1. The document discusses various medications used to treat respiratory conditions like asthma and COPD. It describes different classes of bronchodilators including beta-2 agonists, anticholinergics, and methylxanthines.
2. Within each class, it outlines specific short-acting and long-acting medications. For beta-2 agonists, it discusses SABAs, LABAs, and ultra-LABAs. For anticholinergics it covers SAMAs and LAMAs.
3. The document also discusses the use of inhaled corticosteroids and other biologic therapies to treat asthma. It provides an overview of GINA treatment guidelines which use a stepwise approach to
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways causing airflow obstruction
and recurrent episodes of
wheezing,
breathlessness,
chest tightness and
coughing.
Chronic inflammatory airway disease associated with increased airway responsiveness and reversible airway obstruction.
It can present at any age; majority of cases diagnosed in childhood
Most of them become asymptomatic by adolescence
Disease severity rarely progresses; patients with severe asthma have it at the onset.
FACTORS EFFECTING ASTHMA:
The inside lining of the airways becomes red and swollen (inflammation)
Extra mucus (sticky fluid) may be produced
The muscle around the airways tightens
(bronchoconstriction)
DIAGNOSIS:
Pulse oximetry and ABG analysis
Chest Xray
Blood Test
Peak Flow meter + Spirometry- PEFR + FEV1 decrease
PEFR + FEV1 increase >15% after β agonist inhalation
Skin Testing
Hello members...this is my 39th powerpoint...
It deals with LABA & SABA...The brochodilators used in the treatment of Pulmonary diseases like Asthma & COPD.
It gives a short insight into the drugs used, their indications with dosages, ADRs, interactions, etc.
Worthwhile for a precise information on the same!!
Happy reading!!!
:) :)
This document discusses pharmacology of drugs acting on the respiratory system, including asthmatics, antitussives, and pentoxyverine. It provides details on the uses, dosages, mechanisms of action, side effects, and pharmacokinetics of salbutamol and pentoxyverine. Salbutamol is a bronchodilator used to treat asthma, while pentoxyverine is an antitussive cough suppressant commonly used for cough associated with illnesses like the common cold. Both drugs act in the central nervous system to suppress cough and relax airways, though they also have other mechanisms of action and potential side effects that require consideration.
This document discusses drugs used to treat respiratory disorders like asthma, cough, and congestion. It begins by covering respiratory physiology and the anatomy of the respiratory system. It then discusses specific respiratory disorders like asthma, describing its pathogenesis and symptoms. The rest of the document is devoted to describing various classes of drugs used to treat asthma, including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, anticholinergics, anti-inflammatory drugs like mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene antagonists, and glucocorticoids. It provides examples of drugs in each class and their mechanisms of action, uses, dosages, and adverse effects.
This document discusses respiratory pharmacology and drugs used to treat disorders of the respiratory system. It begins with an overview of the respiratory system and process of respiration. The main focus is on pharmacotherapy for bronchial asthma, including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, muscarinic receptor antagonists, and corticosteroids. Other topics covered include mast cell stabilizers, treatment of status asthmaticus, anti-tussives, decongestants, bronchitis, and treatment of the common cold.
Bronchial Asthma is characterized by hyperresponsiveness of the airways and narrowing in response to stimuli. The document defines different types of asthma including extrinsic, intrinsic, occupational, exercise-induced, and drug-induced asthma. Diagnosis involves patient history, examination, spirometry, and challenge tests. Treatment includes avoidance of triggers, quick-relief bronchodilators, and long-term anti-inflammatory medications through a stepwise treatment approach based on asthma severity. The goals of treatment are to control symptoms, prevent exacerbations, and maintain lung function.
This document summarizes information about asthma, including its pathophysiology, triggers, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. It describes asthma as an inflammatory airway condition caused by various stimuli in genetically susceptible individuals. Key features include mucosal edema, mucus secretion, epithelial damage, and bronchoconstriction. Treatment aims to provide symptomatic relief and modify the disease through reducing inflammation and lung damage. A variety of drug classes are discussed for treating asthma, including beta-agonists, anticholinergics, corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and theophylline. Guidelines for managing acute exacerbations are also presented.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways causing airflow obstruction
and recurrent episodes of
wheezing,
breathlessness,
chest tightness and
coughing.
Chronic inflammatory airway disease associated with increased airway responsiveness and reversible airway obstruction.
It can present at any age; majority of cases diagnosed in childhood
Most of them become asymptomatic by adolescence
Disease severity rarely progresses; patients with severe asthma have it at the onset.
FACTORS EFFECTING ASTHMA:
The inside lining of the airways becomes red and swollen (inflammation)
Extra mucus (sticky fluid) may be produced
The muscle around the airways tightens
(bronchoconstriction)
DIAGNOSIS:
Pulse oximetry and ABG analysis
Chest Xray
Blood Test
Peak Flow meter + Spirometry- PEFR + FEV1 decrease
PEFR + FEV1 increase >15% after β agonist inhalation
Skin Testing
Hello members...this is my 39th powerpoint...
It deals with LABA & SABA...The brochodilators used in the treatment of Pulmonary diseases like Asthma & COPD.
It gives a short insight into the drugs used, their indications with dosages, ADRs, interactions, etc.
Worthwhile for a precise information on the same!!
Happy reading!!!
:) :)
This document discusses pharmacology of drugs acting on the respiratory system, including asthmatics, antitussives, and pentoxyverine. It provides details on the uses, dosages, mechanisms of action, side effects, and pharmacokinetics of salbutamol and pentoxyverine. Salbutamol is a bronchodilator used to treat asthma, while pentoxyverine is an antitussive cough suppressant commonly used for cough associated with illnesses like the common cold. Both drugs act in the central nervous system to suppress cough and relax airways, though they also have other mechanisms of action and potential side effects that require consideration.
This document discusses drugs used to treat respiratory disorders like asthma, cough, and congestion. It begins by covering respiratory physiology and the anatomy of the respiratory system. It then discusses specific respiratory disorders like asthma, describing its pathogenesis and symptoms. The rest of the document is devoted to describing various classes of drugs used to treat asthma, including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, anticholinergics, anti-inflammatory drugs like mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene antagonists, and glucocorticoids. It provides examples of drugs in each class and their mechanisms of action, uses, dosages, and adverse effects.
This document discusses respiratory pharmacology and drugs used to treat disorders of the respiratory system. It begins with an overview of the respiratory system and process of respiration. The main focus is on pharmacotherapy for bronchial asthma, including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, muscarinic receptor antagonists, and corticosteroids. Other topics covered include mast cell stabilizers, treatment of status asthmaticus, anti-tussives, decongestants, bronchitis, and treatment of the common cold.
Bronchial Asthma is characterized by hyperresponsiveness of the airways and narrowing in response to stimuli. The document defines different types of asthma including extrinsic, intrinsic, occupational, exercise-induced, and drug-induced asthma. Diagnosis involves patient history, examination, spirometry, and challenge tests. Treatment includes avoidance of triggers, quick-relief bronchodilators, and long-term anti-inflammatory medications through a stepwise treatment approach based on asthma severity. The goals of treatment are to control symptoms, prevent exacerbations, and maintain lung function.
This document summarizes information about asthma, including its pathophysiology, triggers, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. It describes asthma as an inflammatory airway condition caused by various stimuli in genetically susceptible individuals. Key features include mucosal edema, mucus secretion, epithelial damage, and bronchoconstriction. Treatment aims to provide symptomatic relief and modify the disease through reducing inflammation and lung damage. A variety of drug classes are discussed for treating asthma, including beta-agonists, anticholinergics, corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and theophylline. Guidelines for managing acute exacerbations are also presented.
This document provides an overview of asthma and COPD, including definitions, pathophysiology, classification of drugs, and treatment approaches. Asthma is defined as reversible airway obstruction due to inflammation, while COPD involves irreversible airway obstruction. For acute asthma attacks, short-acting beta-2 agonists are used, while maintenance therapy includes inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-2 agonists. Severe acute asthma requires hospitalization. COPD is treated with bronchodilators and may involve long-term oxygen therapy. The key difference between the two is reversibility of airway obstruction.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes periodic obstruction of airflow. The document outlines the pharmacological basis for treating asthma, including the pathophysiology and various drug classes used. The main drug classes used are bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and monoclonal antibodies. Treatment is aimed at preventing symptoms, exacerbations, and maintaining normal lung function and activity levels.
Pharmacological agents in bronchial asthma and copdDr. Marya Ahsan
This document provides an overview of pharmacological agents used to treat bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, and side effects of various drugs including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, methylxanthines, monoclonal antibodies, and other agents. Treatment guidelines are also presented, outlining a stepwise approach for asthma management and algorithms for acute asthma exacerbations.
This document discusses the management of persistent asthma using a single inhaler for both maintenance and rescue treatment (SMART). It provides background on asthma as a global health problem, describes current treatment approaches, and outlines the SMART method. With SMART, patients use a single inhaler containing budesonide and formoterol for both regular maintenance doses and additional as-needed doses to control symptoms. This approach aims to improve asthma control with one easy-to-use inhaler instead of multiple devices.
The document discusses the respiratory system and drugs used to treat respiratory diseases like asthma. It provides facts about the respiratory system and describes different types of asthma. It then summarizes various drug classes used to treat asthma, including beta-2 agonists, corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and monoclonal antibody therapy. The drugs discussed provide bronchodilation and reduce inflammation in the respiratory tract.
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma. It begins with an overview of asthma, including its etiology, pathogenesis and clinical features. It then covers the various drug classes used to treat asthma, including beta-2 agonists, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, monoclonal antibodies and methylxanthines. It also discusses the GINA guidelines for stepwise treatment of asthma based on disease severity and control. The document provides details on dosing and administration of the various asthma medications.
Pharmacology of drugs used in hyper reactive airway diseasesShekhar Verma
This document discusses drugs used to treat hyper-reactive airway diseases and COPD. It begins by defining hyper-reactive airways diseases and bronchial asthma, describing their characteristics and symptoms. It then covers the classifications of drugs used to treat asthma, including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists and anticholinergics, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and corticosteroids. Specific drugs are discussed in each class, along with their mechanisms of action, indications, dosages, side effects and other details. The document provides an overview of the pharmacology of the main medications used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions.
This document provides information on the pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma. It begins by defining asthma as a condition characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. It then discusses the symptoms, risk factors, and pathophysiology involving inflammatory cells and mediators.
The document outlines the various approaches to treating asthma, including preventing antigen reactions, suppressing inflammation, and antagonizing released mediators. It classifies medications and discusses bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and anti-IgE antibodies in detail.
Finally, it provides guidance on choosing treatment based on asthma severity, and protocols for managing status asthmaticus, including glucocortico
Asthma medications aim to reduce airway inflammation, prevent bronchoconstriction, and minimize symptoms. Common classes include bronchodilators like albuterol, anti-inflammatory corticosteroids, and leukotriene inhibitors like montelukast. Severe asthma may be treated with biologics targeting immunoglobulin E, interleukin-5, or the interleukin-4 receptor. Proper inhaler technique allows targeted delivery of medications to the airways.
pharmacothrapy of asthma.pptxBronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory diseas...AbhishekKumarGupta86
pharmacotherpy of asthma M pharm 2nd sem.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of airways in the lungs, which cause difficulty in breathing.
Symptoms can include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and chest tightness. These symptoms can be mild or severe and can come and go over time.
Although asthma can be a serious condition, it can be managed with the right treatment.
Asthma affected an estimated 262 million people in 2019 (1) and caused 455 000 deaths.
This ppt briefly summaries the major drugs used in the management of respiratory disease and are used in their treatment. We will also have a look at the moa, contraindications, pharmacokinetics of drugs used in their treatment.
Anticholinergic agents and beta2-agonists are common medications used to treat COPD by relaxing bronchial muscles and acting as bronchodilators. Anticholinergics have few side effects while beta2-agonists can cause anxiety, tremors, and irregular heartbeats. Corticosteroids are also used as anti-inflammatory drugs for COPD exacerbations. Various antibiotics are prescribed when acute bronchitis or pneumonia occurs in COPD patients to treat common infecting bacteria.
This document outlines the pharmacological management of bronchial asthma. It discusses the various classes of drugs used including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, anticholinergics, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, corticosteroids, and anti-IgE antibodies. It describes the mechanisms of action, pharmacological properties, dosages, and cautions for specific drugs within each class like salbutamol, terbutaline, salmeterol, theophylline, and ipratropium bromide. The document also covers the approaches to treatment of asthma, routes of drug administration, and management of acute severe asthma.
Respiratory Disorders Physiology Presentation by group 1 .pptxRimshaWaqar3
This document provides an overview of drugs used to treat various respiratory disorders. It focuses on preferred and alternative drugs for treating asthma. The preferred drugs discussed are inhaled beta-2 agonists like albuterol for quick relief of symptoms and long-acting beta-2 agonists like salmeterol as long-term controllers. Inhaled corticosteroids are identified as the long-term controllers of choice. Alternative drugs mentioned include leukotriene modifiers, cromolyn, anticholinergics, theophylline, and monoclonal antibodies. The document reviews the mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects of these drug classes.
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma including its definition, history, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, classification, treatment and recent advances. It defines bronchial asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease causing periodic airway constriction and reversible symptoms. It discusses the epidemiology of asthma globally and risk factors. It covers diagnostic tests, classification of asthma severity, pharmacological treatment including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists and recent drugs.
The document discusses expectorants and antitussives. It defines expectorants as drugs that increase bronchial secretion or reduce viscosity, facilitating removal by coughing. Only guaiphenesin is approved as an expectorant in the U.S. Expectorants are classified as bronchial secretion enhancers or mucolytics. Antitussives act in the CNS to suppress cough or act peripherally in the respiratory tract. Antitussives are classified as opioids, nonopioids, antihistamines, or peripherally acting drugs. The document provides examples and doses of expectorants and antitussives and discusses some combination antitussive-expectorant formulations.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and obstruction. It affects 7% of Americans and costs over $12 billion annually. Common causes include allergens, irritants, infections, exercise and emotions. Pathophysiology involves inflammation, hyperresponsiveness and airway remodeling. Treatment includes avoidance of triggers, bronchodilators, anti-inflammatories, leukotriene modifiers and monoclonal antibodies. Management is stepwise based on severity and control of symptoms.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
This document provides an overview of asthma and COPD, including definitions, pathophysiology, classification of drugs, and treatment approaches. Asthma is defined as reversible airway obstruction due to inflammation, while COPD involves irreversible airway obstruction. For acute asthma attacks, short-acting beta-2 agonists are used, while maintenance therapy includes inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-2 agonists. Severe acute asthma requires hospitalization. COPD is treated with bronchodilators and may involve long-term oxygen therapy. The key difference between the two is reversibility of airway obstruction.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes periodic obstruction of airflow. The document outlines the pharmacological basis for treating asthma, including the pathophysiology and various drug classes used. The main drug classes used are bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and monoclonal antibodies. Treatment is aimed at preventing symptoms, exacerbations, and maintaining normal lung function and activity levels.
Pharmacological agents in bronchial asthma and copdDr. Marya Ahsan
This document provides an overview of pharmacological agents used to treat bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, and side effects of various drugs including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, methylxanthines, monoclonal antibodies, and other agents. Treatment guidelines are also presented, outlining a stepwise approach for asthma management and algorithms for acute asthma exacerbations.
This document discusses the management of persistent asthma using a single inhaler for both maintenance and rescue treatment (SMART). It provides background on asthma as a global health problem, describes current treatment approaches, and outlines the SMART method. With SMART, patients use a single inhaler containing budesonide and formoterol for both regular maintenance doses and additional as-needed doses to control symptoms. This approach aims to improve asthma control with one easy-to-use inhaler instead of multiple devices.
The document discusses the respiratory system and drugs used to treat respiratory diseases like asthma. It provides facts about the respiratory system and describes different types of asthma. It then summarizes various drug classes used to treat asthma, including beta-2 agonists, corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and monoclonal antibody therapy. The drugs discussed provide bronchodilation and reduce inflammation in the respiratory tract.
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma. It begins with an overview of asthma, including its etiology, pathogenesis and clinical features. It then covers the various drug classes used to treat asthma, including beta-2 agonists, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, monoclonal antibodies and methylxanthines. It also discusses the GINA guidelines for stepwise treatment of asthma based on disease severity and control. The document provides details on dosing and administration of the various asthma medications.
Pharmacology of drugs used in hyper reactive airway diseasesShekhar Verma
This document discusses drugs used to treat hyper-reactive airway diseases and COPD. It begins by defining hyper-reactive airways diseases and bronchial asthma, describing their characteristics and symptoms. It then covers the classifications of drugs used to treat asthma, including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists and anticholinergics, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and corticosteroids. Specific drugs are discussed in each class, along with their mechanisms of action, indications, dosages, side effects and other details. The document provides an overview of the pharmacology of the main medications used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions.
This document provides information on the pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma. It begins by defining asthma as a condition characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. It then discusses the symptoms, risk factors, and pathophysiology involving inflammatory cells and mediators.
The document outlines the various approaches to treating asthma, including preventing antigen reactions, suppressing inflammation, and antagonizing released mediators. It classifies medications and discusses bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and anti-IgE antibodies in detail.
Finally, it provides guidance on choosing treatment based on asthma severity, and protocols for managing status asthmaticus, including glucocortico
Asthma medications aim to reduce airway inflammation, prevent bronchoconstriction, and minimize symptoms. Common classes include bronchodilators like albuterol, anti-inflammatory corticosteroids, and leukotriene inhibitors like montelukast. Severe asthma may be treated with biologics targeting immunoglobulin E, interleukin-5, or the interleukin-4 receptor. Proper inhaler technique allows targeted delivery of medications to the airways.
pharmacothrapy of asthma.pptxBronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory diseas...AbhishekKumarGupta86
pharmacotherpy of asthma M pharm 2nd sem.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of airways in the lungs, which cause difficulty in breathing.
Symptoms can include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and chest tightness. These symptoms can be mild or severe and can come and go over time.
Although asthma can be a serious condition, it can be managed with the right treatment.
Asthma affected an estimated 262 million people in 2019 (1) and caused 455 000 deaths.
This ppt briefly summaries the major drugs used in the management of respiratory disease and are used in their treatment. We will also have a look at the moa, contraindications, pharmacokinetics of drugs used in their treatment.
Anticholinergic agents and beta2-agonists are common medications used to treat COPD by relaxing bronchial muscles and acting as bronchodilators. Anticholinergics have few side effects while beta2-agonists can cause anxiety, tremors, and irregular heartbeats. Corticosteroids are also used as anti-inflammatory drugs for COPD exacerbations. Various antibiotics are prescribed when acute bronchitis or pneumonia occurs in COPD patients to treat common infecting bacteria.
This document outlines the pharmacological management of bronchial asthma. It discusses the various classes of drugs used including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, anticholinergics, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, corticosteroids, and anti-IgE antibodies. It describes the mechanisms of action, pharmacological properties, dosages, and cautions for specific drugs within each class like salbutamol, terbutaline, salmeterol, theophylline, and ipratropium bromide. The document also covers the approaches to treatment of asthma, routes of drug administration, and management of acute severe asthma.
Respiratory Disorders Physiology Presentation by group 1 .pptxRimshaWaqar3
This document provides an overview of drugs used to treat various respiratory disorders. It focuses on preferred and alternative drugs for treating asthma. The preferred drugs discussed are inhaled beta-2 agonists like albuterol for quick relief of symptoms and long-acting beta-2 agonists like salmeterol as long-term controllers. Inhaled corticosteroids are identified as the long-term controllers of choice. Alternative drugs mentioned include leukotriene modifiers, cromolyn, anticholinergics, theophylline, and monoclonal antibodies. The document reviews the mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects of these drug classes.
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma including its definition, history, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, classification, treatment and recent advances. It defines bronchial asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease causing periodic airway constriction and reversible symptoms. It discusses the epidemiology of asthma globally and risk factors. It covers diagnostic tests, classification of asthma severity, pharmacological treatment including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists and recent drugs.
The document discusses expectorants and antitussives. It defines expectorants as drugs that increase bronchial secretion or reduce viscosity, facilitating removal by coughing. Only guaiphenesin is approved as an expectorant in the U.S. Expectorants are classified as bronchial secretion enhancers or mucolytics. Antitussives act in the CNS to suppress cough or act peripherally in the respiratory tract. Antitussives are classified as opioids, nonopioids, antihistamines, or peripherally acting drugs. The document provides examples and doses of expectorants and antitussives and discusses some combination antitussive-expectorant formulations.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and obstruction. It affects 7% of Americans and costs over $12 billion annually. Common causes include allergens, irritants, infections, exercise and emotions. Pathophysiology involves inflammation, hyperresponsiveness and airway remodeling. Treatment includes avoidance of triggers, bronchodilators, anti-inflammatories, leukotriene modifiers and monoclonal antibodies. Management is stepwise based on severity and control of symptoms.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
3. Drugs Affecting the Respiratory
Bronchodilators
Beta 2 agonists:
Anticholinergics:
Theophylline
Steroids ( inhaled !)
Antileukotriene drugs
BIOLOGIC therapies
Anti-IgE medicine
Anti eosinophilic therapy
4. Bronchodilators
► Bronchodilators are medications used to relieve
breathing problems such as shortness of breath or
wheezing, and the sensation of chest tightness.
They are often prescribed for people suffering from
asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), emphysema or other lung conditions.
6. Beta 2 agonists = β adrenoreceptor agonists
Short- acting SABA
Long- acting LABA
Ultra LABA- allowing for once-daily dosing. They are
considered to be ultra-long-acting β adrenoreceptor agonists
11. β2 adrenergic receptor agonists
a class of drugs that act on the β2 adrenergic
receptor.
they cause:
smooth muscle relaxation - dilation of bronchial
passages,
vasodilation in muscle and liver,
relaxation of uterine muscle,
release of insulin.
13. LABA
►Long acting beta – receptor agonist, are
analogs of albuterol and are long acting
(12 hrs) , more affinity to the beta 2
receptor, has slow onset of action.
► Salmeterol
► Formeterol
14. Why is inhaled formoterol unique
among ß2-agonists?
SABA & LABA
15.
16. Why is inhaled formoterol unique
among ß2-agonists?
Formoterol is the only available long-acting ß2 - agonist
to offer the important benefit of a fast onset of action,
so it can be used for the immediate relief of asthma
symptoms.
Amongst ß2 -agonists, only inhaled formoterol is
suitable for both rescue use and long-term relief in
asthma !!!!!!!!!!!!!!
17. Ultra LABA - have a duration of action of 24 h
►INDACATEROL approved by the EMA in 2009
under the trade name Onbrez Breezhaler. by
the FDA under the trade name Arcapta
Neohaler in 2011
►OLADEROL : 2014 Striverdi Respimat
►VILANTEROL not available by itself but only as a
component of combination drugs:
With fluticasone iGKS: Breo Ellipta (US),
Relvar Ellipta (EU). 2013 as once-daily inhaled
therapy for the treatment of COPD
With umeclidinium - LAMA: Anoro Ellipta.
2013/2014 for the long-term maintenance
treatment of COPD, now in asthma too
18. Indacaterol
► once-daily long-acting beta2 –
adrenergic agonist (LABA)
► Indacaterol may provide an
alternative treatment option in
patients with moderate to severe
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), who may be better suited to a
once-daily dose, compared to the
twice-daily dosing required by other
LABAs. However, this benefit needs to be weighed against a lack of
long-term safety data, a significantly higher cost than twice-daily alternatives
and no evidence supporting improvement in patient orientated outcomes.
22. Anticholinergics are drugs that block the
action of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a
neurotransmitter, or a chemical messenger.
It transfers signals between certain cells to
affect how your body functions.
Anticholinergics can treat a variety of
conditions, including:
COPD
Urinary incontinence
Overactive bladder
Parkinson’s disease
certain types of poisoning
23.
24. From atropine and belladonna alkaloids
to „ modern „ inhaled medications for
COPD ( asthma )
26. SAMA: Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
- Is a quarternary ammonium derive of atropine that is
given by aerosol. It does not cross Bld-Brain barrier and
is poorly absorb from GIT , thus minimizing Anti-
cholinergic side effects.
-Useful special for patients who cannot tolerate Beta
receptors agonist.
-The effect of this agent starts after 1-2 hours and it is
known to last only from 4 to 6 hours
Combivent – combination of albuterol + ipratropium bromide
Berodual - combination of fenoterol + ipratropium bromide
27. Side effects of inhaled
anticholinergic drugs 1
The most common adverse effect in clinical
trials was dry mouth, which occurred in
16 percent of patients taking ipratropium.
This side effect was considered mild and
typically resolved during the course of
therapy.
Additional side effects included
constipation, blurred vision, glaucoma,
increased heart rate, and urinary
retention.
28. Side effects of inhaled
anticholinergic drugs 2
Anticholinergics are known to cause confusion,
memory loss, and worsening mental function in
people who are older than 65 years increased
risk of dementia.
•
29. LAMA: Tiotropium SPIRIVA
Tiotropium is the first anticholinergic drug
that has been approved for children
and adults with poorly controlled
asthma and is currently considered as an option
for steps 4 and 5 of the Global Initiative for Asthma.
The first for the long-term, once-daily,
maintenance treatment of bronchospasm
associated with COPD
33. 1. Inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase
which leads to cAMP – smooth muscle
relaxation bronchodilation
xanthine
5’ AMP
Cyclic AMP
phosphodiesterase
Cyclic 3’5
AMP
Mechanism of action
34. Pharmacologic Effects:
Respiratory system
1. Rapid relaxation of bronchial sm. Muscle –
bronchodilation
2.Decrease histamine release
3.Stimulate ciliary transport of mucus
4. Improve respiratory performances by
improving contractility of the diaphragm and
by stimulating the medullary respiratory
center.
35. Pharmacologic Effects:
Effects on other systems
1. Heart : chronotropic and inotropic effect
cardiac stimulation.
2. Pulmonary and peripheral vasodilatation
( B.P)
3. Diuresis
36. Adverse Effects
1. nausea , vomiting and GI bleeding
2. Cardiac arrhythmais
3. Nervousness , seizures , behavioral problems
in children
4. loss of appetite
5. headache, trouble in sleeping, irritability
tremor
37. Pharmacokinetics Theophylline
• rapidly and completely absorb from GIT
metabolize in the liver by oxidation and
demethylation:
Drug and Substance Interactions:
Phenytoin, Allopurinol, The toxic effects of
allopurinol are increased by the simultaneous use of
erythromycin, cimetidine, and fluoroquinolones
Cimetidine
Oral contraceptives
Caffeine,
SSRIs (antidepressants lithium), (barbiturans)
Beta-blockers
Alcohol
40. Theobromine: CAFFEINE:
gentle mild effect
very slow onset
long lasting
50% in bloodstream after 6 to 10 hrs
increases feeling of well being
mild antidepressant
gentle, smooth, sensual stimulation
stimulates cardiovascular system
stimulates muscular system
mild effect on central nervous system
not addictive
no withdrawal symptoms
mild diuretic
stimulates the kidneys
intense strong effect
fast acting
rapid dissipation
50% in bloodstream after 2 to 5 hrs
increases alertness
increases emotional stress
jagged, nervous stimulation
stimulates cardiovascular system
stimulates respiratory system
strong effect on central nervous system
physically addictive
many proven withdrawal symptoms
extreme diuretic
requires large intake of fluids to balance the
diuretic effect
49. Problems with inhaler technique
• Poor asthma control may result from selecting
an inappropriate device or incorrect use of the
right device.
• over 24% of patients made at least one
essential mistake in their inhalation technique.
• Dry powder inhaler devices (DPI) require less
coordination than a pressurised metered dose
inhaler and can improve the delivery of the
drug to the lungs.
56. DEFINITION – the nineties-1993
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the
airways.
In susceptible individuals this inflammation causes
reccurent episodes of wheezing,
breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough,
particularly at night and/or in the early morning.
These symptoms are usually associated with
widespread but variable airflow limitation that is
at least partly reversible either spontanously or
with treatment.
The inflammation also causes an associated
increase in airway hyperresponsiveness to a
variety of stimuli.
59. No sleep disruption
No missed school/work
Normal activity levels
No need for ER/hospital visits
Normal (near normal) lung function
Satisfaction with asthma care received
GINA Guidelines:
goals for treatment
61. Why must I use my steroid inhaler
every day even when I am well?
Even when you feel well, the mucus and swelling
continues in the air passages. If you stop using your
steroid inhaler, the air passages in the lungs become
more swollen and produce a lot of sticky mucus.
Therefore you are at risk of having an asthma attack
if you are exposed to the things you are allergic to.
This is because the effect of the steroid inhaler is
slow. It may take up to 4 weeks before it is fully
effective in controlling swelling and reducing mucus
in the air passages.
63. MEDICATIONS for asthma are divided to:
CONTROLLERS
Must be taken daily on
a long-term therapy
and keeping asthma
under control
RELIEVERS
Bronchodilating
medications that act
quickly to relieve
bronchoconstriction
70. Side effects of steroid inhalers :
The dose of inhaled steroid per day is a lot smaller
and the side effects are less frequent and less
severe than steroid tablets.
For example, 2 puffs of Pulmicort inhaler (200
micrograms) a day delivers 400 micrograms of
inhaled steroid. In acute asthma attack, six 5
milligrams of steroid tablets a day will be given-
30,000 micrograms , 75 times more than inhaled
steroid.
74. Side effects of systemic
steroid :
• short course
• long- term therapy
75. Rescue steroids tablets
Short courses of steroid tablets, also called
rescue steroids, are necessary to treat
acute asthma attacks. They are usually
prescribed for 1 to 2 weeks
During an asthma attack, steroid tablets
are given to quickly control swelling and
reduce mucus in the air passages to
prevent severe asthma attack.
76. Side effects of steroid tablets:
Only a very small number of people with
troublesome asthma symptoms, who need to
take long- term steroids tablets over months
or years, will have serious side effects. These
include osteoporosis, high blood pressure,
cataract, weight gain, bruising and prone to
infection. There is a much greater risk of side
effects when taken small doses of steroid tablets
over a long period than high doses for 1- 2
weeks.
83. Side effects of steroid inhalers :
Side effects are uncommon, mild and
temporary.
Possible side effects are:
hoarse voice ,
throat irritation,
fungay infection.
You can avoid by rinsing your throat well
after inhaling the medicine.
85. MEDICATIONS
for asthma are divided to:
CONTROLLERS
Must be taken daily on
a long-term therapy
and keeping asthma
under control
RELIEVERS
Bronchodilating
medications that act
quickly to relieve
bronchoconstriction
92. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CORTICOSTEROIDS
AND ß2-AGONISTS
Glucocorticoid
receptor
ß2-Adrenoceptor
• Effect of corticosteroids on ß2-adrenoceptors
Corticosteroid
Anti-inflammatory effect
• Effect of ß2-agonists on glucocorticoid receptors
ß2-Agonist
Bronchodilatation
Barnes Nice 2001
Other
combinations
than with
budesonide
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102. Alvesco® (ciclesonide)
•a new generation inhaled corticosteroid
(ICS) for the treatment of persistent
asthma
•Alvesco® is a once-daily treatment for
most patients and is unique because it
activates on-site in the lungs with little
activation in the mouth and throat.
•Patients using Alvesco® in clinical
studies experienced an oral side-effect
profile (oral thrush, hoarseness of voice)
similar to that of placebo
106. leukotriene inhibitors
These medications block the effects of
leukotrienes, immune system chemicals that
cause asthma symptoms. Leukotriene
modifiers can help prevent symptoms for up
to 24 hours. Examples include:
Montelukast (Singulair)
Zafirlukast (Accolate)
Zileuton (Zyflo)
107. What side effects may occur?
More common side
effects may include:
•Headache
•diarrhea
•nausea
Montelukast or Singulair is
generally well tolerated.
108. Leukotriene modifiers
In rare cases, montelukast is linked to
psychological reactions, such as agitation,
aggression, hallucinations, depression and
suicidal thinking.
109. What conditions or indications might
treat with leukotriene inhibitors?
Allergic Rhinitis and asthma
Aspirin induced asthma
EOSINOPHILIC RHINITIS AND ASTHMA
110. Asthma phenotypes: the evolution from
clinical to molecular approaches
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
121. Are there any side effects or
adverse reactions to Xolair?
Common side effects of Xolair include a
reaction at the injection site, viral
infections, upper respiratory tract infection,
sinusitis, headache and sore throat.
Several rare, yet severe side effects were
reported in the original studies. They
include malignancy and anaphylaxis
127. Global Initiative for Chronic
Obstructive Lung Disease
In collaboration with:
National Heart, Lung, and
Blood Institute, NIH
and
World Health Organization
130. Percent Change in Age-Adjusted
Death Rates, U.S., 1965-1998
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Proportion of 1965 Rate
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
1965 - 1998 1965 - 1998 1965 - 1998 1965 - 1998 1965 - 1998
–59% –64% –35% +163% –7%
Coronary
Heart
Disease
Stroke Other CVD COPD All Other
Causes
Source: NHLBI/NIH/DHHS
131. Of the six
leading causes
of death in the
United States,
only COPD has
been increasing
steadily since
1970
Source: Jemal A. et al. JAMA 2005
132. Risk Factors for COPD
Nutrition
Infections
Socio-economic
status
Aging Populations
133. Definition of COPD
COPD is a preventable and treatable disease with
some significant extrapulmonary effects that may
contribute to the severity in individual patients.
Its pulmonary component is characterized by airflow
limitation that is not fully reversible.
The airflow limitation is usually progressive and
associated with an abnormal inflammatory response
of the lung to noxious particles or gases.
151. The Immunomodulatory
Effects of Macrolides
decrease in the number of neutrophils, and
the concentrations of neutrophil elastase,
IL-8, IL-6, IL-1,TNF-alpha, eosinophilic
cationic protein, and matrix
metalloproteinase 9. Inhibition of neutrophil function was reported
more frequently than eosinophil function
decrease in Th 2 cells, cytokines: IL-4, IL-5,
IL-6 was reported more frequently than a
decrease in Th1 cytokines :IL-2, INF-
gamma.
152.
153. Causes of Airflow Limitation
Irreversible
Fibrosis and narrowing of the
airways
Loss of elastic recoil due to
alveolar destruction
Destruction of alveolar support
that maintains patency of
small airways
154. Causes of Airflow Limitation
Reversible
Accumulation of inflammatory
cells, mucus, and plasma
exudate in bronchi
Smooth muscle contraction in
peripheral and central airways
Dynamic hyperinflation during
exercise
155. Objectives of COPD
Management
Prevent disease progression
Relieve symptoms
Improve exercise tolerance
Improve health status
Prevent and treat exacerbations
Prevent and treat complications
Reduce mortality
Minimize side effects from treatment
156. Manage Stable COPD
None of the existing medications for COPD
has been shown to modify the long-term
decline in lung function that is the hallmark
of this disease .
Therefore, pharmacotherapy for COPD is
used to decrease symptoms and/or
complications.
157. IV: Very Severe
III: Severe
II: Moderate
I: Mild
Therapy at Each Stage of COPD
FEV1/FVC < 70%
FEV1 > 80%
predicted
FEV1/FVC < 70%
50% < FEV1 < 80%
predicted
FEV1/FVC < 70%
30% < FEV1 <
50% predicted
FEV1/FVC < 70%
FEV1 < 30%
predicted
or FEV1 < 50%
predicted plus
chronic respiratory
failure
Add regular treatment with one or more long-acting
bronchodilators (when needed); Add rehabilitation
Add inhaled glucocorticosteroids if
repeated exacerbations
Active reduction of risk factor(s); influenza vaccination
Add short-acting bronchodilator (when needed)
Add long term
oxygen if chronic
respiratory failure.
Consider surgical
treatments
158. Management of Stable COPD
Other Pharmacologic Treatments
Mucolytic agents, Antitussives:
Not recommended in stable COPD !!!!!!!!!!
VACCINATION : YES !!!!!!!!
Influenza Vaccine. Individuals with COPD should receive the annual flu
vaccination.Flu season typically lasts from October to May, peaking from
December to February. However, the flu can be transmitted at any time during
the year.
Pneumococcal Vaccine. PCV13 and PPSV23, are recommended for all
adults 65 years or older, particularly those with chronic lung conditions like
COPD. They are also specifically recommended for younger individuals with
COPD. These vaccines provide protection against various pneumococcal
bacteria that can cause pneumonia, among other conditions.
159. Management of Stable COPD
Non-Pharmacologic Treatments
Rehabilitation: All COPD patients benefit from
exercise training programs, improving with
respect to both exercise tolerance and
symptoms of dyspnea and fatigue
Oxygen Therapy: The long-term administration
of oxygen (> 15 hours per day) to patients with
chronic respiratory failure has been shown to
increase survival .
160. Manage Stable COPD
Bronchodilator medications are central to the
symptomatic management of COPD . They are
given on an as-needed basis or on a regular
basis to prevent or reduce symptoms.
The principal bronchodilator treatments are Beta2-
agonists, anticholinergics, theophylline, and a
combination of these drugs .
161. Manage Stable COPD
Regular treatment with inhaled glucocortico-
steroids should only !!!! be prescribed for
symptomatic COPD patients with an FEV1
< 50% predicted and repeated
exacerbations requiring treatment with
antibiotics and/or oral glucocorticosteroids
162. Manage Stable COPD
The long-term administration of oxygen
(> 15 hours per day) to patients with
chronic respiratory failure has been
shown to increase survival .
163. Manage Exacerbations
The most common causes of an
exacerbation are infection of the
tracheobronchial tree and air pollution
164. Manage Exacerbations
Patients experiencing COPD
exacerbations with clinical signs of
airway infection (e.g., increased
volume and change of color of
sputum, and/or fever) may benefit
from antibiotic treatment
165.
166.
167. Oxygen
Oxygen is a powerful symbol of medical care that
is probably more important than its actual
therapeutic value in the relief of breathlessness.
It is widely available and commonly prescribed
by medical and paramedical staff but is often
given without careful evaluation of its potential
benefits and side effects. Like any drug therapy
there must be clear indications for treatment with
oxygen, appropriate prescription, vigilant
monitoring and appropriate methods of delivery.
168. Definitions - Hypoxaemia
The following laboratory values, obtained
while breathing ambient air:
Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)
£55 mm Hg
Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) £88%
In the presence of secondary
polycythaemia and pulmonary
hypertension:
PaO2 between 55-60mm Hg
169. Long Term Oxygen Therapy
(LTOT)
Provision of oxygen therapy for continuous
use at home for patients with chronic
hypoxaemia. The flow rate must be
sufficient to raise the waking oxygen
tension in adults to above 60mm Hg.
It is nighttime
170. In the literature Long Term
Oxygen Therapy
Is often used as a synonymous of:
Continuous Oxygen Therapy (COT)
Home Oxygen Therapy (HOT)
171. Home oxygen therapy
Home oxygen therapy is an effective but
potentially expensive and inconvenient
intervention. It should be prescribed only
for patients in whom there is evidence of
benefit, such as those whose disability
relates to a chronic reduced arterial
oxygen concentration (chronic
hypoxaemia).
174. 1. Oxygen concentrators
Electrically powered
Uses molecular sieve beds to
filter and concentrate oxygen
molecules from ambient air,
generating oxygen
concentrations of 90% to 98%
Maximum flow of 3-5 L/min
Backup oxygen supply with a
cylinder is necessary
175. 2. Compressed gas cylinders
H-sizedLarge and
heavy (about 150lbs)
Provides oxygen for
about 57 hours at flow
of 2 L/min
176. 3. Liquid oxygen reservoirs
Can be used to refill
portable units
Last 5-7 days at 2 L/min
Relatively high cost /
occasional “freezing” of
the valve at flow of about
8 L/min / evaporation of
the liquid oxygen when
not in use.
177. Asthma,COPD and SARS-CoV-2
No evidence of a beneficial effect of regular
ICS use among people with COPD and
asthma on COVID-19-related mortality.
Results of studies do not support any
change to the current clinical guidelines for
the routine treatment of people with COPD
or asthma with ICS during outbreaks of
SARS-CoV-2 infection.
178. Asthma,COPD and SARS-CoV-2
A new study found no benefit of inhaled
corticosteroid use in protecting against
COVID-19-related mortality in patients with
asthma and COPD.
179. Asthma,COPD and SARS-CoV-2
Use of inhaled ICS protects against COVID-
19 is still unknown, but to dismiss this
hypothesis as nonsense is premature. ICS
as a therapeutic intervention still need to
studied and clinical trials assessing their
efficacy in COVID-19 are ongoing in
various clinical settings, the results of
which are eagerly awaited.
180. August 2021 Lancet
Are Inhaled Steroids Effective
for Treating Patients with
COVID-19?
David J.Amrol MD
181. This study was limited by lack of a placebo
control, poor follow-up, and failure to find a
significant difference in the most important
endpoint of fewer hospitalizations and
deaths. However, it suggests that older
patients and those with comorbidities
might benefit from ICS if they have mild
COVID-19. Monoclonal antibody treatment
is preferable but ICS is a simple and
inexpensive option with little apparent
downside, and offering it to select higher-
risk patients (similar to those in this trial)
would be reasonable.
182. The Lancet
September 2021,
Inhaled budesonide for COVID-19 in people
at high risk of complications in the
community in the UK (PRINCIPLE): a
randomised, controlled, open-label,
adaptive platform trial
183. Inhaled budesonide improves time to
recovery, with a chance of also reducing
hospital admissions or deaths (although
our results did not meet the superiority
threshold), in people with COVID-19 in the
community who are at higher risk of
complications.