The document discusses the impacts of various U.S. policies on Native American education and sovereignty, particularly focusing on the Indian Termination Policy and the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act. It highlights the Indian Child Welfare Act's aims to retain American Indian children within their communities and families. The document also emphasizes grassroots activism and educational initiatives aimed at improving Native American student experiences.

1. Rethinking Education

2. Rethinking School/ Rethinking Columbus

3. Perspective
 Insider
 Outsider
 On the margins

4. Indian Removal Act (1830)
 Trail of Tears

5. Turtle Island : Sovereignty

6. Indian Boarding School Movement: Impact
on Education

8. Remembering

9. Termination Policy (1953-1968)
 The Indian Termination Policy was intended to assimilate the Native Americans as
individuals (as opposed to one ethnic group) into mainstream Western civilization.
At least, that was the belief. It was established by Congress as a means of ending
all relations between Native American Tribes and the federal government. The
Termination Policy was intended to grant all the privileges and rights of citizenship
to the Native Americans; however, it actually ended tribe sovereignty and freedom,
trusteeship of the reservations and exclusion of Indians from state laws.

10. Self Determination Act (1975)
 The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 (Public
Law 93-638) authorized the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare, and some other government agencies to enter into
contracts with, and make grants directly to, federally recognized Indian tribes. The
tribes would have authority for how they administered the funds, which gave them
greater control over their welfare. The ISDEAA is codified at Title 25, United States
Code, beginning at section 450.
 Signed into law on January 4, 1975, the ISDEAA made self-determination the
focus of government action. The Act reversed a 30-year effort by the federal
government under its preceding termination policy to sever treaty relationships with
and obligations to Indian tribes. The Act was the result of 15 years of change,
influenced by American Indian activism, the Civil Rights Movement, and
community development based on grassroots political participation.[1][2]

11. Indian Child Welfare Act (1975)
 The Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) is a federal law that seeks to keep American
Indian children with American Indian families. Congress passed ICWA in 1978 in
response to the alarmingly high number of Indian children being removed from
their homes by both public and private agencies. The intent of Congress under
ICWA was to "protect the best interests of Indian children and to promote the
stability and security of Indian tribes and families" (25 U.S.C. § 1902). ICWA sets
federal requirements that apply to state child custody proceedings involving an
Indian child who is a member of or eligible for membership in a federally
recognized tribe.

12. Wisconsin Indian Tribes
http://www.glitc.org/

13. Wisconsin Indian Treaty Rights;
https://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-09.html

14. The Path to Act 31
 http://www.education.wisc.edu/soe/a
bout/resource-service-units/student-
diversity-programs/american-indian-
curriculum-services/why-act31http:/
 /theways.org/

15. Access 2 Success for Native American
Students in Higher Education
 Pre service teacher preparation
 Act 31 Website for Professors, Pre-service and Certified Teachers
 Native American and First Nation Studies Programs
 Indigenous Language Collaboration

16. Curriculum
 Tribal Colleges
 Native American and First Nation Studies Programs
 Indigenous language courses
 UW Green Bay First Nations Fusion Program
 http://www.uwgb.edu/fns/
 Connective Pedagogy- Indigenous wholistic framework
 Elders in residence
 Act 31 Fusion

17. Indigenous Wholistic Framework,
Michelle Pidgeon, 2009. Simon Frasier University