This document analyzes the differences between traditional and alternate narrative systems in film, focusing on the film "Memento". Traditional narratives follow conventions like chronological storytelling and clear character types, while "Memento" subverts these with a non-linear structure and ambiguous characters. It discusses how "Memento" challenges audience expectations of narrative through its portrayal of time and plot. While complex, its restricted narration and editing still allow audiences to identify with the protagonist and understand the narrative.
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Analysis of similar texts in the thriller genrebobonthedrums
This is used for my As Media research so I can have a greater understanding of common conventions within thriller movies and how I can apply them to my own production
Tom Selleck Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysisgreendigital
Over several decades, Tom Selleck, a name synonymous with charisma. From his iconic role as Thomas Magnum in the television series "Magnum, P.I." to his enduring presence in "Blue Bloods," Selleck has captivated audiences with his versatility and charm. As a result, "Tom Selleck net worth" has become a topic of great interest among fans. and financial enthusiasts alike. This article delves deep into Tom Selleck's wealth, exploring his career, assets, endorsements. and business ventures that contribute to his impressive economic standing.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Foundation of Tom Selleck's Wealth
Born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, Tom Selleck grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. His journey towards building a large net worth began with humble origins. , Selleck pursued a business administration degree at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. But, his interest shifted towards acting. leading him to study at the Hills Playhouse under Milton Katselas.
Minor roles in television and films marked Selleck's early career. He appeared in commercials and took on small parts in T.V. series such as "The Dating Game" and "Lancer." These initial steps, although modest. laid the groundwork for his future success and the growth of Tom Selleck net worth. Breakthrough with "Magnum, P.I."
The Role that Defined Tom Selleck's Career
Tom Selleck's breakthrough came with the role of Thomas Magnum in the CBS television series "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988). This role made him a household name and boosted his net worth. The series' popularity resulted in Selleck earning large salaries. leading to financial stability and increased recognition in Hollywood.
"Magnum P.I." garnered high ratings and critical acclaim during its run. Selleck's portrayal of the charming and resourceful private investigator resonated with audiences. making him one of the most beloved television actors of the 1980s. The success of "Magnum P.I." played a pivotal role in shaping Tom Selleck net worth, establishing him as a major star.
Film Career and Diversification
Expanding Tom Selleck's Financial Portfolio
While "Magnum, P.I." was a cornerstone of Selleck's career, he did not limit himself to television. He ventured into films, further enhancing Tom Selleck net worth. His filmography includes notable movies such as "Three Men and a Baby" (1987). which became the highest-grossing film of the year, and its sequel, "Three Men and a Little Lady" (1990). These box office successes contributed to his wealth.
Selleck's versatility allowed him to transition between genres. from comedies like "Mr. Baseball" (1992) to westerns such as "Quigley Down Under" (1990). This diversification showcased his acting range. and provided many income streams, reinforcing Tom Selleck net worth.
Television Resurgence with "Blue Bloods"
Sustaining Wealth through Consistent Success
In 2010, Tom Selleck began starring as Frank Reagan i
In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
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Young Tom Selleck: A Journey Through His Early Years and Rise to Stardomgreendigital
Introduction
When one thinks of Hollywood legends, Tom Selleck is a name that comes to mind. Known for his charming smile, rugged good looks. and the iconic mustache that has become synonymous with his persona. Tom Selleck has had a prolific career spanning decades. But, the journey of young Tom Selleck, from his early years to becoming a household name. is a story filled with determination, talent, and a touch of luck. This article delves into young Tom Selleck's life, background, early struggles. and pivotal moments that led to his rise in Hollywood.
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Early Life and Background
Family Roots and Childhood
Thomas William Selleck was born in Detroit, Michigan, on January 29, 1945. He was the second of four children in a close-knit family. His father, Robert Dean Selleck, was a real estate investor and executive. while his mother, Martha Selleck, was a homemaker. The Selleck family relocated to Sherman Oaks, California. when Tom was a child, setting the stage for his future in the entertainment industry.
Education and Early Interests
Growing up, young Tom Selleck was an active and athletic child. He attended Grant High School in Van Nuys, California. where he excelled in sports, particularly basketball. His tall and athletic build made him a standout player, and he earned a basketball scholarship to the University of Southern California (U.S.C.). While at U.S.C., Selleck studied business administration. but his interests shifted toward acting.
Discovery of Acting Passion
Tom Selleck's journey into acting was serendipitous. During his time at U.S.C., a drama coach encouraged him to try acting. This nudge led him to join the Hills Playhouse, where he began honing his craft. Transitioning from an aspiring athlete to an actor took time. but young Tom Selleck became drawn to the performance world.
Early Career Struggles
Breaking Into the Industry
The path to stardom was a challenging one for young Tom Selleck. Like many aspiring actors, he faced many rejections and struggled to find steady work. A series of minor roles and guest appearances on television shows marked his early career. In 1965, he debuted on the syndicated show "The Dating Game." which gave him some exposure but did not lead to immediate success.
The Commercial Breakthrough
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Selleck began appearing in television commercials. His rugged good looks and charismatic presence made him a popular brand choice. He starred in advertisements for Pepsi-Cola, Revlon, and Close-Up toothpaste. These commercials provided financial stability and helped him gain visibility in the industry.
Struggling Actor in Hollywood
Despite his success in commercials. breaking into large acting roles remained a challenge for young Tom Selleck. He auditioned and took on small parts in T.V. shows and movies. Some of his early television appearances included roles in popular series like Lancer, The F.B.I., and Bracken's World. But, it would take a
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Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
As a film director, I have always been awestruck by the magic of animation. Animation, a medium once considered solely for the amusement of children, has undergone a significant transformation over the years. Its evolution from a rudimentary form of entertainment to a sophisticated form of storytelling has stirred my creativity and expanded my vision, offering limitless possibilities in the realm of cinematic storytelling.
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Panchayat Season 3 - Official Trailer.pdfSuleman Rana
The dearest series "Panchayat" is set to make a victorious return with its third season, and the fervor is discernible. The authority trailer, delivered on May 28, guarantees one more enamoring venture through the country heartland of India.
Jitendra Kumar keeps on sparkling as Abhishek Tripathi, the city-reared engineer who ends up functioning as the secretary of the Panchayat office in the curious town of Phulera. His nuanced depiction of a young fellow exploring the difficulties of country life while endeavoring to adjust to his new environmental factors has earned far and wide recognition.
Neena Gupta and Raghubir Yadav return as Manju Devi and Brij Bhushan Dubey, separately. Their dynamic science and immaculate acting rejuvenate the hardships of town administration. Gupta's depiction of the town Pradhan with an ever-evolving outlook, matched with Yadav's carefully prepared exhibition, adds profundity and credibility to the story.
New Difficulties and Experiences
The trailer indicates new difficulties anticipating the characters, as Abhishek keeps on wrestling with his part in the town and his yearnings for a superior future. The series has reliably offset humor with social editorial, and Season 3 looks ready to dig much more profound into the intricacies of rustic organization and self-awareness.
Watchers can hope to see a greater amount of the enchanting and particular residents who have become fan top picks. Their connections and the one of a kind cut of-life situations give a reviving and interesting portrayal of provincial India, featuring the two its appeal and its difficulties.
A Mix of Humor and Heart
One of the signs of "Panchayat" is its capacity to mix humor with sincere narrating. The trailer features minutes that guarantee to convey giggles, as well as scenes that pull at the heartstrings. This equilibrium has been a critical calculate the show's prosperity, resounding with crowds across different socioeconomics.
Creation Greatness
The creation quality remaining parts first rate, with the beautiful setting of Phulera town filling in as a scenery that upgrades the narrating. The meticulousness in portraying provincial life, joined with sharp composition and solid exhibitions, guarantees that "Panchayat" keeps on hanging out in the packed web series scene.
Expectation and Delivery
As the delivery date draws near, expectation for "Panchayat" Season 3 is at a record-breaking high. The authority trailer has previously created critical buzz, with fans enthusiastically anticipating the continuation of Abhishek Tripathi's excursion and the new undertakings that lie ahead in Phulera.
All in all, the authority trailer for "Panchayat" Season 3 recommends that watchers are in for another drawing in and engaging ride. Yet again with its charming characters, convincing story, and ideal mix of humor and show, the new season is set to enamor crowds. Write in your schedules and prepare to get back to the endearing universe of "Panchayat."
Meet Dinah Mattingly – Larry Bird’s Partner in Life and Loveget joys
Get an intimate look at Dinah Mattingly’s life alongside NBA icon Larry Bird. From their humble beginnings to their life today, discover the love and partnership that have defined their relationship.
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Crazyjamjam, the TikTok star everyone's talking about! Uncover her secrets to success, viral trends, and more in this exclusive feature on Blog Eternal.
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From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philos...Rodney Thomas Jr
#SSAPhilosophy #DjangoUnchained #DjangoFreeman #ExistentialPhilosophy #Freedom #Identity #Justice #Courage #Rebellion #Transformation
Welcome to SSA Philosophy, your ultimate destination for diving deep into the profound philosophies of iconic characters from video games, movies, and TV shows. In this episode, we explore the powerful journey and existential philosophy of Django Freeman from Quentin Tarantino’s masterful film, "Django Unchained," in our video titled, "From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philosophy of Django Freeman!"
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained – The Philosophy of Django Freeman!
Join me as we delve into the existential philosophy of Django Freeman, uncovering the profound lessons and timeless wisdom his character offers. Through his story, we find inspiration in the power of choice, the quest for justice, and the courage to defy oppression. Django Freeman’s philosophy is a testament to the human spirit’s unyielding drive for freedom and justice.
Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to SSA Philosophy for more in-depth explorations of the philosophies behind your favorite characters. Hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest videos. Let’s discover the principles that shape these icons and the profound lessons they offer.
Django Freeman’s story is one of the most compelling narratives of transformation and empowerment in cinema. A former slave turned relentless bounty hunter, Django’s journey is not just a physical liberation but an existential quest for identity, justice, and retribution. This video delves into the core philosophical elements that define Django’s character and the profound choices he makes throughout his journey.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/GszqrXk38qk
Skeem Saam in June 2024 available on ForumIsaac More
Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
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1. Research Investigation Sample C
A comparison of traditional and alternate narrative systems in film
As Thompson and Bordwell say, ‘Perhaps narrative is a fundamental way that humans
make sense of the world’1. This can be applied to a movie as audiences go to see a narrative
unfold and also according to them ‘We make sense of a narrative, then, by identifying its events
and linking them by cause and effect, time and space’. This essay will analyse the differences
between traditional and alternate narrative systems in film, with particular focus on ‘Memento’,
concentrating on these aspects of narrative.
Regarding the aspect of time in film, Nick Lacey says ‘In conventional narrative, stories
must always be chronologically constructed otherwise they would be judged to violate the rules
of our universe; they would destroy the rules of logical casuality which define narrative’2. In
‘Memento’, Christopher Nolan works on the assumption that the audience have expectations of
how a narrative works through temporal order and frequency, then he challenges these
expectations so much that perhaps this challenging becomes the main attraction for a niche
audience and exemplifies an alternate narrative system. The importance of time for narrative
can be emphasised by the view that ‘Time can be so central as to be almost incorporated as a
character itself, or it can be subverted, altering the story and its effect on the viewer’3 This can
be applied to ‘Memento’ as time is the most enigmatic ‘character’ in the movie, it alters our
perceptions of the story, characters and our point of identification. However, in order for the
movie not to be totally incomprehensible, there are scenes in the movie which are shot in black
and white and reflect a sense of parallelism. They alter the effect on the viewer by becoming a
gift to them, they are a flashsideways and therefore the nearest thing to present. They are
constant which makes it easier for the audience to understand the movie as a whole.
With regards to plot and story, Shlovsky distinguished them by using the terms fabula
and syuzhet4. The plot (syuzhet) is described by Thwaites et Al as ‘Like a signifier, it is what the
[audience] perceives’5 whereas he acknowledges the story as ‘Like a signified, story is what the
reader conceives or understands’6. Therefore, the difference between the two is that the plot is
what is explicitly presented to the audience through being ‘visibly and audibly presented in the
film before us’7 through diegetic material and non diegetic material which can be applied to the
music and Leonard’s voiceover in ‘Memento’. Whereas, the story is what the audience can
interpret from the movie and build perceptions about the characters and the narrative as a
whole. According to Lacey, ‘Hollywood executives often refer to this background information,
1
Page 89- Thompson and Bordwell (Narrative as a formal system)
2
Page 18 – Narrative and Genre by Nick Lacey
3
Page 60 – The Power of time – Media Magazine – Emma Louise Howard
4
Page 18 – Narrative and Genre by Nick Lacey
5
Page 18 – Narrative and Genre by Nick Lacey
6
Page 19 – Narrative and Genre by Nick Lacey
7
Page 92- Thompson and Bordwell (Narrative as a formal system)
2. Research Investigation Sample C
which explains characters’ motivation as the ‘back story’8. This can be applied to ‘Memento’ as
the audience identify with Leonard and understand his motives for revenge, even though the
murder of his wife or his attack is not explicitly presented in the plot. With further reference to
the plot of a narrative, Thompson and Bordwell say ‘We create the story in our minds on the
basis of cues in the plot’9. However, in ‘Memento’, the lack of chronology means cues in the plot
are not in the right order, which Nolan has done to reinforce the alternate structure and present
a challenge for the audience. As Thompson and Bordwell said when discussing temporal order
‘We are quite accustomed to presenting events out of story order. This does not confuse us
because we mentally rearrange the events into the order in which they would logically have to
occur’. This adds to the challenging appeal of the movie for an audience who perhaps do this
naturally whilst watching the movie.
With further regards to temporal order, Bordwell and Thompson said when talking
about Pulp Fiction that ‘By coming at the film’s conclusion, these portions receive an emphasis
they would not have if they remained in their chronological story order’ 10. This can also be
applied to ‘Memento’, as in the last scene, the audience are presented with an idea of Leonard’s
true motives which would have failed to force an identification between the protagonist and the
decoder if this was shown at the beginning of the movie. One way of looking at the conclusion is
the idea that it acts as a huge character twist as we discover that Teddy, who had been
portrayed throughout the movie as the villain, could actually be the hero. However,
One primary aspect of narrative in film is narrative structure. In a conventional movie
like ‘The Proposal’ It exemplifies Todorov’s theory of narrative structure, which states that a
film begins with an equilibrium, conquers a disruption, to create a new, different equilibrium at
the end of a movie11. In this movie, the equilibrium is that the two protagonists dislike each
other but face a disruption of having to pretend to be en engaged couple in order to prevent the
female protagonist, Margaret, from being deported and conquer this disruption by falling in love
and therefore creating a new equilibrium where they are together. ‘The proposal’ also fits the
narrative system of Annette Kuhn, who summarised the characteristics of a conventional
narrative as having ‘Linearity of cause and effect within an overall trajectory of enigma-
resolution, A high degree of narrative closure, A fictional world governed by spatial and
temporal verisimilitude, centrality of the narrative agency of psychologically-rounded
characters’ 12. However, as for ‘Memento’, this movie cannot be classified easily by theories of
narratives such as Todorov’s and Kuhn’s, there isn’t a fictional world governed by spatial and
8
Page 16 – Narrative and Genre by Nick Lacey
9
Page 93- Thompson and Bordwell (Narrative as a formal system)
10
Page 97- Thompson and Bordwell (Narrative as a formal system)
11
The Media Student’s Book – Page 45
12
Narrative and Genre – Page 121
3. Research Investigation Sample C
temporal verisimilitude as the basic idea of time is challenged with the flashbacks and flash
forwards never depicting the present. However, the narrative does have aspects of linearity. The
audience know the resolution they are looking for and the narrative is mostly linear, albeit in
the wrong way compared to conventional narratives. Also, there is cause and effect in the
movie; however the audience learn the effect of Leonard’s actions before the cause of him
committing them. For example, it could be argued that the conclusion of the movie uses an
unconventional narrative structure to set up a conventional narrative closure; there is a
resolution to the dominant enigma code of the movie which is why Teddy was killed at the
beginning of the movie. According to Warren Buckland, ‘Films do not need to represent the
cause-and-effect logic of a film in chronological order’13, which means that even if the idea of
basic cause-and-effect logic is challenged in narrative, the audience can still understand the
narrative.
The most interesting characteristic of Kuhn’s theory when it comes to ‘Memento’ is the
idea of ‘centrality of the narrative agency of psychologically-rounded characters’. Although
Leonard has brain damage and is not psychologically well, identification is created between the
encoder and decoder for this likeable character, he appears to be humorous and simply
searching for justice for his dead wife who he loved. This identification between encoder and
decoder is emphasised by the fact narrative devices are used in the film such as flashbacks and
flash forwards to create a complicated narrative structure which reflects the uncertainty of the
protagonist’s psychological state. Also, as Lacey says ‘Characters can only perceive diegetic
material whereas the audience, obviously, can perceive everything a text has to offer, including
non diegetic material.14 Regarding the non diegetic material in ‘Memento’, Leonard’s voiceover
builds a connection between the protagonist; Leonard and the audience which is intensified by
the sense of Leonard’s isolation as no one can hear it but the audience can. The identification is
also reinforced by the editing as Leonard is in almost every shot and extreme close up and close
up shots of him are used for the entirety of the movie. Another aspect of the narrative which
forces a point of identification is the restricted narration. When discussing restricted narration
in ‘Taxi Driver’, Buckland says ‘The flow of narrative information is filtered through a single
character’,15 this can be applied to Memento, the audience completely connect with him and his
side of the story because we only discover new clues when he does so we go on the journey with
him. Additionally, in the final scene, the audience discover that Leonard kills Teddy because he
has only created the puzzle in his mind of his wife’s killer to satisfy his needs for a challenge in
life. The restricted narration prevents the identification made between Leonard and the
13
Teach yourself Film Studies (Warren Buckland) – Page 49
14
Narrative and Genre – Page 19
15
Teach yourself Film Studies (Warren Buckland) – Page 37
4. Research Investigation Sample C
audience from being completely shattered, we still sympathise with Leonard, even if we don’t
completely emphasise with him like we did at the start of the movie.
However, perhaps the character types in the film switch for the audience in this final
scene. Regarding Propp’s theory of character types16, Leonard, the protagonist is depicted as the
obvious hero throughout the movie, whereas Teddy, the man who Leonard killed at the
beginning, believing he is his wife’s killer is conveyed as the villain. Also, it can be questioned
whether the character Natalie is the princess, helper or villain. However, clear character types
are not established in the movie, so it depends on how the audience have interpreted the plot to
decide which character fits each type e.g. Teddy could be the helper and Leonard could be the
villain. It also indicates that Nolan works on the assumption that the audience knows character
types, then breaks them which adds to the appeal of a challenging narrative for audiences and
contrasts the compliance to character types from the perspective of a conventional narrative.
For example, in a movie such as Avatar, there is a clear hero, princess and helper which is not
the case for Memento.
In conclusion, there are many aspects of narrative which can determine a clear contrast
between traditional and alternate narratives. Although conventional narratives are simpler to
interpret and understand, alternate narratives can work on the assumption of the audience
knowing the aspects of traditional narrative to create a challenging appeal for an audience. This
is reinforced by the successful audience response for films with alternate narrative systems
such as ‘Inception’ and ‘Memento’.
16
Narrative and Genre by Nick Lacey