2. Research?
A careful investigation for new facts in any
branch of knowledge
Research is a systematic effort to gain new
knowledge
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3. Why do research?
Desire to get a research degree along with its
consequential benefits
Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved
problems
Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative
work
Desire to be of service to society
Desire to get respectability
Directives of government, employment conditions
etc.
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5. Choose a subject
Based on an idea
Based on your experience
Based on your reading
Originality
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6. 6/42
The important features of a research
design
A plan
Specify the sources & types of information
relevant to the research problem
A strategy
Which approach will be used for gathering and
analyzing the data
The time and budgets
Most studies are done under these two
constraints
7. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
Systematic- All steps must be inter related-
one to another
Logical- Agreeing with the principles of logic
Empirical-Conclusions should be based on
evidences/observations
8. CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH…
Objectivity- It must answer the
research questions
Replicable- reproducible
Transmittable
Quality control- Accurate measurements
All well designed and conducted
research has potential application
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9. Define Your objectives
Try to keep these simple
The more variables the more difficult
Use the opportunity
Get help at this stage
Senior colleagues
Experienced researchers
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10. Literature search
Check to see if your idea is original
Get articles
Read articles and their references
Most of these will be vital when writing up
reports
Find gap areas
Find obsolete measurements and results
Define objectives of the study
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11. Steps involved in a research
Choose a subject
Literature survey
Defining and formulation of specific objectives
Prepare Synopsis
Procuring of suitable apparatus/materials
Design of experimental set up
Preliminary experiments
Execution of the project
Accurate measurements/data collection
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12. Steps involved in a research…
Data analysis and error compounding
Hypothesis testing and verification
Results and discussion
Generalization, interpretation and drawing
conclusions
Preparation of the project report or writing
thesis
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13. Research article writing
Find suitable/specified
journals
Get copy of Instructions to
authors
Prepare article as per
instructions
Select suitable titles
Authors and affiliations
Abstract
Highlights
Novelty statements
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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14. Authorship/ethics
All authors should directly involved in
entire study
Article is free from plagiarism
Should follow ethics
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15. A Research Report
A Research Report generally include:
Introduction and Statement of problem
Review of relevant literature
Statement of hypothesis or research objectives
Theoretical resume
Description of research design
Description Experimental design
Description of measurement and data analysis
Error compounding
Presentation of Results
Discussion
Conclusion, limitations, and implications
Suggestions for future work
Acknowledgements
References cited
Appendices
16. Types of research
1. Application- Pure and Applied Research
Applied- Finding solutions for immediate problems
facing a society/industry
Pure- Concerned with generalization and
formulation of a theory
2. Inquiry Mode- Quantitative and qualitative
Quantitatative- Measurements of quantity or amount
Qualitative- Concerned with qualitative phenomena
(reasons for human behavior)
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17. Research Studies
Based on research objectives:
Exploratory or formulative research- To
gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to
achieve new insights into it
descriptive research- To study accurately
the characteristics of a particular
individual, situation or a group-includes
survey
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18. Proposal Report
Proposals are submitted to a potential
sponsor. They must include:
executive summary,
problem statement and requirement analysis,
objectives,
team organization,
solution approach,
standards the product need to comply with,
Gantt chart, cost analysis, deliverables.
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19. Executive Summary
Must answer the following questions:
What problem will your project solve? What
need will it address?
Why is your proposal important to potential
sponsors?
Is your team capable of solving this problem?
Do you have a plausible solution procedure to
the problem?
What the customer would be getting from a
given project?
How much these deliverables will cost?
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20. Problem Statement and Requirement
Analysis
To define the problem
Possible societal impacts
To indicate all the requirements with related
details
To establish the scope and boundaries of the
project
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21. Objectives
Measurable objectives
May be in the form of functional specifications
Weighted objective tree
In addition to performance related objectives
do not forget consumer oriented objectives
like safety, environmental issues, etc.
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22. Gantt Chart
Identify project milestones and due dates
Use a graphic representation of the task
relationships and their duration
Remember the importance of parallel tasks
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23. Title Page
A brief descriptive title of your project
The names of the individual(s) to whom the report
is being submitted
The names and phone numbers of the
individual(s) submitting the report
The date of submission
The starting date of the project, the proposed
project duration, and completion date
The cost of the project or amount of funding
required
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24. Table of Contents
Lists each of the main and sub sections of the
report and the beginning page numbers for
each section.
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25. Executive Summary
An overview of the report
A detailed summary of the development in the
project work
Information about the scope, content, and
conclusions of the report
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26. Introduction
Complete background information about the
project/problem/organization
The current situation about the work on the
project/problem
The scope of the report
Organization of the report
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27. Conclusion
Briefly recaps the key points of the report.
Includes final conclusion about the content
presented in the report.
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28. References
List of materials that you directly used in your
report such as algorithms, experimental
results, figures, and/or tables that are not
originally yours
Books
Papers
Websites
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