This document discusses critical thinking skills needed for psychological research. It explains that critical thinking involves evaluating evidence from research studies by examining the methodology, relating it to major debates, considering applications to society, and connecting it to other studies and levels of analysis in psychology. Specifically, critical analysis of a study involves assessing the strengths and limitations of its methods, ethics, reliability, and validity.
The document compares the emotional responses of men and women to social media use. It begins with an introduction and literature review on previous research findings about gender differences in social media usage and emotional responses. It then outlines the study's qualitative and quantitative methods. For the qualitative portion, interviews were conducted with 4 men and 4 women to identify themes in emotional responses. For the quantitative portion, a survey was administered to further examine relationships between gender and positive, negative, and neutral emotional responses to social media. Statistical analysis of the survey data found some differences in how men and women view the benefits and enjoyment of Facebook use.
The document presents a research proposal that aims to test the effectiveness of different types of pickup lines. It hypothesizes that direct pickup lines will be most effective. The research method will involve approaching male and female participants with direct, innocuous, or flippant pickup lines and measuring effectiveness by how many provide their phone number. The study considers ethics like obtaining consent and protecting privacy. It will take place at a university and mall, targeting approachable individuals. Results will analyze which pickup line type on average leads to the most receptivity.
This document discusses three common research methods used at the biological level of analysis: case studies, experiments, and correlational studies. It provides an overview of the pros and cons of each method. Case studies allow for an in-depth analysis of individual cases but have low reliability and generalizability. Experiments have high internal validity but low ecological validity. Correlational studies can show relationships between variables but do not prove causation.
A psychologist interviewed Columbine High School students and attended a meeting of 10 students to understand the factors that motivated the Columbine shootings. The psychologist used a voluntary response sampling method by interviewing students who voluntarily agreed to discuss the events. Based on this information, the psychologist concluded that peer dynamics in the school that created outcast groups was a primary reason for the violent behavior.
This document discusses research methods and ethics in psychology. It begins by defining key concepts like research questions and hypotheses. It then discusses experimental research methodology and factors to consider like independent and dependent variables. The document outlines important ethical considerations for experimental research, such as informed consent and protecting participants from harm. It emphasizes the importance of internal validity and unbiased measurement for drawing valid scientific conclusions from experimental research. The document concludes by discussing how the author would use a case study approach to investigate why serial killers commit their crimes.
Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mind. Psychologists conduct research using systematic methods to measure behavior objectively and reduce biases. There are four major forms of research in psychology: experimental research, correlation research, interviews, and surveys. Experimental research uses controlled techniques to test hypotheses, while correlational research examines relationships between variables without manipulation. Interviews and surveys assess behaviors, opinions, and feelings through direct questions.
This document discusses critical thinking skills needed for psychological research. It explains that critical thinking involves evaluating evidence from research studies by examining the methodology, relating it to major debates, considering applications to society, and connecting it to other studies and levels of analysis in psychology. Specifically, critical analysis of a study involves assessing the strengths and limitations of its methods, ethics, reliability, and validity.
The document compares the emotional responses of men and women to social media use. It begins with an introduction and literature review on previous research findings about gender differences in social media usage and emotional responses. It then outlines the study's qualitative and quantitative methods. For the qualitative portion, interviews were conducted with 4 men and 4 women to identify themes in emotional responses. For the quantitative portion, a survey was administered to further examine relationships between gender and positive, negative, and neutral emotional responses to social media. Statistical analysis of the survey data found some differences in how men and women view the benefits and enjoyment of Facebook use.
The document presents a research proposal that aims to test the effectiveness of different types of pickup lines. It hypothesizes that direct pickup lines will be most effective. The research method will involve approaching male and female participants with direct, innocuous, or flippant pickup lines and measuring effectiveness by how many provide their phone number. The study considers ethics like obtaining consent and protecting privacy. It will take place at a university and mall, targeting approachable individuals. Results will analyze which pickup line type on average leads to the most receptivity.
This document discusses three common research methods used at the biological level of analysis: case studies, experiments, and correlational studies. It provides an overview of the pros and cons of each method. Case studies allow for an in-depth analysis of individual cases but have low reliability and generalizability. Experiments have high internal validity but low ecological validity. Correlational studies can show relationships between variables but do not prove causation.
A psychologist interviewed Columbine High School students and attended a meeting of 10 students to understand the factors that motivated the Columbine shootings. The psychologist used a voluntary response sampling method by interviewing students who voluntarily agreed to discuss the events. Based on this information, the psychologist concluded that peer dynamics in the school that created outcast groups was a primary reason for the violent behavior.
This document discusses research methods and ethics in psychology. It begins by defining key concepts like research questions and hypotheses. It then discusses experimental research methodology and factors to consider like independent and dependent variables. The document outlines important ethical considerations for experimental research, such as informed consent and protecting participants from harm. It emphasizes the importance of internal validity and unbiased measurement for drawing valid scientific conclusions from experimental research. The document concludes by discussing how the author would use a case study approach to investigate why serial killers commit their crimes.
Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mind. Psychologists conduct research using systematic methods to measure behavior objectively and reduce biases. There are four major forms of research in psychology: experimental research, correlation research, interviews, and surveys. Experimental research uses controlled techniques to test hypotheses, while correlational research examines relationships between variables without manipulation. Interviews and surveys assess behaviors, opinions, and feelings through direct questions.
This document discusses conducting a survey to determine people's perceptions of the advantages and risks of social media. The survey will use a descriptive research method with a questionnaire containing Likert scale questions distributed directly to respondents. Responses will be analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The analysis will show what respondents think about social media and if they understand the benefits as well as risks of using social media.
The document discusses methods used in educational psychology to study learning in educational settings. It describes three key methods: introspection, observation, and experimental methods. Introspection involves self-observation but lacks objectivity. Observation allows studying behavior objectively but only captures overt actions. Experimental methods use systematic designs to test hypotheses and control variables, providing precise and reliable information but require more resources. The document provides details on each method's process and merits and limitations.
Insocio lecture 2 sociological research process lectureCarlos Molina
The document summarizes the key steps in the sociological research process:
1. Choosing and defining a research problem. Researchers often study topics related to their personal interests or experiences. The problem must be clearly defined.
2. Reviewing previous literature to learn from others' findings and refine the research problem. This helps avoid past pitfalls and suggests study designs.
3. Designing the study by developing a plan to answer the research question through sound measurement and consideration of time. Researchers must also select a data collection method like surveys, experiments, or field observation.
4. Collecting data using methods like questionnaires, interviews, field observations, experiments, or content analysis. Researchers take a sample from
This document summarizes a research study that investigated how receiving positive or negative comments about one's appearance prior to taking a selfie affects self-esteem. 300 participants were randomly assigned to receive no comment, a positive comment, or a negative comment from the experimenter before taking a selfie. Self-esteem was measured before and after via a questionnaire. Results showed those who received a negative comment displayed the largest decrease in self-esteem, followed by no comment, while the positive comment group increased in self-esteem. This supported the hypothesis that negative external perceptions lower self-esteem the most when taking and posting selfies.
The document discusses the use of questionnaires as a method for collecting data. It defines questionnaires as a means for respondents to provide answers to printed questions. There are two main types of questionnaires - structured questionnaires which use standardized questions and formats, and unstructured questionnaires which allow for more flexibility. The document outlines best practices for constructing questionnaires, including using clear wording, logical question ordering, and avoiding overly personal questions. It notes that while questionnaires can efficiently obtain data from large groups, their main limitations include lower response rates compared to interviews.
1 S o c i o l o g i s t s d o i n g R e s e a r c h .docxcroftsshanon
1 | S o c i o l o g i s t s d o i n g R e s e a r c h
Sociologists doing Research
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Explain the steps in the research process.
Define and identify dependent and independent variables.
Explain sampling.
Calculate the mean, median, and mode of data.
Identify levels of measurement of variables.
Analyze ethical concerns in research.
One of the most remarkable traits that August Comte mandated for Sociology was a core of
scientific rigor. He proposed the concept of positivism which is the scientifically-based
sociological research that uses scientific tools such as survey, sampling, objective
measurement, and cultural and historical analysis to study and understand society. Although
the current definition of positivism expands far beyond Comte’s original vision, sociological
scientific methodology is used by government and industry researchers and across higher
education and the private sector. Comte was originally interested in social statistics, why
societies remain the same, and social dynamics, why societies change. Most sociological
research today falls within these broad categories. Sociologists strive for objectivity, which
is the ability to study and observe without distortion or bias, especially personal bias. Bias-
free research is an ideal that, which if not present, could open the door to extreme
misinterpretation of research findings.
Sociology is both different from and similar to other scientific principles. It differs from
chemistry, biology, and physics in that sociology does not manipulate the physical
environment using established natural science theories and principles. It is similar to
chemistry, biology, and physics in that statistical principles guide the discovery and
confirmation of data findings. Yet, sociology has no universally social laws that resemble
gravity or the speed of light, as other scientific methods do. This is because chemistry,
biology, and physics have the luxury of studying phenomena which are acted upon by laws
of nature. Sociologists study people, groups, communities, and societies which are
comprised of agents, people who use their agency to make choices based on their varied
motivations.1
THE RESEARCH PROCESS2
Problem Recognition & DefinitionResearchers start with a question such as “What do I want
to know?”; “What is important for society to know?”; or “Why does this occur?”
Unfortunately some questions cannot be answered, such as “How many angels can dance
on the head of a pin?” Even though many would like to know the answer to this question, it
cannot be empirically observed; that is it cannot be perceived through one of the five
senses—sight, taste, touch, hearing or smell. After a researcher decides on what question
they want to answer they must state their goals and objectives. Do they want to determine
if religious service attendance causes couples to ha.
1 S o c i o l o g i s t s d o i n g R e s e a r c h .docxjeremylockett77
1 | S o c i o l o g i s t s d o i n g R e s e a r c h
Sociologists doing Research
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Explain the steps in the research process.
Define and identify dependent and independent variables.
Explain sampling.
Calculate the mean, median, and mode of data.
Identify levels of measurement of variables.
Analyze ethical concerns in research.
One of the most remarkable traits that August Comte mandated for Sociology was a core of
scientific rigor. He proposed the concept of positivism which is the scientifically-based
sociological research that uses scientific tools such as survey, sampling, objective
measurement, and cultural and historical analysis to study and understand society. Although
the current definition of positivism expands far beyond Comte’s original vision, sociological
scientific methodology is used by government and industry researchers and across higher
education and the private sector. Comte was originally interested in social statistics, why
societies remain the same, and social dynamics, why societies change. Most sociological
research today falls within these broad categories. Sociologists strive for objectivity, which
is the ability to study and observe without distortion or bias, especially personal bias. Bias-
free research is an ideal that, which if not present, could open the door to extreme
misinterpretation of research findings.
Sociology is both different from and similar to other scientific principles. It differs from
chemistry, biology, and physics in that sociology does not manipulate the physical
environment using established natural science theories and principles. It is similar to
chemistry, biology, and physics in that statistical principles guide the discovery and
confirmation of data findings. Yet, sociology has no universally social laws that resemble
gravity or the speed of light, as other scientific methods do. This is because chemistry,
biology, and physics have the luxury of studying phenomena which are acted upon by laws
of nature. Sociologists study people, groups, communities, and societies which are
comprised of agents, people who use their agency to make choices based on their varied
motivations.1
THE RESEARCH PROCESS2
Problem Recognition & DefinitionResearchers start with a question such as “What do I want
to know?”; “What is important for society to know?”; or “Why does this occur?”
Unfortunately some questions cannot be answered, such as “How many angels can dance
on the head of a pin?” Even though many would like to know the answer to this question, it
cannot be empirically observed; that is it cannot be perceived through one of the five
senses—sight, taste, touch, hearing or smell. After a researcher decides on what question
they want to answer they must state their goals and objectives. Do they want to determine
if religious service attendance causes couples to ha ...
This document discusses different types of sampling methods used in sociological research. It explains that random sampling aims to select a representative sample where everyone has an equal chance of being selected. However, sampling frames can be flawed. Volunteer sampling is easy but results in a biased non-representative sample. Stratified sampling divides the population into groups and samples proportionally from each. Snowball sampling uses existing participants to recruit more people through social connections but results are not generalizable. The document also evaluates different survey methods and their advantages and limitations.
LASA 1 Final Project Early Methods Section3LASA 1.docxDIPESH30
LASA 1 Final Project Early Methods Section3
LASA 1: FINAL PROJECT EARLY METHODS SECTION
THE ROLE OF INTROVERSION AND EXTRAVERSION
PERSONALITY TRAITS ON MARITAL BLISS
STUDENT
_______ UNIVERSITY
PSY302-A01 Research Methods
Professor
April 15, 2015
Author Note:
This research was carried out as a partial fulfillment towards research methods course by.
Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to
1. What is your research question?
What is the significance of extroversion and introversion in marriage?
1. What is your hypothesis or hypotheses? What is the null hypothesis?
Null Hypothesis: Extroversion brings along successful family institution and marital bliss.
Alternate hypothesis: Extroversion does not bring along successful family institution and marital bliss.
1. How many participants would you like to use and why? What are the inclusion characteristics, i.e., what must they have in order to be included in your study (for example, gender, diagnosis, age, personality traits, etc.)? Are there any exclusion characteristics, i.e. are there certain characteristics that would exclude them from being in your study? Does the sample need to be diverse? Why or why not?
20 participants will be engaged in the research study. This is a small number that is easier to manage as well as coordinate their activities during the data collection exercise. Ideally, participants are required and are normally sampled from a large population to be a representative. The nature of the study will require the researcher to get participants who have experiences in marriage. On gender, I will sample equal number of men and women to act as the representative of the general population. The approach is guided by the population in the community where the number of women and men is at par. On age, I will pick individuals from across ages although the highest percentage will constitute of married individuals between the age of 30 and 40 years. Further, I will also pick four individuals who have divorced with the aim of understanding whether introversion or extroversion contributed to their divorce. I will also look at the personal traits of individuals; hence will both social and anti-social individuals. The target participants will precise, representative and homogeneous. They will then be divided into different sets or strata that are mutually exclusive in order to aid it obtaining a systematic process of research.
1. What sampling technique will be used to collect your sample? What population does yoursample generalize to?
Being a qualitative research, the research will utilize the sampling method in the collection of data. Surveying and questionnaire are the main data collection methods that are normally used in quantitative research. The methods aids in understanding the behavior and effects from different members of the focus groups. The approach helps to reduce biases that may emerge when using a bigger population size while at the same time gu ...
This document provides an overview of key concepts and methods in sociological research, including culture, socialization, sampling methods, research designs, data collection techniques, and ethical considerations. It indicates that exam questions may ask about defining these terms, comparing research methods, justifying decisions, and addressing ethical issues. Examples will be related to education or families. Responses should consider how to obtain a representative sample and make generalizations, as well as how social factors impact life chances and policy.
Research Methods In Context Sociology AsBeth Johnson
This paper examines adoption from a sociological perspective. It discusses how adopted children are sometimes prejudged and how they fit into society. The paper also looks at differences within adoptive family dynamics. It presents statistics on the current adoption system, noting there are not enough adoptive parents for the number of parentless children. The paper suggests ways to improve the system by reducing regulations to allow more families to adopt. Research discussed found that adopted children can form strong attachments to their adoptive parents and have similar or higher self-esteem than non-adopted peers. The paper concludes that adoption provides children with a family, though it was once seen as a second-best option.
The document discusses two classic psychological experiments - Milgram's study of obedience and Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter's study on personal space - and analyzes them in terms of research ethics. Both studies are criticized for violating principles of informed consent, risk of harm, and respect for participants. Milgram's study in particular failed to allow participants to withdraw and did not adequately debrief them on risks. Middlemist et al's study violated privacy and confidentiality by observing men in public restrooms without consent. The document examines debates between researchers on the ethical issues and stresses the importance of following established ethical guidelines when involving human subjects in psychological research.
This document discusses the key methods used in sociological research, including the scientific method, various research designs, and data collection techniques. It outlines the typical steps in conducting research such as formulating hypotheses, reviewing literature, collecting and analyzing data. Specific methods covered include experiments, surveys, participant observation, secondary data analysis. An example is given of the famous Stanford Prison Experiment which investigated how social roles and situations can influence human behavior.
This document discusses the scientific method. It defines scientific methods as systematic investigations aimed at developing general knowledge about natural phenomena through objective and empirical means. The characteristics described include being orderly, attempting to control external factors, and basing findings on evidence that can be generalized. The purposes are listed as description, exploration, explanation, prediction, control, prescription, and identifying relationships. The steps outlined are selecting a topic, defining objectives and variables, stating hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and communicating findings. Limitations discussed include ethical issues with human subjects, complexity of human behavior, measurement challenges, and difficulty controlling external variables.
Introduction To Survey Research 1204374176684974 5 (1)kwing
1. The document discusses survey research methods in psychology, outlining three types of research (experimental, quasi-experimental, non-experimental) and how surveys are used in each. It also covers the purposes and goals of survey research.
2. Survey research is characterized by systematic sampling procedures to obtain representative data. It can be used for information gathering or theory testing/building. Common goals include exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, or predictive.
3. Pros of survey research include ecological validity and efficiency, while cons relate to lack of control over variables and reliance on self-reported data.
Ethics are the right codes of conduct that are applied.docxwrite4
The document discusses two psychological experiments - Milgram's study on obedience and Middlemist and Knowles' study on invasion of personal space - and analyzes them in terms of the ethical issues involved. Both studies violated important ethical principles like informed consent, protection of participants from harm, and respect for privacy. While the researchers defended their work, critics argued the studies disregarded participants' well-being and consent. Psychologists must understand and follow ethical codes to protect human subjects and avoid harm when conducting research.
This document provides an introduction to research. It discusses what research is, why it is conducted, and different types of research. It also covers ethical considerations, how research findings may be used, and examples of research conducted in everyday life. The document is divided into units that discuss primary and secondary sources of data, how research is used in the voluntary and community sector, and examples of primary research methods.
This document provides an introduction to research. It discusses what research is, why it is conducted, and different types of research. It also covers ethical considerations, how research findings may be used, and examples of research people do in their everyday lives. The document is divided into units that discuss primary and secondary sources of data, how research is used in the voluntary and community sector, and examples of primary research methods.
Focus sounds as simple as it is, but it is actually one of the things that workers find hard to keep. Focus improves productivity, allowing you to achieve more things in shorter amounts of time. Behavioral psychologist, Wayne Imber, discusses some habits that will boost focus, hence res
Read more at :
https://sites.google.com/site/wayneimber/blog/habitsthatwillimprovefocus
Avoid golf injuries with these expert tips Wayne Imber
Golf seems like a mild, gentle game, does it not? And in many ways it is. However, don’t let that fool you into thinking that you can’t get hurt playing golf. Just because no one’s around to hit or block you, it doesn’t mean you can’t get injured. Perhaps, the best comparison we can think of is working out in the gym. While you’re alone doing your thing, you can still hurt yourself. That’s how it is with golf.
Read more at:
http://wayneimber.blogspot.com/2019/01/avoid-golf-injuries-with-these-expert.html
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This document discusses conducting a survey to determine people's perceptions of the advantages and risks of social media. The survey will use a descriptive research method with a questionnaire containing Likert scale questions distributed directly to respondents. Responses will be analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The analysis will show what respondents think about social media and if they understand the benefits as well as risks of using social media.
The document discusses methods used in educational psychology to study learning in educational settings. It describes three key methods: introspection, observation, and experimental methods. Introspection involves self-observation but lacks objectivity. Observation allows studying behavior objectively but only captures overt actions. Experimental methods use systematic designs to test hypotheses and control variables, providing precise and reliable information but require more resources. The document provides details on each method's process and merits and limitations.
Insocio lecture 2 sociological research process lectureCarlos Molina
The document summarizes the key steps in the sociological research process:
1. Choosing and defining a research problem. Researchers often study topics related to their personal interests or experiences. The problem must be clearly defined.
2. Reviewing previous literature to learn from others' findings and refine the research problem. This helps avoid past pitfalls and suggests study designs.
3. Designing the study by developing a plan to answer the research question through sound measurement and consideration of time. Researchers must also select a data collection method like surveys, experiments, or field observation.
4. Collecting data using methods like questionnaires, interviews, field observations, experiments, or content analysis. Researchers take a sample from
This document summarizes a research study that investigated how receiving positive or negative comments about one's appearance prior to taking a selfie affects self-esteem. 300 participants were randomly assigned to receive no comment, a positive comment, or a negative comment from the experimenter before taking a selfie. Self-esteem was measured before and after via a questionnaire. Results showed those who received a negative comment displayed the largest decrease in self-esteem, followed by no comment, while the positive comment group increased in self-esteem. This supported the hypothesis that negative external perceptions lower self-esteem the most when taking and posting selfies.
The document discusses the use of questionnaires as a method for collecting data. It defines questionnaires as a means for respondents to provide answers to printed questions. There are two main types of questionnaires - structured questionnaires which use standardized questions and formats, and unstructured questionnaires which allow for more flexibility. The document outlines best practices for constructing questionnaires, including using clear wording, logical question ordering, and avoiding overly personal questions. It notes that while questionnaires can efficiently obtain data from large groups, their main limitations include lower response rates compared to interviews.
1 S o c i o l o g i s t s d o i n g R e s e a r c h .docxcroftsshanon
1 | S o c i o l o g i s t s d o i n g R e s e a r c h
Sociologists doing Research
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Explain the steps in the research process.
Define and identify dependent and independent variables.
Explain sampling.
Calculate the mean, median, and mode of data.
Identify levels of measurement of variables.
Analyze ethical concerns in research.
One of the most remarkable traits that August Comte mandated for Sociology was a core of
scientific rigor. He proposed the concept of positivism which is the scientifically-based
sociological research that uses scientific tools such as survey, sampling, objective
measurement, and cultural and historical analysis to study and understand society. Although
the current definition of positivism expands far beyond Comte’s original vision, sociological
scientific methodology is used by government and industry researchers and across higher
education and the private sector. Comte was originally interested in social statistics, why
societies remain the same, and social dynamics, why societies change. Most sociological
research today falls within these broad categories. Sociologists strive for objectivity, which
is the ability to study and observe without distortion or bias, especially personal bias. Bias-
free research is an ideal that, which if not present, could open the door to extreme
misinterpretation of research findings.
Sociology is both different from and similar to other scientific principles. It differs from
chemistry, biology, and physics in that sociology does not manipulate the physical
environment using established natural science theories and principles. It is similar to
chemistry, biology, and physics in that statistical principles guide the discovery and
confirmation of data findings. Yet, sociology has no universally social laws that resemble
gravity or the speed of light, as other scientific methods do. This is because chemistry,
biology, and physics have the luxury of studying phenomena which are acted upon by laws
of nature. Sociologists study people, groups, communities, and societies which are
comprised of agents, people who use their agency to make choices based on their varied
motivations.1
THE RESEARCH PROCESS2
Problem Recognition & DefinitionResearchers start with a question such as “What do I want
to know?”; “What is important for society to know?”; or “Why does this occur?”
Unfortunately some questions cannot be answered, such as “How many angels can dance
on the head of a pin?” Even though many would like to know the answer to this question, it
cannot be empirically observed; that is it cannot be perceived through one of the five
senses—sight, taste, touch, hearing or smell. After a researcher decides on what question
they want to answer they must state their goals and objectives. Do they want to determine
if religious service attendance causes couples to ha.
1 S o c i o l o g i s t s d o i n g R e s e a r c h .docxjeremylockett77
1 | S o c i o l o g i s t s d o i n g R e s e a r c h
Sociologists doing Research
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Explain the steps in the research process.
Define and identify dependent and independent variables.
Explain sampling.
Calculate the mean, median, and mode of data.
Identify levels of measurement of variables.
Analyze ethical concerns in research.
One of the most remarkable traits that August Comte mandated for Sociology was a core of
scientific rigor. He proposed the concept of positivism which is the scientifically-based
sociological research that uses scientific tools such as survey, sampling, objective
measurement, and cultural and historical analysis to study and understand society. Although
the current definition of positivism expands far beyond Comte’s original vision, sociological
scientific methodology is used by government and industry researchers and across higher
education and the private sector. Comte was originally interested in social statistics, why
societies remain the same, and social dynamics, why societies change. Most sociological
research today falls within these broad categories. Sociologists strive for objectivity, which
is the ability to study and observe without distortion or bias, especially personal bias. Bias-
free research is an ideal that, which if not present, could open the door to extreme
misinterpretation of research findings.
Sociology is both different from and similar to other scientific principles. It differs from
chemistry, biology, and physics in that sociology does not manipulate the physical
environment using established natural science theories and principles. It is similar to
chemistry, biology, and physics in that statistical principles guide the discovery and
confirmation of data findings. Yet, sociology has no universally social laws that resemble
gravity or the speed of light, as other scientific methods do. This is because chemistry,
biology, and physics have the luxury of studying phenomena which are acted upon by laws
of nature. Sociologists study people, groups, communities, and societies which are
comprised of agents, people who use their agency to make choices based on their varied
motivations.1
THE RESEARCH PROCESS2
Problem Recognition & DefinitionResearchers start with a question such as “What do I want
to know?”; “What is important for society to know?”; or “Why does this occur?”
Unfortunately some questions cannot be answered, such as “How many angels can dance
on the head of a pin?” Even though many would like to know the answer to this question, it
cannot be empirically observed; that is it cannot be perceived through one of the five
senses—sight, taste, touch, hearing or smell. After a researcher decides on what question
they want to answer they must state their goals and objectives. Do they want to determine
if religious service attendance causes couples to ha ...
This document discusses different types of sampling methods used in sociological research. It explains that random sampling aims to select a representative sample where everyone has an equal chance of being selected. However, sampling frames can be flawed. Volunteer sampling is easy but results in a biased non-representative sample. Stratified sampling divides the population into groups and samples proportionally from each. Snowball sampling uses existing participants to recruit more people through social connections but results are not generalizable. The document also evaluates different survey methods and their advantages and limitations.
LASA 1 Final Project Early Methods Section3LASA 1.docxDIPESH30
LASA 1 Final Project Early Methods Section3
LASA 1: FINAL PROJECT EARLY METHODS SECTION
THE ROLE OF INTROVERSION AND EXTRAVERSION
PERSONALITY TRAITS ON MARITAL BLISS
STUDENT
_______ UNIVERSITY
PSY302-A01 Research Methods
Professor
April 15, 2015
Author Note:
This research was carried out as a partial fulfillment towards research methods course by.
Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to
1. What is your research question?
What is the significance of extroversion and introversion in marriage?
1. What is your hypothesis or hypotheses? What is the null hypothesis?
Null Hypothesis: Extroversion brings along successful family institution and marital bliss.
Alternate hypothesis: Extroversion does not bring along successful family institution and marital bliss.
1. How many participants would you like to use and why? What are the inclusion characteristics, i.e., what must they have in order to be included in your study (for example, gender, diagnosis, age, personality traits, etc.)? Are there any exclusion characteristics, i.e. are there certain characteristics that would exclude them from being in your study? Does the sample need to be diverse? Why or why not?
20 participants will be engaged in the research study. This is a small number that is easier to manage as well as coordinate their activities during the data collection exercise. Ideally, participants are required and are normally sampled from a large population to be a representative. The nature of the study will require the researcher to get participants who have experiences in marriage. On gender, I will sample equal number of men and women to act as the representative of the general population. The approach is guided by the population in the community where the number of women and men is at par. On age, I will pick individuals from across ages although the highest percentage will constitute of married individuals between the age of 30 and 40 years. Further, I will also pick four individuals who have divorced with the aim of understanding whether introversion or extroversion contributed to their divorce. I will also look at the personal traits of individuals; hence will both social and anti-social individuals. The target participants will precise, representative and homogeneous. They will then be divided into different sets or strata that are mutually exclusive in order to aid it obtaining a systematic process of research.
1. What sampling technique will be used to collect your sample? What population does yoursample generalize to?
Being a qualitative research, the research will utilize the sampling method in the collection of data. Surveying and questionnaire are the main data collection methods that are normally used in quantitative research. The methods aids in understanding the behavior and effects from different members of the focus groups. The approach helps to reduce biases that may emerge when using a bigger population size while at the same time gu ...
This document provides an overview of key concepts and methods in sociological research, including culture, socialization, sampling methods, research designs, data collection techniques, and ethical considerations. It indicates that exam questions may ask about defining these terms, comparing research methods, justifying decisions, and addressing ethical issues. Examples will be related to education or families. Responses should consider how to obtain a representative sample and make generalizations, as well as how social factors impact life chances and policy.
Research Methods In Context Sociology AsBeth Johnson
This paper examines adoption from a sociological perspective. It discusses how adopted children are sometimes prejudged and how they fit into society. The paper also looks at differences within adoptive family dynamics. It presents statistics on the current adoption system, noting there are not enough adoptive parents for the number of parentless children. The paper suggests ways to improve the system by reducing regulations to allow more families to adopt. Research discussed found that adopted children can form strong attachments to their adoptive parents and have similar or higher self-esteem than non-adopted peers. The paper concludes that adoption provides children with a family, though it was once seen as a second-best option.
The document discusses two classic psychological experiments - Milgram's study of obedience and Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter's study on personal space - and analyzes them in terms of research ethics. Both studies are criticized for violating principles of informed consent, risk of harm, and respect for participants. Milgram's study in particular failed to allow participants to withdraw and did not adequately debrief them on risks. Middlemist et al's study violated privacy and confidentiality by observing men in public restrooms without consent. The document examines debates between researchers on the ethical issues and stresses the importance of following established ethical guidelines when involving human subjects in psychological research.
This document discusses the key methods used in sociological research, including the scientific method, various research designs, and data collection techniques. It outlines the typical steps in conducting research such as formulating hypotheses, reviewing literature, collecting and analyzing data. Specific methods covered include experiments, surveys, participant observation, secondary data analysis. An example is given of the famous Stanford Prison Experiment which investigated how social roles and situations can influence human behavior.
This document discusses the scientific method. It defines scientific methods as systematic investigations aimed at developing general knowledge about natural phenomena through objective and empirical means. The characteristics described include being orderly, attempting to control external factors, and basing findings on evidence that can be generalized. The purposes are listed as description, exploration, explanation, prediction, control, prescription, and identifying relationships. The steps outlined are selecting a topic, defining objectives and variables, stating hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and communicating findings. Limitations discussed include ethical issues with human subjects, complexity of human behavior, measurement challenges, and difficulty controlling external variables.
Introduction To Survey Research 1204374176684974 5 (1)kwing
1. The document discusses survey research methods in psychology, outlining three types of research (experimental, quasi-experimental, non-experimental) and how surveys are used in each. It also covers the purposes and goals of survey research.
2. Survey research is characterized by systematic sampling procedures to obtain representative data. It can be used for information gathering or theory testing/building. Common goals include exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, or predictive.
3. Pros of survey research include ecological validity and efficiency, while cons relate to lack of control over variables and reliance on self-reported data.
Ethics are the right codes of conduct that are applied.docxwrite4
The document discusses two psychological experiments - Milgram's study on obedience and Middlemist and Knowles' study on invasion of personal space - and analyzes them in terms of the ethical issues involved. Both studies violated important ethical principles like informed consent, protection of participants from harm, and respect for privacy. While the researchers defended their work, critics argued the studies disregarded participants' well-being and consent. Psychologists must understand and follow ethical codes to protect human subjects and avoid harm when conducting research.
This document provides an introduction to research. It discusses what research is, why it is conducted, and different types of research. It also covers ethical considerations, how research findings may be used, and examples of research conducted in everyday life. The document is divided into units that discuss primary and secondary sources of data, how research is used in the voluntary and community sector, and examples of primary research methods.
This document provides an introduction to research. It discusses what research is, why it is conducted, and different types of research. It also covers ethical considerations, how research findings may be used, and examples of research people do in their everyday lives. The document is divided into units that discuss primary and secondary sources of data, how research is used in the voluntary and community sector, and examples of primary research methods.
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Research methods used in social psychology
1. 5/24/2018 Research Methods Used In Social Psychology – Wayne Imber
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WAYNE IMBER
Research Methods Used In
Social Psychology
may 3, 2018 by wayneimber, posted in uncategorized
People are social animals, which makes social psychology an interesting branch in the
study of the human mind. It is focused on learning how interaction with other people
affects one’s thoughts, emotions, and behavior, to put it simply. The research methods
used in studies are the following:
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Descriptive research
The type of research method most commonly used by social psychologists is descriptive
research. It seeks to narrate the details surrounding a phenomenon, usually without trying
to establish a causal relationship with some other variables.
Descriptive research can be done through surveys, which is a quick and effective, and not
to mention, cost-effective way of collecting a huge amount of data. A questionnaire will be
handed out to select samples, which will provide insight into the possible characteristic of
the population.
Laboratory research
Also called experimental research, this method aims to uncover causal relationships
between variables by running experiments or social facilitation on test subjects, who are
divided into two groups: control and experimental. The former will serve as the baseline for
the experiment. The latter will be subjected to manipulation of variables, which would then
be analyzed and compared to the results coming from the control group.
Field research
Field or observational research is the preferred method of many researchers, even if it is
more difficult to conduct because it allows them to collect data on people while in their
normal social setting. Unlike in laboratory research, subjects do not know they are
participants of a research so that they would not act out of the norm. Usually,
unsuspecting are observed by researchers from a distance, and certain experimental
parameters can be manipulated.
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Image source: study.com
With the progress of mobile technology, it has become easier to study people in their
social context, as data from smartphone or computer apps can be gathered and used for
social psychology.
Follow me, Wayne Imber, on Twitter for more discussions on social psychology.
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