Resilient Urban Edges: Adaptive and Mitigative Strategies in Chennai

13.0827° N
80.2707° E
resilient URBAN EDGES
adaptive and mitigative strategies in Chennai
VAISHALI MARLENE ENOS

MSC ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN 2015/16
UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER

El Nino mediated climatic disturbances cannot be reversed but
recur.
What sort of design proposals would allow for adaptation and
mitigation of extreme weather events whilst engaging the city
and local communities?
PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES
Fig 1: The effect of El Nino on Chennai
Source: International Research Institute for Climate and Society
Fig 2: Floods in Kotturpuram
-12/2015 (MONSOONS)
Source: india.com/news/india
Fig 3: Droughts in Chennai
- 2015 (Summer - May)
Source: instablogs.com
Fig 4: The Year of Climate Departure for World Cities / THE
TIMES OF INDIA
Source: soc.hawaii.edu

Fig 1 : Climate Analysis - Monthly Average Climate Parameters - IPCC
Scenario A1B 2050 showing a rise in temperatures by 2°C
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
°CkW/m2
m/s
DBT mean max
DBT mean min
DBT mean average
global horizontal radiation
wind velocity
Summer
Monsoon
Jan
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
- North most favourable for openings
while East is the sea breeze direction
- East and West to be shaded yet open
(monsoon direction)
- South shaded for monsoon and mid
season
- potential of downdraught and stack
systems of ventilation
- use of water and vegetative screens to
arrest humidity??
Fig 2 DIRECTION OF SOLAR RADIATION
Fig 3 CUMULATIVE RAINFALL
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
mm
Cumulative Rainfall
Rainfall
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
mm
Cumulative Rainfall
Rainfal
DESIGN SKY ILLUMINANCE OF :
LONDON - 4000 LUX
CHENNAI - 22797 LUX

5km 5km
CONTEXT
Fig 1:
CHENNAI : RIVER SYSTEMS AND SITE OF EXPLORATION
1
2
3
4
5
Chennai metropolitan area and
water bodies -
1) Kortalaiyar river;
2) Cooum river;
3) Adyar river (chosen for
investigation);
4) Buckingham canal;
5) Bay of Bengal sea
Fig 2: Natural systems - CHENNAI PLACES AND ELEVATION MAP
The SITE - 02-09 m above sea level . Source: thenewsminute.com
Fig 3: Mobility systems -
RADIOCENTRIC with new MRTS systems currently built
Fig 4: Land use systems -
SOCIAL and ECOLOGICAL DISPARITY

Rapid urbanisation - concretization- impermeability
Disconnect between hydrology + urban planning
- 650 water bodies encroached
- for every 1 feet reduction of ground water, 7-9 feet of sea water moves into
aquifers
-Solid waste dumping, entering and blocking water resources
-Lack of infrastructure + housing
90% of green cover replaced by non vegetative developments
89% peak flow of surface run off water-reduced water holding capacity +
impermeable surfaces
Increase in the number of hot spots (Urban Heat Island) in the city due to
increase in urban builtup. 90% of respondents said the city center is 3-4 C
hotter than surburban areas.
CONTEXT
Fig 3 :
Growth of Chennai Metropolitan area
Source: Visualization of Urban Growth Pattern in Chennai Using Geoinformatics and
Spatial Metrics. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 44(4), pp 617-633.
2000 2010 2026 2013 20131990
Fig 4:
Heat Islands where red
represents ‘SEVERE’ (42-45°C
day / 32-33.5°C night - MAY)
Source: The Hindu
Fig 2 :
FLOOD WATER LEVELS -December 02, 2015
Source: nrsc.gov.in
Fig 1 :
FLOOD WATER LEVELS -December 02, 2015
Source : Reuters
Fig 5:
Chennai Metropolitan Area
vegetative index
Source: NDVI
>0
0.1-0.2
0-0.1
0.2-0.3

THE CITY TURNS ITS BACK TO ITS RIVERS
- why this river and site? - pollution, social polarisation, concretisation and extreme weather events - potential for redevelopment in urban, riverfront and building scales
CONTEXT
1
2
3
4
5
5
3
4 4 kilometers0
6
Fig 6: CHENNAI - RIVERS
Fig 1: RIVERFRONT NEAR THE SITE
Fig 2: BRIDGES
Source: 500px.com
Fig 3: ROADS BECOME CANALS
Source: thefrontline.com
Fig 4: TENEMENT BLOCK VIEW
Source: thehindu.com
Fig 5: EVACUATION
Source: therediff.com
Fig 7: ORIGIN OF THE RIVER ADYAR
Source: Optimisation model for management of water
quality (2012)
1) Kortalaiyar River,
2) Cooum River, 3)
Adyar River,
4) Buckingham
canal,
5) Bay of Bengal,
6) Chembarakkam
Lake
Fig 8: EXTENT OF FLOODING - DEC 01,2015

LACK OF OWNERSHIP - the housing is not
designed for them, their livelihoods change - introduce a steady
source of income and alternate professions - PREVIOUSLY used to
RECYCLE waste material
NO CONNECTION to river
- NO NATURAL construction material
extremely hot - 98%
sleep on floor, hang damp clothes to induce cooling, stay
outside during the night
4-6 people /flat, 32 flats in a building, 100 buildings
COMFORT
WORK
NEEDS
FLOOD REMEDIES
source of stable income
water shortage
children have no place to play
stays at home, nothing to do!
runs a local side eating shop
irons clothes
student
domestic help
repairs vehicles
sells vegetables
difficulties in travel
clean + desilt river
too small windows
no cross ventilation
MAY 02, 2016 - 42 C
FIELD WORK
river inaccessible
filthy
river
Fig 1: TENEMENT AND surroundingS
Fig 4: NARROW TYPICAL STREETFig 2: COMPOUND + OPPOSITE STREET Fig 3: G+3 APARTMENTS AND WIDER STREET
Fig 5: VIEW FROM BRIDGE TO THE TENEMENT
Fig 6: THE NORTH EDGE - RIVER + VEGETATION

SITE - Movement patterns
Fig 2: MOVEMENT PLAN WITHIN THE TENEMENT
26m
108 m
124 m
8m 40m
16m
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKEDUCATIONALPRODUCT
BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
Linear type
WIDE type
CLUSTER type
BOX type
Fig 3: G+3 HIGH RISE + ASPHALTED ROADSFig 1: G LOW RISE BLOCKS ALONG ROAD
Source: alamy.com

Analytic
Work
G
G
G+3
G+3
East-West
canyon
NORT
H-SOUTH
canyon
SECTION
1
SECTION 2
indoor - unit analysis - tas
outdoor - street analysis - ladybug , rhino, envimet
Fig 1 : Issues - Sections 1 and 2 showing heat island (summer - red) and flooding (monsoons - blue)
due to concretisation and urbanisation of the city
G+3
G+3
G+3
G+3
G
GFuture
flood
line
Future
flood
line

garbage clogging riverlow water levels unsitled river bed
approx 2m - difference
between groundplinth and river
EXTREME WEATHER AND ITS EFFECT ON LIFESTYLE - SUMMER (MAY)
HIGH TEMPERATURES
after 5:30 pm before 5:30 pm
partially shaded East-West facing
canyon with completely shaded south
Higher radiation on exposed roofs,
ground and East facades
THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE STREET SCAPE in CHENNAI
impermeable surfaces
increased stored heat
warmer °C
anthropogenic heat
anthropogenic heat
anthropogenic heat
minimal wind
absorption of
solar radia-
tion and low
reflectance
thermal
storage

2.7 m32 m 10.6 m 2.4 m 33 m
5.53 kWh/m²
5.53 kWh/m²
2.77 kWh/m² 2.77 kWh/m²
2.77 kWh/m²
0-.55 kWh/m² 0 kWh/m²
3.87 kWh/m²
0.55-1.11 kWh/m²
3.32 kWh/m²
3.32 kWh/m²
1.11 kWh/m²
.55-1.11 kWh/m²
3m
14m 17m12m
ANALYSIS OF STREET TYPOLOGIES IN SUMMER (MAY)
SOLAR RADIATION DAILY
AVERAGE ANALYSIS (LADYBUG)
SUNLIGHT HOURS (LADYBUG)
partially shaded East-West facing
canyon with completely shaded south
Higher radiation on exposed roofs,
ground and East facades

2.7 m32 m 10.6 m 2.4 m 33 m
3 m/s 1 m/s 2m/s 3m/s >1m/s4m/s0.5m/s 2.7m/s1.3m/sm/s m/s
4.00 kWh/m²
4.00 kWh/m² 0.8-1.6
kWh/m²
2.8
kWh/m²
1.6 kWh/m²
1.60 kWh/m²
0-2.4 kWh/m² 0 kWh/m²
4 kWh/m²0.4-0.8 kWh/m²
1.2-2.8 kWh/m²
3.32 kWh/m²
3.32 kWh/m²
0.8 kWh/m² 0.4 kWh/m²
0-0.4kWh/m²
3m
14m 17m12m
ANALYSIS OF STREET TYPOLOGIES DURING MONSOON (NOVEMBER)
SOLAR RADIATION DAILY AVERAGE ANALYSIS
(LADYBUG)
WIND ANALYSIS (CFD - static)
shaded + windy East-West facing
canyon with turbulent edges - potential
of creating wind scoops
Higher radiation along North-South
facing canyon
humidity and flood waters

OUTDOOR MICROCLIMATE CONCLUSIONS
90% open sky 30% open sky
52% open sky 28% open sky
Less sky view ratio- more cooler
180° orientation allows wind
90° blocks are wind breakers
More edges = more turbulence
Open courts increase pressure but have to be
vegetated to reduce temperatures
Water modifies temperatures extensively
AIR TEMPERATURE
15 May - 8:00 hours
28°C 32°C 31°C 29°C
27°C 39°C
40°C26°C 36°C 28°C 27°C
AIR TEMPERATURE
15 May - 23:00 hours
WIND SPEED
15 May
AIR TEMPERATURE
AIR TEMPERATURE
16 May - 2:00 hours
2.7 m
32 m
44°C 40°C
38°C
38°C
2
1
section 2section 1
44°C
10.6 m
3m
14m
8m
14m
AIR TEMPERATURE
ENVIMET - Existing morphology + river on one side + asphalt + concrete construction
SKY VIEW FACTOR

TYPOLOGY STUDY
fig 3 : Linear TYPE
fig 7 : SECTION 1 fig 8: SECTION 2 fig 9: SECTION 3 fig 10: SECTION 4
1 2 3
4
fig 4: WIDE TYPE fig 5: CLUSTER TYPE fig 6: BOX TYPE
8m 8m4m
12m
6.5m 3m
1.5m
8m4.5m5m 1.9m
6.5m
9.4m9.4m 10.6m2.4m
15m
fig 1 : G+3 HIGH RISE fig 2 : G LOW RISE
Source: alamy.com
9m 0-6mFuture flood line 2015 flood line
This section deals with the study of the different units. Below is a
summary of the properties of the units-
GROUND + 3 HIGH RISE (fig 1) GROUND + LOW RISE (fig 2)
LINEAR (fig 3) WIDE (fig 4) CLUSTER (fig 5) BOX(fig 6)
MATERIALS:
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION WOOD + MUD +
METAL SHEET
CHARACTER:
PERMANENT TEMPORARY
ORGANISATION:
LIVING CUM BEDROOM MULTIPURPOSE ROOMS (2)
KITCHEN COOKING AREA
BEDROOM
TOILETS (2) CLUSTER TYPE HAS A TOILET
FLOOD WATERS:
G+1 INUNDATED UNITS WASHED AWAY
(Fig 7,8) (fig 9,10)
G
G
G+3
G+3

CONCLUSIONS
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
140, 1
140, 5
140, 9
140, 13
140, 17
140, 21
141, 1
141, 5
141, 9
141, 13
141, 17
141, 21
142, 1
142, 5
142, 9
142, 13
142, 17
142, 21
143, 1
143, 5
143, 9
143, 13
143, 17
143, 21
144, 1
144, 5
144, 9
144, 13
144, 17
144, 21
145, 1
145, 5
145, 9
145, 13
145, 17
145, 21
146, 1
146, 5
146, 9
146, 13
146, 17
146, 21
147, 1
147, 5
147, 9
147, 13
147, 17
147, 21
External Temperature (°C) Living Radiant Temp (°C) Kitchen Radiant Temp (°C)
Room Radiant Temp (°C) Bath 1 Radiant Temp (°C) bATH 2 Radiant Temp (°C)
140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
+2°C
Stack ventilation + night time ventilation
+3°C
fig 1
1 LINEAR BLOCK _ EDGE UNIT
fig 2
2 WIDE BLOCK _A) EDGE UNIT
B) MIDDLE UNIT
fig 5
2 WIDE BLOCK _A) EDGE UNIT
SUMMER _ MAY 20-27

A
B
fig 3
3 CLUSTER TYPE
fig 4
4 BOX TYPE_
A) NIGHT OCCUPANCY
B) DAY OCCUPANCY
fig 6 - OUT OF COMFORT HOURS
INDOOR UNITS (62%) HAVE DOUBLE
THE TENDENCY TO BE OUT OF
COMFORT WHEN COMPARED TO
COMFORT LEVELS OUTDOORS (31%).
%OFOUT-OFCOMFORTHOURS
1 2A 2B 3 4A 4B
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Living Kitchen Room Bath 1 Stairwell In-between External
External temperature
Living resultant
Kitchen resultant
Room resultant
Bath 1 resultant
INBETWEEN
STAIRWELL
EXTERNAL
fig 7 VENTILATION
CROSSSTACKS
NIGHT TIME VENTILATION
STAIRWELL AS STACK SHADING +
PASSIVE COOLING
ROOF LAYERS DAYLIGHT CUT OFF
PRINCIPLES FOR INDOOR COMFORT
fig 8 SOLAR RADIATION fig 8 DAYLIGHT

HYPOTHESIS AND SCOPE OF WORK
fig 1
CONSTRUCTION DEBRIS
fig 4 - Ningbo Museum, China-
recycled stone, tiles and
brick - wang shu
Source: uk.archinect.com
fig 5 -
OPEN AIR LIBRARY, KARO -
PIECES OF OLD FACADE
Source: openbuildings.com
fig 6 -
RECYCLING BOTTLES AND CRATES
- Y PANDYA
Source: worldarchitecture.org
fig 7
PERMEABLE SURFACES - ROOF, FACADE + GROUND and
SUSTAINABLE DRAINGE
River flood plain
Urbanisation
fig 2
ORGANIC WASTE
fig 3
PLASTIC WASTE
fig 8
MAKOKO FLOATING COMMUNITY
Source: nleworks.com
Hypothesis 1 - Mitigative strategy:
What proposals can be introduced in the urban fabric to address
issues of El Nino mediated climate disturbances?
The hypothesis is that layers of permeable surfaces derived from
the recycling economy that are proposed to be introduced in the
urban fabric will rethink landscape in cities, mitigate the heat
island effect and provide a sense of belonging and ownership to
the locals who create it.
Hypothesis 2 - Adaptive strategy:
What proposals can be introduced in the building fabric to
address temperatures that are out of comfort 95% of the year?
The hypothesis is that layers of transitions spaces, buffers and
screens will aid in achieving temperatures within the comfort
band.
Hypothesis 3 - Participative strategy:
How can a river front be utilized to integrate the city and promote
ecological awareness?
The hypothesis is that a river can be more than just a connection
point from A to B but as a mobility infrastructure, as productive
channels, as a public realm and a climate mediator.

URBAN STRATEGY
fig 2
Development authority’s proposition
Source:skyscrapercity.com
fig 1
URBAN PLAN
TENEMENT AND INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS
ALONG RIVER
Source: Associated Press
ROADS=CANALS
Source: thefrontline.com
FLOOD MAP = 4-6M 02.12.2016
URBAN RIVER MOBILITY STRATEGY
INTERVENTIONS = PERMEABLE STREET AND FLOATING TYPES
EDGES=CANALS
STREETS=CANALS

OCCUPANCY SCHEDULES and NEW SPACES
WHAT DO THEY WANT?
- comfortable indoor and outdoors
- housing according to lifestyle - shared
and more outdoor space
- ownership and community engagement
- additional income to sustain their families
WOMEN
ENTREPREUNERS
domestic help
homemakers
autodrivers
unemployed
unemployed
school / college going
nurses
local eatery, iron service,
metal workshop, vegetable
vendors
MEN
ELDERLY
CHILDREN / TEENAGERS
weekday
weekday
weekday
weekday
weekday
weekday
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
weekend
weekend
weekend
weekend
weekend
SECONDARY ECONOMIES
- spaces for recycling
- workshops for self build
-play areas, education, IT and
activity areas
-collaborative farming
-services for the surrounding areas

SITE STRATEGIES
Fig 1
STRATEGIC PLAN
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN INTERVENTIONS
fig 4
EXISTING STREETSCAPE
application of principles
VENTILATION
NEW FLOORS
NEW HORIZONTAL
fig 5
FLOATING TYPE
fig 2
INTERVENTIONS
fig 7
ORGANISATION
a) b) c)
Fig 3: ROOM FOR THE RIVER - Different measures to enlarge the conveyance capacity of the River
a) SIDE CHANNELS , b) LOWERING FLOOD PLAIN, c) DIKE RELOCATION, d) REMOVING
OBSTACLES, e) BYPASS, f) EMERGENCY FLOOD STORAGE AREA
Source: BEEKMANS (2002)
d) e) f) BIOSWALES -
temporary
storage,
infiltration
GREEN-BLUE
ROOFS +
FACADES -
retention,
recycling
COLLECTIVE
WATER GARDEN-
retention, recycling
UNDERGROUND
WATER STORAGE -
temporary storage,
drainage,retention,
recycling
WATER
SQUARE-
temporary
storage, de-
layed drainage,
OPEN WATER-
storage and
quality
LESS PAVING -
delayed infil-
tration
WATER
COLLEC-
TION-
retention,
recycling
FACADE
GARDENS-
delayed
infiltration
WATER RO-
BUST DESIGN-
water reten-
tion, infiltration
Fig 6: COMPACT CITY PRINCIPLES INTEGRATING SPATIAL PLANNING AND PERMEABILITY
Source: www.urbanisten.nl/wp/?portfolio=rotterdam-adaptation-strategy

REVITALISATION OF EXISTING
STREET_BASED TYPOLOGIES

INTERVENTIONS FOR EXISTING
SOLAR RADIATION
A
C
B
fig 2
EXISTING
fig 3
A
Floors lifted 6m from ground =
urban public space and flood respite
B
Jagged roofscape =
Create wind scoops in urban fabric
fig 4
C
Double layered roof = Protection from solar access + COOL OUTDOOS
TOOL -
SOL AR RADIATION DAILY AVERAGE ANALYSIS (LADYBUG)
2.77
kWh/m2
5 kWh/m2
0.55 kWh/m2
0.55 kWh/m2
0.55 kWh/m2
0.55 kWh/m2
1.6 kWh/m2
5 kWh/m2
1.11 kWh/m2
0.55 kWh/m2
0.55
kWh/m2
fig 1
Section 1 - used for figs 1,2,3
1
2

INTERVENTIONS FOR EXISTING
WIND ANALYSIS
EXISTING
RAISING THE GROUND BY 6 m
DIFFERENT GROUNDSfig 1
Section 1 - used for figs 1,2,
Section 2 - used for fig 3
1
2
TOOL -
AUTODESK CFD

ENIVIMET
AIR TEMPERATURE
15 May - 8:00 hours
25°C 29°C 25°C
25°C 24°C
25°C
25°C
26°C
26°C
30°C
31°C
30°C
26°C 25°C
AIR TEMPERATURE
AIR TEMPERATURE
AIR TEMPERATURE
16 May - 2:00 hours
28°C 32°C 31°C 29°C
27°C 39°C
40°C
26°C 36°C 28°C 27°C
WIND SPEED
15 May
EXISTING with
asphalt ground
concrete construction
river to the North
PROPOSED with
raised 6 m ground
earth ground and rows of vegetation
brick and wet roof construction
river to North and East

ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSITIONS
LEVEL 1 + 2
LEVEL 3 + 4
LEVEL 5 + 6
STAIRWELL AS A
STACK
NEW HORIZONTAL
EXISTING FLOORS +
INTERVENTIONS
EXISTINGBLOCKHEIGHT=12-14M
INTERVENTIONBLOCKHEIGHT=18-22M
NEW FLOORS
ADDED ABOVE
ROOFSCAPE
LEVEL 7
fig 3
LEVEL 3+4 EXISTING
fig 2
LEVEL 3+ 4 PROPOSITIONS FOR EXISTING
fig 1
LEVELS 5+6 - NEW FLOORS
kitchen stairwells warm air cooler air

EXISTING AND NEW
fig 1
EXISTING G+3 UNIT
G
G
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
ROOF
ROOF
5
fig 2
NEW SPACES
fig 3
PLAN OF REORGANISATION
fig 4
SITE PLAN

SECTION during SUMMER - MAY
workshops/garden
workshops/LIVING
newresidential
REDESIGNEDresidential
workshops-urbanrealm
32˚C
PV panels + Ceramic tiles
(white finish) on filler roof
Broken pieces of stones +
tiles + CSEB blocks
green roof /
walls
shading - louvers -
bamboo mat
30˚C at 1.5 m
30˚C at 1.5 m

SECTION during MONSOONS - NOVEMBER
temporary roofed shelters
for people stranded during
the flood
vegetation increases the
permeability of the ground
surface
shading rolled up to allow mon-
soon winds to enter the units

ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSITIONS
fig 1
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
fig 2
SPACES
fig 3
VIEWS
RESTRICTING
solar access
solar access
wind access
screens
protective
buffer roof
shaded surfaces
flood mitigative
ventilation
10m
8m
3m
3m
1mopen
space
split levels
open
space

FACADE STUDIES
MAY - SUMMER
SOLAR RADIATION
high radiation on roof =
reflective material + solar potential
Fig 1
SUN PATH MAY 15
Fig 1
SUN PATH NOV 15
0 kWh/
m²
8 kWh/m2
8 kWh/m2
0 kWh/m2
0 kWh/m2
14 kWh/m2
37 kWh/m2
37 kWh/m2
0-3 kWh/m2
0-3 kWh/m2
0-3 kWh/m2
11 kWh/m2
14.8 kWh/m2
25 kWh/m2
36 kWh/m2
West =
vegetation + protection
NORTH =
SHADED INNER ROOF LAYER
fig 5
West facade
fig 6
North facade
fig 7
East facade
fig 8
South facade
DAILY AVERAGE GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION ANALYSIS - MAY (SUMMER)
(LADYBUG)
fig 2
ROOF PLAN
fig 3
VIEW FROM WEST
fig 4
VIEW FROM NORTH

VENTILATION
Cross and stack ventilation
South facing single sided stack ventilation
fig 1
SECTION A
fig 2
SECTION B
fig 6
PLAN OF LEVEL 2
May, 12 noon - 34°C- DBT - Indoor - 37°C 2x1.2m
window, 2m2
stack area and 1.5m stack height - Room
dimensions = 3 x 3 x 5.5m - Heat gains = 20 W/m2
(equipment) + 10 W/m2
(lighting)
May, 12 noon - 34°C- DBT - Indoor - 37°C 2x1.2m
window - 1.5 m stack height - Room dimensions = 3 x 3x
5.5m - Heat gains = 20 W/m2
(equipment) + 10 W/m2
(lighting)
ACH
Required for
fresh air
Required for
cooling
Achieved
0
10
20
ACH
Required for
fresh air
Required for
cooling
Achieved
0
20
40
fig 4
Elevation
Window 3
fig 3
Section
Window
2 + 4
3
A
B
2
4
1
fig 5
WINDOW = detail at 1,2,3
SUMMER ADAPTATION:
Coconut fibre insulation that slides to cover window
opening to prevent heat from entering the indoors
MONSOON ADAPTATION :
Lantana windows top rung to enjoy monsoon breeze and
rain - the projection blocks the entry of rain into the units
9m
12m

URBAN LAYOUT
5m12m
9m
fig 2
STAGGERED TYPE
PLAN AT 3m
AUTODESK CFD ANALYSIS (WIND) LAYDBUG - DAILY AVERAGE GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION ANALYSIS - MAY (SUMMER)
fig 3
Section A
fig 4
Section B
fig 5
Section C
fig 6
Section D
fig 7
Section E
0 kWh/m2
0 kWh/m2
0 kWh/m2
0 kWh/m2
1.1 kWh/m2
1.1 kWh/m2
1.1 kWh/m2
1.1 kWh/m2
29 kWh/m2
5 kWh/m2
5 kWh/m2
5 kWh/m2
30 kWh/m2
36 kWh/m2
C
AB
fig 1
LINEAR type
PLAN at 3m
C
D
E

level 1
Organisation of Floating Type
level 2
SHOEBOX
Construction (inner-outer):
a) Ceiling - wood chip board (50mm ) + light weight
support (50mm)
b) Roof - wood chip board (50mm)+ light weight
support(50mm) + insulation (cork - 50mm) + solar
panel (6mm)
c) Ground - wood (50mm) +insulation (cork-50mm) +
support (150mm) + PET(polystyrene + cavity + wire)
d) Walls - wood (50mm) + light weight support
(150mm) + insulation (coconut fiber sheet - 50mm)
+ VENTILATION
INPUTS - + windows, + zones
-Big windows (2x1.2m, 0.9 m sill) to the North-South
added.
-Stack windows (at 5m and 2.1m), each of 1.5x0.5m
-Doors (0.8x1m) with louvers in the shutters
All opening were enabled to function between 19-
32°C, 90% open.
+ Shades + CUTS IN FLOOR
To further induce a greater movement of air, cuts in the
First floor level and roof are simulated. In addition, the
schedules of openings are changed to increase night time
ventilation.
+ INTERNAL GAINS
75W (sensible) and 85W (latent) at work and 65W
(sensible) and 50W (latent) at rest at 24°C
2 people in each-9m2 in Living, kitchen and bath
LIVING :
Lighting - 10w/m2 (18-23hrs)
Occupancy sensible - 14.4 W/m2 (20-6hrs)
Occupancy latent - 2.0 W/m2 (20-6hrs)
Equipment sensible - 5 W/m2 (20-23hrs)
Equipment latent - 2 W/m2 (20-23hrs)
+ MEZZANINE
Maximum occupancy of 4 people in 33m3
(3mx3mx5.5m)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
140,1
140,6
140,11
140,16
140,21
141,2
141,7
141,12
141,17
141,22
142,3
142,8
142,13
142,18
142,23
143,4
143,9
143,14
143,19
143,24
144,5
144,10
144,15
144,20
145,1
145,6
145,11
145,16
145,21
146,2
146,7
146,12
146,17
146,22
External Temperature (°C) Living Resultant Temp (°C)
Kitchen Resultant Temp (°C) Bath Resultant Temp (°C)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
140,1
140,5
140,9
140,13
140,17
140,21
141,1
141,5
141,9
141,13
141,17
141,21
142,1
142,5
142,9
142,13
142,17
142,21
143,1
143,5
143,9
143,13
143,17
143,21
144,1
144,5
144,9
144,13
144,17
144,21
145,1
145,5
145,9
145,13
145,17
145,21
146,1
146,5
146,9
146,13
146,17
146,21
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
140,1
140,6
140,11
140,16
140,21
141,2
141,7
141,12
141,17
141,22
142,3
142,8
142,13
142,18
142,23
143,4
143,9
143,14
143,19
143,24
144,5
144,10
144,15
144,20
145,1
145,6
145,11
145,16
145,21
146,2
146,7
146,12
146,17
146,22
External Temperature (°C) Living 1 Resultant Temp (°C)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
140,1
140,6
140,11
140,16
140,21
141,2
141,7
141,12
141,17
141,22
142,3
142,8
142,13
142,18
142,23
143,4
143,9
143,14
143,19
143,24
144,5
144,10
144,15
144,20
145,1
145,6
145,11
145,16
145,21
146,2
146,7
146,12
146,17
146,22
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
89
93
97
101
105
109
113
117
121
125
129
133
137
141
145
149
153
157
161
165
External Temperature (°C) Living 1 Resultant Temp (°C)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
140,1
140,5
140,9
140,13
140,17
140,21
141,1
141,5
141,9
141,13
141,17
141,21
142,1
142,5
142,9
142,13
142,17
142,21
143,1
143,5
143,9
143,13
143,17
143,21
144,1
144,5
144,9
144,13
144,17
144,21
145,1
145,5
145,9
145,13
145,17
145,21
146,1
146,5
146,9
146,13
146,17
146,21
External Temperature (°C) Living 1 Resultant Temp (°C) Kitchen Resultant Temp (°C)
Bath Resultant Temp (°C) m1 Resultant Temp (°C)
External temperature
Living resultant
Kitchen resultant
Bath resultant
Mezzanine resultant
B K
L L
L
M M
L
L
L L
L
B
K
B
K
L
L
L
L L
L
B
K
Wunderground Temperature - 41 / 26.3˚C
Wind speed - 1.6 m/s (east , south-west)
SUMMER MAY 20-26
TAS ANALYSIS
level 3 -MEZZANINE
Living
Living Storage Living
Living
LEVEL 4 - sloped ROOF

L
L L
L
B
K
Fig 2 : PlanFig 1 : Typical section through the unit
Fig 3 : View from the North
Fig 4 : Plan of streetscape type Fig 5 : Section
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
140,1
140,5
140,9
140,13
140,17
140,21
141,1
141,5
141,9
141,13
141,17
141,21
142,1
142,5
142,9
142,13
142,17
142,21
143,1
143,5
143,9
143,13
143,17
143,21
144,1
144,5
144,9
144,13
144,17
144,21
145,1
145,5
145,9
145,13
145,17
145,21
146,1
146,5
146,9
146,13
146,17
146,21
147,1
147,5
147,9
147,13
147,17
147,21
External Temperature (°C) Living Resultant Temp (°C) m Resultant Temp (°C)
Living 1 Resultant Temp (°C) m1 Resultant Temp (°C)
+ Context and vegetation + outdoor - Context and vegetation + outdoor
Wunderground
Temperature - 41 / 26.3˚C
Wind speed - 1.6 m/s (east , south-west)
SUMMER
MAY 20-26
fig 6 : Performance of the floating type - STAND ALONE and in CONTEXT
Section A - typical day
Extra shading
on South and
West if unit is
stand alone
Stack
ventilation
Low level
cool inlets
Vegetation / water
in the center
PET bottles
Shading on North to
restrict air being heat
by radiation
Adjustable + foldable
mezzanines
Top hung summer and
monsoon shutters
OUTCOMES
Fig 8 : Outdoor analysis - Air temperature -
Envimet (15 May -14:00 hrs)- A - existing (asphalt
ground, concrete construction and River to North)
and B - proposed (permeable ground + vegetation,
brick construction with wet roof, River to North and
East
B
FLOATING
STREETSCAPE
32°C
29°C
30°C
32°C
39°C
42°C
36°C
A
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%OFOUT-OFCOMFORTHOURS
G+3 G
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
INBETWEEN
STAIRWELL
EXTERNAL
FLOATING
STAIRWELL
INBETWEEN
EXTERNAL
STREETSCAPE
Fig 7 : Percentage of OUT OF COMFORT HOURS : Indoor and
outdoor spaces of existing and interventions (TAS)
Living resultant
Kitchen resultant
Room resultant
Bath 1 resultant
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
30°C
31°C
32°C
28°C
30°C

COMMUNAL BUILDING + LIVE-WORK
A
B
A - North-South Canyon
B - EAST-WEST Canyon

Shaded East-
West canyon
Shaded work
spaces
vegetated walls
provide evapo-
rative cooling
stack windows
shut during day
insulation ap-
plied to windows
@ 3m during
day
shading for
roof for types
without a taller
context
Shaded North-
South canyon
LIVING
KITCHEN
WORKSPACE/COMMUNITY
DOUBLEROOF
VERANDAH
VEGETATIONONTHEEDGE
PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKEDUCATIONALPRODUCTPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
MONSOON + SuMMER sections
PET bottle
ground struc-
ture allow units
to float on
water
more indoor
activities
windows open
90%
semi-outdoor
work

30°C
31°C
32°C
28°C
30°C
TYPICAL DAY, SuMMER + MONSOON sections

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