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Root structure in monocoat and dicots

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‫و‬ ‫مشاهده‬ ‫مطالعه‬ ‫با‬ ‫دولپه‬ ‫و‬ ‫لپه‬ ‫تک‬ ‫گیاهان‬ ‫در‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫مضاعف‬ ‫آمیزی‬ ‫رنگ‬ ‫از‬ ‫استفاده‬ Observation and study of root structure in monocot and dicot by using double staining University of Isfahan Biological science and technology Department of plant and animal biology Botanical laboratory Farzaneh Forouharfar
‫ریشه‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫یکی‬ ‫از‬ ‫اندام‬ ‫های‬ ‫رویشی‬ ‫گیاه‬ ‫است‬ ‫که‬ ‫معموال‬ ‫زیرزمینی‬ ‫بوده‬ ‫و‬ ‫مسئول‬ ‫استقرار‬ ‫و‬ ‫تثبیت‬ ‫گیاه‬ ‫در‬ ‫خاک‬ ، ‫جذب‬ ‫و‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫آب‬ ‫و‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫کانی‬ ‫و‬ ‫امالح‬ ‫از‬ ‫خاک‬ ‫و‬ ‫هدایت‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ها‬ ‫به‬ ‫درون‬ ‫پیکر‬ ‫گیاه‬ ‫می‬ ‫باشد‬ . ‫آب‬ ‫و‬ ‫امالح‬ ‫جذب‬ ‫شده‬ ‫به‬ ‫ساقه‬ ‫و‬ ‫از‬ ‫آنجا‬ ‫به‬ ‫برگ‬ ‫و‬ ‫دیگر‬ ‫اندام‬ ‫های‬ ‫گیاه‬ ‫هدایت‬ ‫می‬ ‫شوند‬ ‫و‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫آلی‬ ‫ساخته‬ ‫شده‬ ‫در‬ ‫برگ‬ ‫ها‬ ‫نیز‬ ‫از‬ ‫طریق‬ ‫ساقه‬ ‫مجددا‬ ‫به‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫اصلی‬ ‫حمل‬ ‫شده‬ ‫و‬ ‫از‬ ‫آنجا‬ ‫به‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫های‬ ‫فرعی‬ ‫و‬ ‫بافت‬ ‫های‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫در‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫های‬ ‫کوچکتر‬ ‫می‬ ‫رسد‬ . ‫ریشه‬ ‫فاقد‬ ‫کوتیکول‬ ‫و‬ ‫روزنه‬ ‫می‬ ‫باشد‬ . ‫در‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫درونی‬ ‫و‬ ‫تشریحی‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫های‬‫بخش‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫به‬ ‫ترتیب‬ ‫از‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫به‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫دیده‬ ‫شود‬‫می‬ :  ‫اپیدرم‬ ( Epidermis )  ‫پوست‬ ( Cortex )  ‫اندودرم‬ ( Endodermis )  ‫دایره‬ ‫محیطیه‬ ( Pericycle )  ‫استوانه‬ ‫آوندی‬ ( Vascular Cylinder )
‫دولپه‬ ‫و‬ ‫لپه‬ ‫تک‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫مورفولوژی‬ ‫مقایسه‬ ‫یا‬ ‫افشان‬ ‫ای‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫سیستم‬ ‫لپه‬ ‫تک‬ ‫گیاهان‬ ‫در‬ fibrous root ‫ریشه‬ ‫سیستم‬ ‫دولپه‬ ‫گیاهان‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫یا‬ ‫راست‬ ‫ای‬ tap root ‫دارد‬ ‫وجود‬ .
‫اپیدرم‬ ( Epidermis ) ‫در‬ ‫اکثر‬ ‫گیاهان‬ ‫اپیدرم‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫معموال‬ ‫یک‬ ‫ردیفه‬ ‫است‬ ‫و‬ ‫از‬ ‫سلول‬ ‫های‬ ‫طویل‬ ‫شده‬ ‫متراکم‬ ‫با‬ ‫دیواره‬ ‫های‬ ‫نازک‬ ‫ساخته‬ ‫شده‬ ‫و‬ ‫فاقد‬ ‫کوتیکول‬ ‫و‬ ‫روزنه‬ ‫می‬ ‫باشد‬ . ‫برخی‬ ‫از‬ ‫سلول‬ ‫ها‬ ‫کشیده‬ ‫شده‬ ‫و‬ ‫تار‬ ‫کشنده‬ ‫را‬ ‫به‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫می‬ ‫آورند‬ .
‫پوست‬ ( Cortex ) ‫در‬ ‫دو‬ ‫لپه‬ ‫ای‬ ‫ها‬ ‫منطقه‬ ‫پوست‬ ‫گسترده‬ ‫و‬ ‫از‬ ‫سلول‬ ‫های‬ ‫پارانشیمی‬ ‫کروی‬ ‫یا‬ ‫چند‬ ‫ضلعی‬ ‫با‬ ‫فضاهای‬ ‫بین‬ ‫سلولی‬ ‫ساخته‬ ‫شده‬ ‫است‬ . ‫این‬ ‫سلول‬ ‫ها‬ ‫معموال‬ ‫دارای‬ ‫دانه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ذخیره‬ ‫ای‬ ‫نشاسته‬ ‫هستند‬ . ‫در‬ ‫تک‬ ‫لپه‬ ‫ای‬ ‫ها‬ ‫منطقه‬ ‫پوست‬ ‫نسبت‬ ‫به‬ ‫دولپه‬ ‫ای‬ ‫ها‬ ‫وسعت‬ ‫و‬ ‫گستردگی‬ ‫کمتری‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫و‬ ‫از‬ ‫سلول‬ ‫های‬ ‫پارانشیمی‬ ‫با‬ ‫دیواره‬ ‫نازک‬ ‫و‬ ‫فضای‬ ‫بین‬ ‫سلولی‬ ‫ساخته‬ ‫شده‬ ‫است‬ . ‫در‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫های‬ ‫مسن‬ ‫تر‬ ‫مانند‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫ذرت‬ ، ‫چند‬ ‫الیه‬ ‫پوست‬ ‫بالفاصله‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫اپیدرم‬ ‫تشکیل‬ ‫می‬ ‫شود‬ ‫که‬ ‫این‬ ‫الیه‬ ‫به‬ ‫طور‬ ‫متداول‬ ‫دارای‬ ‫سلول‬ ‫های‬ ‫اسکلرانشیمی‬ ‫با‬ ‫دیواره‬ ‫ضخیم‬ ‫می‬ ‫باشد‬ ‫و‬ ‫محافظت‬ ‫از‬ ‫الیه‬ ‫های‬ ‫درونی‬ ‫را‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ه‬ ‫عهده‬ ‫دارد‬ . ‫در‬ ‫سلول‬ ‫های‬ ‫پارانشیمی‬ ‫پوست‬ ‫دانه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ذخیره‬ ‫ای‬ ‫نشاسته‬ ‫به‬ ‫فراوانی‬ ‫دیده‬ ‫می‬ ‫شود‬ . ‫نسبتا‬ ‫پوست‬ ‫با‬ ‫دولپه‬ ‫گیاه‬ ‫عریض‬ ‫نسبتا‬ ‫پوست‬ ‫با‬ ‫لپه‬ ‫تک‬ ‫گیاه‬ ‫کمتر‬
‫اندودرم‬ ( Endodermis ) ‫درونی‬ ‫ترین‬ ‫الیه‬ ‫بخش‬ ‫پوست‬ ‫می‬ ‫باشد‬ ‫که‬ ‫فقط‬ ‫یک‬ ‫الیه‬ ‫بوده‬ ‫و‬ ‫در‬ ‫همه‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫ها‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫دارد‬ . ‫سلول‬ ‫اندودرم‬ ‫با‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫نوار‬ ‫کاسپاری‬ ( Casparian Strip ) ‫برروی‬ ‫دیواره‬ ‫های‬ ‫شعاعی‬ ‫مشخص‬ ‫می‬ ‫شود‬ . ‫این‬ ‫نوار‬ ‫در‬ ‫طی‬ ‫مراحل‬ ‫اولیه‬ ‫شکل‬ ‫گیری‬ ‫سلول‬ ‫اندودرمی‬ ‫به‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫می‬ ‫آید‬ ‫و‬ ‫بعنوان‬ ‫بخشی‬ ‫از‬ ‫دیواره‬ ‫این‬ ‫سلول‬ ‫ها‬ ‫می‬ ‫باشد‬ . ‫به‬ ‫دلیل‬ ‫ضخیم‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫دیواره‬ ‫داخلی‬ ‫این‬ ‫سلول‬ ‫ها‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫سلول‬ ‫های‬ ‫معبر‬ ( Passage cell ) ‫که‬ ‫فاقد‬ ‫نوار‬ ‫کاسپاری‬ ‫هستند‬ ، ‫برای‬ ‫عبور‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫از‬ ‫پوست‬ ‫به‬ ‫درون‬ ‫استوانه‬ ‫آوندی‬ ‫ضروری‬ ‫می‬ ‫باشد‬ .
‫محیطیه‬ ‫دایره‬ ( Pericycle ) ‫الیه‬ ‫سلولی‬ ‫نزدیک‬ ‫به‬ ‫اندودرم‬ ‫به‬ ‫طور‬ ‫معمول‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ه‬ ‫عنوان‬ ‫دایره‬ ‫محیطیه‬ ‫شناخته‬ ‫شده‬ ‫است‬ . ‫در‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫های‬ ‫جوان‬ ‫دایره‬ ‫محیطیه‬ ‫از‬ ‫سلول‬ ‫های‬ ‫پارانشیمی‬ ‫با‬ ‫دیواره‬ ‫نازک‬ ‫ساخته‬ ‫شده‬ ‫است‬ ‫و‬ ‫اولین‬ ‫مرز‬ ‫بیرونی‬ ‫استوانه‬ ‫آوندی‬ ‫اولیه‬ ‫در‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫دولپه‬ ‫ای‬ ‫می‬ ‫باشد‬ . ‫ریشه‬ ‫های‬ ‫فرعی‬ ‫و‬ ،‫جانبی‬ ‫فلوژن‬ ‫و‬ ‫بخشی‬ ‫از‬ ‫کامبیوم‬ ‫آوندی‬ ‫نیز‬ ‫از‬ ‫دایره‬ ‫محیطیه‬ ‫تشکیل‬ ‫می‬ ‫شود‬ . ‫ریشه‬ ‫های‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫دایره‬ ‫محیطیه‬ ‫کمیاب‬ ‫هستند‬ ‫اما‬ ‫گاهی‬ ‫ممکن‬ ‫است‬ ‫در‬ ‫برخی‬ ‫از‬ ‫غالت‬ ‫یا‬ ‫گیاهان‬ ‫خانواده‬ ‫گرمینه‬ ‫و‬ ‫نخل‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫ها‬ ‫فاقد‬ ‫دایره‬ ‫محیطیه‬ ‫باشند‬ .
‫آوندی‬ ‫استوانه‬ ( Vascular Cylinder ) ‫در‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫دولپه‬ ‫ای‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫نخستین‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫آرایش‬ ‫چند‬ ‫بازویی‬ ( Polyarch ) ‫دارد‬ ‫یعنی‬ ‫تعداد‬ ‫گروه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫یلم‬ ‫می‬ ‫توانند‬ Monoarch ‫یا‬ Diarch ‫یا‬ Triarch ‫یا‬ Tetraarch ‫و‬ Pentaarch ‫و‬ ‫یا‬ ‫بیشتر‬ ‫باشد‬ ‫و‬ ‫در‬ ‫بین‬ ‫بازوهای‬ ‫آوند‬ ،‫چوبی‬ ‫آوند‬ ‫آبکش‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫دارد‬ . ‫الیه‬ ‫زاینده‬ ‫کامبیوم‬ ‫آوندی‬ ( Vascular Cambium ) ‫در‬ ‫صورت‬ ‫رشد‬ ‫ثانویه‬ ‫یا‬ ‫قطری‬ ‫در‬ ‫دولپه‬ ‫ای‬ ‫ها‬ ( ‫دولپه‬ ‫ای‬ ‫های‬ ‫چوبی‬ ‫یا‬ ‫علفی‬ ‫چندساله‬ ) ‫کامل‬ ‫شده‬ ‫و‬ ‫به‬ ‫طرف‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫چوب‬ ‫و‬ ‫به‬ ‫سمت‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫بافت‬ ‫آبکش‬ ‫را‬ ‫می‬ ‫سازد‬ ‫و‬ ‫با‬ ‫فعالیت‬ ‫های‬ ‫مجدد‬ ‫آن‬ ‫حلقه‬ ‫های‬ ‫رشد‬ ‫سالیانه‬ ‫شکل‬ ‫می‬ ‫گیرد‬ ‫و‬ ‫چون‬ ‫فعالیت‬ ‫کامبیوم‬ ‫آوندی‬ ‫در‬ ‫زمستان‬ ‫کندتر‬ ‫و‬ ‫گاهی‬ ‫متوقف‬ ‫می‬ ‫شود‬ ‫و‬ ‫هنگام‬ ‫بهار‬ ‫مجددا‬ ‫فعالیت‬ ‫آن‬ ‫آغاز‬ ‫می‬ ،‫شود‬ ‫به‬ ‫همین‬ ‫دلیل‬ ‫آوندهای‬ ‫چوبی‬ ‫بهاره‬ ‫از‬ ‫آوندهای‬ ‫چوبی‬ ‫پائیزه‬ ‫عریض‬ ‫تر‬ ‫بوده‬ ‫و‬ ‫دیواره‬ ‫آنها‬ ‫نازک‬ ‫تر‬ ‫است‬ . ‫سیستم‬ ‫آوندی‬ ‫شامل‬ ‫بافت‬ ‫چوبی‬ ‫متاز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫یلم‬ ( Metaxylem ) ‫پروت‬، ‫و‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫یلم‬ ( Protoxylem ) ‫و‬ ‫بافت‬ ‫آبکش‬ ( Phloem ) ‫می‬ ‫باشد‬ . ‫استوانه‬ ‫آوندی‬ ‫در‬ ‫گیاهان‬ ‫دولپه‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫کمتری‬ ‫نسبت‬ ‫به‬ ‫گیاهان‬ ‫تک‬ ‫لپه‬ ‫دارد‬ .
‫تعداد‬ ‫دستجات‬ ‫آوندی‬ ‫در‬ ‫تک‬ ‫لپه‬ ‫ای‬ ‫ها‬ ‫به‬ ‫مراتب‬ ‫بیشتر‬ ‫از‬ ‫دولپه‬ ‫ای‬ ‫هاست‬ ‫و‬ ‫بافت‬ ‫آوندی‬ ‫از‬ ‫دستجات‬ ‫متناوب‬ ‫چوب‬ ‫و‬ ‫آبکش‬ ‫تشکیل‬ ‫شده‬ ‫است‬ . ‫بافت‬ ‫آبکش‬ ‫به‬ ‫صورت‬ ‫توده‬ ‫هایی‬ ‫در‬ ‫پیرامون‬ ‫استوانه‬ ‫آوندی‬ ‫و‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫دایره‬ ‫محیطیه‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫گرفته‬ ‫و‬ ‫به‬ ‫طور‬ ‫متناوب‬ ‫و‬ ‫مجزا‬ ‫از‬ ‫بافت‬ ‫چوبی‬ ‫می‬ ‫باشد‬ . ‫توجه‬ : ‫در‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫گیاهان‬ ‫تک‬ ‫لپه‬ ‫وبرخی‬ ‫از‬ ‫گیاهان‬ ‫دولپه‬ ‫علفی‬ ، ‫بخش‬ ‫مرکزی‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫را‬ ‫سلول‬ ‫های‬ ‫پارانشیمی‬ ‫مغز‬ ( Pith ) ‫پر‬ ‫کرده‬ ‫اند‬ . ‫در‬ ‫سایر‬ ‫گیاهان‬ ،‫دولپه‬ ‫این‬ ‫بخش‬ ‫به‬ ‫بافت‬ ‫چوبی‬ ‫متمایز‬ ‫می‬ ‫شوند‬ . ‫در‬ ‫ای‬‫ریشه‬ ‫که‬ ‫فقط‬ ‫ساختمان‬ ‫اولیه‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫و‬ ‫رشد‬ ‫قطری‬ ،‫نکرده‬ ‫چوب‬ ‫و‬ ‫آبکش‬ ‫به‬ ‫صورت‬ ‫یک‬ ‫در‬ ‫میان‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫ولی‬ ‫با‬ ‫فعالیت‬ ‫کامبیوم‬ ‫آوندی‬ ‫و‬ ‫تشکیل‬ ‫چوب‬ ‫و‬ ‫آبکش‬ ‫ثانویه‬ ‫به‬ ‫مرور‬ ‫این‬ ‫آرایش‬ ‫به‬ ‫هم‬ ‫میخورد‬ ‫به‬ ‫طوری‬ ‫که‬ ‫در‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫ها‬‫ای‬‫دولپه‬ ‫در‬ ‫سال‬ ‫دوم‬ ‫به‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫آبکش‬ ‫به‬ ‫مرور‬ ‫در‬ ‫باالی‬ ‫آوندهای‬ ‫چوبی‬ ‫و‬ ‫به‬ ‫سمت‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫گیرد‬‫می‬ .
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‫نیاز‬ ‫مورد‬ ‫وسایل‬ ‫و‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫زنبق‬ ‫یا‬ ‫ذرت‬ ‫لپه‬ ‫تک‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫مو‬ ‫دولپه‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫مضاعف‬ ‫آمیزی‬ ‫رنگ‬ ‫های‬ ‫رنگ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ها‬ ‫محلول‬ ‫تیز‬ ‫تیغ‬ ‫مو‬ ‫قلم‬ ‫ساعت‬ ‫شیشه‬ ‫الم‬ ‫المل‬ ‫میکروسکوپ‬
‫کار‬ ‫روش‬ ‫از‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫مو‬ ( ‫دو‬ ‫لپه‬ ) ‫و‬ ‫ذرت‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنبق‬ ( ‫تک‬ ‫لپه‬ ) ‫برش‬ ‫های‬ ‫عرضی‬ ‫نازک‬ ‫و‬ ‫سالمی‬ ‫تهیه‬ ‫برش‬ ‫و‬ ‫مراحل‬ ‫رنگ‬ ‫آمیزی‬ ‫مضاعف‬ ‫را‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫دهید‬ . ‫برش‬ ‫های‬ ‫سالم‬ ‫و‬ ‫نازک‬ ‫را‬ ‫ابتدا‬ ‫حدود‬ 10 ‫الی‬ 15 ‫دقیقه‬ ‫در‬ ‫آب‬ ‫ژاول‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫دهید‬ ‫تا‬ ‫محتویات‬ ‫سلولی‬ ‫هضم‬ ‫شده‬ ‫واز‬ ‫سلول‬ ‫ها‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫گردند‬ ‫در‬ ‫طول‬ ‫این‬ ‫مدت‬ ‫نمونه‬ ‫ها‬ ‫را‬ ‫خوب‬ ‫در‬ ‫آب‬ ‫ژاول‬ ‫تکان‬ ‫داده‬ ‫و‬ ‫غوطه‬ ‫ور‬ ‫کنید‬ . ‫سپس‬ ‫برش‬ ‫ها‬ ‫را‬ ‫توسط‬ ‫آب‬ ‫مقطریا‬ ‫اب‬ ‫شیر‬ ‫بطور‬ ‫کامل‬ ‫شستشو‬ ‫دهید‬ ‫و‬ ‫به‬ ‫مدت‬ 1 ‫دقیقه‬ ‫در‬ ‫استیک‬ ‫اسید‬ 1 ‫درصد‬ ‫جهت‬ ‫از‬ ‫بین‬ ‫رفتن‬ ‫خاصیت‬ ‫قلیایی‬ ‫اب‬ ‫ژاول‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫دهید‬ . ‫پس‬ ‫از‬ ‫شستشوی‬ ‫کامل‬ ‫نمونه‬ ‫ها‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ها‬ ‫را‬ ‫در‬ ‫محلول‬ ‫قرمز‬ ‫گنکو‬ ‫به‬ ‫مدت‬ 5 ‫الی‬ 8 ‫دقیقه‬ ‫جهت‬ ‫رنگپذیری‬ ‫بافت‬ ‫هایی‬ ‫با‬ ‫دیواره‬ ‫اولیه‬ ‫سلولزی‬ ‫و‬ ‫همی‬ ‫سلولزی‬ ‫وپکتیکی‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫دهید‬ ‫پس‬ ‫از‬ ‫شستشوی‬ ‫کامل‬ ‫مقاطع‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ها‬ ‫را‬ ‫در‬ ‫محلول‬ ‫رنگی‬ ‫سبز‬ ‫متیل‬ ‫به‬ ‫مدت‬ 3 ‫الی‬ 5 ‫دقیقه‬ ‫جهت‬ ‫رنگپذیری‬ ‫بافت‬ ‫های‬ ‫چوبی‬ ‫با‬ ‫دیواره‬ ‫لیگنینی‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫دهید‬ ‫سپس‬ ‫نمونه‬ ‫ها‬ ‫را‬ ‫آن‬ ‫قدر‬ ‫بشویید‬ ‫که‬ ‫رنگ‬ ‫سبز‬ ‫از‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ها‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫نشود‬ ، ‫نمونه‬ ‫ها‬ ‫را‬ ‫بصورت‬ ‫ردیفی‬ ‫روی‬ ‫الم‬ ‫مونتاژ‬ ‫کنید‬ ‫المل‬ ‫گذاری‬ ‫کرده‬ ‫و‬ ‫با‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫از‬ ‫میکروسکوپ‬ ‫نوری‬ ‫قسمتهای‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫ریشه‬ ‫تک‬ ‫لپه‬ ‫و‬ ‫دولپه‬ ‫را‬ ‫در‬ ‫بزرگنمایی‬ ‫های‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫مشاهده‬ ‫و‬ ‫در‬ ‫گزارش‬ ‫کار‬ ‫خود‬ ‫رسم‬ ‫و‬ ‫نامگذاری‬ ‫نمایید‬ .

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root system in plants described in pdf..