The vulnerable life experiences of the most marginalized or the tribal people labelled as “adivasis” are
less explored by the mainstream society. Tribal narratives unfold the hidden layers of indomitable politics
which situate them as subalterns. The alienation, silencing, othering, misrepresentation, and exploitation
of adivasis in the name of land as landless, and homeless has been an age- old practice. The paper
analyses the marginalized voice of a Dalit woman, and social activist named C.K. Janu through her
personal reflections in Mother Forest, which deftly sketches her journey from an ordinary tribal girl to an
Adivasi leader, and later as the chief spokesperson to protest the injustices of thegovernment. The study
refers to the theoretical underpinnings of Shailaja Paik’s Dalit Women’s Education, and discusses the
educational transformation of women from Dalit communities. The tribal woman’s fight against hegemonic
forces is represented through the conflict between civilization, and modernization.
Tribal Health and their Well Being in Mahasweta Devi Worksijtsrd
Mahasweta Devi’s texts offer the critique of civilization, the dichotomy of nature and culture and the threat posed by forces of modernization. She offers penetrating insights into the connection between ecological and economic concerns. She is known as a committed artist, documenting the past and continuing struggle of the people. But creative writing is only one side of her literary persona. There are several other dimensions of her persona concerns activities and priorities which are distinct but closely interrelated. She cannot be branded by any conventional label such as writer, social activist, reporter, editor or organizer of peoples groups at the grass root level. Each one of these titles is partially true. All these aspects of her personality considered together sharply distinguish her from her contemporaries not just in West Bengal but in the country also. As a creative writer, her contribution is noteworthy, both in significance and volume. Her writings originate from her intimate knowledge of the ground realities. Her stories deal with a diverse range of issues related to the deprivation, degradation of life and environment, exploitation and struggles of the laboring poor and the underprivileged, the landless and small peasants, sharecroppers, bonded labor, contract labor and miners in West Bengal and Bihar. She has a deep sympathy with the tribal people and she documents their life, customs, culture and their problems in the wake of modernization. Her essays deal with the degradation of the ecosystem and lopsided forestation policy of the government which has ruined the primitive life and culture of tribal people. Devi urges for sustainable development concept so that the progress can be made without ecological devastation that is being perpetrated by industrialists and government officials. Devi s perspective on ecology forms an integral part of her entire creative output because she finds a close connection between man and nature. She believes that the survival of mankind is possible only when human beings acknowledges and respect Mother Nature rather than usurp it for personal profit. Her fiction unveils her concern about the alarming imbalance between man and nature due to globalization, privatization and capitalistic policies of different governments. She finds that consistent murder of nature has severely affected the life of poor deprived tribal and the rural women who depend on forests for livelihood and other basic requirements. These oppressed communities are the worst sufferers in the process of globalization and privatization of resources. As a writer, Devi feels that a creative artist plays a vital role in destroying the spurious elements of contemporary civilization and helps in reconstructing the future society. In the author s preface to Bashai Tudu, translated and edited by Samik Bandyopadhyay, Devi makes biting comments on the popular writers of the time for their snobbery and insensititiveness to social issues rela
Dalit Involvement in Petty Entrepreneurship and Changes in their Socioeconomi...ijtsrd
The ultimate goal of this paper is to broach some crucial information about the changing the livelihood status through petty enterprise among the lower caste people in South Asia. The paper has also assayed to provide the information about background of Dalit which is derived from the ancient Sanskrit dialect. Basically the word Dalit is the self picked and the political name in the sub continent. It intends to untouchable' for the most part of Dalit incorporated into the organization is utilizing as the words Schedule Caste SCs , Scheduled Tribes STs and other back word caste OBCs . First time the term Scheduled Caste CSs was utilized by the British government in the Government of India Act, 1935. Sociologically point of view SCs enduring the Stigma of untouchability and it was viewed as a hostile to sudras or Avarna in the Hindu Caste structure. But according to the Professor Gangadhar Pantawane, founder and editor of Asmitadarsh Mirror of Identity , the chief organ of Dalit literature, defines the word as follows, To me Dalit is not a caste. He is a man exploited by the social and economic traditions of this country. He does not believe in God, Rebirth, Soul, and Holy Books teaching separatism, Fate and Heaven because they have made him a slave. He does believe in humanism. Dalit is a symbol of change and revolution. Kushal Das Barthani | Mohammad Rubel | Md. Jahirul Islam "Dalit Involvement in Petty Entrepreneurship and Changes in their Socioeconomic Status" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29669.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/29669/dalit-involvement-in-petty-entrepreneurship-and-changes-in-their-socioeconomic-status/kushal-das-barthani
Minority Population Analysis: The Aeta of the PhilippinesOlivier Serrat
This presentation uses a critical psychology lens for minority population analysis. Specifically, the presentation characterizes indigenous peoples and their vulnerability; researches the treatment of the Aeta, an indigenous people living in the mountainous areas of Luzon in the Philippines; and reflects on their experience of domination, marginalization, and exploitation.
Tribal Health and their Well Being in Mahasweta Devi Worksijtsrd
Mahasweta Devi’s texts offer the critique of civilization, the dichotomy of nature and culture and the threat posed by forces of modernization. She offers penetrating insights into the connection between ecological and economic concerns. She is known as a committed artist, documenting the past and continuing struggle of the people. But creative writing is only one side of her literary persona. There are several other dimensions of her persona concerns activities and priorities which are distinct but closely interrelated. She cannot be branded by any conventional label such as writer, social activist, reporter, editor or organizer of peoples groups at the grass root level. Each one of these titles is partially true. All these aspects of her personality considered together sharply distinguish her from her contemporaries not just in West Bengal but in the country also. As a creative writer, her contribution is noteworthy, both in significance and volume. Her writings originate from her intimate knowledge of the ground realities. Her stories deal with a diverse range of issues related to the deprivation, degradation of life and environment, exploitation and struggles of the laboring poor and the underprivileged, the landless and small peasants, sharecroppers, bonded labor, contract labor and miners in West Bengal and Bihar. She has a deep sympathy with the tribal people and she documents their life, customs, culture and their problems in the wake of modernization. Her essays deal with the degradation of the ecosystem and lopsided forestation policy of the government which has ruined the primitive life and culture of tribal people. Devi urges for sustainable development concept so that the progress can be made without ecological devastation that is being perpetrated by industrialists and government officials. Devi s perspective on ecology forms an integral part of her entire creative output because she finds a close connection between man and nature. She believes that the survival of mankind is possible only when human beings acknowledges and respect Mother Nature rather than usurp it for personal profit. Her fiction unveils her concern about the alarming imbalance between man and nature due to globalization, privatization and capitalistic policies of different governments. She finds that consistent murder of nature has severely affected the life of poor deprived tribal and the rural women who depend on forests for livelihood and other basic requirements. These oppressed communities are the worst sufferers in the process of globalization and privatization of resources. As a writer, Devi feels that a creative artist plays a vital role in destroying the spurious elements of contemporary civilization and helps in reconstructing the future society. In the author s preface to Bashai Tudu, translated and edited by Samik Bandyopadhyay, Devi makes biting comments on the popular writers of the time for their snobbery and insensititiveness to social issues rela
Dalit Involvement in Petty Entrepreneurship and Changes in their Socioeconomi...ijtsrd
The ultimate goal of this paper is to broach some crucial information about the changing the livelihood status through petty enterprise among the lower caste people in South Asia. The paper has also assayed to provide the information about background of Dalit which is derived from the ancient Sanskrit dialect. Basically the word Dalit is the self picked and the political name in the sub continent. It intends to untouchable' for the most part of Dalit incorporated into the organization is utilizing as the words Schedule Caste SCs , Scheduled Tribes STs and other back word caste OBCs . First time the term Scheduled Caste CSs was utilized by the British government in the Government of India Act, 1935. Sociologically point of view SCs enduring the Stigma of untouchability and it was viewed as a hostile to sudras or Avarna in the Hindu Caste structure. But according to the Professor Gangadhar Pantawane, founder and editor of Asmitadarsh Mirror of Identity , the chief organ of Dalit literature, defines the word as follows, To me Dalit is not a caste. He is a man exploited by the social and economic traditions of this country. He does not believe in God, Rebirth, Soul, and Holy Books teaching separatism, Fate and Heaven because they have made him a slave. He does believe in humanism. Dalit is a symbol of change and revolution. Kushal Das Barthani | Mohammad Rubel | Md. Jahirul Islam "Dalit Involvement in Petty Entrepreneurship and Changes in their Socioeconomic Status" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29669.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/29669/dalit-involvement-in-petty-entrepreneurship-and-changes-in-their-socioeconomic-status/kushal-das-barthani
Minority Population Analysis: The Aeta of the PhilippinesOlivier Serrat
This presentation uses a critical psychology lens for minority population analysis. Specifically, the presentation characterizes indigenous peoples and their vulnerability; researches the treatment of the Aeta, an indigenous people living in the mountainous areas of Luzon in the Philippines; and reflects on their experience of domination, marginalization, and exploitation.
ETHNIC ASSERTIONS AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN NORTHEAST INDIA: AN ANALYTICAL PERS...IAEME Publication
North -East India has been occupying a unique position in Indian politics. This multi ethnic society comprises the states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, and the Himalayan State of Sikkim. North East India, the entire region is an area which is a house of many internal strife and conflicts. Pending border disputes, insurgencies and terrorist problems, resources sharing disputes are some common problems which have made this region quite turbulent. North East India is home to large number of ethnic groups who came from different directions at different historical times. These groups belong to different racial stocks, speak different languages and have varied socio-cultural traditions. However the alienation of ethnic people in different socio-economic and political sphere led to the emergence of ethnic assertion and ethnic conflict in northeastern region. An ethnic group is a group, whose members identify with each other, through a common heritage, often consisting of common language, common culture, common religion and an ideology that stresses common heritage or endogamy. Ethnic group within a diverse society may vary from one another in terms of numerical strengths, political inclination, socio economic connections, impact of national affairs and communal cohesion. This relationship face setback when there is the essence of distrust, disagreement, contest and inharmoniousness. The tension of ethnic conflict emerged through the feeling of deprivations and unreturned expectations towards communities concerned. This insight is normally associated with the feelings of political, social, economic and cultural insecurities and apathy. Unlike other studies on ethnicity and extremism, the present article tries to understand ethnic assertions in northeast India in the context of rampant social exclusion taking place in the region.
Existentialism Restraints and Societal Demarcation: A Real Paradigm in Bhaban...paperpublications3
Abstract: Indian writers were exposed to literature in the English language only during the nineteenth century when they were under the British regime. The Indian novelists of the pre-independence and post-independence periods attempted writing novels on new subjects. They dealt especially with three major themes- the Indian National Movement for freedom, their faith in Indian life and the problems of adjustment, which a westernized Indian encounters in India. The character of Indian novel is bound to vary from language to language and is bound to be conditioned by the regional linguistic and cultural peculiarities and characteristic of the writer and his environment.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The report was submitted for the course "Sociology" at IIIT-Delhi in collaboration with Shubham Singhal and Deepanker Agarwal under the guidance of Dr. Duru Arun Kumar.
The report explains racism,its causes, its effect and people's attitude towards racism.
Mob lynching in India - questions of marginalization and representationSanjukta Basu
This is my paper presented recently at an academic conference - Moving Beyond the Margin, politics of Exclusion and Assimilation. I argued how sudden increase in mob lynching in India post 2014 is marginalizing the minority community which problematizes how we understand the process of marginalization.
Socio – Economic Mobility among Schedule Caste: A Study of Village Mugalmagri...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : Caste is a powerful organization in Indian society. It provided a structure for arranging and organizing social groups in terms of their statuses and positions in the social and economic system. It predetermined individuals into the structure of social hierarchy on the basis of their birth. In the hierarchical order Brahmins were at the top of the social ladder, and the ‘Untouchables’, people who were at the bottom of the ladder. They were considered to be inferior in all respects by the higher castes and were placed at the bottom of ritual and social hierarchies of the Caste and Varna system and had been subjected to varieties of disabilities, deprivations and oppression under the traditional system. They were not considered human beings and were exploited and discriminated in many spheres of life. After Independence there has been a growing awareness and concern for the degraded socio-economic condition of the Scheduled Castes . For this, efforts are being made in collaboration with different organizations and institutions to inculcate and encourage them to merge with the socio - economic fabric of the country . In turn, they have experienced a modicum of social mobility and there has been an unprecedented rise in the political consciousness among them. The caste system in India which is based on the principle inequality whether those inequalities (Social and Economical) are going too diminished or perpetuated further in the period of globalization? Are they being able to compete with the changing scenario? What will happen with their occupations? Are they able to get quality education? What changes has come into their lifestyles? Do they have new skills so as to get the benefits mobility? Is there any social and occupational mobility among them in view of globalization, education, occupation or are they stagnated? Etc. needs to be answered if they have to become a citizen of a global community- dreamed as a knowledge society.
So, keeping all these questions in mind the researcher want to express the social mobility among schedule castes of village mugalmagri in district rupnagar . We always judge the things from the upper level but what about the bottom? That is why the main objective of the present study is to analysis the mobility from the bottom level among schedule caste through education, income, occupation, inter-caste marriages and through religious conversions. For this, I have taking 100 respondents from the rural area how were schedule castes.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
HISTORY AS A DETERMINANT OF MALAWIMOZAMBIQUE RELATIONS: THE CASE OF THE NSANJ...John1Lorcan
Using the Nsanje international inland port saga as a case study, this paper employs the realism theory to
examine the historically difficult relationship between Malawi and Mozambique. Based on data gathered
from interviews and previously published studies, the study's final conclusion is that Malawi’s bilateral
relations with Mozambique are the product and continue to be shaped by history. Because the relationship
between the two states is historically based on the provision of services especially port facilities, the
Nsanje inland port is at loggerheads with Mozambique’s national economic interests as it seeks to put an
end to the historically rooted modus operandi of the relationship. The study recommends mandatory
feasibility studies before starting projects, placing the port project on hold, continuing with the current
foreign policy which to a great extent appeases Mozambique and finding some use for the port structures
which currently constitute a white elephant.
MEASURING INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA FROM 1996 TO 2019: EVIDENCE ...John1Lorcan
Since inception, the concept of inclusive growth has been defined and measured differently among scholars
and policymakers. This paper measures inclusive growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from 1996 to 2019.
A principal component analysis and weighted mean approaches have been applied following the Eurasian
Economic Commission, and 20 methodologies. The study findings show that the inclusive growth index is
sensitive to the measurement approach used due to different sets of indicators and dimensions. However,
the methodologies provide a basis for comparing country performance. In addition, in both methodologies,
economic performance was found to be a significant contributor to inclusive growth. Countries with higher
economic performance witnessed higher inclusive growth. From the findings, policymakers could rely on
more than one measurement approach to determine inclusive growth. This will enable them develop policy
measures which address various dimensions that each of the SSA countries need to robustly invest and
improve.
THE DIVERSE BEAUTY OF MATHILDENHÖHE: AN INSIGHT INTO AESTHETIC PHILOSOPHY AND...John1Lorcan
This article aims to look at the World Heritage Site from the perspective of curatorial studies and aesthetic
philosophy. The Darmstadt Artists' Colony made an enormous contribution to art and formed a bridge
between the British Arts & Crafts movement and the German Association of Craftsmen, which eventually
led to the Bauhaus movement. The last Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine was not only a patron who
founded this Artists' Colony, but also a prominent curator together with the Austrian architect and one of
the founders of the Vienna Secession, Joseph Maria Olbrich. Together they combined economic
development with artistic innovation. The establishment of the Darmstadt Artists' Colony was a sensation
in the art world. Itmarked the beginning of the 20th century, turning everyday life into an aesthetic
experience.
BLACK FUTURES: COLLECTING SOCIOCULTURAL DATA THROUGH MACHINE LEARNINGJohn1Lorcan
Although African American community archives have appeared, there is a lack of incorporation of
information-seeking, behaviour, language transmission, categorization, and community archival datasets
in data collection and machine learning (ML) environments. To address this, as the autoethnographer, I
propose to develop a future body of research targeting the African American community in Texas,
obtaining valuable insights about their engagement with ML. Eun Seo Jo's literature review emphasizes the
roles of community archives in ML environments and the strategies necessary for this space to be
considered a valuable resource in research and information. As the autoethnographer, I use this research
to explore effective strategies for machine learning environments to collaborate with African American
community archives and incorporate user input into ML data collection practices. The aim of the study is
to examine an original body of literature to aid me with my plan of action in creating a research study
about machine learning in African American community archives.
Implementation of Authorized Economic Operator Program in Comesa: Evidence Fr...John1Lorcan
The paper investigates the effect of authorized economic operator program on bilateral trade between Kenya and trading partners in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The augmented gravity model was estimated using 2010-2021 data for 17 cross-sectionals. The Panel Correlated Standard Error method results show thatimplementation of the authorized economic operator by both exporter and importer stimulates Kenya’s bilateral trade volume in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The author recommends full implementation of the authorized economic operator by the remaining 12 Member States to attain the maximum benefits of the program across the region.
Gender Inequiality in Higher Music Educaiton in China: Historical and Contemp...John1Lorcan
Gender inequality is higher music education is a significant issue in China, shaped by both historical and contemporary factors that influence the opportunities available to women in this field. This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the challenges encountered by women in higher music education in China, examining the impact of traditional Chinese philosophy, Western missionaries, and the Chinese Government on gender relations and opportunities in music education. Drawing upon existing literature and data, this paper addresses three main research areas pertaining to women’s education in China’s higher education: the historical evolution of women’s education in China, from traditional to modern times, in order to examine the progression of educational opportunities for women; the current landscape of opportunities for women’s education and involvement in music practices within China’s higher music education; and the existing employment framing issues that women face in higher music education in China, in comparison to their male counterparts. While acknowledging the increasing educational opportunities available to women in contemporary China, this paper recognizes that societal expectations and gender stereotypes can still impede women’s access to teaching careers and other music-related professions. These challenges have substantial implications for women’s education, music practices, and employability, underscoring the importance for policymakers and educators to actively promote gender equality within higher education.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ABUSE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN...John1Lorcan
This study aims to investigate the psychological effects of abuse from intimate relationships on young
women. In order to overcome the complexity, challenges, and proposal for the best remedies face by the
sexually abuse victims in the Tangkhul community, both qualitative and quantitative approaches are
adopted. The study covers various aspects of research methodology, including study design, sampling
techniques, data collection tools, and analysis methods. Additionally, the study proposes a collaborative
effort between the state and other entities to enhance care and counseling services for survivors of intimate
partner abuse. The main intension and takeaway from the study is to comprehend the cultural changes
taking place along with the critically examination of the victims and how the community can take up
appropriate initiatives through care and counseling, which is the need of an hour.
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ETHNIC ASSERTIONS AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN NORTHEAST INDIA: AN ANALYTICAL PERS...IAEME Publication
North -East India has been occupying a unique position in Indian politics. This multi ethnic society comprises the states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, and the Himalayan State of Sikkim. North East India, the entire region is an area which is a house of many internal strife and conflicts. Pending border disputes, insurgencies and terrorist problems, resources sharing disputes are some common problems which have made this region quite turbulent. North East India is home to large number of ethnic groups who came from different directions at different historical times. These groups belong to different racial stocks, speak different languages and have varied socio-cultural traditions. However the alienation of ethnic people in different socio-economic and political sphere led to the emergence of ethnic assertion and ethnic conflict in northeastern region. An ethnic group is a group, whose members identify with each other, through a common heritage, often consisting of common language, common culture, common religion and an ideology that stresses common heritage or endogamy. Ethnic group within a diverse society may vary from one another in terms of numerical strengths, political inclination, socio economic connections, impact of national affairs and communal cohesion. This relationship face setback when there is the essence of distrust, disagreement, contest and inharmoniousness. The tension of ethnic conflict emerged through the feeling of deprivations and unreturned expectations towards communities concerned. This insight is normally associated with the feelings of political, social, economic and cultural insecurities and apathy. Unlike other studies on ethnicity and extremism, the present article tries to understand ethnic assertions in northeast India in the context of rampant social exclusion taking place in the region.
Existentialism Restraints and Societal Demarcation: A Real Paradigm in Bhaban...paperpublications3
Abstract: Indian writers were exposed to literature in the English language only during the nineteenth century when they were under the British regime. The Indian novelists of the pre-independence and post-independence periods attempted writing novels on new subjects. They dealt especially with three major themes- the Indian National Movement for freedom, their faith in Indian life and the problems of adjustment, which a westernized Indian encounters in India. The character of Indian novel is bound to vary from language to language and is bound to be conditioned by the regional linguistic and cultural peculiarities and characteristic of the writer and his environment.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The report was submitted for the course "Sociology" at IIIT-Delhi in collaboration with Shubham Singhal and Deepanker Agarwal under the guidance of Dr. Duru Arun Kumar.
The report explains racism,its causes, its effect and people's attitude towards racism.
Mob lynching in India - questions of marginalization and representationSanjukta Basu
This is my paper presented recently at an academic conference - Moving Beyond the Margin, politics of Exclusion and Assimilation. I argued how sudden increase in mob lynching in India post 2014 is marginalizing the minority community which problematizes how we understand the process of marginalization.
Socio – Economic Mobility among Schedule Caste: A Study of Village Mugalmagri...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : Caste is a powerful organization in Indian society. It provided a structure for arranging and organizing social groups in terms of their statuses and positions in the social and economic system. It predetermined individuals into the structure of social hierarchy on the basis of their birth. In the hierarchical order Brahmins were at the top of the social ladder, and the ‘Untouchables’, people who were at the bottom of the ladder. They were considered to be inferior in all respects by the higher castes and were placed at the bottom of ritual and social hierarchies of the Caste and Varna system and had been subjected to varieties of disabilities, deprivations and oppression under the traditional system. They were not considered human beings and were exploited and discriminated in many spheres of life. After Independence there has been a growing awareness and concern for the degraded socio-economic condition of the Scheduled Castes . For this, efforts are being made in collaboration with different organizations and institutions to inculcate and encourage them to merge with the socio - economic fabric of the country . In turn, they have experienced a modicum of social mobility and there has been an unprecedented rise in the political consciousness among them. The caste system in India which is based on the principle inequality whether those inequalities (Social and Economical) are going too diminished or perpetuated further in the period of globalization? Are they being able to compete with the changing scenario? What will happen with their occupations? Are they able to get quality education? What changes has come into their lifestyles? Do they have new skills so as to get the benefits mobility? Is there any social and occupational mobility among them in view of globalization, education, occupation or are they stagnated? Etc. needs to be answered if they have to become a citizen of a global community- dreamed as a knowledge society.
So, keeping all these questions in mind the researcher want to express the social mobility among schedule castes of village mugalmagri in district rupnagar . We always judge the things from the upper level but what about the bottom? That is why the main objective of the present study is to analysis the mobility from the bottom level among schedule caste through education, income, occupation, inter-caste marriages and through religious conversions. For this, I have taking 100 respondents from the rural area how were schedule castes.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
HISTORY AS A DETERMINANT OF MALAWIMOZAMBIQUE RELATIONS: THE CASE OF THE NSANJ...John1Lorcan
Using the Nsanje international inland port saga as a case study, this paper employs the realism theory to
examine the historically difficult relationship between Malawi and Mozambique. Based on data gathered
from interviews and previously published studies, the study's final conclusion is that Malawi’s bilateral
relations with Mozambique are the product and continue to be shaped by history. Because the relationship
between the two states is historically based on the provision of services especially port facilities, the
Nsanje inland port is at loggerheads with Mozambique’s national economic interests as it seeks to put an
end to the historically rooted modus operandi of the relationship. The study recommends mandatory
feasibility studies before starting projects, placing the port project on hold, continuing with the current
foreign policy which to a great extent appeases Mozambique and finding some use for the port structures
which currently constitute a white elephant.
MEASURING INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA FROM 1996 TO 2019: EVIDENCE ...John1Lorcan
Since inception, the concept of inclusive growth has been defined and measured differently among scholars
and policymakers. This paper measures inclusive growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from 1996 to 2019.
A principal component analysis and weighted mean approaches have been applied following the Eurasian
Economic Commission, and 20 methodologies. The study findings show that the inclusive growth index is
sensitive to the measurement approach used due to different sets of indicators and dimensions. However,
the methodologies provide a basis for comparing country performance. In addition, in both methodologies,
economic performance was found to be a significant contributor to inclusive growth. Countries with higher
economic performance witnessed higher inclusive growth. From the findings, policymakers could rely on
more than one measurement approach to determine inclusive growth. This will enable them develop policy
measures which address various dimensions that each of the SSA countries need to robustly invest and
improve.
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This article aims to look at the World Heritage Site from the perspective of curatorial studies and aesthetic
philosophy. The Darmstadt Artists' Colony made an enormous contribution to art and formed a bridge
between the British Arts & Crafts movement and the German Association of Craftsmen, which eventually
led to the Bauhaus movement. The last Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine was not only a patron who
founded this Artists' Colony, but also a prominent curator together with the Austrian architect and one of
the founders of the Vienna Secession, Joseph Maria Olbrich. Together they combined economic
development with artistic innovation. The establishment of the Darmstadt Artists' Colony was a sensation
in the art world. Itmarked the beginning of the 20th century, turning everyday life into an aesthetic
experience.
BLACK FUTURES: COLLECTING SOCIOCULTURAL DATA THROUGH MACHINE LEARNINGJohn1Lorcan
Although African American community archives have appeared, there is a lack of incorporation of
information-seeking, behaviour, language transmission, categorization, and community archival datasets
in data collection and machine learning (ML) environments. To address this, as the autoethnographer, I
propose to develop a future body of research targeting the African American community in Texas,
obtaining valuable insights about their engagement with ML. Eun Seo Jo's literature review emphasizes the
roles of community archives in ML environments and the strategies necessary for this space to be
considered a valuable resource in research and information. As the autoethnographer, I use this research
to explore effective strategies for machine learning environments to collaborate with African American
community archives and incorporate user input into ML data collection practices. The aim of the study is
to examine an original body of literature to aid me with my plan of action in creating a research study
about machine learning in African American community archives.
Implementation of Authorized Economic Operator Program in Comesa: Evidence Fr...John1Lorcan
The paper investigates the effect of authorized economic operator program on bilateral trade between Kenya and trading partners in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The augmented gravity model was estimated using 2010-2021 data for 17 cross-sectionals. The Panel Correlated Standard Error method results show thatimplementation of the authorized economic operator by both exporter and importer stimulates Kenya’s bilateral trade volume in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The author recommends full implementation of the authorized economic operator by the remaining 12 Member States to attain the maximum benefits of the program across the region.
Gender Inequiality in Higher Music Educaiton in China: Historical and Contemp...John1Lorcan
Gender inequality is higher music education is a significant issue in China, shaped by both historical and contemporary factors that influence the opportunities available to women in this field. This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the challenges encountered by women in higher music education in China, examining the impact of traditional Chinese philosophy, Western missionaries, and the Chinese Government on gender relations and opportunities in music education. Drawing upon existing literature and data, this paper addresses three main research areas pertaining to women’s education in China’s higher education: the historical evolution of women’s education in China, from traditional to modern times, in order to examine the progression of educational opportunities for women; the current landscape of opportunities for women’s education and involvement in music practices within China’s higher music education; and the existing employment framing issues that women face in higher music education in China, in comparison to their male counterparts. While acknowledging the increasing educational opportunities available to women in contemporary China, this paper recognizes that societal expectations and gender stereotypes can still impede women’s access to teaching careers and other music-related professions. These challenges have substantial implications for women’s education, music practices, and employability, underscoring the importance for policymakers and educators to actively promote gender equality within higher education.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ABUSE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN...John1Lorcan
This study aims to investigate the psychological effects of abuse from intimate relationships on young
women. In order to overcome the complexity, challenges, and proposal for the best remedies face by the
sexually abuse victims in the Tangkhul community, both qualitative and quantitative approaches are
adopted. The study covers various aspects of research methodology, including study design, sampling
techniques, data collection tools, and analysis methods. Additionally, the study proposes a collaborative
effort between the state and other entities to enhance care and counseling services for survivors of intimate
partner abuse. The main intension and takeaway from the study is to comprehend the cultural changes
taking place along with the critically examination of the victims and how the community can take up
appropriate initiatives through care and counseling, which is the need of an hour.
AN ANALYSIS OF GENDER AND SWEAR WORDS: A CASE STUDY OF IRANIAN COMMUNITY ON I...John1Lorcan
The relationship between language and gender has been the subject of discussion and investigation for
many years, with the goal of understanding the societal norms and expectations of gender. This article
aims to explore the relationship between gender and the swear words in the comment section of Iranian
celebrities Instagram accounts. This study found that each gender tends to post swear words in comments
of the same gender celebrity. This research also discovered that female users tend to auto-censor strong
swear words and are more likely to body-shame the content creator, while men are more open to posting
strong swear words.
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIAL WELFARE: EXPLORING INNOVATIONS AND POLICY IM...John1Lorcan
The digital transformation of social welfare systems is an area that is fast developing and has a lot of
potential to improve service delivery and improve outcomes for both people and communities. The goal of
this research paper is to examine the policy changes and innovations brought about by the digital
revolution of social welfare. It investigates the adoption of emerging technologies, such as artificial
intelligence, big data analytics, and blockchain, in various domains of social welfare, including healthcare,
education, employment, and social assistance programs. The paper examines the potential benefits of
digital transformation, including increased efficiency, improved access to services, and personalized
support. It also delves into the challenges and concerns associated with this transformation, such as data
privacy, equity, and the digital divide. By analysing successful case studies and lessons learned from
different countries, the paper highlights key policy considerations for ensuring the effective and equitable
implementation of digital innovations in social welfare. Policy implications discussed include the need for
robust regulatory frameworks to protect data privacy, the importance of ethical guidelines to guide the use
of emerging technologies, and the necessity of capacity building initiatives to equip stakeholders with the
necessary skills and knowledge. The paper emphasizes the importance of creating inclusive, people-centric
social welfare systems that leverage the potential of digital technologies to meet the evolving needs of
individuals and communities.
Overall, this research paper provides valuable insights into the digital transformation of social welfare,
offering policymakers and stakeholders a comprehensive understanding of the opportunities, challenges,
and policy considerations involved. By embracing digital innovations thoughtfully and responsibly, social
welfare systems can become more efficient, responsive, and equitable, ultimately improving the lives of
those in need.
THE ENGLISH LEARNING MOTIVATION OF CHINESE STUDENTS: CROSS-GRADE SURVEY ANALYSISJohn1Lorcan
Existing literature indicates that motivation is the most powerful determining factor that influences the rate
and success of second language learning [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Currently, there is a growing body of
empirical research indicating the changes in second language learning motivation in different grades at
the same or different schools [8][9][10][11][12]. The findings of previous studies have mostly shown that
student second language learning motivation increases with increasing school levels. Do¨rnyei (2000)
suggested that concentrating on the time dimension of second language motivation is crucial for
comprehending the second language motivation of students. However, the temporal variations of second
language motivation, particularly motivational changes at different Chinese school levels, have not been
sufficiently emphasized by second language motivation researchers, therefore, this quantitative research
investigated the changes in Chinese students’ English learning motivation from primary to high school. An
English learning motivation questionnaire was used and administered to 3000 students from Grades 1 - 12
in public primary, junior high, and high schools across Mainland China, and employed the reliability
analysis and analysis of variance to analyze quantitative data. The statistical results revealed that high
school students ranked highest in English learning motivation, followed by junior high and primary school
students. Furthermore, the college entrance examination had a positive impact on high school students'
motivation to learn English.
SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN: CHARISMATIC LEADER OF BANGLADESHJohn1Lorcan
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is one of the most charismatic leaders of the Third World in the twentieth century.
We know that Charismatic leaders are the gifts and mercy from God. They are torch bearers of knowledge
and revolution. Every nation in one way or the other has been and is endowed with leaders and same is the
case of Bangladesh nation which was fortunate enough to have a leader like Sheikh Mujibur Rahman who
guided them in the times of freedom struggle, and trusted them into the region which dawned tranquility of
mind and unshackled boundaries. It is in fact an old saying that good leaders build good nations which is
equally true with the Bangladesh nation for which sheikh Mujibur Rahman sacrificed every breath and
blood of his life and mapped a new nation in the world. The paper discusses the main achievements of the
leader and particularly the independence of Bangladesh of which Mujib was the pivotal figure. The result
revealed that Sheikh Mujib was stimulated people by his charismatic leadership capability and huge
political knowledge. From his early life he was demonstrated two key leadership qualities which make him
unquestionable leader of the Bangladesh. One key quality was proactive social consciousness and
paramount dedication for politics. Sheikh Mujib has so many leadership skills that recognized him as a
leader of general people. His aspiration and sacrifice for nation made him an icon of the country.
Therefore, it can be concluded that his leadership trait made himself as a father of the nation. The people
of Bangladesh had dreamt of an independent nation and that dream was finally implemented in really on
16Th December 1971 under the leadership of a true Patriot Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Bangladesh and its
people were blessed with God‟s will of sending the Greatest Bengali Soul of all time on the soil of
Tungipara. That greatest soul was nobody else but it is our “Father of the Nation” – Bangabandhu -
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He was the greatest politician, philosopher and tourism lover the world has ever
produced. He was the kindest person the world has ever noticed, he loved everyone more than he loved his
own family and children. This study was carried out by descriptive analysis through the literature review of
existing paper
WOMEN AND AGRICULTURE IN RURAL KENYA: ROLE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONJohn1Lorcan
Women play a very significant role in agricultural production in Kenya. However, they are accorded little
attention. The lack of inadequate information on the level of women participation in agricultural
production has helped to underestimate their importance in agricultural production and hence led to their
neglect in sector development. This paper sought to examine the role of women in Agricultural production
in Kenya to give them an impetus upon which they can voice their concern in agricultural related issues. To
improve women visibility in agricultural production, the author suggests that women contribution to
agricultural production should be understood based on their contribution to food security in household and
community rather than their contribution to commercialised agriculture which is dominated by men. With
this, the author hopes to persuade policymakers to re-examine their perception of rural women involved in
agricultural production for prompt policy action.
THE ENGLISH LEARNING MOTIVATION OF CHINESE STUDENTS: CROSS-GRADE SURVEY ANALYSISJohn1Lorcan
Existing literature indicates that motivation is the most powerful determining factor that influences the rate
and success of second language learning [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Currently, there is a growing body of
empirical research indicating the changes in second language learning motivation in different grades at
the same or different schools [8][9][10][11][12]. The findings of previous studies have mostly shown that
student second language learning motivation increases with increasing school levels. Do¨rnyei (2000)
suggested that concentrating on the time dimension of second language motivation is crucial for
comprehending the second language motivation of students. However, the temporal variations of second
language motivation, particularly motivational changes at different Chinese school levels, have not been
sufficiently emphasized by second language motivation researchers, therefore, this quantitative research
investigated the changes in Chinese students’ English learning motivation from primary to high school. An
English learning motivation questionnaire was used and administered to 3000 students from Grades 1 - 12
in public primary, junior high, and high schools across Mainland China, and employed the reliability
analysis and analysis of variance to analyze quantitative data. The statistical results revealed that high
school students ranked highest in English learning motivation, followed by junior high and primary school
students. Furthermore, the college entrance examination had a positive impact on high school students'
motivation to learn English.
LAND OWNERSHIP RIGHTS AND ACCESS TO FARMLANDS BY FARMERS AND HERDERS IN THE K...John1Lorcan
Land is seen in societies as a vital natural asset, and the worth of this resource to human through time and
space cannot be underestimated. The purpose of this research was to examine land ownership rights and
access to farmlands by farmers and herders in the Kwahu East District (KED) in the Eastern Region of
Ghana. Qualitatively, the study adopted a descriptive case study research design. This research was based
on two objectives: to examine land ownership rights in the Kwahu East District, and determine how
farmers and herders get access to farmlands. The study population involved residents of three communities
in the Kwahu East District, namely, Yaw Tenkorang, Kwaku Sarfo and Bebua. The purposive sampling
technique was used to select 4 traditional leaders, 10 farmers, 10 herdsmen and cattle owners, 3 Assembly
members, the District Chief Executive, the District Commander of Police, and the District Land Officer.
The study concluded that, land ownership rights in KED were based on the allodia and usufruct systems,
which vest land ownership rights in the hands of traditional authorities and family heads. Again, the study
showed that, indigenous farmers lay claim to greater rights over the lands compared to herders who are
considered as aliens, without any land ownerswhip rights. The study revealed measures initiated to find
lasting solution to this conflict. It is recommended that; the Municipal Assembly must concentrate more
effort in establishiing adequate fodder banks for cattle. Again, the practice of ranching must be
encouraged amongst cattle owners and herders to prevent unwanted competition over land use.
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS) John1Lorcan
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of humanities, art and social science. The journal focuses aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in humanities and social science and become the leading journal in humanities and social science in the world. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on areas of literary and social studies for a cross cultural exploration and subsequent innovation of subjects concerned and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles for the development of humanities and social science fields.
DEMOCRACY OR LIBERAL AUTOCRACY; THE CASE OF AFRICAJohn1Lorcan
The state of democracy in Africa continues to be one of the most controversial and difficult questions facing
the continent today. While African regimes are more liberal than their authoritarian predecessors, they
have a profound flaw. The African governments have increasingly adopted important aspects of
constitutional liberalism necessary for democracy to flourish and includes rule of law, private property
rights, separation of powers and free speech and assembly. However, the results of such democratic
initiatives have not bored the intended fruits as the continent continue to witness outright reversals of
democracy. For instance, elections are becoming a means of power preservation and a large number of
countries have very low levels of democratic quality. This paper, therefore, seeks to examine this dire state
of democracy in Africa to inform discussions on why African governments should be regarded as a Liberal
Autocracies and not democratic.
CIVIC EDUCATION AND IT’S IMPERATIVE TOWARDS NATION BUILDING: THE NIGERIAN EXA...John1Lorcan
Most countries of the world today originated as a result of the activities of colonialists and imperialists
who merged previously independent nations together for the sole reason of domination and exploitation.
Following the end of colonial era and the resulting freedom of previously colonized people, many countries
have been struggling to live together as the nation which their erstwhile colonial masters made them. This
has often resulted to conflicts and crises, the worst of it being the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Due to these
incidences, social researchers have intensified efforts in designing programs that will facilitate the very act
of nation-building/or prevent a devastating effect that may result from a failure thereof. This paper,
therefore, attempts to suggest Civic Education as one of the models that can help facilitate nation-building
project especially in countries affected by the effects of colonization. The work employed the normative
method of philosophy, while also not leaving behind the evaluative and analytical side of the method.
SLEUTHING WOMEN:GENDER IN THE ART OF JAPANESE DETECTIVE FICTION AND FILMJohn1Lorcan
Although it remains one of the most popular genres worldwide, detective fiction is usually regarded as a
purely commercial form. Because of this, detective novels, short stories, and films are rarely subjected to
the same critical scrutiny and attention as other, more respected modes of writing and representation.
Nevertheless, because of its attention to the character of everyday life, detective fiction is a perfect case
study for determining national attitudes towards gender. Generally speaking, women perform three
different functions in Japanese detective fiction. They are either hapless victims, minor plot devices, or (on
rare occasions) agents of detection themselves. This paper surveys several works of detective fiction,
ranging from the early- to mid-twentieth century, to demonstrate the evolving function that women have
played, both in the genre and in the society that the genre reflects
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS)John1Lorcan
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of humanities, art and social science. The journal focuses aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in humanities and social science and become the leading journal in humanities and social science in the world. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on areas of literary and social studies for a cross cultural exploration and subsequent innovation of subjects concerned and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles for the development of humanities and social science fields.
CREATIVE EDUCATION, MUSIC PRACTICES, AND GENDER DIFFERENCES AMONG YOUNG CHINE...John1Lorcan
Over the last two decades, China has placed more emphasis on learning and practice in the process of
fostering creativity in school education. Music inflames the mind and is the key to creativity. Music
practices have drawn the attention of many scholars fascinated with their creative properties in both
musical and non-musical domains. With particular reference to Shijiazhuang (the capital and largest city
in northern China’s Hebei Province), this study aimed to examine the under-researched connection
between gender, education, and creative music practices (broadly described as music as a culture of
imagination and real-time practice in the learning of diverse music styles and in the participation of music
activities in formal and informal learning contexts) as perceived by young Chinese students. The study
employed a self-reported survey questionnaire distributed to a sample of students aged eight to 17
attending Grade 4 through Grade 9 in 10 schools located in the city of Shijiazhuang (N = 2,015) conducted
between 2019 and 2020. Generally speaking, girls were more positive regarding the value of creativity in
school music education, as well as the music practices of diverse music cultures and music activities. This
paper will conclude with a debate on the ways that “gender” is comprehended, carried out, and discerned
in response to the students’ influential sources and their preferred school subjects in learning creativity,
their preferred music styles, and their preferred participation in music activities in both school music
lessons and extracurricular activities in learning creativity in the Chinese context.
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
How to Obtain Permanent Residency in the NetherlandsBridgeWest.eu
You can rely on our assistance if you are ready to apply for permanent residency. Find out more at: https://immigration-netherlands.com/obtain-a-permanent-residence-permit-in-the-netherlands/.
Responsibilities of the office bearers while registering multi-state cooperat...Finlaw Consultancy Pvt Ltd
Introduction-
The process of register multi-state cooperative society in India is governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. This process requires the office bearers to undertake several crucial responsibilities to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. The key office bearers typically include the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with other elected members of the managing committee. Their responsibilities encompass administrative, legal, and financial duties essential for the successful registration and operation of the society.
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WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
Daftar Rumpun, Pohon, dan Cabang Ilmu (28 Mei 2024).pdf
REPRESENTING CASTE AND GENDER UNDERPINNINGS OF THE ADIVASIS: JOURNEY FROM SUBJUGATION TO RESISTANCE IN MOTHER FOREST
1. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 8, No.1, February 2023
53
REPRESENTING CASTE AND GENDER
UNDERPINNINGS OF THE ADIVASIS: JOURNEY
FROM SUBJUGATION TO RESISTANCE
IN MOTHER FOREST
Reshmi S
Department of English, MES Asmabi College, Kodungallur,
Thrissur, Kerala, India
ABSTRACT
The vulnerable life experiences of the most marginalized or the tribal people labelled as “adivasis” are
less explored by the mainstream society. Tribal narratives unfold the hidden layers of indomitable politics
which situate them as subalterns. The alienation, silencing, othering, misrepresentation, and exploitation
of adivasis in the name of land as landless, and homeless has been an age- old practice. The paper
analyses the marginalized voice of a Dalit woman, and social activist named C.K. Janu through her
personal reflections in Mother Forest, which deftly sketches her journey from an ordinary tribal girl to an
Adivasi leader, and later as the chief spokesperson to protest the injustices of thegovernment. The study
refers to the theoretical underpinnings of Shailaja Paik’s Dalit Women’s Education, and discusses the
educational transformation of women from Dalit communities. The tribal woman’s fight against hegemonic
forces is represented through the conflict between civilization, and modernization.
KEYWORDS
Adivasis, Organic Intellectual, Ecology, Feminist Politics& Othering
1. INTRODUCTION
The literature of the marginalized addresses issues related to social justice affecting the people
who occupy the peripheries of community, and society. The emergence of Dalit literature
interrogated the stereotypical representation and portrayal of tribals as practiced by the traditional
conventions and dominant discourses. The impact of globalized economy adversely steered the
lives of tribals making them experience more instances of injustice. 1980’ and 1990’s witnessed
the third world feminist struggles and emergence of independent Dalit women’s organisations.
Dalit Feminism intersects between caste, class, sexuality, gender, and power relationships. The
confiscation of lands, and exploitation of labour affected adivasis to a greater extent. The protest
of the adivasis critiquing the policies of the government become the prime concern of the work.
The framework of the prose is structured through Janu’s childhood, and politically active
adulthood. Janu represents the organic intellectual who resist hegemony by articulating struggles
of their class. Paikrecognises that the identity of Dalit women is attributed not only by caste but
also by gender. Education brought them out of the village to the urban places but they become
political subjects [1].
The interconnectedness of tribals, and nature points to their harmonious coexistence in forest
with an emphasis on their community life, eco-system, and indigenous knowledge. The self -
alienation from the outside world, and confinement to the pristine nature rendered them
2. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 8, No.1, February 2023
54
happiness. The journey of tribals beyond their place opened the outside experiences before them.
Soon forests become no entry zones, and boundaries are demarcated. Caste oppression started by
denying access to the natural resources. As such Mother Forest is a Dalit woman’s self-journey
of gaining a new subjecthood. Balmurli’s ‘From Jati to Samaj’ advocates the need for anti-caste
politics to work towards solidarity. He talks about differentialist casteism operating within twin
modes- heterophobia, and heterophilia. Sharmila Rege’s “Real Feminism” questions whether
Dalit resistance can be conceived as cultural or not. The paper maps the grounded histories, and
cultural realities to negotiate power, carves their agency, and contribute to feminist thought. The
work is a consciousness raising for adivasis to stand together by way of resistance, and to keep
their struggle alive.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The distinguishing factor that segregated the indigenous from the non- indigenous in India is
caste. The Asia Indigenous Peoples Pacthas categorized caste-based discrimination as an instance
of xenophobia [2]. The mainstream religious communities delimit Adivasi beliefs as inferior, and
irrational. Natrajan“takes caste to be neither simply an intellectual puzzle, nor existential fact, but
desires its demise as a fundamental social, political, and ethical problem of our times [3]” (p. 54).
Casteism becomes a deeply engrained social practice which is described as “a set of
monopolization strategies based upon domination, stigmatization(including humiliation),
exclusion, exploitation or annihilation on the fact of caste” (Randall 1986) [4].C.K. Janu’s
Mother Forest is a kind of rewriting or countering the existent ideologies embedded within the
hegemonic oppression of the adivasis by the mainstream society [5].
The Sanskrit equivalent of the term ‘Adivasis’ is “original inhabitants” or indigenous people.”
The geographically, and culturally scattered diverse group are bounded by unique aspects in
terms of religion, language, community bonding, harmonious relationship with nature, abstinence
from materialistic culture, and co-existence of community level self- government. The exclusive
nature of caste system, and deprivation in the name of hegemony confronts the egalitarian nature
of adivasis. MRG (Minority Rights Group) sees Adivasis as decentralized communities and
emphasises the heterogenous nature of Adivasi lives, and pinpoints the transformation in the
status of Adivasis of the contemporary era from the pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial
times [6]. The process of colonization, and estrangement from native places pushed Adivasis to
the bottom strata of Indian society. The positioning of Adivasis along the inferior lines continues,
and becomes an instance of internal colonization.
Prior to British colonization, adivasi areas were independent regions but the abundance of natural
resources allured colonizers to occupy their lands there by converting them into a labouring class
for the industrial and market system. The Forest Act of 1864 entitled British government to
legitimize the possession of areas enclosed with forests. In no time, the true inhabitants become
illegal encroachers, and occupants. The resistance of the adivasis against colonial exploitation
continues in the post independent era, despite the implementation of the constitutional provisions.
The UN General Assembly has accorded states to preserve, and nurture the identity of the
minorities. Collu has rightly observed that “post-independence thirst for the rapid development
and industrialization of India accompanied by public investment in development projects such as
dams, mines and forestry, and inadequate compensation of those affected, has exacerbated
inequalities with main stream India in recent decades [7]” (p. 48). Major livelihood sustenance of
adivasis on natural resources, and the traditional practice of hunting and gathering decline with
their limited access to forest resources, and pushed them into abject poverty.
The displacement of adivasis has triggered poverty, stagnation, unemployment, and even deaths.
A Study on the tribals located near Attappadi clearly comes up with the observation that despite
3. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 8, No.1, February 2023
55
the government schemes implemented for the upliftment of tribals, a very little progress has been
achieved by them. The agenda of ‘positive discrimination’ in education, career, and political
sector are enforced by the Indian constitution but most often these provisions miserably fail to
meet their ends. The anthropological approach of Indian literature treats adivasis as timeless
people which generates the concept of social marginalization, and dispossession. Pathy (2005)
observes “In the interests of the Indian nation, adivasis have been deprived of much of their land
and natural resources, and their languages, belief systems and cultures have been stigmatized [8]”
(p. 42). The landlessness, and homelessness of the adivasis resulted from forest nationalization,
privatization, industrialization, inward migration of non- adivasis, and plantation agriculture.
Sarini(1993) in Indigenous Peoples in India has noted that seclusion, inhibition to merge with the
mainstream community, and financial restraints sums up the tribal existence [9]. The
contemporary Feminism in the Indian context deals with the issues of social injustice
encompassing the broad spectrum of marginalisation of adivasis especially women. Most of the
works written as part of Tribal Studies romanticizes the plight of adivasis. But Bhaskaran’s life
story of C.K. Janu’s Mother Foresttries to represent adivasi politics as relevant to the present -day
scenario, and posits the downtrodden group within the contemporary discursive field. The
translated text centers around the landlessness and oppression of adivasis,and voices for the
subaltern group through the voice of an adivasi woman. In ‘Adivasi Mobilisation,’ Steur (2009)
states; “The famed Kerala model of development forsook capitalist accumulation and global
competitiveness in favour of the redistribution of wealth through land reforms, as well as social
programmes and labour regulation that provided a basic level of social security [9]”(p. 26). The
implementation of economic liberalisation by the government of Kerala in 1991 adversely
affected adivasis through encroachment of lands, and exploitation in the form of bonded labour.
Balmurli Natrajan’s essay ‘From Jati to Samaj’ discusses “cultural or differentialist casteism” (p.
56) as a modality of casteism. This modality gives importance to difference and hierarchy in the
workings of caste today and views casteism as operating within twin modes – heterophobia and
heterophilia: “Heterophobia casteism is the historically visible modality of casteism operating
along a graded hierarchy for economic exploitation. The contemporary modality is heterophilia
casteism which maintains a desire for cultural difference along lines of caste. It does not require
annihilation, assimilation, or apartheid of different bodies, but only that the caste Other appear as
the cultural other and that the Other remain within the cognitive- socioeconomic place marked by
casteism” (p. 56).
In the present- day society, cultural casteism based upon heterophilia represents caste
discrimination as cultural differentiation and status distinctions as cultural difference. However,
Mother Forest explores the close congruence with the twin modalities of hierarchy and
difference.
3. METHODOLOGY
The identity of the adivasis get a broader association with Stuart Hall’s concept of “articulated
positioning.” To Hall, (1996) articulation has a dual meaning: “articulation as the process of
making a collective identity, position or set of interests explicit and comprehensible to an
audience; and to the process of linking that position towards achieving definite political ends
[11]”. Kjosavik has observed “The initial positioning of the indigenous people as a monolithic
category – the adivasis- can be interpreted as an articulation aimed at projecting a collective
identity that would enable them to renegotiate their relations with the state, the settlers and the
larger Kerala society in an attempt to reclaim alienated lands [12]” (p. 6). The adivasi ideology
has been formulated from the social exclusion of the tribe as political subjects. The rootedness of
adivasis to their indigenous place is highlighted by Cohen (1993); “only indigenous people can
claim that their culture, identity and existence are inextricably tied up in the unique space
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occupied by them [13]” (p. 198). The allocation of lands by the government popped up different
resistance strategies among adivasis such as hunger strikes, mass rallies, and demonstrations.
The social exclusion of Adivasis from all realms of life continues in varying extents in this
postcolonial era. The financial development model which contrasts with the adivasi ethos
intensified their plight, and denied their access to natural resources. The constitutional provisions
framed for the safeguard of adivasi rights and privileges fail leaving dominant national system,
and institutions of governance to overrule the Adivasi’s traditional self- governing habitats.
Accordingly, assertion of rights and autonomy become the chief concern of adivasis as they
remain entrapped within the dominant political, and economic system as well as geographical
fragmentation which leads to isolation, and oppression. The adoption of new economic policies
like globalization, and liberalization have deteriorated the position of adivasis. The fundamental
need to lead a life with justice, right to the means of subsistence, traditional territories, and
natural resources is crucial for adivasis.
4. ANALYSIS
C.K. Janu, a prominent tribal woman from Adiya community with no background of formal
education, became the leader of the organisation for Tribal Developmental workers like Adivasi
Gothra Mahasabha and Adivasi Vikasana Pravarthaka Samiti. They work for the restoration of
lands back to landless, and starving adivasis of Wayanad. Through the participation in the
literacy campaigns, Januand other tribal women opened before their community the doors of
knowledge, differences in culture, and worldviews of adivasis, and the outside world. Married at
the age of 17, Janu quits family life for an active social participation, and gradually her voice gets
imprinted in the annals of tribal collective. Shailaja Paik highlights the varied forms of
discrimination met out by Dalit women. Like Paik, Janu also emphasized how education coupled
with agitation, and community mobilization become a critical instrument of change. To Paik, the
identity of Dalit women was not weighed down only by their caste but also by gender. The
experience of education gives them the need to articulate the identies of gender, and caste.
The text opens with the blatant comment that adivasis have been pushed and displaced into the
interiors of the forests; “the worthless wastelands” (Janu vii). The text also discusses in detail the
interconnectedness, and harmonious co-existence of the adivasi lives in forests, adivasi’s first
encounter with the world outside the forest, sense of alienation, Janu’s journey from an ordinary
tribal woman to a social activist committed to the welfare of adivasis among others. The
unspoiled relation of adivasis, who live as a community in agreement with the ecosystem is
appealed by Janu “no one knows the forest like we do. The forest is mother to us. More than a
mother because she never abandons us” (p. 5).Janu remembers her community’s indigenous
knowledge regarding weather prediction, preservation of food during monsoon, and herbal
medicines. The outsider’s intervention makes adivasis feel insecure, and they hide themselves in
to the deep forest.
Jenmis or the landlords exercise indomitable power upon adivasis and Janu notes that one thing
that remains constant after marriage and passing of generations is the practice of slavery to the
jenmi. The helplessness of the tribals is acutely brought out by Janu, “Since the jenmi was the
only provider of work, our people were quite frightened of him. In those days we were
afraid of almost everything. The backs of our people used to be so bent because we were terrified
of so many things for generations. When our people speak, they don’t raise their eyes and that
must be because they are so scared”. (p.12-13).She also reminisces; “Man and woman stay
together…they have children. The parents go to the jenmi for work. The children graze his cattle.
That’s all there is. Frightened of the Jenmi and scared of others, they live on with bowed heads
till they slowly turn old” (p. 25). Small measure of paddy substituted the wages for the tribals
working in the fields, and they need to go to the forest for their livelihood after the harvest
season. She explains how lands become alienated in due course; “After our forefathers had toiled
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so much to clear the woods and burn the undergrowth and convert the hillsides in to fields, they
(the jenmis) had taken them over as their own. That’s how all our lands became theirs” (p.15).
The practice of slavery as being implemented by the local landlords get worsened with the arrival
of migrants who even go to the extreme end of transferring adivasi lands on the hillsides in their
names thus making tribals mere dispossessors. Having failed to keep a record of ownership,
adivasis become labourers in their own lands, gradually lost hold on the forest and later got
ousted from jenmi’s fields.
Structured in the form of an autobiography, Mother Forest is a political site of resistance
meandering through Janu’s childhood, and her socially and politically active adulthood. She
laments; “Our people had turned into mere wage labourers. Mother Forest had turned into the
Departmental Forest. It had barbed wire fences and guards. Our children had begun to be
frightened of a forest that could no longer accommodate them. All the land belonged to the
migrants” (p. 30). Janu remembers her childhood as relaxed in the serene atmosphere of the forest
and she says; “in the forest one never knew what hunger was. We would dig up tubers and eat
them” (p.2). Parallelly, she recollects the prolonged working hours of adivasis for the landlords;
“when we worked in the rainy season we could leave only after planting the whole field. it would
be quite dark by the time we reached our hovels. even after reaching them, we would not be able
to sleep immediately. we would be so hungry and cold. It was impossible to kindle the fire in the
hearth. we would eat some chakka or thina. the little ones would sleep even without that. We
would not be able to see each other since we had no lights. any way everyone must look the same
when hungry” (p. 14).
Adivasis become trespassers in the pristine ecosystem; borders, boundaries, and ‘no-entry zones’
are clearly marked to prevent their entry in to the forest. The loss of livelihood, and denial of
access to natural resources, dependence on meagre wages from the new landlords made them
consumers in the era of modernization and liberalization. The sense of alienation creeped into the
minds of the adivasis, and Janu laments and attributes the cause to be encroachment of
modernized culture, and civilization. Even the fallen twigs were forbidden to them, and they
remain helpless witness to deforestation; “tree after tree was cut down and transported in lorries
down the mountain” (Janu p.38). Indigenous medicine and occult practices become exotic, and
the modern society witness the demise of a culture and community in the name of assimilating
adivasis with the mainstream society. Janu and women activists protested demanding their rights,
and privileges; even the access to burial grounds were denied to them making impossible to
perform rituals and rites.
The sexual exploitation of women and girls, existence of typecast and dominated women,
perception of othering in the name of civilization, development, and status are the crucial factors
that compartmentalized Adivasi women to a greater extent. Wayanad, the northern district of
Kerala, is a place that has seen land struggles and crimes against Adivasi women folk including
rise in female single parents, false promises of marriage, rape, kidnapping, and disappearance of
women. Janu condemns the civil society as a major threat to adivasis “so they transplant us to
where there is no space even to stand up straight. Without drinking water or a place to relieve
themselves, the image of a group of unclean people was slowly being created” (p.48). Tribal girls
get exploited in the tribal hostels, and they were stigmatized as demoralized section after sexual
abuse.The text also raises concerns for the ecological degradation, and indigenous life system
being disturbed with the construction of resorts, and artificial tourist sites.
Janu notes “our community can surely grow only through the togetherness of women” (p. 47).
Adivasi men easily fall to money and liquor and restrain from work and familial responsibilities,
and become performers of domestic violence. “In our case, unity in everything emerges from our
women. They (our women) have something in common that shelters us from meaninglessly
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adopting the ways of civil society. They have enough resilience in them to stand for what they
feel is right even though they may have to suffer a lot for it” (p. 53). The solidarity and collective
effort of Janu brought 300 adivasi families for 48 days protest strike outside Secretariat in
Thiruvananthapuram demanding land in 2001. The historical protest also triggered 30 adivasi
deaths by starvation, and Mother Forest is a sharp critique against the governmental policies.
Adivasis were forced to participate in political rallies by offering false temptations but later Janu
realises it as a tokenistic behaviour of political parties for appeasement of vote banks. Janu states
“problems specifically related to our people were not discussed much in the party or the union.
The party saw us as a vote bank only. Therefore, issues related to our agricultural lands or better
conditions of life for us hardly found their way into Party circles. The speeches made in party
classes were not what we could easily understand. They were full of strange words with hidden
traps. They tried their best not to let us speak… In our area, the Party, the Jenmi and the estate
owners had grown to merge into a single giant tree” (p. 34-35).
The tribal agitation against incessant marginalization continued through their occupancy of
Muthanga Reserve Forest in 2003 with Janu at the forefront. The event turned violent shedding
the life of an adivasi and a policeman. When the government fails to redistribute lands, Janu and
her followers continue their struggle until they occupy an appropriate space within the socio-
political fabric of Kerala. The nexus of power always subjugates the subalterns, and
underprivileged. Janu frankly comments; “It became one of the needs of the Party to keep this
community poor, starved and incapable of resistance” (p. 42). She determines to set out her
activism beyond politics and party labels to a wider spectrum encompassing the joined hands of
adivasis. With the support of both adivasi and non-adivasi communities, Janu built huts and
settlements for 45 families on a hill top at Tirunelli. Janu affirms that the biggest threat faced by
adivasis is the political intervention; partymen protested against adivasi occupation of land, and
landlords denied work to adivasis. She resists “They were not land struggles. They were life and
death struggles for our basic rights to live and die where we were born” (p. 54).
5. CONCLUSION
Adivasis were situated within a highly politicised context of economic, and social conflict. The
anti-casteism rejects casteism as the vital principle of current Indian society, and advocates the
need for anti -caste politics to work through identity and solidarity. Mother Forest chronicles the
realistic saga of an independent and self- supportive woman who feel the impulse of
empowerment and spread the same to her fellow members. Janu recognises the need of the
adivasis to stay in communion with nature and work close to land. She also urges her community
to keep the flame of consciousness alive, and ignite for collective solidarity. The predicaments of
the civil society should be ignored to develop resistance and she exhorts a shift in the perspective.
The tribal woman turned into a committed social activist, Janu fits in to the framework of
‘organic intellectual’ who works towards collective upliftment of her community, who have
always been at the receiving end of ‘othered representation’ in the mainstream literature and
media.
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AUTHOR
Dr. Reshmi S has been working as Assistant Professor, in the Research
Department of English, MES Asmabi College, Kodungallur, Thrissur,
Kerala since 2012. Areas of interest include Literary Theory, Gender
Studies, Transnational Studies, Indian English Literature and
Postcolonialism. Represented various Faculty Development Programs,
seminars and webinars as Resource Person and Invited Speaker catering to
topics related to Literature and Research Ethics. Published research articles
on various National and International Journals and books and presented academic papers in
seminars, webinars and conferences. She has served as Associate editor of books.