7 May 2020, the ninth edition of Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean was launched via webinar.

1. Revenue Statistics in Latin America
and the Caribbean 2020
Virtual launch
7 May 2020 - from 17:00 to 18:30 CEST : 11:00 to 12:30 CST
HOUSEKEEPING rules :
• Chat function disabled for security purposes
• Submit questions via Q&A function
• Webinar is being recorded and will be made available in the coming days.
• Join the conversation on social media by using #RevStatsLatAm

2. Grace Perez-Navarro
Deputy Director, OECD
Centre for Tax Policy
and Administration

3. Revenue Statistics in Latin America
and the Caribbean 2020
Virtual launch
7 May 2020

4. • Comprehensive, detailed statistics on tax revenues in 26 Latin
American and Caribbean countries
– 2020 edition provides data on tax revenues from 1990 to 2018
– Thematic chapters on resource revenues and on equivalent fiscal
pressure in the region
• Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean provides a
critical evidence base for policymakers and researchers in the region
• These data are important in understanding the region’s fiscal
resources to address challenges posed by Covid-19
Revenue Statistics in Latin America & the Caribbean

5. Tax-to-GDP ratios in LAC ranged from 12.1% in Guatemala to 42.3%
in Cuba Total tax revenues in LAC countries and OECD, 2018
(Percentage of GDP)
Note Countries are classified into regions following ECLAC’s classification in the Economic Survey of Latin America and
the Caribbean 2018 ( Table I.4)
Source: OECD/UN-ECLAC/CIAT/IDB (2020), Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean
12.1
13.2
14.0
14.6
16.1
16.4
17.6
19.4
20.0
20.6
21.1
21.1
22.3
23.0
23.1
24.0
24.2
25.4
27.4
27.8
28.8
29.2
29.7
33.1
33.1
34.3
42.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Guatemala
Dominican Republic
Paraguay
Panama
Mexico
Peru
Bahamas
Colombia
Saint Lucia
Ecuador
Chile
El Salvador
Honduras
Nicaragua
LAC average
Costa Rica
Trinidad and Tobago
Bolivia
Guyana
Jamaica
Argentina
Uruguay
Belize
Brazil
Barbados
OECD average
Cuba
%
Central America and Mexico South America Caribbean

6. Tax revenues in LAC increased on average in 2018 and
continued their trend toward the OECD average
Total tax revenues in LAC and OECD, 1990-2018
(Percentage of GDP)
Source: OECD/UN-ECLAC/CIAT/IDB (2020), Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
%
Differences (OECD-LAC) in tax-to-GDP ratios (p.p) LAC average OECD average

7. In 2018, large increases were seen in three Caribbean countries,
while decreases were seen in several South American countries
Tax revenue change by country, 2017-18
(percentage points of GDP)
Source: OECD/UN-ECLAC/CIAT/IDB (2020), Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
p.p change

8. However, vulnerabilities in the region’s fiscal capacities
remain…
• The increase in the region’s average tax-to-GDP ratio in 2018 reflects a
slight recovery in the economic environment due to increased trade and
higher commodity prices & recovery from natural disasters in the
Caribbean in 2017.
• However, the outlook beyond 2018 is more vulnerable:
– Economic conditions have been less favourable since 2019, in
particular due to falls in the price of oil and other commodities
– The impact of recent social unrest in the region and of Covid-19 pose
further challenges for fiscal systems
• The structure of tax systems in LAC countries also poses challenges:
– low revenues from key taxes remain a constraint on revenue
generation and a source of vulnerability
– low levels of PIT & SSCs, and high reliance on goods and services
taxes, reduce scope for redistribution

9. LAC countries rely predominantly on goods & services taxes,
with low levels of PIT and SSCs
Tax revenue composition in LAC and OECD, 2017
Source: OECD/UN-ECLAC/CIAT/IDB (2020), Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean

10. Since 2007, CIT revenues in LAC have declined and PIT
revenues have steadily increased
Revenue from CIT and PIT in LAC and
OECD, 2007-18 (% of GDP)
Source: OECD/UN-ECLAC/CIAT/IDB (2020), Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Average statutory CIT rate in LAC (%)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
%
OECD (1100 PIT) LAC (1100 PIT)
LAC (1200 CIT) OECD (1200 CIT)
OECD (PIT) LAC (PIT)
LAC (CIT) OECD (CIT)

11. The health and economic crisis caused by covid-19 poses strong
challenges to fiscal capacity in LAC
• LAC’s tax-to-GDP ratio remains far below that of the OECD –(23.1% and
34.3% respectively).
• Low levels of revenue generation constrain redistribution and spending
on public services (notably health) - raising questions about how
emergency social protection measures will be financed.
• Weaker administrative systems for managing taxes and transfers relative
to those in OECD countries reduce the tools available for the LAC region
to respond to the crisis.
• Looking ahead, it will be necessary to boost the role of tax systems in
balancing the priorities of stimulating inclusive development and repairing
governments’ fiscal positions.

12. Gracias!
www.latameconomy.org/es/revenue-statistics/
www.oecd.org/ctp/revenue-statistics-in-latin-america-
and-the-caribbean-24104736.htm

13. Noel Pérez
Coordinator Fiscal
Affairs Unit, ECLAC

14. SPECIAL FEATURE
Fiscal revenues from non-renewable
natural resources in Latin America and
the Caribbean
Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean 2020
Noel Pérez Benítez - CEPAL
May 7, 2020

15. A rebound in international oil prices bolstered oil and gas
revenues in LAC in 2018, especially those derived from royalties
Fiscal revenues from oil and gas extraction in nine LAC countries, by instrument, 2010-18
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), based on CEPALSTAT (ECLAC, 2020).
Note: Country sample includes Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, and
Trinidad and Tobago. Percentage of GDP data is the simple average of all countries in the sample.
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Millions of USD
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
% of GDP
Incometaxes Other taxes Dividends
Other non-tax revenues Royalties and other participations

16. The impact of higher prices in 2018 on hydrocarbons revenues at
the country level was unequal
Fiscal revenues from oil and gas extraction in nine LAC countries, 2017-18
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), based on CEPALSTAT (ECLAC, 2020).
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Guatemala
Argentina
Peru
Brazil
Colombia
LAC-9
TrinidadandTobago
Mexico
Bolivia(Plur.Stateof)
Ecuador
2018 levels 2018-2017 changes
Percentage of GDP and p.p change

17. CIT mining revenues, which predominate in LAC, continued to
rise in 2018 as favorable price dynamics boosted profitability
Fiscal revenues from mining in 11 LAC countries, by instrument, 2010-18
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), based on CEPALSTAT (ECLAC, 2020).
Note: Country sample includes Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico and Peru. Percentage of GDP data is the simple average of all countries in the sample.
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Millions of USD
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
% of GDP
Incometaxes Other taxes Dividends
Other non-tax revenues Royalties and other participations

18. Higher mining revenues in LAC largely reflected strong increases
in Chile and Peru during 2018
Fiscal revenues from mining in 11 LAC countries, 2017-18
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), based on CEPALSTAT (ECLAC, 2020).
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Guatemala
Jamaica
Argentina
Ecuador
Brazil
DominicanRepublic
Mexico
LAC-11
Colombia
Bolivia(Plur.Stateof)
Peru
Chile
2018 levels 2018-2017 changes
Percentage of GDP and p.p change

19. Fiscal revenues from non-renewable natural resources are
estimated to slide in 2019, with a further decline likely in 2020
Observed and estimated fiscal revenues from hydrocarbons and mining in selected LAC countries, 2010-19
(Percentage of GDP)
0.8
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.4 0.3
5.1
6.0 6.0
5.7
5.3
3.5
2.0 2.0
2.7 2.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
%%
Mining (right axis) Hydrocarbons (left axis)
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), based on CEPALSTAT (ECLAC, 2020).
Note: Mining country sample includes: Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico and Peru. Hydrocarbons country sample includes: Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil,
Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, and Trinidad and Tobago. See report for more information on estimation methodology.

20. Santiago Díaz de Sarralde
Tax Studies and Research
Director, CIAT

21. Estadísticas tributarias en
América Latina y el Caribe
La presión fiscal equivalente
en América Latina y el
Caribe: Ampliando el mapa
de los ingresos fiscales de la
región
Revenue Statistics in Latin
America and the Caribbean
Equivalent Fiscal Pressure in
Latin America and the
Caribbean: Enlarging the
Map of the Region’s Fiscal
Revenue
PFE = IT + CSSpub + CSSpriv + RNnoT
Donde:
IT:Ingresos tributarios gobierno general
excluyendo las contribuciones a la
seguridad social
CSSpub: Contribuciones de la
Seguridad Social (esquemas públicos)
CSSpriv: Contribuciones obligatorias a
los sistemas de seguro social
(esquemas privados)
RNnoT: Ingresos no tributarios
provenientes de la explotación de
recursos naturales.
EFP = TR + SSCpub + SSCpriv + NRnoT
Where:
TR: general government tax revenues
excluding social security contributions
SSCpub: social security contributions
(public systems)
SSCpriv: compulsory social insurance
contributions (private systems)
NRnoT: non-tax revenues derived from
the exploitation of natural resources
Base de datos de recaudación BID-CIAT
IDB-CIAT Revenue Collection database

22. Con la metodología tradicional
la presión fiscal fue del 23.1%
en 2018. Considerando la
metodología de la PFE, los
nuevos recursos aportan 1.9%
del PIB, alcanzando el 25% del
PIB. En períodos de bonanza de
los precios de los minerales,
estos han llegado a contribuir
con 2% del PIB (año 2013)
With the traditional
methodology fiscal pressure
stood at 23.1% of GDP in 2018.
Using the EFP methodology, the
new resources add 1.9% of
GDP, bringing the total to 25%
of GDP. During mineral price
booms, these have managed to
contribute 2% of GDP (2013)

23. La presión fiscal tradicional se
han mantenido relativamente
estables desde 1990 y en 2018
concentraron el 92.3% de la
PFE (con los recursos
tributarios en torno al 75%). La
participación de CSS privadas
ha crecido y hoy representa el
3.8%. Los ingresos no
tributarios por recursos
naturales se han caracterizado
por una participación volátil.
Traditional fiscal pressure has
remained relatively stable since
1990. In 2018, they accounted
for 92.3% of EFP’ (tax
resources around 75%). The
share of private SSCs has
increased and today accounts
for 3.8% of LAC’s EFP. The
share of non-tax revenues from
natural resources has been
volatile.

24. A nivel individual de países, los
rangos entre niveles máximos y
mínimos de la PFE entre países
son muy significativos. Cuba
presenta la mayor carga fiscal
de la región (42.3% del PIB) y
Guatemala la menor (12.1%)
At the individual country level,
the ranges between maximum
and minimum levels of EFP
among countries are very
significant.Cuba has the highest
tax burden in the region (42.3%
of GDP in 2017), and
Guatemala has the lowest
(12.1%)

25. En cuanto a la estructura
tributaria, en regímenes
privados, Chile lidera la
recaudación regional con 4.7%
del PIB, siendo importantes en
Uruguay (3.8%), El Salvador
(3.5%) y la República Dominicana
(2.8%). En cuanto a los ingresos
no tributarios por recursos
naturales, los que más
recaudaron en 2018 fueron
Bolivia (4.5%), México (4.2%) y
Trinidad y Tobago (3.4% del PIB)
Regarding the tax structure, in
private systems, Chile leads the
region in revenue with 4.7% of
GDP; also important are Uruguay
(3.8%), El Salvador (3.5%) and
the Dominican Republic (2.8%).
As regards non-tax revenues
from natural resources, the
countries that generated the
most in 2018 were Bolivia
(4.5%), Mexico (4.2%), and
Trinidad and Tobago (3.4% of
GDP)

26. Comparativo (ratio) con OCDE de
la PFE de ALC, con y sin recursos
naturales, 1990-2017
Porcentaje de la recaudación
promedio de OCDE-34
En 1990 la PFE de ALC
representaba el 51.3% de la
OCDE, en el año 2000 el 57.4% y
en 2017 el 67.8%. Desde 2010
las diferencias en la PFE se han
mantenido relativamente
estables.
Comparison (ratio) of LAC’s EFP
with the OECD, with and without
natural resources, 1990-2017
Percentage of OECD-34 average
LAC’s EFP stood at 51.3% of the
OECD in 1990, at 57.4% in 2000,
and at 67.8% in 2017. Since
2010, the differences in EFP
have been relatively stable

27. Estadísticas tributarias en
América Latina y el Caribe
La presión fiscal equivalente
en América Latina y el
Caribe: Ampliando el mapa
de los ingresos fiscales de la
región
Revenue Statistics in Latin
America and the Caribbean
Equivalent Fiscal Pressure in
Latin America and the
Caribbean: Enlarging the
Map of the Region’s Fiscal
Revenue
Base de datos de recaudación BID-CIAT
IDB-CIAT Revenue Collection database
Muchas gracias a todos los
consultores y colaboradores que
han hecho posible esta base de
datos, en especial a Dalmiro
Morán y Agnes Rojas
Thank you very much to all the
consultants and collaborators that
made this database possible,
especially to Dalmiro Morán y
Agnes Rojas
Santiago Díaz de Sarralde. CIAT
Alberto Barreix. BID/IADB

28. José Roberto Afonso
Instituto Brasiliense de
Direito Público

29. Especialista em finanças públicas
www.joserobertoafonso.com.br /ZeRobertoAfonsozeroberto@joserobertoafonso.com.br
Brazil: Tax & Reform
José Roberto Afonso
CEPAL, OECD, CIAT
Santiago, Chile, May 7/2020

30. Brazilian Debate: Current Proposals
Proposta PEC 110/2019 PEC 45/2019 Proposta RFB/Cintra
Emenda Substitutiva nº2 à
PEC 45/19
Proposta Instituto Brasil 200
Tributos extintos
1) IPI, IOF, CSLL, PIS/Pasep,
Cofins, Salário-Educação, Cide-
Combustíveis, ICMS e ISS; 2)
CSLL
IPI, PIS/Pasep, Cofins, ICMS e
ISS
1) IPI, CSLL, PIS/Pasep; Cofins
e Contrib. Previdenciárias
IPI, IOF, Cofins, CSLL, Contr.
Previdenciárias (exceto
individuais), Sistema S, Salário-
Educação e Cide-Combustíveis
90 tributos (não
especificados)
Tributos criados
1) IBS (IVA) e Imposto
Seletivo; 2) IRPJ incorpora a
CSLL
IBS (IVA) e Imposto Seletivo
"Imposto sobre Pagamentos"
(IP)
IUF (Transações Financeiras)
Imposto sobre Movimentação
Financeira (IMF)
Competência
1) IBS = Associação de Estados
e IS = União; 2) IRPJ = União
IBS = Comitê Gestor (União,
Estados e Municípios) e IS =
União
IP = União IUF = União IMF = União
Alíquotas
Alíquotas calculadas com base
na arrecadação e distribuição
de receitas de 2015
A ser calculada nos dois anos
iniciais da fase de transição
(alíquota de referência)
Estimada em 1,2% no débito e
no crédito (2,4%, no total)
1,611 % no débito e no
crédito
Estimada em 2,5% no débito e
no crédito (5%, no total)
Transição 15 anos
10 anos na substituição dos
tributos / 50 anos na
distribuição de receitas
dentro da federação
Imediata, com ajuste de
alíquota após 12 meses
Desconhecida Desconhecida

31. WHAT'S
SIMILAR?
Unification of taxes
• Supression of Taxes:
IPI, PIS, COFINS, ICMS e
ISS
Creating a VAT
• Broad base (merchandise x service)
• Full use of tax credits
• Not including other taxes in VAT
base
• Taxation at destination
Create Excise taxes
Restriction on the
granting of tax
benefits
Taxation at destination Smooth Transition

32. 32
Tax Burden Composition by Tax Base
Source: Self elaboration

33. Evolution of Gross Tax Burden % of GDP- 2000/2020p
Source: Self elaboration
Brazil: after/during the pandemic

34. Brazil: after/during the pandemic

35. Conclusions: World
 Goods and services will lose space for
assignment of rights and broad automation
 Employment: brutal and structural
unemployment (new jobs)
 Income: little or no autonomous national
space to tax corporations' profit
 New taxes: “robot” tax is incipient and
secondary debate
 Legal structure: flexibility is necessary to deal
with uncertainty and redefine taxes and their
application
Total uncertainty about new
taxes and systems ....
It is only certain that the future
will be very different from the
present.

36. Conclusions: Brazil
 Brazillian tax system was created in 1965; there
were several projects and reform attempts, but
there were no significant changes.
 Current reform projects have an emphasis on the
creation of a VAT and the reform of indirect
taxation, which is precisely the one hardest hit by
the recession.
 COVID will accelerate the digitization of all
economies, especially in relation to services, and
will cause the regional redistribution of production.
Brazilian experts are already discussing these
aspects (see book “Taxation 4.0”)

37. José Roberto Afonso is an economist and accountant,
doctor in economics from UNICAMP and master from UFRJ,
postdoctoral fellow at ISCSP Lisbon,
IDP professor and independent consultant.
Celso Correia Neto, José Evande Araujo e Hadassah Santana
have collaborated in the analyzes.
More works, own and third parties, on the portal:
www.joserobertoafonso.com.br
37
www.joserobertoafonso.com.br /ZeRobertoAfonsozeroberto@joserobertoafonso.com.br