RESEARCH NOTES (CORNELL STYLE) Name: ___ __________ Full Citation: The purpose of my essay is to argue that the world is getting better. Notes From the Text: My Thoughts: 5: Meet the Five-Year-Old Boy Bill Gates Put on the Cover of TIME: Mohamad Nasir, 5, in Ethiopia When Mohamad Nasir first met Bill Gates in 2012 in his home country of Ethiopia, the child was less than a month old and had recently received vaccinations against polio, measles, and more. Today, thanks to his early and ongoing health care, Mohamad is an active and curious five-year-old who loves sports and is quick to welcome a visitor. Mohamad’s life represents an important milestone for his community and for the world. In 1990, the number of children who died in Ethiopia from preventable causes was staggering: one in five children didn’t live to their fifth birthday. In response, the country took substantial measures to combat the problem. In 2000, Ethiopia’s government made a commitment to improve health care and address the lack of health care providers in rural areas of the country. Ethiopia was able to drop its mortality rates for children under-five death by two-thirds from 1990 and 2012—an impressive feat for a low-income country. Part of that strategy came from expanding community health care and training health extension workers. These workers are paid by the government to provide health services to people living in and around their village health posts, as well as make house calls and provide educational outreach activities. (http://time.com/5071035/meet-the-five-year-old-boy-bill-gates-put-on-the-cover-of-time/) Gates says, surveying this progress, “the world is getting better.” There is a lot of change in health care. The deaths of mothers and kids have been reduced. They were a big part of the population who was not coming to the hospital due to economical problems. Now these people can get free health services from nearby hospitals. 4: Why The World Is Getting Better And Why Hardly Anyone Knows It? Even the Bible tells us that “The poor you will always have with you.” And it's customary to see poverty as so intractable, even insoluble, that organizations like the World Bank might as well try boiling the ocean. Statistics show otherwise. Massive gains have been made in reducing extreme poverty, particularly in the last 50 years. Some countries that are now rich were poor just a few decades ago. Two hundred years ago, only a privileged few were not living in extreme poverty. For all the ills of industrialization, increased productivity made it possible to lift steadily more people out of extreme poverty. At first, the progress was steady: in 1950 75% of the world were still living in extreme poverty. But today, those living in extreme poverty are now less than 10%. (https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevedenning/2017/11/30/why-the-world-is-getting-better-why-hardly-anyone-knows-it/#415c15547826) We are in a world where knowledge and education are improving ...

1. RESEARCH NOTES (CORNELL STYLE) Name: ___
__________
Full Citation:
The purpose of my essay is to argue that the world is getting
better.
Notes From the Text:
My Thoughts:
5:
Meet the Five-Year-Old Boy Bill Gates Put on the Cover of
TIME:
Mohamad Nasir, 5, in Ethiopia
When Mohamad Nasir first met Bill Gates in 2012 in his home
country of Ethiopia, the child was less than a month old and had
recently received vaccinations against polio, measles, and more.
Today, thanks to his early and ongoing health care, Mohamad is
an active and curious five-year-old who loves sports and is
quick to welcome a visitor. Mohamad’s life represents an
important milestone for his community and for the world.
In 1990, the number of children who died in Ethiopia from
preventable causes was staggering: one in five children didn’t
live to their fifth birthday. In response, the country took
substantial measures to combat the problem. In 2000, Ethiopia’s
government made a commitment to improve health care and
address the lack of health care providers in rural areas of the
country.
Ethiopia was able to drop its mortality rates for children under-
five death by two-thirds from 1990 and 2012—an impressive
feat for a low-income country. Part of that strategy came from

2. expanding community health care and training health extension
workers. These workers are paid by the government to provide
health services to people living in and around their village
health posts, as well as make house calls and provide
educational outreach activities.
(http://time.com/5071035/meet-the-five-year-old-boy-bill-
gates-put-on-the-cover-of-time/)
Gates says, surveying this progress, “the world is getting
better.”
There is a lot of change in health care. The deaths of mothers
and kids have been reduced. They were a big part of the
population who was not coming to the hospital due to
economical problems. Now these people can get free health
services from nearby hospitals.
4:
Why The World Is Getting Better And Why Hardly Anyone
Knows It?
Even the Bible tells us that “The poor you will always have
with you.” And it's customary to see poverty as so intractable,
even insoluble, that organizations like the World Bank might as
well try boiling the ocean. Statistics show otherwise. Massive
gains have been made in reducing extreme poverty, particularly
in the last 50 years. Some countries that are now rich were poor
just a few decades ago.
Two hundred years ago, only a privileged few were not living in
extreme poverty. For all the ills of industrialization, increased
productivity made it possible to lift steadily more people out of
extreme poverty. At first, the progress was steady: in 1950 75%
of the world were still living in extreme poverty. But today,
those living in extreme poverty are now less than 10%.
(https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevedenning/2017/11/30/why-
the-world-is-getting-better-why-hardly-anyone-knows-

3. it/#415c15547826)
We are in a world where knowledge and education are
improving dramatically. But It’s ironic. There is widespread
abysmal ignorance about the improving state of the world. More
than 9 out of 10 people do not think that the world is getting
better.
I think the media are partly to blame. The media does not tell us
how the world is changing, it tells us where the world is going
wrong. It tends to focus on single events particularly single
events that have gone bad. By contrast, positive developments
happen slowly with no particular event to promote in a headline.
“More people are healthy today than yesterday,” just doesn’t cut
it.
3:
The education story is equally encouraging. Data shows that the
share of the world population that is literate over the last 2
centuries has gone from a tiny elite to a world where 8 out of 10
people can read and write.
(https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevedenning/2017/11/30/why-
the-world-is-getting-better-why-hardly-anyone-knows-
it/#415c15547826)
All these gains were enabled by improvements in knowledge
and education. And education continues to improve globally. In
this area, Our World In Data forecasts a future where education
will continue on its improvement path.

5. Summary:
We are discovering that global poverty reduction has been a
success, not a failure. When people believe that they are failing,
they risk losing faith in each other. Greater awareness of our
history can build confidence to tackle the remaining problems.
Although easy gains have been made and harder challenges lie
ahead, we now know much more about the solutions. For
instance, we know that the key to population limits is getting
people out of poverty: above $10,000 per capita, population
growth drops precipitously. Paradoxically, the key to saving the
environment is growing faster! We now know much more about
how to adapt. The idea that we should do things today as we did
them yesterday has given way to a realization that if further
progress is to be made, we must learn to adapt even faster.
Management practices that aim at preserving the status quo are
bottlenecks in the effort to achieve further progress. Innovation
must be continuous if we are to master the challenges that lie
before us. In a world of accelerating change, and increasing

6. complexity, organizations must learn how to become more agile.
APA Annotated Bibliography (Haddad)
Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008).
This paper follows the style guidelines in the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed.
(2010).
Arman Haddad
Professor Andrews
Psychology 101
14 October XXXX
Patterns of Gender-Related Differences in
Online Communication: An Annotated Bibliography
Bruckman, A. S. (1993). Gender swapping on the Internet.
Proceedings of INET '93. Retrieved from http://www.cc
.gatech.edu/elc/papers/bruckman/gender-swapping

7. -bruckman.pdf
In this brief analysis, Bruckman investigates the
perceptions of males and females in electronic environments.
She argues that females (or those posing as females) receive
an inordinate amount of unwanted sexual attention and offers
of assistance from males. She also suggests that females (and
sexually unthreatening males) are welcomed more willingly
than dominant males into virtual communities. She concludes
that behavior in electronic forums is an exaggerated reflection
of gender stereotypes in real-life communication. The article
is interesting and accessible, but it is quite old, and it relies
almost entirely on quotations from four anonymous forum
participants.
Crowston, C., & Kammerer, E. (1998). Communicative style
and
gender differences in computer-mediated communications.
In B. Ebo (Ed.), Cyberghetto or cybertopia? Race, class,
and gender on the Internet (pp. 185-203). Westport, CT:
Praeger.

8. This brief study examines how the dominant
Gender and Online Communication 1
Marginal annotations indicate APA-style formatting and
effective writing.
In APA style, each
entry begins at
the left margin;
subsequent lines
indent 1⁄2".
The annotation
begins on a
new line and is
indented 1⁄2".
Summary is
followed by a short
evaluation of
the source that
notes its age and
questionable
research technique.
Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008).
communication style (masculine versus feminine) of an online
discussion group affects men’s and women’s desire to
participate. The findings, while limited, provide evidence that

9. in fact both women and men were less interested in joining
forums that were dominated by masculine-style language.
These findings seem to contradict the pronounced gender
inequality found in the other sources in this bibliography.
Herring, S. C. (2003). Gender and power in on-line
communication. In J. Holmes & M. Meyerhoff (Eds.), The
handbook of language and gender (pp. 202-228). Oxford,
England: Blackwell.
Herring investigates empowerment opportunities for
women online. She points out that, although more than half
of Web users in the United States are women, men continue
to dominate technical roles such as network administrators,
programmers, and Web masters. Even in anonymous online
settings, males tend to dominate discussions. And online
“anonymity,” argues Herring, may not really be possible:
Writing style and content give off cues about gender.
Herring concludes that “the Internet provides opportunities
for both male and female users, but does not appear to alter

10. societal gender stereotypes, nor has it (yet) redistributed
power at a fundamental level” (p. 219). The essay is well
written and well researched, and it includes a long list of
useful references.
Herring, S. C. (1994, June 27). Gender differences in computer-
mediated communication: Bringing familiar baggage to the
Gender and Online Communication 2
Haddad interprets
the authors’
findings in relation
to other sources in
the bibliography.
A quotation from
the author of the
source captures the
essay’s main point.
Annotations are
roughly three
to seven
sentences long.
Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008).
new frontier. Address at the annual convention of the

11. American Library Association, Miami, FL. Retrieved from
http://www.cpsr.org/cpsr/gender/herring.txt
Herring asserts that men and women have different
Internet posting styles and that the difference typically
results in online environments that are inhospitable toward
women. Herring uses mainly personal experience and her own
survey as evidence for her theories. This source is somewhat
narrowly focused on the issues of Netiquette and flaming,
but the topic is deeply analyzed, and the author is careful to
back up her claims with supporting evidence.
Jaffe, J. M., Lee, Y., Huang, L., & Oshagan, H. (1999). Gender
identification, interdependence, and pseudonyms in CMC:
Language patterns in an electronic conference. The
Information Society, 15. Retrieved from http://www.indiana.edu
/~tisj/
This study examines the male and female communication
patterns in two CMC (computer-mediated communication)
environments: one that used real names and one that used

12. pseudonyms. The authors found that women are more likely
than men to disguise their gender when given the opportunity
and to display patterns of “social interdependence” (such as
self-references and references to previous posts) in their
language (p. 221). In addition, when using pseudonyms, men
are more likely to show social interdependence than they are
in real-name groups. This excellent source is fairly recent,
documents a scientific study, and includes many references.
Gender and Online Communication 3
Haddad includes
both positive and
negative comments
about the source.
Double-spacing is
used throughout,
with no extra
space between
entries and no extra
space between
entries and their
annotations.
Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008).

13. The composition of the team of authors—two males and two
females—suggests they were seeking gender balance among
themselves to avoid bias.
Savicki, V., & Kelley, M. (2000). Computer mediated
communication:
Gender and group composition. CyberPsychology & Behavior,
3,
817-826.
The goal of this study was to examine rigorously the
question of whether men and women communicate differently
online. The authors found context variables such as gender
composition, task type, and expectations of group etiquette
to be major factors in shaping online communication styles.
The communication patterns that arise in female-only
discussion groups, for example, are quite different from those
in male-only groups. And differences between both female
and male communication styles are far less pronounced
in mixed-gender groups. The authors are clear and thorough
in documenting their carefully planned and executed

14. experiments.
Savicki, V., Lingenfelter, D., & Kelley, M. (1996). Gender
language
style and group composition in Internet discussion groups.
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 2(3). Retrieved
from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/
The authors examined the effects of gender composition
on group communications online. After defining “masculine”
and “feminine” communication styles, the authors find
evidence—with some cautions—for their theories that (1)
the higher the proportion of males in the group, the more
Gender and Online Communication 4
URL for the jour-
nal’s home page
is provided for an
online source.
The writer found
additional
information about
the source (the
genders of the
authors) by
conducting an

15. online search.
Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008).
masculine the communication style, and (2) the higher the
proportion of females in the group, the more feminine the
communication style. However, the authors did not study
any groups that had a majority of women, and in some
cases groups had a higher number of unknown gender
participants than of women. The underrepresentation of
women, along with the study’s age, diminishes this source’s
credibility.
Soukup, C. (1999). The gendered interactional patterns of
computer-mediated chatrooms: A critical ethnographic
study. The Information Society, 15, 169-176. doi:10.1080
/019722499128475
The author participated in two chatrooms (a sports
forum and a “female-based” forum) for eight months and
observed discourse styles. He focused not on the “physiological

16. sex” of participants but on their “gendered discourse”—the
feminine versus masculine quality of their language and
interactions. From his observations and examples of online
chatting, the author found “stereotypical and traditional”
patterns: In both forums, masculine styles of discourse
(“aggressive, argumentative, and power oriented”) dominated
the feminine discourse (based on “cooperation, emotionality,
and relationship building”). In particular, the female forum
was dominated by masculine discourse when participants with
male screen names or personas entered the space. Although
intriguing, the findings of this small-scale, uncontrolled study
are not definitive.
Gender and Online Communication 5
If an online source
has a DOI (digital
object identifier),
no URL is given.
Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008).
Thomson, R., & Murachver, T. (2001). Predicting gender from

17. electronic discourse. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40,
193-208. Retrieved from http://www.bpsjournals.co.uk
/journals/bjsp/
In three experiments, the authors tested their
assumptions about male and female communication in online
settings. They found that, as with face-to-face communication,
men and women have identifiable differences in their online
language style. They note that the individual differences
are small but that, when they are taken as a whole, clear
male/female patterns emerge. They also note that humans
are very sensitive to minor variables in language style and
can make accurate predictions as to whether an anonymous
communication was written by a male or a female. This report
uses dense, scientific language, but it provides strong evidence
to support the theory that there is a real, identifiable gender
difference in online communication.
Witmer, D. F., & Katzman, S. L. (1997). On-line smiles: Does
gender

18. make a difference in the use of graphic accents? Journal of
Computer-Mediated Communication, 2(4). Retrieved from
http://jcmc.indiana.edu/
The authors began with three hypotheses about online
communication: that women use more emoticons than men,
that men use more challenging language than women, and
that men flame more often than women do. Only the first was
supported by evidence from more than 2,500 e-mail messages.
As for why their other hypotheses were not supported, the
Gender and Online Communication 6
Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008).
authors speculate that women may be more likely to use male
communication styles online than in person and that the
women in this study, being mostly in technology and
academia, are not representative of all women. This article
does not elaborate on the methodology or results of the
experiment, so the findings seem less credible than those of

19. other studies.
Gender and Online Communication 7