined by Shephard (1953,1970) provide a functional characterisation of the
structure of production technology. The input set of the production technology is
characterised by the input distance function which gives the maximum amount
by which the producer’s input vector can be radially contracted. The output set,
on the other hand, is characterised by the output distance function which gives
the minimum amount by which the producer’s output vector can be deflated and
yet remain feasible for a given input vector.
13. Estimation of Distance Function
• There are several approaches to the estimation of input and
output distance functions:
(i) Stochastic Frontier Analysis
(ii) Data Envelopment Analysis
(iii) Free Disposal Hull Analysis
• The present study uses DEA. However, the model used is
slightly different from the model commonly used.
14. The BCC Model for Data Envelopment Analysis
The Banker-Charnes-Cooper (1984) model introduced performance
benchmarking of productive entities based on local technology. In order
to provide an extremely brief review of the model, let us consider a
productive firm which produces a scalar output Y from a bundle of k
inputs x=(x1, x2, …, xk).Let (xi, yi) be the observed input-out bundle of
firm i (i=1, 2, …,n). The technology used by the firm is defined by the
production possibility set- Ps = {(x, y) : y can be produced from x }
An input-output combination (x0, y0) is feasible if and only if (x0, y0) ∈∈∈∈Ps
15. BCC Optmisation Program
We assume the firm to be input minimiser given the level of output(s).The firm’s
optimization exercise can be written as:
Min θ
Subject to: θ x0≥ Xλ , y0 ≤ Yλ, ,eλ=1,λ≥0
If we write the production function as: Y=f(X) → X=f-1(Y). Let X* represent the miniimumIf we write the production function as: Y=f(X) → X=f-1(Y). Let X* represent the miniimum
input corresponding to a given level of output (say Yf ). In the presence of technical
inefficiency X0≤X* where X* represents optimal input. Technical efficiency of the firm is
Optimal input usage / Actual input usage = X* /X0=1/ θ
A characteristic feature of the BCC envelopment model is that the technical efficiency varies
between 0 and 1. This is because the data set which is used to evaluate the observed firm
includes the firm’s data also.
16. DEA Based Comparison of Different Systems
• One of the basic assumptions of the traditional DEA models is that the
underlying production possibility set is convex. The immediate implication of this
is that if two activities (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) belong to Ps then every point on the line
segment joining the aforementioned two activities also belong to Ps.
• However, there are cases where this assumption is not valid. In particular,
problems may arise when the decision making units belong to two different
systems. For example, the activities (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) may be accomplished by
using different kinds of instruments. Consequently, any activity which is basically
an weighted average of the two may not be feasible.
17. Comparison of Efficiency Between Two Systems
• For the purpose of comparison of DMUs corresponding to the two
different systems (say A and B), the inputs are divided in to Xa and Xb and
the outputs in to Ya and Yb. The convexity assumption holds within the
same system but not across systems.
• The DMUs corresponding to the two systems are now evaluated using a
bilateral comparison framework. The distinguishing feature of the
bilateral comparison framework is that when DMUs belonging to a
particular system (say system A) are evaluated, the data set from which
the benchmark is constructed does not include DMUs included in that
system (here system A).
18. The Optimisation Program
The technical efficiency score for any observed DMU
‘a’ (which is a member of system A) is computed
from the following optimization program:
Min θMin θ
∑xjλj ≤ θxa , yjλj ≥ ya
λj ≥ 0, j ϵ B
Then Technical Efficiency θ = ∑ xjλj /xa
Similar procedure may be adopted for any observed
DMU included in system B.
19. Rank Sum Test of Efficiency Scores
• In the present context, we can use the Rank-Sum Test for comparing the
distribution of efficiency scores of the in-sample DMUs pertaining to the two
systems: A and B.The test is based on the ranking of data.
• Let the data pertaining to two groups of observation be represented by A={a1,
a2,…..,ap} and B={b1, b2,……,bq}.Now we form a new sequence C by merging A and
B in which the data are arranged in descending order. C is now ranked from 1 to
R(=p+q). If there is a tie, the mid rank is used for the tied observation. Next, the
A’s rank data are summed. Let the resultant figure be S.A’s rank data are summed. Let the resultant figure be S.
• The statistic S, follows an approximately normal distribution with mean
p(p+q+1)/2 and variance pq(p=q+1)/12 for m,n 10.By normalizing S, we have:
Z=[S- p(p+q+1)/2]/√ pq(p=q+1)/12
• Z has an approximately standard normal distribution. Using Z, we can test the
normal hypothesis that the two groups have same distribution against the
alternative hypothesis at a significance level α. The null hypothesis is rejected if Z
-Z α/2 or Z Z α/2.Here Z α/2 correspond to the upper α/2 percentile of the standard
normal distribution.
20. Selection of Outputs/Inputs
• There are at least three approaches used for defining the outputs/inputs
of the banking industry.
• The production approach [due to Benston (1965) and Bell and Murphy
(1968)] considers indicators like the number of accounts, number of
transactions etc. Most of the researchers following this approach have
taken deposits and loans etc as outputs of the banking industry
produced by inputs like labour and physical capital.
The intermediation approach [ advanced by Benston, Hanweck and• The intermediation approach [ advanced by Benston, Hanweck and
Humphrey (1982) ] focused on net interest margin (difference between
interest earned and interest expended).
• The risk management approach [Huges and Mester (1993, 1994)]
considers risk management and intermediation processing activities as
the prime outputs of commercial banks. On the expense side, deposit
servicing cost, labour cost and fixed capital related over heads constitute
the major expenses on inputs by banks. Some have also taken branches
maintained by commercial banks as one of the inputs.
21. Framework of the Present Study
• The present study takes an eclectic view of the banking industry
and considers two outputs: Business (=Deposits plus Advances)
and Other Income and one input: Operating Expenses of the
commercial banks.commercial banks.
• The data corresponding to the output and input indicators relate
to the five year span: 2006-07 to 2010-11.
• The data relating to the inputs and outputs used in the study have
been collected from the Indian Banks’ Association website.
22. Descriptive Statistics of the Results
Particulars 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
No of Foreign
Banks
16 16 16 16 16
No of Private
Banks
20 20 20 20 20
Mean
Technical
Efficiency (FB)
2.1255 2.0404 1.6497 1.7063 2.1974
Mean
Technical
Efficiency
(PB)
1.1768 1.1679 1.9271 1.3596 1.2800
CV (FB) 67.68 64.25 65.50 81.56 70.45
CV (PB) 46.29 61.56 62.86 51.21 51.10
23. Statistical Inference
Particulars 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Rank Sum
Statistics for
Foreign banks
226 228 327 288 255
Rank Sum
Statistics for
Private banks
440 438 339 378 411
Test Statistics -2.2285 -2.1648 0.9869 -0.2547 -1.30526Test Statistics -2.2285 -2.1648 0.9869 -0.2547 -1.30526
Standard
Normal
Distribution
0.012924 0.0152 0.1618 0.3995 0.095901
Inference
drawn
Null hypothesis
is rejected at a
confidence
level of 2.58%
Null hypothesis
is rejected at a
confidence
level of 3.04%
Null hypothesis
can not be
rejected at 10%
level of
confidence
Null hypothesis
can not be
rejected at 10%
level of
confidence
Null hypothesis
can not be
rejected at 10%
level of
confidence
Performance of
Foreign banks
relative to the
private banks
Foreign banks
out perform
private banks
Foreign banks
out perform
private banks
No definite
conclusion
No definite
conclusion
No definite
conclusion
24. Implications
• While during the first two years of observation (2006-07 and 2007-08)
the banks included in the category ‘Foreign Banks’ outperformed the
banks included in the category ‘Private Sector Banks’, no definite
conclusion could be made for the next three years.
• This is because the gap observed in respect of rank sum has narrowed
down in the latter years (relative to the earlier years). Thus the evidence
is suggestive of a converging trend in terms of performance in respect of
the two groups of banks.