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This study investigated the role of thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRα) in regulating the hemoglobin transition during metamorphosis in Xenopus tropicalis. TRα is expressed in larval red blood cells and delays metamorphosis until thyroid hormone (T3) is present. The hypothesis was that TRα is required for the hemoglobin transition from larval to adult. However, results found that in TRα knockout animals, the larval hemoglobin decrease and adult hemoglobin increase still occurred, just at different timings than in wild type animals. This suggests TRα is involved but not solely required, and that thyroid hormone receptor beta may partially compensate in TRα knockout animals. Future studies will look more at the development
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nihms557954
1) The study investigated the role of the LAT-PLCγ1 interaction in γδ T cell development and homeostasis by crossing LATY136F mice, which lack this interaction, with TCRβ−/− mice.
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This document reports on a study examining the effects of somatostatin (SST) on human B lymphoblasts. The key findings are:
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2) cdc73 encodes a subunit of the PAF elongation complex. Knockdown of other PAF subunits also rescued tif1g mutants, indicating TIF1g antagonizes the PAF complex.
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HLA testing involves analyzing proteins expressed on cell surfaces that regulate the immune system. These HLA proteins are encoded by genes inherited from each parent. HLA sharing between the parents helps establish a successful pregnancy by causing the mother's immune system to produce protective cytokines that support fetal development. Some HLA alleles have been associated with recurrent miscarriages, and less sharing of these alleles between partners can increase the risk of pregnancy loss.
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Bright is a transcription factor required for both hematopoietic stem cell development and B cell lineage development. Mice lacking Bright die by mid-gestation due to failed hematopoiesis. Rare Bright-deficient mice that survive have deficits in hematopoietic stem cells and impaired B cell development and function, including reduced natural antibody and IgG1 class switching responses. Bright is thus necessary for both the formation of hematopoietic stem cells and their differentiation into specific blood lineages such as B cells.
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Th9 cells are a subset of CD4+ T helper cells that secrete interleukin-9 (IL-9) as their signature cytokine. They develop in response to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) signals, which activate transcription factors that regulate IL-9 production. These include PU.1 induced by TGF-β and STAT6, IRF4, and GATA3 induced by IL-4. Th9 cells play roles in autoimmune diseases, allergy, and parasite expulsion by promoting inflammation through IL-9 stimulation of mast cell growth. However, their pathogenic mechanisms are still being defined, and blocking IL-9 is being explored as a potential
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Signal Transducer & Activator of Transcription (STAT)-3 plays an important role in psoriasis. STAT3 is activated in epidermal keratinocytes in human psoriatic lesions and links activated keratinocytes to immune cells required for the development of psoriasis. Transgenic mice with keratinocytes expressing a constitutively active form of STAT3 (K5.Stat3C mice) develop a skin phenotype resembling psoriasis when exposed to wounding. The development of psoriatic lesions in these mice requires cooperation between STAT3 activation in keratinocytes and activated T cells. Targeting STAT3 may be a potential therapeutic approach for treating psoriasis.
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Regulation and Trafficking of Three Distinct 18 S Ribosomal RNAs During Development of the Malaria Parasite
The human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax expresses three distinct types of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) during its development: type A, type O, and type S. Type A rRNA is predominantly expressed in blood stages in the human host and mosquito blood meal. Shortly after fertilization in the mosquito midgut, type O rRNA expression begins and continues through oocyst development. As oocysts mature, type S rRNA expression increases and these transcripts are selectively included in sporozoites that migrate to the mosquito salivary glands, while type O
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1. The document discusses various mechanisms of sex determination, including chromosomal and environmental mechanisms. It covers examples like XX/XY system in humans and Drosophila.
2. Sex linkage and inheritance of sex-linked traits are described. Examples given include color blindness and hemophilia in humans.
3. The concepts of multiple alleles, pseudoalleles, and isoalleles are introduced. Examples of multiple alleles systems include ABO blood groups in humans and fur color in rabbits.
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2. By tracing the "cell lineage" of Ptf1a-expressing cells, scientists hope to learn more about maintaining or restoring the function of beta cells.
3. The document also references insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, beta cells, proinsulin, and using human embryonic stem cells to generate pancreatic beta-like cells.
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The transcription factor HLH-2, which is the C. elegans ortholog of Drosophila Daughterless and vertebrate E proteins, regulates anchor cell (AC) invasion across the basement membrane in C. elegans. Reducing HLH-2 function through RNAi or a hypomorphic allele causes defects in AC invasion. HLH-2 transcriptionally regulates the expression of three genes - the protocadherin cdh-3 and the extracellular matrix proteins mig-6 and him-4. Reduction of HLH-2 function also decreases F-actin polarization to the invasive cell membrane, a process required for AC invasion. HLH-2 therefore functions as a regulator of the invasive phenotype in AC cells
4785
This document summarizes a research article published in The Journal of Immunology in 2008. The study found that:
1) FOXP3, a transcription factor important for regulatory T cells, interacts with the nuclear receptor RORα.
2) Full-length FOXP3, but not a shorter isoform lacking exon 2, is able to inhibit RORα's ability to activate transcription.
3) Mutation of an LxxLL motif in exon 2 abolished FOXP3's interaction with and repression of RORα. Expression of RORα leads to expression of Th17 cell-related genes, which full-length FOXP3, but not the shorter isoform, was able to inhibit
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George Snell and Jean Dausset were awarded the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the HLA system and its role in organ and histocompatibility. The HLA system refers to human leukocyte antigens, which are proteins found on most cells that help the immune system distinguish the body's own cells from foreign cells. HLA genes are highly polymorphic and play a crucial role in matching donors and recipients in organ transplantation to minimize immune rejection. A closer match between a donor's and recipient's HLA types results in better outcomes after transplantation.
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Continuous engagement of self specific activation receptor induces nk tolerance
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Running water and streams are formed from net precipitation. Streams are classified as perennial or intermittent depending on continuous flow. A river is a large natural channel that flows into another body of water. Streams have sources, mouths, confluences and basins. Rivers originate based on factors like water availability and slope. They evolve through youthful, mature and old stages. Rivers erode the land through processes like hydraulic action and transport sediment in solution, suspension, saltation and traction. This forms erosional landforms like valleys, gorges, waterfalls and meanders as well as depositional landforms like floodplains, deltas and alluvial fans.
COST CONTROL INITIATIVES
The presentation outlined various approaches for managing costs at an insurance company. It discussed managing litigation costs, trailing costs per loss assessor, repair and maintenance expenses, employee costs, regulatory commission rates, marketing costs, transport/travel costs, and receivables. Specific strategies were provided, including prioritizing claims to avoid costly legal battles, monitoring assessor performance, ensuring proper capital vs operating expenditure classification, staff cost restructuring, and measures to limit credit sales and quickly collect on outstanding premiums to improve the company's solvency ratios. The goal of the cost management approaches was to improve the company's profitability and ability to pay dividends to shareholders.
20161211 주일예배, 습03장01 20절, 천하만민 중에 영광을 얻으리라 -...
20161211 주일예배, 습03장01 20절, 천하만민 중에 영광을 얻으리라 -...Myoung-Ryun Mission Presbyterian Church
주일예배Javascript i wydajność - czy to się spina?
Prezentacja o najprostszych sposobach optymalizacji kodu pisanego w JS'ie, który ma działać z jak największą wydajnością.
Checkups and tests you need now to make life better
Getting a checkup is a way of making sure everything is OK. Some people see their doctor every year for a physical. But there's some debate about whether an annual exam is helpful or needed. How often you should have a checkup depends on many things, including your age, general health, and whether you have risk factors for certain problems. At a routine checkup, your doctor will ask you questions about your health and lifestyle. She'll listen to your heart and lungs. She'll also likely measure your weight and vital signs like blood pressure and temperature.
Al kawthar pure drinking water Dubai (ANANDHU )
This document provides information about Al Kawthar Pure Drinking Water company in the United Arab Emirates. It discusses the company's distribution areas including Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, and Ras Al Khaimah. It emphasizes the company's commitment to quality by describing its automated bottling process and quality control measures. The document also lists some of the company's major customers in different Emirates and provides details about its product offerings, including 200ml, 125ml, and 5 gallon bottled water sizes.
Estudiante
Este documento presenta Screengrab, un complemento para Firefox que permite realizar capturas de pantalla de páginas web de diferentes formas: capturando la pantalla completa, una sección seleccionada o el área visible. Explica que al hacer clic en el botón aparecerá una flecha indicando que se está guardando la captura y luego se pedirá el destino de la imagen. Además permite editar las capturas tomadas con opciones como rotación, cambio de brillo y tono, entre otras.
Motivational Interviewing (MI) Club - The 4 MI Processes
Engaging, Focusing, Evoking and Planning in Motivational Interviewing - A structure with which we can help people to consider change - www.miinlondon.org
Conociendo el capital
El documento resume las ideas principales de los fisiócratas, una escuela de pensamiento económico francesa del siglo XVIII. Los fisiócratas creían que solo la agricultura generaba riqueza y que el Estado no debía intervenir en la economía, sino dejar que operaran las leyes naturales. Veían a la economía como un sistema interconectado y desarrollaron herramientas como el Cuadro Económico para representar los flujos entre las clases sociales.
Aprendizaje en tiempos de mooc’s
Este documento habla sobre los MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses) o cursos masivos en línea abiertos. Explica que los MOOC son cursos en línea dirigidos a un gran número de participantes a través de Internet según el principio de educación abierta y masiva. También resume brevemente la historia de los MOOC, sus características principales y algunas de las plataformas más populares que ofrecen este tipo de cursos en la actualidad.
certs
Benjamin Doyle successfully completed an American Red Cross lifeguarding, first aid, CPR, and AED course on May 20, 2015. The certificate is valid for 2 years and was conducted by instructor Chelsea Nichole Layman. The certificate can be verified by scanning the code or visiting a website.
How To Contruct Journal or Technical Papers
The document provides guidance on how to write and structure a technical paper for publication. It discusses determining readiness to publish, choosing the appropriate publication type (e.g. conference paper, full article, review paper), selecting a target journal, following the journal's author guidelines, and using proper scientific language. The document then outlines the key sections of a research paper, including the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. It emphasizes constructing each section clearly and concisely to effectively communicate the research.
Валдорфската педагогика - 2 и 3 възрастов период
Тази презентация има за цел да онагледи важните акценти при 2 и 3 период от живота на човек. А именно от 7 до 14 г. о от 14 до 21 г.
Tps1200 user es
Asistente para tareas comunes como estacionamiento,
topografía, nivelación, etc.
Ampliada Incluye funcionalidades adicionales como:
- Cálculos de coordenadas
- Gestión de proyectos
- Gestión de redes
- Gestión de datos GNSS
- Gestión de datos de nivelación
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- Generación de informes
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Tara Elizabeth Buchanan - Successful Teacher
Tara Elizabeth Buchanan is a student at Wake Technical Community College pursuing an AAS degree with expected graduation dates of May for a diploma and December for an associates degree. She is also obtaining a certificate in infants, toddlers, and twos in May and works as a teacher at Paulettes Learning Center. She previously attended Garner Senior High School.
Matlab Overviiew 2
This document provides an introduction and overview of key concepts for working with numeric, cell, and structure arrays in MATLAB for geoscientists. It discusses how to create vectors and matrices, perform element-by-element operations on arrays, do matrix multiplication and division, and work with special matrices like identity and zero matrices. It also covers generating regularly spaced vectors using colon notation, appending vectors, and creating logarithmically spaced arrays with logspace. Polynomial operations like multiplication, division, finding roots and coefficients are also summarized.
certs
Benjamin Doyle successfully completed an American Red Cross lifeguarding, first aid, CPR, and AED course on May 20, 2015. The certificate is valid for 2 years and was conducted by instructor Chelsea Nichole Layman. The certificate ID is GRQMTL and can be verified by scanning the code or visiting a website.
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20161211 주일예배, 습03장01 20절, 천하만민 중에 영광을 얻으리라 -...
20161211 주일예배, 습03장01 20절, 천하만민 중에 영광을 얻으리라 -...
Checkups and tests you need now to make life better
Checkups and tests you need now to make life better
Motivational Interviewing (MI) Club - The 4 MI Processes
Motivational Interviewing (MI) Club - The 4 MI Processes
Similar to REU poster print
Thyroid profile copy
The thyroid gland secretes the hormones T3 and T4, which are derived from tyrosine and necessary for proper functioning of cells and biological processes. Thyroid hormones increase the basal metabolic rate, promote growth and development, and stimulate RNA and protein synthesis. T4 and T3 are transported bound to thyroxine binding globulin in the blood, with the free forms being biologically active. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis feedback controls TSH secretion and thyroid hormone levels. Laboratory tests can measure thyroid hormones, TSH, antibodies, and imaging can identify thyroid abnormalities.
Tsh resistance
Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is an inherited condition characterized by reduced sensitivity of tissues to thyroid hormone (TH). Individuals with RTH have high levels of TH (T4 and T3) but normal or slightly elevated TSH levels. The condition is usually caused by mutations in the TH receptor beta gene. Affected individuals are often clinically euthyroid due to compensatory increased TH production. The diagnosis of RTH requires high T4, normal or high TSH, and confirmation of reduced tissue response to supra-physiologic TH doses. Most patients do not require treatment as the reduced sensitivity is adequately compensated by increased TH levels.
Thyroid & Antithyroid Drugs clinical.ppt
The document summarizes thyroid physiology and the biosynthesis and metabolism of thyroid hormones. It discusses how iodide is transported into thyroid cells and incorporated into thyroglobulin to form T3 and T4. It also describes the regulation of thyroid hormones through feedback between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and thyroid gland. Common tests used to evaluate thyroid function are also mentioned.
Akhtar et al. Stem Cell Reports (2015)
The researchers engineered a genetic toolset called pB-Tet-GOI for flexible control of transgene expression in stem and progenitor-derived cell lineages. The system incorporates the latest tetracycline transactivator and reverse transactivator variants to provide regulated transgene expression upon addition or removal of doxycycline. It allows for doxycycline-induced, doxycycline-suppressed, doxycycline-resistant (constitutive), and doxycycline-induced/constitutive regulation of transgenes. Initial tests showed the system provides inducible transgene expression with minimal leakiness and can be used to bidirectionally express reporters and genes of interest to direct cell differentiation.
Faseb tsh imunologia
This document discusses a novel hypothesis that the immune system plays an active role in regulating basal metabolism through production of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Specifically:
- A subset of immune cells in the bone marrow and thyroid produce a splice variant of TSH that differs from the pituitary-produced form.
- This immune-derived TSH splice variant lacks a portion of the gene but retains functionality.
- Production of the TSH variant increases in the thyroid during viral infections, suggesting a role in metabolic response to infection.
- The hypothesis proposes the immune system participates in metabolic regulation through local TSH production, especially during infections, and that dysregulation may contribute to chronic inflammatory diseases.
Hypothyroidism and Menstruation, Repeated miscarriage, Infertility, ART
This document discusses the relationship between hypothyroidism and female fertility issues. It covers how clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism can cause menstrual disturbances, infertility, and repeated miscarriage by disrupting the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and estrogen metabolism. Screening for thyroid disorders is recommended for women with endometriosis, ovarian dysfunction, or repeated miscarriage. Treatment of hypothyroidism with levothyroxine can help regulate the menstrual cycle and increase fertility rates by normalizing hormone levels. The document also examines how controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for ART procedures can further strain the thyroid system and requires adjusting levothyroxine dosages.
Serum copper as a novel biomarker for resistance to thyroid hormone
This study investigated serum copper as a potential biomarker for resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH). Experiments in mouse models found that thyroid hormone (TH) increases hepatic copper export and renal retention by inducing expression of copper transport proteins. TH treatment also increased serum levels of the copper-transporting protein ceruloplasmin. Further, patients with RTHβ were found to have significantly reduced serum copper concentrations compared to controls. The results suggest that the serum copper or the selenium/copper ratio could serve as a novel biomarker to aid in the diagnosis of RTH.
thyroid2
The document discusses thyroid disease and its implications for dental care. It begins with background on the thyroid gland and thyroid diseases. It then reviews the literature on thyroid disease and dental care, finding few articles that specifically address the topic. The conclusions state that dental professionals should screen for undiagnosed thyroid disease and understand how thyroid conditions can impact dental treatment. Modifications to dental care may be needed for patients with thyroid disease.
Thyroid hormone effect and mechanism of action
Thyroid hormones act by binding to thyroid hormone receptors in the nucleus. T3 has a higher binding affinity than T4. The hormone-receptor complex then regulates gene expression. Thyroid hormones increase metabolism, heart rate, and have widespread effects on growth, development, and multiple organ systems. They are essential for normal neurological development and function.
4 u1.0-b978-1-4160-4224-2..50050-8..docpdf
This document discusses thyroid physiology during pregnancy. It notes that pregnancy causes profound alterations in thyroid function due to hormonal changes and the fetus's dependence on maternal iodine and thyroid hormones. Specifically, estrogen levels increase TBG during pregnancy, resulting in lower free thyroid hormone levels and increased TSH stimulation. Iodine requirements also increase in pregnancy due to renal clearance and diversion to the fetus, making iodine deficiency a particular risk. Proper prenatal care requires understanding how thyroid function changes during pregnancy and common thyroid disorders that can affect women and fetal development.
Cloning of the c dna for thyroid stimulating hormone subunit and changes in a...
1) The researchers cloned the cDNA for the thyroid stimulating hormone beta subunit (TSHβ) of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) and investigated changes in the pituitary-thyroid axis during silvering.
2) They found the TSHβ gene contains two introns and three exons, and the protein has a signal peptide and mature peptide. The TSHβ sequence is highly similar to other fish species.
3) In vitro, thyrotropin-releasing hormone increased while thyroxine decreased TSHβ mRNA expression in cultured pituitaries. TSHβ mRNA and serum thyroxine levels both increased during silvering in wild female eels, supporting the
Hypothyroidism pathology presentation2
The document discusses hypo and hyperthyroidism. It defines the thyroid gland and its role in regulating metabolism, growth, and other physiological functions through production of thyroid hormones T4 and T3. Hypothyroidism is caused by deficiency of these hormones and can be treated effectively with levothyroxine supplementation. The treatment section provides dosing guidelines for levothyroxine based on patient age and cardiovascular risk, and discusses alternatives including liothyronine and combination T4/T3 therapies.
Thyroid hormones
The thyroid gland secretes three hormones: T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 regulate metabolism, while calcitonin regulates calcium levels. The thyroid is located in the neck below the Adam's apple. T3 and T4 are synthesized from tyrosine and stored bound to thyroglobulin. They are regulated by TSH from the pituitary and feedback to decrease TSH secretion. The main actions of thyroid hormones are to increase growth, metabolism, and heart rate. Hypothyroidism is treated with thyroxine replacement therapy.
T regulatory cell
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in maintaining immune tolerance and suppressing excessive immune responses. Tregs can develop naturally in the thymus or be induced in the periphery. They express the transcription factor FoxP3 and surface markers CD4 and CD25. Tregs suppress the activation and functions of other immune cells and help prevent autoimmunity, control infections, allow transplantation tolerance, and support fetal-maternal tolerance in pregnancy. Dysregulation of Tregs has been linked to immunological diseases. Therapeutic use of Tregs may help treat diseases driven by excessive immune responses like autoimmunity.
Thyroid hormones parameters of patients with thyroid disorders attending spe...
Thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxin (T4), affect almost all metabolic activities of tissues and are produced under influence of the interior pituitary hormone, the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates secretion of thyroid releasing hormone (TRH). The present study was conducted to observe the effect of non-detectable levels of TSH on thyroid hormones, on the basis of gender and age. A total of 88 patients (50 patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism and 33 healthy people as control) attending special out-patient clinic were involved in the study. Serums T3, T4 and TSH were measured using the commercially available kits (Abbot Laboratories) through Enzyme Immune Assay (EIA) technique (Roche Diagnostics GmbH). Analysis of data using SPSS software version 15.0 revealed that prevalence of thyroid disorders in the studied group was more among female population. However, the disorders were not age dependent. Most common conditions associated with sub-clinical hyperthyroidism. As males are equally exposed to these environmental factors, hence further investigations are required to know why these factors affect females more than the males. In our opinion, TSH and FT4 are the most valuable indicators in assessing thyroid function in a healthy population and TSH and TT4 are the most meaningful in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
1
T-lymphocyte cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. They migrate to the thymus for maturation and differentiation. In the thymus, they progress through distinct developmental stages defined by changing cell surface marker expression. This includes double negative (DN) stages where T-cell receptor gene rearrangement occurs. Positively selected cells further differentiate into double positive (DP) cells and undergo negative selection to eliminate self-reactive cells. Mature naive T-cells exit the thymus to participate in immune responses by recognizing antigens and triggering effector functions through cell-cell interactions and cytokine signaling.
Thyroid side-effects-radiation-therapy-1995
The document discusses thyroid hormone replacement therapy with Synthroid (levothyroxine). It summarizes several studies that examined the absorption and bioequivalence of Synthroid compared to other levothyroxine products. One study found Synthroid's dissolution was most dependent on pH levels compared to other brands. Another study found switching patients between Synthroid and another levothyroxine product did not significantly impact clinical or lab results. A third study found giving Synthroid to horses increased their thyroid hormone levels.
Linking t rna localization with activation
Cells respond to nutrient deprivation a variety of ways. In addition to global down regulation of cap-dependent protein
synthesis mediated by the GCN2 and mTO RC1 signaling pathways, a catabolic process autophagy is upregulated to
provide internal building blocks and energy needed to sustain viability. It has recently been shown that during nutrient
deprivation tRNAs accumulate in the nucleus, but the functional role of this accumulation remains unknown. This study
investigates whether subcellular localization of tRNAs plays a role in signaling nutritional stress and autophagy. We report
that human fibroblasts that accumulate tRNA in the nucleus due to downregulation of their transportin, Xpo-t, show
reduced mTO RC1 activity and upregulated autophagy. This suggests that sub-cellular localization of tRNAs may regulate
an unicellular response to starvation independently of the cellular nutritional status.
Similar to REU poster print (20)
Hypothyroidism and Menstruation, Repeated miscarriage, Infertility, ART
Hypothyroidism and Menstruation, Repeated miscarriage, Infertility, ART
Serum copper as a novel biomarker for resistance to thyroid hormone
Serum copper as a novel biomarker for resistance to thyroid hormone
Cloning of the c dna for thyroid stimulating hormone subunit and changes in a...
Cloning of the c dna for thyroid stimulating hormone subunit and changes in a...
Thyroid hormones parameters of patients with thyroid disorders attending spe...
Thyroid hormones parameters of patients with thyroid disorders attending spe...
REU poster print
- 1. Hemoglobin transition :(2) ▶ Organ transformation in metamorphosis occurs through cell replacement of programed cell death and proliferation ▶ Metamorphic event triggered by thyroid hormone (TH), one example being T3 ▶ After climax of metamorphosis liver morphology changes and larval hemoglobin (HB) is replaced by new cells, adult HB ▶ This happens in all vertebrates, in Xenopus it is TH regulated ▶ Change is important in change of oxygen affinity in adults ▶ TRα expressed in larval red blood cells (RBC) Dual function model of thyroid hormone receptors: (1) ▶ Two gene loci in vertebrates: TRα and TRβ; TRα heterodimerizes with RXRα to help with gene regulation ▶ In the absence of ligand, TRs represses TH response genes required for metamorphosis and regulate timing of metamorphosis ▶ No T3 present causes larval growth, with T3 induces TH- response genes repressed by TRα causing metamorphosis Research Question: What regulates HB transition? ▶ Complex with HB because new adult stem cells are created in order to make new adult HB ▶ Only receptors identified on larval RBC thus far have been TRα thus TRα may be the only receptor that is required in the transition of HB Hypothesis: TRα is required for HB transition Introduction Role of TRα in the hemoglobin transition during metamorphosis in Xenopus tropicalis J. Schoephoerster, D. Buchholz University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH References Cited ▶ Larval HB decreases as individual approach metamorphosis ▶ TRαKO animals HB switch occurs earlier when compared to WT ▶ Adult HB increases, as expected, as individual approaches metamorphosis Gene expression of adult HB Figure 2: TRα present at larval stage and onward, delays metamorphosis until T3 present. Low amount of changes during stage 45-54 when low T3. Metamorphosis climax stages 48-66(3) * * Figure 4: Columns represent relative expression of A1 in TRαKO and WT animals. Error bars represent SE+/-1 (N=3-8). Significance (p-value<0.05) found at stage 54 and 60/62 between TRαKO and WT. Figure 1: With the presence of T3 larval RBC go through programed death. T3 causes liver to create new adult RBC * * Gene expression of larval HB Figure 3: Columns represent relative expression of L5 in TRαKO and WT animals. Error bars represent SE+/-1 (N=3-8). Significance (p-value<0.05) found at stage 54 and 58 between TRαKO and WT. Methods and Materials Figure 5: TRαKO animals created to test hypothesis. Livers harvested from TRαKO and WT to extract RNA and synthesis cDNA to conduct a qPCR of larval HB (L5) and adult HB (A1). ▶ Support for this research was from NSF REU Grant #1262863 Acknowledgements 1. Buchholz, Daniel R., Bindu D. Paul, Liezhen Fu, and Yun-Bo Shi. "Molecular and Developmental Analyses of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Function in Xenopus Laevis, the African Clawed Frog." General and Comparative Endocrinology 145.1 (2006): 1-19. 2. Nishikawa, A., and Hideo Hayashi. "T 3 -hydrocortisone Synergism on Adult-type Erythroblast Proliferation and T 3 -mediated Apoptosis of Larval-type Erythroblasts during Erythropoietic Conversion in Xenopus Laevis." Histochemistry and Cell Biology 111.4 (1999): 325-34. 3. Wen, Luan, and Yun-Bo Shi. "Regulation of Growth Rate and Developmental Timing by Xenopus Thyroid Hormone Receptor α." Development, Growth & Differentiation Develop. Growth Differ. 58.1 (2016): 106-15. Discussion Hypothesis Reject Data interpretation Unexpected results TRα is not required but is somehow involved Implications 1) TRβ partially compensates for KO of TRα 2) TRβ not involved but derepression from KO of TRα is not sufficient for full adult HB switch New knowledge New adult stem cells are created in order to make new adult HB Future Studies Look at development of new adult stem cells, may involved TRβ, thus both receptors may be involved in switching of HB rather than just TRα which is known to be expressed in larval RBC TRαKO have derepression of metamorphic genes, allowing metamorphosis to initiate (larval HB graph), but expression of adult HB is slowed showing lack of TH mediated induction Conclusions Results Figure 5: Timeline of TRαKO and WT HB switching. TRαKO have larval RBC death earlier and take longer for adult RBC to be produced, when compared to WT switching of RBC.