The document discusses the relationship between drug trafficking and conflict, focusing on Afghanistan. It recognizes states' sovereignty and the expansion of the drug trade. It encourages cooperation between states like Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan to control borders and monitor drug flow. It also supports implementing strict law enforcement systems to curb drug use and crime. It recommends providing alternative jobs for those dependent on the drug industry, such as using opium for medicine or alternative crops. Finally, it urges nations to curb drug demand through rehabilitation programs, education, and media campaigns.
The report notes that transnational organized crime groups are active in some illicit wildlife markets, where they exploit inconsistencies and weaknesses in regulation and enforcement, adapting their methods and routes continuously to evade detection and prosecution. Corruption also plays a key role in undermining regulation and enforcement actions against wildlife trade
The report notes that transnational organized crime groups are active in some illicit wildlife markets, where they exploit inconsistencies and weaknesses in regulation and enforcement, adapting their methods and routes continuously to evade detection and prosecution. Corruption also plays a key role in undermining regulation and enforcement actions against wildlife trade
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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1. Council: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Date: March 15th, 2012
UNODC/Res/A/1
Topic: Relationship between drug trafficking and conflict
with a special focus on the case of Afghanistan
Sponsors: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, People’s Republic
of China, Islamic Republic of Iran, Republic of
Iraq, Libya, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Islamic
Republic of Pakistan, Russian Federation, Tunisian
Republic
1 Recalling the principles outlined in the United Nations’ Charter highlighting the
2 importance of maintaining international peace and security,
3
4 Recognizing the importance of the sovereignty of all member states,
5 Noting the continuous expansion of the illegal drug trade and its violent nature
6 accompanied by the raging conflicts that surround it,
7 Recalling Article 4, Clause 1 of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in
8 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances which states “Each party shall take such
9 measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences it has
10 established when:
11 a) The offence is committed in its territory,
12 b) The offence is committed on board a vessel flying its flag or an aircraft which
13 is registered under its laws at the time the offence is committed,
14 c) The offence is committed by one of its nationals or by a person who has his
15 habitual residence in its territory”,
16 Reiterating Article 7, Clause 2 of the aforementioned convention pertaining to Mutual
17 Legal Assistance which states the following methods of aiding member states:
18 a) Taking evidence or statements from persons,
19 b) Effecting service of judicial documents,
20 c) Executing searches and seizures,
21 d) Examining objects and sites,
22 e) Providing information and evidentiary items,
23 f) Providing originals or certified copies of relevant documents and records,
24 including bank, financial, corporate, or business records,
25 g) Identifying or tracing proceeds, properties, instrumentalities, or other things
26 for evidentiary purposes,
27 Realizing the importance of combating the illegal drug trade and the urgency of tackling
28 the case of Afghanistan,
29 Noting the success of the widespread rehabilitation programs in Afghanistan,
30
2. 31 Encouraging any member state that has implemented or is able to implement successful
32 drug enforcement policy to assist Afghanistan, as long as it does not threaten the internal
33 security of the nation,
34
35 Stressing that inciting military conflict in any of the drug trading nations is counter-
36 productive for efforts to combat the issue,
37 The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime hereby;
38
39 1. Encourages member nations that if military assistance is required to aid Afghanistan
40 with regards to combating drug trafficking it should do so under the condition that it
41 operates in unison with Afghani forces;
42
43 2. Calls for the co-operation between states within The Golden Crescent, which include
44 Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan, to take stringent measures to control their borders and
45 monitor the current drug trafficking situation within the area by implementing the
46 following:
47 a) Exchange of intelligence and specific information regarding the flow of illicit
48 drugs,
49 b) Exchange of military and security resources needed for border safety and control;
50 3. Supports the implementation of a strict and effective law enforcement system that
51 includes, but is not limited to:
52 a) Focusing on suppressing the use of illicit drugs that may in turn incite criminal
53 behavior,
54 b) Creating incentives directed at underprivileged individuals affected by or involved
55 in the illicit drug trade, by providing them with improved government services
56 and opportunities, given that they agree to abide by the state’s anti-drug policies,
57 c) Allocating revenues from fines imposed on drug users to the development of
58 prevention and treatment programs;
59
60 4. Recommends alternative jobs to be provided to maintain the financial livelihoods of
61 those entirely dependent on the drug industry, such as:
62 a) The use of opium resources for medicinal purposes, thus providing a legal and
63 socially beneficial alternative to the current usage,
64 b) Providing crop alternatives (i.e. vegetables, cash crops) to maintain their
65 livelihood whist introducing crop rotation and other sustainable agricultural
66 schemes to improve the industry;
67
68 5. Urges member nations to curb illicit drug demand by the following measures, but not
69 limited to:
70 a) Enhancement of existing rehabilitation programs to ensure that recovering addicts
71 do not return to drug abuse and are effectively reintegrated into society,
3. 72 b) The inclusion of the negative effects and consequences of illicit drug consumption
73 in school curriculums at an early age,
74 c) Strengthening the role of the media to combat this problem by educating the youth
75 and displaying a consistent message that drug use is wrong and unacceptable.