The document summarizes water projects completed in villages in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan between 2005-2008. It also discusses an outbreak of polio in Tajikistan in 2010, likely caused by poor sanitation infrastructure resulting in the oral polio vaccine virus spreading through contaminated water supplies. Over 50% of water pipes in the capital Dushanbe were found to leak and potentially mix with sewage. Efforts to prevent future outbreaks include repairing sanitation systems, providing clean water, maintaining high vaccination rates, and improving hygiene through handwashing education.
This document summarizes efforts to bring clean water to remote villages in Ethiopia. It describes how women and girls in one village, Foro, currently have to walk long distances multiple times a day to collect water from an unsafe river. An organization called WaterAid is working to install clean water systems like sand dams and wells in these villages using a community-focused approach. In one village, Orbesho, residents constructed a road, dug a reservoir, collected stones, and are now digging trenches to lay pipes to access clean water from a nearby river via a motorized pump system.
This document discusses the challenges of sustainable water quality management in rural India. It notes that rural India, which makes up 70% of the population, often lacks interventions to monitor and ensure water quality that are present in major cities. The groundwater that rural India relies on as its main source of drinking water is often contaminated with problems like fluoride, arsenic, iron and salts. Effective water quality management requires redesigning data management systems, upgrading district-level laboratories, and addressing technical, legal and institutional issues. Decentralizing health monitoring at the village level through capacity building is also needed.
3 operation & maintenance costs of rwss in sa presentationIRC
The document summarizes a study on the operation and maintenance costs of rural water supply schemes in South Africa. It finds that the actual annual costs per household were higher in Chris Hani DM (USD 76.91) than in Alfred Nzo DM (USD 33.05) due to Chris Hani having larger infrastructure and a greater number of households served. Engineering cost estimation methods significantly underestimated actual costs compared to activity-based costing. Costs were highly influenced by support, transportation, materials, and repairs. Economies of scale were observed but schemes remained sensitive to infrastructure types.
This document discusses infrastructure planning and management of water resources in India. It summarizes key statistics on water access globally and in rural vs. urban areas. It then discusses various natural and man-made sources of water in India, inter-state water disputes, standards for water quality based on pH, different irrigation systems used in India, and pricing of water for different land uses. In conclusion, it lists several references used in the document.
This document summarizes the Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Trees Rules, 2004 which were notified by the Governor of Andhra Pradesh. Some key points:
1) It establishes various authorities like the State Water Authority, District Authorities, Divisional Authorities and Mandal Authorities to regulate and manage water, land and trees. It outlines the composition and functions of these authorities.
2) It provides rules for registration of existing wells, permission for new wells, conditions for granting permission, regulation of sand mining and tree planting activities.
3) It prescribes various forms related to registration of wells, application for new wells, permission orders, offence reports, compounding of offences etc. It also provides
Aging water infrastructure in the United States poses serious public health risks. Over half of water main breaks between 2001-2002 were found to be associated with waterborne disease outbreaks. Many water pipes in the U.S. are over 100 years old and approaching the ends of their useful lives. This increases the risks of water contamination from leaks and breaks. Case studies show the extensive costs and challenges cities like Los Angeles face in repairing and replacing their aging systems to protect public health and water resources. Strategies proposed to address this national problem include increased investment in assessing infrastructure conditions, strengthening research on rehabilitation methods, and reforming regulatory programs and funding at state and federal levels.
This document is a case study examining accessibility to water supply and waste disposal facilities in Oworonshoki slum area of Lagos, Nigeria. It finds that private individuals provide 64% of daily water while public provision is only 36%. The slum area faces serious problems with sanitation and hygiene due to lack of facilities and open defecation. The study evaluates accessibility and usefulness of water and waste services for improved living standards through surveys and analysis of the local population. Key issues identified include water scarcity, overflowing drains, infrequent waste collection contributing to unhygienic conditions and health risks for residents.
This document summarizes efforts to bring clean water to remote villages in Ethiopia. It describes how women and girls in one village, Foro, currently have to walk long distances multiple times a day to collect water from an unsafe river. An organization called WaterAid is working to install clean water systems like sand dams and wells in these villages using a community-focused approach. In one village, Orbesho, residents constructed a road, dug a reservoir, collected stones, and are now digging trenches to lay pipes to access clean water from a nearby river via a motorized pump system.
This document discusses the challenges of sustainable water quality management in rural India. It notes that rural India, which makes up 70% of the population, often lacks interventions to monitor and ensure water quality that are present in major cities. The groundwater that rural India relies on as its main source of drinking water is often contaminated with problems like fluoride, arsenic, iron and salts. Effective water quality management requires redesigning data management systems, upgrading district-level laboratories, and addressing technical, legal and institutional issues. Decentralizing health monitoring at the village level through capacity building is also needed.
3 operation & maintenance costs of rwss in sa presentationIRC
The document summarizes a study on the operation and maintenance costs of rural water supply schemes in South Africa. It finds that the actual annual costs per household were higher in Chris Hani DM (USD 76.91) than in Alfred Nzo DM (USD 33.05) due to Chris Hani having larger infrastructure and a greater number of households served. Engineering cost estimation methods significantly underestimated actual costs compared to activity-based costing. Costs were highly influenced by support, transportation, materials, and repairs. Economies of scale were observed but schemes remained sensitive to infrastructure types.
This document discusses infrastructure planning and management of water resources in India. It summarizes key statistics on water access globally and in rural vs. urban areas. It then discusses various natural and man-made sources of water in India, inter-state water disputes, standards for water quality based on pH, different irrigation systems used in India, and pricing of water for different land uses. In conclusion, it lists several references used in the document.
This document summarizes the Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Trees Rules, 2004 which were notified by the Governor of Andhra Pradesh. Some key points:
1) It establishes various authorities like the State Water Authority, District Authorities, Divisional Authorities and Mandal Authorities to regulate and manage water, land and trees. It outlines the composition and functions of these authorities.
2) It provides rules for registration of existing wells, permission for new wells, conditions for granting permission, regulation of sand mining and tree planting activities.
3) It prescribes various forms related to registration of wells, application for new wells, permission orders, offence reports, compounding of offences etc. It also provides
Aging water infrastructure in the United States poses serious public health risks. Over half of water main breaks between 2001-2002 were found to be associated with waterborne disease outbreaks. Many water pipes in the U.S. are over 100 years old and approaching the ends of their useful lives. This increases the risks of water contamination from leaks and breaks. Case studies show the extensive costs and challenges cities like Los Angeles face in repairing and replacing their aging systems to protect public health and water resources. Strategies proposed to address this national problem include increased investment in assessing infrastructure conditions, strengthening research on rehabilitation methods, and reforming regulatory programs and funding at state and federal levels.
This document is a case study examining accessibility to water supply and waste disposal facilities in Oworonshoki slum area of Lagos, Nigeria. It finds that private individuals provide 64% of daily water while public provision is only 36%. The slum area faces serious problems with sanitation and hygiene due to lack of facilities and open defecation. The study evaluates accessibility and usefulness of water and waste services for improved living standards through surveys and analysis of the local population. Key issues identified include water scarcity, overflowing drains, infrequent waste collection contributing to unhygienic conditions and health risks for residents.
Water problems in Balochistan, PakistanSaad Farooqi
Water scarcity is a major problem in Balochistan, Pakistan due to low rainfall and overexploitation of groundwater resources. The majority of Balochistan's population lacks access to safe drinking water, and many women walk miles each day to collect water. Overuse of tube wells has led to declining groundwater levels and increased salinity, causing water-borne diseases and difficulties for agriculture. To address this, sustainable water use, construction of dams, reducing tube wells, and conservation efforts are needed along with integrated water resource management and development projects.
Water is Wealth - Solving Baguio City's Water Crisis by Mita Angela M. Dimalanta, Pine Cone Movement, Soroptimist International of Pines City, University of the Philippines, Maryknoll Ecological Sanctuary, Baguio We Want Trees & Water Sector
F H Mughal - SDPI 12th SD Conference - 8 Dec 2009.pptFHMughal2
This document summarizes an assessment of water facilities and access to safe drinking water in Sindh Province, Pakistan. The assessment found that (1) water treatment projects were poorly designed and implemented without considering community needs, (2) treatment technologies were ineffective and failed to provide clean water, and (3) reported coverage rates of water access were inaccurate and overstated. It provides recommendations to improve design, community participation, and monitoring to help ensure residents of Sindh have reliable access to safe drinking water.
The document summarizes a slum rehabilitation project in Pantharapalya, Bangalore. It provides background on slum populations in Bangalore, describing the vulnerable living conditions in Pantharapalya slum. The project rehabilitated the slum residents in-situ, constructing 1088 dwelling units. Basic infrastructure like water, sanitation and roads was also improved. However, issues remain with maintenance and some residents are dissatisfied with construction quality. Overall, the project benefited urban poor by improving living standards, but continued efforts are needed.
This document provides information about a group presentation on February 17th, 2024. It introduces 3 past PhD students from the group and their theses and current positions. It then lists 7 past group members who received their PhD's between 2018-2022. The next section introduces the current group member, Ms. Sweta Waikhom who is expected to receive her PhD in December 2023. The following sections provide information on the group's previous presentation topic, background on India's Jal Jeevan Mission drinking water program, key details about the mission from its objectives to implementation challenges. It concludes with progress and achievements of the mission to date in increasing household tap water connections across India.
This document provides information about past and present members of a water research group. It summarizes recent group activities, including two consulting projects completed in late 2023 and early 2024. It also outlines future research areas the group plans to focus on, such as wastewater treatment technologies, resource recovery, and emerging contaminants. The document concludes by noting the group's publishing milestones to date, including two published research articles and three submitted articles and book chapters.
A presentation for Applied Global Health Epidemiology, December 2014. The assignment was to design a public health intervention strategy assuming an unlimited budget and no resource constraints.
Effect of Bui Hydroelectric Dam on Household Livelihood DiversificationPremier Publishers
Most dams have achieved their main goals for which they were constructed. Its existence has affected livelihood diversification in many ways. A number of studies have been conducted on the effects of dam construction on rural livelihoods. However, studies on the positive and negative effects of dam construction on rural livelihood diversification are inadequately studied. This study will inform policy makers and staff of the Bui Power Authority (BPA) to appreciate the implications of the dam on rural livelihoods and formulate better strategies for alternate livelihoods to the communities. The aim of the study was to investigate the positive and negative effects of Bui Hydro- electric dam construction on the rural livelihood diversification. The research employed key informant using an in-depth interview, involving thirty (30) participants from both farming and fishing communities called Battor Akanyakrom and Dokokyena in the Brong-Ahafo region of Ghana. The results revealed that, the construction of the dam had a short- term positive impact and a long- term negative impact on households on- farm and off- farm/non-farm activities. Understanding the various livelihood diversities, what determines those diverse livelihoods and the effect of the dam construction on the diverse livelihood activities is a precondition for formulating better sustainable livelihood strategies.
This document summarizes a study on a community-based constructed wetlands system for sewage treatment in the village of Chattal, Pakistan. The system was designed to address water scarcity and untreated sewage discharge issues in a sustainable, low-cost manner. An anaerobic baffled reactor and five free water surface flow constructed wetlands were implemented to treat 38400 gallons of sewage per day from 400 households. Water quality analysis found the system significantly reduced COD and BOD levels and a health survey found reductions in diarrhea and hepatitis cases. The hybrid system model was concluded to be a good low-cost sanitation solution for rural communities in developing countries facing similar water and sanitation challenges.
This document summarizes the key issues around water supply and sanitation in India. It notes that a team led by Mr. Ajay Kumar Keshari prepared the report. The main problems are identified as lack of access to water and sanitation in both rural and urban areas, poor water quality due to contamination, low cultural prioritization of hygiene, lack of education on sanitation, and poverty exacerbating all other issues. Coverage of water supply and sanitation remains inadequate in both rural and urban regions of India.
The document discusses rural water and sanitation models in India. It proposes a model where waste generated by rural communities is sent to a biogas treatment plant, producing biogas and fertilizer. The biogas is then converted to electricity, which is distributed to nearby villages. This provides rural areas with sanitation facilities and a renewable power source. Water availability can be an issue in rural areas, so portable generators may be used to pump water from bore wells. The model aims to create a sustainable system where waste is used to generate resources like power and fertilizer for the community.
The document discusses India's water problems and potential solutions. 14% of India's population lacks access to improved water sources. Current solutions like public utilities and packaged water have limitations. Case studies of water projects show some successes and many failures due to lack of democratic accountability, transparency, and social considerations. A sustainable business model needs to address technical, financial, ecological, social, and institutional parameters. The document proposes a BOOT model to supply water in rural areas via locally operated plants with support from a parent company. This could address India's large rural water access and quality problems.
This project developed and implemented a low-cost chlorine-based water chlorination system in rural mountainous regions in the Dominican Republic that lacked access to clean water. The system involved installing an in-line chlorine dispenser connected directly to community water distribution systems to treat large volumes of water and kill bacteria before it reached households. Initial installations were successful with costs under $150 per system. Long-term monitoring and additional installations are planned to expand access to clean water in the remote communities.
Session Governance - Bharal Lal access to ws by empowering communities india ...IRC
The document summarizes India's rural water supply challenges and the strategies adopted by the state of Gujarat to ensure access to safe drinking water in rural areas. Key points:
- Over 720 million rural Indians lack access to improved water sources. Gujarat faced severe water scarcity with over 12,000 villages affected.
- Gujarat implemented major reforms including unbundling agencies, empowering local governments, shifting from groundwater to surface water, and establishing a state-wide water grid for drought-proofing.
- The approach empowered village committees to manage local water resources and supply. WASMO provided funding, capacity building and technical support. Over 12,000 villages now manage their own
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: WATER. It contains: the demand for water, water management, case studies: UK, NIGERIA, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA. Water for agriculture, industrial use, domestic water use, management of water usage in MDEC and LEDC.
The document describes the Iorex water ionization treatment system. It works by producing static electricity through friction between water and carbon electrodes, ionizing water molecules into H+ and OH- ions. These ions prevent corrosion and scaling, and kill bacteria by destroying their cell walls. Testing showed improved water quality after treatment, with variation in physio-chemical parameters and elimination of bacteria. The system aims to provide safe drinking water by removing rust, scale, slime and bacteria through a maintenance-free process of water ionization.
Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation Issues: A Survey of a Semi-Urban Settin...IJRES Journal
An assessment on the drinking water quality from major source (borehole) and household in a semi-urban setting in Nigeria was carried out. Structured questionnaire was administered to randomly selected households in seven zones of the municipality to determine the common method of collection and transportation, storage, and sanitation practices. Water samples collected were subjected to laboratory analyses for physico-chemical and microbial properties. The result of the physico-chemical analysis when compared against the World Health Organization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) drinking water quality benchmark revealed that the water samples were within standards for consumable water except for the presence of feacal contamination. The result revealed that before water can be totally considered safe for drinking, further treatment is required at the household level due to fecal contamination, and water safety concerns are also highlighted. The result translates to the fact that compliance assessment with standards and impact assessment studies in determining the fate of pollutants is necessary at all levels.
Water problems in Balochistan, PakistanSaad Farooqi
Water scarcity is a major problem in Balochistan, Pakistan due to low rainfall and overexploitation of groundwater resources. The majority of Balochistan's population lacks access to safe drinking water, and many women walk miles each day to collect water. Overuse of tube wells has led to declining groundwater levels and increased salinity, causing water-borne diseases and difficulties for agriculture. To address this, sustainable water use, construction of dams, reducing tube wells, and conservation efforts are needed along with integrated water resource management and development projects.
Water is Wealth - Solving Baguio City's Water Crisis by Mita Angela M. Dimalanta, Pine Cone Movement, Soroptimist International of Pines City, University of the Philippines, Maryknoll Ecological Sanctuary, Baguio We Want Trees & Water Sector
F H Mughal - SDPI 12th SD Conference - 8 Dec 2009.pptFHMughal2
This document summarizes an assessment of water facilities and access to safe drinking water in Sindh Province, Pakistan. The assessment found that (1) water treatment projects were poorly designed and implemented without considering community needs, (2) treatment technologies were ineffective and failed to provide clean water, and (3) reported coverage rates of water access were inaccurate and overstated. It provides recommendations to improve design, community participation, and monitoring to help ensure residents of Sindh have reliable access to safe drinking water.
The document summarizes a slum rehabilitation project in Pantharapalya, Bangalore. It provides background on slum populations in Bangalore, describing the vulnerable living conditions in Pantharapalya slum. The project rehabilitated the slum residents in-situ, constructing 1088 dwelling units. Basic infrastructure like water, sanitation and roads was also improved. However, issues remain with maintenance and some residents are dissatisfied with construction quality. Overall, the project benefited urban poor by improving living standards, but continued efforts are needed.
This document provides information about a group presentation on February 17th, 2024. It introduces 3 past PhD students from the group and their theses and current positions. It then lists 7 past group members who received their PhD's between 2018-2022. The next section introduces the current group member, Ms. Sweta Waikhom who is expected to receive her PhD in December 2023. The following sections provide information on the group's previous presentation topic, background on India's Jal Jeevan Mission drinking water program, key details about the mission from its objectives to implementation challenges. It concludes with progress and achievements of the mission to date in increasing household tap water connections across India.
This document provides information about past and present members of a water research group. It summarizes recent group activities, including two consulting projects completed in late 2023 and early 2024. It also outlines future research areas the group plans to focus on, such as wastewater treatment technologies, resource recovery, and emerging contaminants. The document concludes by noting the group's publishing milestones to date, including two published research articles and three submitted articles and book chapters.
A presentation for Applied Global Health Epidemiology, December 2014. The assignment was to design a public health intervention strategy assuming an unlimited budget and no resource constraints.
Effect of Bui Hydroelectric Dam on Household Livelihood DiversificationPremier Publishers
Most dams have achieved their main goals for which they were constructed. Its existence has affected livelihood diversification in many ways. A number of studies have been conducted on the effects of dam construction on rural livelihoods. However, studies on the positive and negative effects of dam construction on rural livelihood diversification are inadequately studied. This study will inform policy makers and staff of the Bui Power Authority (BPA) to appreciate the implications of the dam on rural livelihoods and formulate better strategies for alternate livelihoods to the communities. The aim of the study was to investigate the positive and negative effects of Bui Hydro- electric dam construction on the rural livelihood diversification. The research employed key informant using an in-depth interview, involving thirty (30) participants from both farming and fishing communities called Battor Akanyakrom and Dokokyena in the Brong-Ahafo region of Ghana. The results revealed that, the construction of the dam had a short- term positive impact and a long- term negative impact on households on- farm and off- farm/non-farm activities. Understanding the various livelihood diversities, what determines those diverse livelihoods and the effect of the dam construction on the diverse livelihood activities is a precondition for formulating better sustainable livelihood strategies.
This document summarizes a study on a community-based constructed wetlands system for sewage treatment in the village of Chattal, Pakistan. The system was designed to address water scarcity and untreated sewage discharge issues in a sustainable, low-cost manner. An anaerobic baffled reactor and five free water surface flow constructed wetlands were implemented to treat 38400 gallons of sewage per day from 400 households. Water quality analysis found the system significantly reduced COD and BOD levels and a health survey found reductions in diarrhea and hepatitis cases. The hybrid system model was concluded to be a good low-cost sanitation solution for rural communities in developing countries facing similar water and sanitation challenges.
This document summarizes the key issues around water supply and sanitation in India. It notes that a team led by Mr. Ajay Kumar Keshari prepared the report. The main problems are identified as lack of access to water and sanitation in both rural and urban areas, poor water quality due to contamination, low cultural prioritization of hygiene, lack of education on sanitation, and poverty exacerbating all other issues. Coverage of water supply and sanitation remains inadequate in both rural and urban regions of India.
The document discusses rural water and sanitation models in India. It proposes a model where waste generated by rural communities is sent to a biogas treatment plant, producing biogas and fertilizer. The biogas is then converted to electricity, which is distributed to nearby villages. This provides rural areas with sanitation facilities and a renewable power source. Water availability can be an issue in rural areas, so portable generators may be used to pump water from bore wells. The model aims to create a sustainable system where waste is used to generate resources like power and fertilizer for the community.
The document discusses India's water problems and potential solutions. 14% of India's population lacks access to improved water sources. Current solutions like public utilities and packaged water have limitations. Case studies of water projects show some successes and many failures due to lack of democratic accountability, transparency, and social considerations. A sustainable business model needs to address technical, financial, ecological, social, and institutional parameters. The document proposes a BOOT model to supply water in rural areas via locally operated plants with support from a parent company. This could address India's large rural water access and quality problems.
This project developed and implemented a low-cost chlorine-based water chlorination system in rural mountainous regions in the Dominican Republic that lacked access to clean water. The system involved installing an in-line chlorine dispenser connected directly to community water distribution systems to treat large volumes of water and kill bacteria before it reached households. Initial installations were successful with costs under $150 per system. Long-term monitoring and additional installations are planned to expand access to clean water in the remote communities.
Session Governance - Bharal Lal access to ws by empowering communities india ...IRC
The document summarizes India's rural water supply challenges and the strategies adopted by the state of Gujarat to ensure access to safe drinking water in rural areas. Key points:
- Over 720 million rural Indians lack access to improved water sources. Gujarat faced severe water scarcity with over 12,000 villages affected.
- Gujarat implemented major reforms including unbundling agencies, empowering local governments, shifting from groundwater to surface water, and establishing a state-wide water grid for drought-proofing.
- The approach empowered village committees to manage local water resources and supply. WASMO provided funding, capacity building and technical support. Over 12,000 villages now manage their own
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: WATER. It contains: the demand for water, water management, case studies: UK, NIGERIA, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA. Water for agriculture, industrial use, domestic water use, management of water usage in MDEC and LEDC.
The document describes the Iorex water ionization treatment system. It works by producing static electricity through friction between water and carbon electrodes, ionizing water molecules into H+ and OH- ions. These ions prevent corrosion and scaling, and kill bacteria by destroying their cell walls. Testing showed improved water quality after treatment, with variation in physio-chemical parameters and elimination of bacteria. The system aims to provide safe drinking water by removing rust, scale, slime and bacteria through a maintenance-free process of water ionization.
Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation Issues: A Survey of a Semi-Urban Settin...IJRES Journal
An assessment on the drinking water quality from major source (borehole) and household in a semi-urban setting in Nigeria was carried out. Structured questionnaire was administered to randomly selected households in seven zones of the municipality to determine the common method of collection and transportation, storage, and sanitation practices. Water samples collected were subjected to laboratory analyses for physico-chemical and microbial properties. The result of the physico-chemical analysis when compared against the World Health Organization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) drinking water quality benchmark revealed that the water samples were within standards for consumable water except for the presence of feacal contamination. The result revealed that before water can be totally considered safe for drinking, further treatment is required at the household level due to fecal contamination, and water safety concerns are also highlighted. The result translates to the fact that compliance assessment with standards and impact assessment studies in determining the fate of pollutants is necessary at all levels.
Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation Issues: A Survey of a Semi-Urban Settin...
Rotary_Water_Presentation_100706
1. 1
Central Asia Village Water Supply
Jay Colingham & Nargis Abduvohidova
Dushanbe, Tajikistan
John Capece
LaBelle, Florida
Michal Fidler
Plzen, Czech Republic
Sabina Dzalaeva
Moscow, Russia
Assessment of Completed Water
Projects
&
Polio Outbreak in Dushanbe, Tajikistan
8. 8
Water pipes ruptured after freezing. Village
WUA replaced these pipe sections.
The villagers are allocating money from their
monthly water fees to buy more pipe.
Lines to individual houses were added by
consumers at their own expense.
Some outlets also serve as animal troughs.
Supply is sufficient to meet demand for
drinking, cooking, cleaning, & livestock.
Purzobod Now
9. 9
Purzobod
Tap #2 and Pipe to a
house and former
soviet irrigation
Leaking headwall
at the spring
10. 10
Purzobod Now
One household built their own system, a
completely isolated water tap in their
courtyard coming from the spring.
This household had limited access before
and was cut off when a family diverted a tap
to their home.
Despite some setbacks, the benefit has
proven so great that families are very
satisfied with the water system and WUA.
12. 12
Buvak & Dashti-Miron
65 households in
Dashti-Miron and
30 in Buvak
(800 people)
Completed in 2005
4 water outlets
$5,084 project cost
13. 13
Buvak Now
Original spring failed to deliver sufficient
volume. (Flow decrease after winter freeze.)
The community used the learned skills to
build their own new supply system.
People saved some of their personal money
and bought new pipe (heavier-gauge, larger-
diameter) able to survive the cold.
The WUA failed and is no longer in existence
14. 14
Buvak & Dashti-Miron
The new PVC
water line
where the old
system failed.
This is a private
line that a
couple families
share and
privately
installed.
15. 15
Buvak Now
Vacation homes use the spring water. Some
villagers now use the river instead of taking
action to switch the spring back to the village.
Some say a new spring impoundment has
been built to supply the village.
The WUA disintegrated so it is difficult to
verify the various claims.
The lower Buvak water outlet has
disappeared completely.
14
21. 21
Installation of additional
spring impoundment &
pipeline
Assembled 64
households into a new
Water User Association
Completed in 2006
142 households
(1459 people)
Kosataroshi Bolo
22. 22
Installation of well
31 households
assembled into
Water User
Association
Completed in 2006
40 households served
21
Kosataroshi Poyon
27. 27
Installation of complete system with 7 taps
Water User Association created
Provided for 300 households (4500 people)
2221
Dahana
28. 28
Kyrgyzstan - Bishkek Project
Phase I: Build a regional pipeline & replace an
aged distribution system (2/3 completed)
Phase II: Extend the system to another village
Phase III: Brings water to another valley south
of Bishkek with a new system
This appears to be a government sponsored
project to which Rotary is contributing. Thus,
additional accounting is required.
29. 29
Kyrgyzstan - Bishkek Project
New project needs to be designed to meet
Rotary standards and larger objectives.
Intelligentsia requested Bishkek club host
intern visit, but no action by club to date.
Bishkek Rotarians are over-tasked and
political instability adds to difficulties.
Bishkek club has new leadership. We are
awaiting a response to our inquiries.
30. 30
Future Projects?
The Rotary Club of Almaty is seeking local
villages that are in need of village water
projects and have announced us at their
meeting.
Some areas of rural Kazakhstan are heavily
isolated by mountainous region.
Waiting to hear back from the interim
committee chair on opportunities and levels
of interest.
31. 31
Dr. Abror Gadaev
PhD from University for Civil
Engineering & Architecture
Associate Professor at
Samarkand State Institute of
Architecture & Civil
Engineering
Development of project in
Uzbekistan to build solar-
powered salt hydrolysis
devices for chlorine
disinfection.
32. 32
Florida Interns
Mesmin Eboki, Kotaro
Sugino, Baptiste Dubuc,
Oueal El Euchi, Pierre-Yves
Briens, Jingchao Liang,
Charlotte Cadoret, Ashley
Lavela, Alexandre Pointet,
Dominique Pittioni, Francois
Anno, Yvonnick Bozec, Harsh
Gothwal, Sylvain Foulon,
Christophe Milion
Electro salt
hydrolysis
33. 33
Jay Colingham
Masters of Public Health, Tulane
Univ.
MPH International Health &
Development
Graduating in Fall 2010
BS in Molecular and Cellular Biology
Applying for PhD studies in
Environmental Health for Water &
Sanitation Systems
Rotarian, participating at clubs in
Sammamish, WA & New Orleans, LA
Intern with
Intelligentsia
34. 34
Polio: Basics
Polio is a virus that can only be spread from
human-to-human.
The route of travel is through Fecal-Oral
contamination.
The disease is spread through not washing
hands, ingesting contaminated toilet water,
or any number of sanitation breakdowns.
This is also how the live vaccine in
Tajikistan is spread.
35. 35
Polio: Exposed
10% of those infected with Polio are
affected by the disease.
1% of infected people experience
asymmetrical paralysis.
0.1% (1 in 1000) die from Polio.
Expensive laboratory tests are required to
verify the disease.
“Herd Immunity” stops Polio transmission.
37. 37
Polio Immunization
Herd immunity is when enough people are
immunized that a disease cannot readily
pass between hosts.
80-86% vaccination can provide herd
immuminity, depending on environment
(CDC-P and WHO)
Environmental factors play a large role in
immunity, especially using Oral Polio
Vaccine
38. 38
Polio Outbreak in Tajikistan
Polio was not a concern in Tajikistan in the
last 5 years and was not heavily surveyed by
the CDCP or WHO.
In response to the outbreak, Tajikistan acted
& has now reached herd immunity with 78%
vaccinated (up to 85%).
Over 50% of water pipes in Dushanbe leak
and can potentially come into contact with
with sewage then re-enter water supply
pipes.
40. 40
Impact of Polio
239 cases recorded in Tajikistan in 2010.
More than twice as many as all other
countries combined
359 cases are pending lab results
In the first week of June, there were
56 confirmed cases of Polio
21 of 66 of Tajik provinces are affected
Visit www.PolioEradication.org
41. 41
Under Reporting Polio
Locals claim some relatives paid bribes to
exclude registered deaths (save family
reputations).
Speculation that some cases were
misdiagnosed as non-Polio Acute Flacid
Paralysis and other lesser diseases.
60% of Tajiks live in rural villages and do not
have access to the health care system so
may be missed in statistics.
42. 42
Environment for Disease
Collapse of the USSR has resulted in failing
sanitation and infrastructure
Extreme weather, mudslides, and floods
created huge sanitation problems
(fecal content mixing with drinking water and food)
Herd immunity was lost due to
environmental conditions
Polio spread quickly to unvaccinated
(Nargis was not vaccinated until Florida)
44. 44
Preventing Polio
Repair broken sanitation systems
Build clean water supply systems for places
that do not have them
Maintain high levels of immunization
Isolate waste systems (toilets) better and
halt practice of open defecation
Support hand washing education in schools
(Save the Children program)
45. 45
Why are We Safe?
Mandatory immunization with a less
effective Inactivated Polio Vaccine and
better immunization records
Highly regulated and controlled water
treatment
Waste water management and treatment
Stronger physician ethics and lower stigma
to disabling diseases (and other life issues).
Editor's Notes
The First place we went to monitor this summer was “pierzabod” and “Bu-vak”.
it is visible in 10%, that means 90% are silent carriers!
Only 1-2% experience the most visible symptom and many of the other 8-9% do not get diagnosed with Polio
1 in 1000 DIE from Polio
If a case is not lab confirmed, it is NOT counted.
Use the tables as an example, have one person raise their hand from each table. Show that the odds of any of these people coming in contact with another person raising their hand is: low (if tables are greater than 4 people) or High (if tables consist of 4 or less people)
If in rows, pick 20% to raise their hands and show how unlikely contact is.
Environmental Factors that affect immunity, geographic distance between people, heat and humidity, water systems and defecation practices. Also here, Water source. If you drink toilet water from someone with polio, it is much more likely to be contracted.
WHO and CDC-P stopped surveylance of Polio indicators in Tajikistan almost a decade ago as there was great indication the disease had been ELIMINATED (meaning they still immunized)
point out the HUGE concentration of Polio in Tajikistan. note that 40% of the country (Pamirs) only has (5-10%) of the people.
Wild Virus type-1: Western Africa, Pakistan, and very FEW cases in India, but it came from India by RNA tracing.
More than twice as many cases in Tajikistan than ALL other countries combined this year.
We are doing out job in Endemic Countries but not keeping on top of the conditions in other countries. Water and Sanitation is KEY! Hand washing with clean water, drinking and washing food with clean water, and no open defecation.