This document analyzes India's restrictive liquor policies and their effects. It finds that while India has the world's fastest growing liquor market, high taxes and trade barriers keep foreign liquor out and drive up domestic prices. This leads to a large black market and health issues from unsafe illegal liquor. The document examines stakeholders in India's liquor industry like farmers, distillers, and consumers and finds that current policies benefit some groups like sugar producers but hurt farmers and increase costs for consumers. It argues for liberalizing India's liquor policies and regulations to address these issues.
The alcohol industry in India has seen rapid growth and is now the third largest in the world. It is dominated by a few large multinational companies that produce Indian Made Foreign Liquor (IMFL), which has increased in popularity over traditional country liquor. The industry is regulated by heavy government controls over licensing, production, distribution and taxation. Brand recognition, geographic diversity of operations, and product variety are keys to success in this high risk market, which is also attracting significant foreign interest due to India's rising whiskey consumption.
Political risks in The Liquor IndustryChhavi Rahul
The document provides information on the Indian liquor industry. It discusses that the industry is highly regulated and taxed. It notes that the industry is divided into IMFL and country liquor and has a market value of INR 350 billion growing at 12-15% annually. It also profiles several major players in the industry such as Diageo, Pernod Ricard, Beam Suntory, United Spirits Limited and United Breweries. It discusses regulations around alcohol consumption in different countries and states in India. In closing, it outlines some of the key risks and challenges faced by the industry related to taxes, regulations and social factors.
The liquor industry is a major source of excise revenue for all States in India. In fact, it is the second largest
revenue contributor for many States after sales tax. More than two decade ago, Tamilnadu Government
took the revolutionary step and introduce fi rst holographic excise adhesive label (HEAL) in India. The step
taken by Tamilnadu was appreciated and further adopted by many other States in India. Today, more
than 17 States excise department are using HEAL. This has not only minimized the hooch tragedies
and duplication, but has also substantially increased the excise revenue collection in States. This article
highlights the role of HEAL as an effective anti-counterfeiting solution in securing tax revenue, protecting
consumer and curbing illicit liquor trade.
The Illegal Alcoholic Beverages Market in Six Latin American Countries - 2014Euromonitor International
This deck examines illicit trade and black markets for alcoholic beverages in six Latin American countries including Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama and Peru.
Illicit tobacco trade and tobacco tax evasion are problems that costs governments and manufacturers dearly in terms of lost revenue and damage to brand reputation. Further, the high tax policies on tobacco products make them a lucrative target for counterfeiters. In this article, we
will find out how hologram, an anti-counterfeiting technology, could prove to be an important tool
in tackling this problem.
The document discusses bringing tequila to the Indian market. It notes that while spirits only make up a small percentage of the Indian alcoholic beverage market currently, the tequila market in India is growing at 25% annually and is projected to grow tenfold over the next decade. Regulations and import duties on alcoholic beverages in India are discussed, as well socio-cultural differences between drinking cultures in Mexico and India that may impact tequila's adoption.
The alcohol industry in India has seen rapid growth and is now the third largest in the world. It is dominated by a few large multinational companies that produce Indian Made Foreign Liquor (IMFL), which has increased in popularity over traditional country liquor. The industry is regulated by heavy government controls over licensing, production, distribution and taxation. Brand recognition, geographic diversity of operations, and product variety are keys to success in this high risk market, which is also attracting significant foreign interest due to India's rising whiskey consumption.
Political risks in The Liquor IndustryChhavi Rahul
The document provides information on the Indian liquor industry. It discusses that the industry is highly regulated and taxed. It notes that the industry is divided into IMFL and country liquor and has a market value of INR 350 billion growing at 12-15% annually. It also profiles several major players in the industry such as Diageo, Pernod Ricard, Beam Suntory, United Spirits Limited and United Breweries. It discusses regulations around alcohol consumption in different countries and states in India. In closing, it outlines some of the key risks and challenges faced by the industry related to taxes, regulations and social factors.
The liquor industry is a major source of excise revenue for all States in India. In fact, it is the second largest
revenue contributor for many States after sales tax. More than two decade ago, Tamilnadu Government
took the revolutionary step and introduce fi rst holographic excise adhesive label (HEAL) in India. The step
taken by Tamilnadu was appreciated and further adopted by many other States in India. Today, more
than 17 States excise department are using HEAL. This has not only minimized the hooch tragedies
and duplication, but has also substantially increased the excise revenue collection in States. This article
highlights the role of HEAL as an effective anti-counterfeiting solution in securing tax revenue, protecting
consumer and curbing illicit liquor trade.
The Illegal Alcoholic Beverages Market in Six Latin American Countries - 2014Euromonitor International
This deck examines illicit trade and black markets for alcoholic beverages in six Latin American countries including Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama and Peru.
Illicit tobacco trade and tobacco tax evasion are problems that costs governments and manufacturers dearly in terms of lost revenue and damage to brand reputation. Further, the high tax policies on tobacco products make them a lucrative target for counterfeiters. In this article, we
will find out how hologram, an anti-counterfeiting technology, could prove to be an important tool
in tackling this problem.
The document discusses bringing tequila to the Indian market. It notes that while spirits only make up a small percentage of the Indian alcoholic beverage market currently, the tequila market in India is growing at 25% annually and is projected to grow tenfold over the next decade. Regulations and import duties on alcoholic beverages in India are discussed, as well socio-cultural differences between drinking cultures in Mexico and India that may impact tequila's adoption.
TAX Stamps have always been an important authentication solutions used by Government authorities to curb the illicit trade, protect consumer and to increase the excise revenue. It
was only 20 years ago; due to the globalization many countries started using tax stamps for the first time, especially in the Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union. Today across
the globe, 81 countries are using approximately 130 billion cigarette tax stamps and 14 billion alcohol tax stamps. In India also, the revolution of first tax stamp was introduced by Tamilnadu State Excise Department in early eighties. Today, 22 States (including Union Territories) in India are using approximately 11 billion tax stamps per annum. In contrast to
globally, all these tax stamps are for alcohol, excluding cigarettes industry. The introduction of tax stamps has help State Excise Department in minimizing the hooch tragedies,
curbing the menace of duplication, as well as in increasing the excise revenue collection. This article is an overview of TAX STAMPS in INDIA.
All project reports are free for mba bba marketing recruitment etc etc by www.gameswala.com. Please play worlds best online games for free thanks bhai log apne dosto ko bhi fwd karein meri site. Vikas (Chandigarh)
This document summarizes a study examining the fiscal and social effects of state alcohol control systems in the United States. It analyzes data from the late 1970s to 2010 comparing states with alcohol monopolies to those with private license systems. Key findings include:
1) States with alcohol monopolies had lower spirits and wine consumption on average. Restricting alcohol advertising was also associated with lower consumption.
2) Alcohol monopolies generated substantially higher alcohol-related tax revenues for states than private systems. Wholesale monopolies provided the largest financial gain.
3) Alcohol monopolies were associated with lower alcohol-related traffic fatality and crime rates for some offenses like assaults and vandalism compared to license states.
Prospect of food and beverage market in saudi arabiaJalal Uddin Arif
Bangladeshi Argo food processor are exporting their product to different countries throughout the world.This report is about the prospect of food and beverage market in Saudi Arabia. Jalal Uddin Arif has prepared this report for Olympic Industries Limited.This report might be used as a reference of initiating marketing campaign in Saudi Arabia. The report also outline some actionable marketing and communication strategy through which Olympic can establish their image and brand over there.
Dr Dev Kambhampati | Cosmetics & Toiletries Market Size (by Country)Dr Dev Kambhampati
This document provides summaries of the cosmetics and toiletries market for various countries. Each country summary includes information on the estimated market size, import statistics from the US, best selling product categories, and opportunities for US exports. The markets range in size from $1.9 billion in Argentina to $21.1 billion in Brazil. Across countries, common opportunities for US suppliers include skin care products, hair care, fragrances, anti-aging products, and natural/organic cosmetics.
The Thai government is considering reforms to its liquor taxation policy to reduce alcohol consumption and related social costs. The memo analyzes 4 options proposed by the Excise Department (Plans A-D) and recommends Plan D, which harmonizes taxes at a 250 baht/L specific rate and 100% ad valorem rate. This option is projected to most significantly reduce consumption while maintaining revenue neutrality and improving tax efficiency compared to the other options. However, traditional white liquor producers are expected to strongly oppose any reform that would significantly reduce their industry.
This document is SABMiller's 2008 Sustainable Development Report which summarizes their efforts to operate responsibly. Some key points:
1) SABMiller is one of the world's largest brewers operating in over 60 countries with over 69,000 employees and revenues of $21 billion in 2007/08.
2) The report discusses SABMiller's focus on operating sustainably and responsibly in order to build long-term business success and contribute to local economic development through jobs, taxes, and supply chain spending.
3) SABMiller identifies three areas of focus: discouraging irresponsible drinking, reducing water usage in production, and promoting enterprise development through their supply chains. The report provides examples
India's major export partners for ethyl alcohol and other spirits are Nigeria, Ghana, Angola, Sierra Leone and Cameroon. Exports to Africa have grown due to various free trade agreements. Production of ethanol in India is expected to increase due to agricultural reforms, but exports saw a decline in growth of 15% last year. India needs to diversify its export markets beyond Africa to regions like Latin America.
I Mreport Market Selection (Roll No 6 &7)Radhikachemical
This presentation is on the Market Selection Process. I have chosen body care products to be marketed in the Latin American Countries. In this case, comparison between Brazil & Argentina
FICCI Report on combating counterfeiting & grey market challenge for indian c...Neetu Bhatia
As Indian corporates today scale to new achieve heights
globally, the issue of counterfeit and pirated products sourced from India remains a threat not only to Made in India brand but revenue losses for the companies too.
This detailed report by FICCI in partnership with KPMG highlights the challenges faced by Indian corporates owing to counterfeiting and recommends measures.
The document discusses increasing regulation of anticompetitive conduct in India. It notes that India has fallen in global competitiveness rankings in recent years. The Competition Commission of India (CCI) was established in 2009 and has since taken actions against many large companies for anticompetitive practices. A notable current case involves the proposed merger of Sun Pharmaceutical and Ranbaxy, which the CCI is closely scrutinizing due to the large combined market share. The increasing enforcement of competition law in India has resulted in heavy penalties for violations, creating complexity and risks for businesses that do not understand the regulatory environment.
This document discusses the carbonated drink industry in India. It highlights that the global soft drink industry is worth $310 billion in 2015, while the Indian beverage industry makes up $230 million of India's $65 billion food industry. The target market for carbonated drinks in India is primarily youth aged 18 and over from middle and lower middle classes. The document then analyzes the industry using Porter's five forces model, looking at threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, power of suppliers and buyers, and competitive rivalry within the industry. It concludes with an overall attractiveness rating for the Indian carbonated drink industry based on these five forces.
The document provides information about the global and Indian cigarette industry. It discusses that globally over 5.5 trillion cigarettes are produced annually and consumed by over 1.1 billion people. In India, it is the second largest producer of tobacco after China. While cigarettes make up only 14% of tobacco consumption in India compared to 90% globally, they contribute over 85% of the tobacco tax revenue due to high taxes on cigarettes. The cigarette industry provides employment to over 35 million people in India.
This document discusses the role of tax stamps in implementing an ideal state excise policy in India. It notes that excise taxes on alcohol are an important source of state revenue. While revenue generation is important, excise policy must also consider public health and curb illicit trade. Tax stamps can help reduce consumption, generate revenue, and protect consumers by allowing for product authentication and monitoring supply chains. The document argues that tax stamps should be viewed not just as a tax collection tool but as a platform to meet policy goals like reducing consumption, securing revenue, and empowering consumers and industries.
The chemical industry in India has evolved significantly since independence in 1947. It began with a few basic factories but has grown to a $35 billion industry, contributing 3% to India's GDP. Major segments include pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, agrochemicals, and specialty chemicals. While historically Western nations dominated, India now has a strong domestic industry and is a significant global player in generics. The industry has grown at 10-12% annually and is expected to continue rapid expansion, driven by rising domestic and export demand. Key challenges include continuing to increase competitiveness and production capacity.
Alcohol Action Ireland's Pre-Budget Submission 2014 calls for the introduction of minimum pricing. Minimum pricing has the potential to significantly reduce alcohol-related harm in Ireland, resulting in a reduction of the substantial costs incurred by the State and the number of lives lost due to alcohol in Ireland every year.
Fast Moving Consumer Goods in Nigeria - How to enter the marketMarc Zander
The document discusses opportunities for FMCG companies in the consumer market in Nigeria. Nigeria has a large population that is growing rapidly, with a young workforce and a rising middle class with increasing incomes. It is seen as one of the key markets in Africa for FMCG products now and in the future. While Nigeria presents huge potential, it also has risks such as corruption, terrorism, and difficulties doing business that companies must consider when developing strategies to enter the market. The document recommends starting with a distribution model to take advantage of Nigeria's growth potential.
This document discusses the trend of premiumization in the beauty and personal care industry in Latin America. It provides the following key points:
1. The beauty and personal care industry is growing faster in Latin America than globally, though Brazil is underperforming other Latin American countries.
2. Consumers are driving premiumization through a desire to trade up from basic goods and a willingness to pay more for premium formulations.
3. Key drivers fueling premiumization include the expanding middle class in Latin America, an aging population seeking to enhance their lives, and time-starved lifestyles leading consumers to pay for simplified products and services.
Food Processing Market in india - NetsourcingNetsourcing .in
India is a diverse country with over 1.25 billion people. It gained independence from British rule in 1947 and is now the largest democracy in the world. The population is young, with over 30% under age 15. Hinduism is the dominant religion and influences dietary practices, with some foods like beef restricted. There are various business structures one can use to do business in India, including sole proprietorships, partnerships, and companies. Taxes include direct taxes like income tax and indirect taxes like sales tax, VAT, and excise duties, which are levied by both the central and state governments. The government has initiatives to support food processing through subsidies and tax incentives.
The liquor industry in India is dominated by whiskey, which holds a 95% market share. The IMFL category, which includes whiskey, rum, and brandy, accounts for 65% of the market by value. Whiskey consumption in India increased significantly between 2014-2018, with brands like Officer's Choice and Royal Stag seeing growth above 5%. Beer consumption is also rising in India and was valued at $9.7 billion in 2017. The wine industry is growing as well, led by Sula Vineyards which sells over 1 million cases annually. Overall, the alcoholic beverages market in India is valued at $26.8 billion and is expected to have strong growth in the coming years as incomes rise and urbanization increases
TAX Stamps have always been an important authentication solutions used by Government authorities to curb the illicit trade, protect consumer and to increase the excise revenue. It
was only 20 years ago; due to the globalization many countries started using tax stamps for the first time, especially in the Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union. Today across
the globe, 81 countries are using approximately 130 billion cigarette tax stamps and 14 billion alcohol tax stamps. In India also, the revolution of first tax stamp was introduced by Tamilnadu State Excise Department in early eighties. Today, 22 States (including Union Territories) in India are using approximately 11 billion tax stamps per annum. In contrast to
globally, all these tax stamps are for alcohol, excluding cigarettes industry. The introduction of tax stamps has help State Excise Department in minimizing the hooch tragedies,
curbing the menace of duplication, as well as in increasing the excise revenue collection. This article is an overview of TAX STAMPS in INDIA.
All project reports are free for mba bba marketing recruitment etc etc by www.gameswala.com. Please play worlds best online games for free thanks bhai log apne dosto ko bhi fwd karein meri site. Vikas (Chandigarh)
This document summarizes a study examining the fiscal and social effects of state alcohol control systems in the United States. It analyzes data from the late 1970s to 2010 comparing states with alcohol monopolies to those with private license systems. Key findings include:
1) States with alcohol monopolies had lower spirits and wine consumption on average. Restricting alcohol advertising was also associated with lower consumption.
2) Alcohol monopolies generated substantially higher alcohol-related tax revenues for states than private systems. Wholesale monopolies provided the largest financial gain.
3) Alcohol monopolies were associated with lower alcohol-related traffic fatality and crime rates for some offenses like assaults and vandalism compared to license states.
Prospect of food and beverage market in saudi arabiaJalal Uddin Arif
Bangladeshi Argo food processor are exporting their product to different countries throughout the world.This report is about the prospect of food and beverage market in Saudi Arabia. Jalal Uddin Arif has prepared this report for Olympic Industries Limited.This report might be used as a reference of initiating marketing campaign in Saudi Arabia. The report also outline some actionable marketing and communication strategy through which Olympic can establish their image and brand over there.
Dr Dev Kambhampati | Cosmetics & Toiletries Market Size (by Country)Dr Dev Kambhampati
This document provides summaries of the cosmetics and toiletries market for various countries. Each country summary includes information on the estimated market size, import statistics from the US, best selling product categories, and opportunities for US exports. The markets range in size from $1.9 billion in Argentina to $21.1 billion in Brazil. Across countries, common opportunities for US suppliers include skin care products, hair care, fragrances, anti-aging products, and natural/organic cosmetics.
The Thai government is considering reforms to its liquor taxation policy to reduce alcohol consumption and related social costs. The memo analyzes 4 options proposed by the Excise Department (Plans A-D) and recommends Plan D, which harmonizes taxes at a 250 baht/L specific rate and 100% ad valorem rate. This option is projected to most significantly reduce consumption while maintaining revenue neutrality and improving tax efficiency compared to the other options. However, traditional white liquor producers are expected to strongly oppose any reform that would significantly reduce their industry.
This document is SABMiller's 2008 Sustainable Development Report which summarizes their efforts to operate responsibly. Some key points:
1) SABMiller is one of the world's largest brewers operating in over 60 countries with over 69,000 employees and revenues of $21 billion in 2007/08.
2) The report discusses SABMiller's focus on operating sustainably and responsibly in order to build long-term business success and contribute to local economic development through jobs, taxes, and supply chain spending.
3) SABMiller identifies three areas of focus: discouraging irresponsible drinking, reducing water usage in production, and promoting enterprise development through their supply chains. The report provides examples
India's major export partners for ethyl alcohol and other spirits are Nigeria, Ghana, Angola, Sierra Leone and Cameroon. Exports to Africa have grown due to various free trade agreements. Production of ethanol in India is expected to increase due to agricultural reforms, but exports saw a decline in growth of 15% last year. India needs to diversify its export markets beyond Africa to regions like Latin America.
I Mreport Market Selection (Roll No 6 &7)Radhikachemical
This presentation is on the Market Selection Process. I have chosen body care products to be marketed in the Latin American Countries. In this case, comparison between Brazil & Argentina
FICCI Report on combating counterfeiting & grey market challenge for indian c...Neetu Bhatia
As Indian corporates today scale to new achieve heights
globally, the issue of counterfeit and pirated products sourced from India remains a threat not only to Made in India brand but revenue losses for the companies too.
This detailed report by FICCI in partnership with KPMG highlights the challenges faced by Indian corporates owing to counterfeiting and recommends measures.
The document discusses increasing regulation of anticompetitive conduct in India. It notes that India has fallen in global competitiveness rankings in recent years. The Competition Commission of India (CCI) was established in 2009 and has since taken actions against many large companies for anticompetitive practices. A notable current case involves the proposed merger of Sun Pharmaceutical and Ranbaxy, which the CCI is closely scrutinizing due to the large combined market share. The increasing enforcement of competition law in India has resulted in heavy penalties for violations, creating complexity and risks for businesses that do not understand the regulatory environment.
This document discusses the carbonated drink industry in India. It highlights that the global soft drink industry is worth $310 billion in 2015, while the Indian beverage industry makes up $230 million of India's $65 billion food industry. The target market for carbonated drinks in India is primarily youth aged 18 and over from middle and lower middle classes. The document then analyzes the industry using Porter's five forces model, looking at threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, power of suppliers and buyers, and competitive rivalry within the industry. It concludes with an overall attractiveness rating for the Indian carbonated drink industry based on these five forces.
The document provides information about the global and Indian cigarette industry. It discusses that globally over 5.5 trillion cigarettes are produced annually and consumed by over 1.1 billion people. In India, it is the second largest producer of tobacco after China. While cigarettes make up only 14% of tobacco consumption in India compared to 90% globally, they contribute over 85% of the tobacco tax revenue due to high taxes on cigarettes. The cigarette industry provides employment to over 35 million people in India.
This document discusses the role of tax stamps in implementing an ideal state excise policy in India. It notes that excise taxes on alcohol are an important source of state revenue. While revenue generation is important, excise policy must also consider public health and curb illicit trade. Tax stamps can help reduce consumption, generate revenue, and protect consumers by allowing for product authentication and monitoring supply chains. The document argues that tax stamps should be viewed not just as a tax collection tool but as a platform to meet policy goals like reducing consumption, securing revenue, and empowering consumers and industries.
The chemical industry in India has evolved significantly since independence in 1947. It began with a few basic factories but has grown to a $35 billion industry, contributing 3% to India's GDP. Major segments include pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, agrochemicals, and specialty chemicals. While historically Western nations dominated, India now has a strong domestic industry and is a significant global player in generics. The industry has grown at 10-12% annually and is expected to continue rapid expansion, driven by rising domestic and export demand. Key challenges include continuing to increase competitiveness and production capacity.
Alcohol Action Ireland's Pre-Budget Submission 2014 calls for the introduction of minimum pricing. Minimum pricing has the potential to significantly reduce alcohol-related harm in Ireland, resulting in a reduction of the substantial costs incurred by the State and the number of lives lost due to alcohol in Ireland every year.
Fast Moving Consumer Goods in Nigeria - How to enter the marketMarc Zander
The document discusses opportunities for FMCG companies in the consumer market in Nigeria. Nigeria has a large population that is growing rapidly, with a young workforce and a rising middle class with increasing incomes. It is seen as one of the key markets in Africa for FMCG products now and in the future. While Nigeria presents huge potential, it also has risks such as corruption, terrorism, and difficulties doing business that companies must consider when developing strategies to enter the market. The document recommends starting with a distribution model to take advantage of Nigeria's growth potential.
This document discusses the trend of premiumization in the beauty and personal care industry in Latin America. It provides the following key points:
1. The beauty and personal care industry is growing faster in Latin America than globally, though Brazil is underperforming other Latin American countries.
2. Consumers are driving premiumization through a desire to trade up from basic goods and a willingness to pay more for premium formulations.
3. Key drivers fueling premiumization include the expanding middle class in Latin America, an aging population seeking to enhance their lives, and time-starved lifestyles leading consumers to pay for simplified products and services.
Food Processing Market in india - NetsourcingNetsourcing .in
India is a diverse country with over 1.25 billion people. It gained independence from British rule in 1947 and is now the largest democracy in the world. The population is young, with over 30% under age 15. Hinduism is the dominant religion and influences dietary practices, with some foods like beef restricted. There are various business structures one can use to do business in India, including sole proprietorships, partnerships, and companies. Taxes include direct taxes like income tax and indirect taxes like sales tax, VAT, and excise duties, which are levied by both the central and state governments. The government has initiatives to support food processing through subsidies and tax incentives.
The liquor industry in India is dominated by whiskey, which holds a 95% market share. The IMFL category, which includes whiskey, rum, and brandy, accounts for 65% of the market by value. Whiskey consumption in India increased significantly between 2014-2018, with brands like Officer's Choice and Royal Stag seeing growth above 5%. Beer consumption is also rising in India and was valued at $9.7 billion in 2017. The wine industry is growing as well, led by Sula Vineyards which sells over 1 million cases annually. Overall, the alcoholic beverages market in India is valued at $26.8 billion and is expected to have strong growth in the coming years as incomes rise and urbanization increases
This document discusses India's Excise Duties Act of 1955 and related rules from 1976 regarding the production and regulation of medicinal and toiletry preparations containing alcohol. It covers topics like excise duties, manufacturing alcoholic preparations in bonded and non-bonded facilities, warehousing of products, transport and export procedures, offenses and penalties. The act aims to control the availability and affordability of alcohol while allowing its necessary use in medicines.
This research is conducted to analyse the market of Indian Beer industry how the customer perception related to the market and how the Beer distributed and companies present positioning in the market. After completing this research we are also able to know the approximate market share of mohan meakins. Who are the competitors of Mohan meakins
The article discusses Uganda taking steps to better regulate alcohol consumption through a new National Alcohol Control Policy. Key points of the policy include addressing public intoxication, availability of alcohol, and health impacts of abuse. Uganda also aims to ban small plastic alcohol sachets that are inexpensive and popular among children and low-income groups due to health risks. Additionally, Uganda plans to implement digital tax stamps on alcoholic and other products to help enforce regulations and curb illicit trade, taking inspiration from similar successful programs in neighboring Kenya. The moves are part of broader efforts in Uganda to reduce widespread binge drinking and alcohol abuse.
The medicinal and toiletry preparations ( the excise duties act 1955 & rules ...Ravish Yadav
the medicinal and toiletry preparation ( the excise duties act 1955 & rules 1976 ) the following topic can be used by all the student for the detail study of it
The document discusses the beverage industry, including non-alcoholic and alcoholic segments. For non-alcoholic beverages, it describes the global and Indian markets, which are dominated by soft drinks and projected to grow. The alcoholic beverage industry involves manufacturers, distributors and retailers, and the global market is valued at over $1 trillion, led by Asia-Pacific. Within Asia, India represents a compelling growth opportunity as its alcohol market grows and more consumers reach legal drinking age.
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has made it mandatory for alcohol manufacturers to include statutory warnings on labels starting April 1st, 2019. The warnings must state that "Consumption of alcohol is injurious to health" and "Don't drink and drive", in a square box font size of at least 3mm. This aims to increase awareness of health risks from alcohol. Many other countries also require health warnings on alcohol labels. However, critics argue the warnings in India could be more effective if they specified health impacts and included images to better convey risks.
India Beer Market- Industry Size, Share, Drivers, Trends, Analysis and Forecasts (2019-2024)
The report titled India Beer Market- Industry Size, Share, Drivers, Trends, Analysis and Forecasts (2019-24) released by Niir Project Consultancy Services, provides a comprehensive analysis on Indian Beer Market. The report begins with a brief insight into the scenario of the global beer industry giving details about global beer consumption patterns and then proceeds to analyze the Indian scenario. India has one of the lowest consumption levels of beer in the world. Currently India consumes ~2% of the total world consumption and has the potential to match, the world leader, China thus opening a vast pool of opportunities for the brewing companies.
Related Market Research Report: https://www.entrepreneurindia.co/market-research-report
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Consumption pattern & attitude of beer consumersAjay Prathap
This project has two main objectives, one is to understand the beer consumption pattern of consumers and to know the most important attribute of beer according to consumers. The second one is to know the consumer brand Preference & Perception towards different brands.
Over the past three years Euromonitor International has worked with a custom research client to complete an intensive investigation of the illegal alcoholic beverages market in six Latin American countries to gauge the size of the illegal market and its impact on legal trade. The country and regional level insights in this research provide the foundation necessary to build a strategic plan and to increase consumer and government awareness of the issues.
IRJET- Non Alcoholic Bar and its Importance +IRJET Journal
The document discusses the importance of non-alcoholic bars as an alternative social space for youth. It notes that while alcohol consumption is widespread globally and integrated into many cultures, excessive underage drinking can negatively impact brain development and public health. The document then outlines alcohol consumption trends in India, including varying state laws around the legal drinking age. It argues that non-alcoholic bars could help address issues of alcoholism, poverty, and provide youth with social environments that do not revolve around or pressure drinking. The concept aims to create a bar atmosphere and experience without the health risks of alcohol through mocktails and non-alcoholic beverages.
This document outlines India's Excise Duties Act of 1955 and rules regarding the manufacture and transport of alcoholic preparations for medicinal purposes. It discusses licensing requirements for bonded and non-bonded manufacturing facilities, duty rates on alcoholic preparations based on alcohol content, warehousing procedures, import and export rules, inspection powers of excise officers, and penalties for non-compliance. The overall purpose of the Act is to regulate the alcohol industry to protect public health and safety while enabling production of medicines containing alcohol.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
An Overview of The Indian Liquor IndustryKriti Sangar
The liquor industry in India has grown significantly over the past decade and is currently valued at Rs. 8,500 crore. Major players include United Breweries, Shaw Wallace, and Jagjit Industries. The industry faces a strict legal environment with bans on advertising and state-level licensing. Consumer demand has shifted from country liquor to IMFL. Substitutes like soft drinks and health drinks pose a threat. Suppliers have bargaining power over raw materials. Rivalry within the industry is intense as companies compete on packaging, pricing, and promotions. Future growth is predicted with the commercial production of ethanol blending.
This document outlines marketing strategies for establishing Guinness beer in India. It begins with an industry overview of the global and Indian beer markets, including growth rates. It then provides an overview of Guinness as an organization, including its mission statement and history. The document performs a PESTEL analysis and identifies demographic, geographic, psychographic, and behavioral targets in India. It outlines Guinness' product portfolio and competition in India. Marketing strategies include sponsoring music festivals, tie-ups with pubs, and pricing. Financial projections estimate profits over two years. A contingency plan involves exporting to other markets.
The Indian alcoholic beverages market is valued at $35 billion annually and is growing rapidly at 8.8% per year, making it the third largest market globally. Whiskey is the most popular spirit, accounting for 60% of the Indian-made foreign liquor market. The Indian whiskey market was worth $21 billion in 2021 and is growing at 8.1% annually. Country liquor has the largest market share at 48% due to its low cost, while imported liquor has the smallest share at 3%. Consumption is highest in southern states like Andhra Pradesh and consumption is projected to reach 6.5 billion liters by 2020.
Alcoholic Beverages Manufacturing Projects. Profitable Business Ideas in Alcohol Industry
An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol. Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes-beers, wines, and spirits. Alcoholic beverages are consumed universally. The demand for these beverages has changed in the last few years, considering the on/off premises consumption trends.
Drinking alcohol plays an important social role in many cultures. Most countries have laws regulating the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages. Some countries ban such activities entirely, but alcoholic drinks are legal in most parts of the world.
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The document provides an overview of the tobacco industry in India. It discusses that the industry is one of the largest employers in India, providing livelihood to over 4.5 crore people. It outlines the major players in the industry and notes that ITC has the largest market share of over 70%. The document also touches on aspects like production and exports of tobacco, profitability, demand and supply dynamics, challenges like increasing taxes, and the various government policies and regulations regarding tobacco.
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Report on-liberalizing-liquor-trade-in-india
1. Liberalizing Liquor
Trade in India
November 11, 2014
ABSTRACT
India has the fastest growing liquor
market in the world. However,
restrictive government policies continue
to keep foreign liquor out of the country
and limit liquor trade across states
leaving domestic liquor price extremely
high for Indian consumers. This policy
paper will offer an analysis on India’s
liquor policies and their effect on
people. This paper examines the issues
facing the liquor industry in India and
suggests liberalizing the sector for
specific advantages to its various
stakeholders.
D. Dhanuraj and Rahul V. Kumar
Centre for Public Policy Research
Centre for Public Policy Research
2. Centre for Public Policy Research
1 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
Acknowledgement
The Centre for Public Policy Research (CPPR) team is extremely thankful to all
those who contributed towards developing the ideas in the report. The authors
specifically thank Fernando Posadas (Columbia University) and friends of
CPPR for their review which contributed to developing this report into its final
form.
3. Centre for Public Policy Research
2 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
Executive Summary
India is one of the world‘s most restrictive places for trade and doing business. In 2014, it is
ranked 110 out of 152 countries, in terms of economic freedom, by the Economic Freedom of
the World Report. Its Freedom to Trade Index was 6.2 (highest score 10.0), 124 out of 152.i
Doing business in India remains difficult for both foreign and domestic companies. The
country was ranked 133 out of 152 countries by the World Bank this year in its Doing
Business Score.ii
Many studies have indicated trade barriers continue to be a major hindrance
to India‘s development and prosperity, making trade liberalization and further deregulation
critical to its economy.
Consumption of alcoholic beverages by Indian consumers predates British colonization and
has often been suppressed by taxes and other restrictive policies. India has the world‘s fastest
growing market for alcoholic beverages consumption. Restrictive policies at the federal and
state levels are often carried out under the concern that alcoholic beverages should be heavily
regulated to prevent public health and safety issues related to drinking. However, these
policies have often proven to be defective and harmful to the Indian people. In fact, they have
only fuelled more black market exchanges, corruption, price hike and raised more public
health concerns due to prevailing cheap, extremely poor quality counterfeit products.
Liquor tariffs and taxes on liquor are high in India. Nevertheless, consumption of imported
and domestic produced liquor has been on the rise over the past five years. It is observed that
an average Indian liquor consumer pays five to six times the manufacturing cost. Liquor
prices in India are significantly higher than 95 percent of the countries in the world.
Furthermore, farmers and small businesses also suffer from heavy taxes and government
intervention with the market. This report aims at analysing this issue by evaluating related
policies and costs bared by critical stakeholders.
Background of Liquor Market in India
India has the world‘s third largest and fastest growing market for alcoholic beverages. The
whiskey market—estimated at 300 million cases—is the largest in the world.iii
The World
Health Organization (WHO) reports that liquor consumption in India has been growing
4. Centre for Public Policy Research
3 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
steadily since 2005. In the meantime, per capita consumption of alcohol beverages has
increased from 3.6 litres to 4.3 litres between 2003 and 2010, 93 per cent of this growth
comes from liquor (spirits).iv
While tariffs on imported liquor remain high, domestic liquor
manufacturing and sales are also enmeshed in a complicated network of laws and regulations
on both the federal and state levels.
Indian Made Foreign Liquor (IMFL): Hard liquor that has incorporated imported raw
material or borrowed the concept from foreign branded liquor are often termed as Indian
Made Foreign Liquor (IMFL).v
Among all IMFL, whiskey accounts for approximately 46
percent of total sales. Despite its origins, freedom to buy IMFL is restricted in some federal
states.vi
The southern states are often more heavily regulated in liquor manufacturing and
distribution than the north. They are often available at retail outlets and privately owned bars.
A licensing system is used by the federal states to control the number of private bars.
Nevertheless, purchase of IMFL in southern Indian states including Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh still accounts for more than 60 per cent of total annual sale in
the country.vii
Imported Foreign Liquor (IFL): IFL includes foreign produced liquor imported to India.
IFL constitutes only a marginal share of the total alcohol consumption in India. Consumers of
IFL are often rich and upper middle class people or international travellers. (Table 1) Duties
on IFL are as high as 150 percent, a reason why its share of India‘s total liquor market is less
than 3 percent. Despite the high custom duties on IFL and strict quotas on the amount of
liquor travellers can carry into the country, whiskey imported has grown steadily over the
years primarily driven by purchases from government, licensed retailers and manufacturers
using IFL as raw materials for their own products.
5. Centre for Public Policy Research
4 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
Country Liquor: Country Liquor, also called Indian Made Indian Liquor or (IMIL), is
brewed and mostly sold domestically. Most of the country liquor is sold in northern states.
Ethanol from molasses and grains are used in the north while palm and coconut are used in
the south for producing the country liquor. The price of country liquor is much cheaper
compared to IMFL and IFL; the reason it constitutes 48 per cent of the domestic liquor
market. (Table 1)
Table 1: Affordability, Market Share and Geographical Accessibility of Liquor and Beer in
India
Type Pricing Market Share
(per cent)
Geographical
Availability
IMFL Affordable 36 Southern States
IFL Luxury 3 Metropolitan Cities
Country Liquor Cheap 48 Across India
Beer Expensive 13 Urban Areas
Illicit Liquor and Other Very Cheap Not Available Across India
Source: PHFI (2013)viii
Emerging Black Market: Restrictions on foreign liquor have led to a growing number of
illegal liquor businesses in India. For instance, a state-wide ban on liquor sale in Gujarat, a
state in western India, has given rise to wide-scale sales of spurious and cheap liquor
followed by an increase in organized crimes in areas where demand is high.
6. Centre for Public Policy Research
5 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
More money is invested to employ more policemen and personnel to maintain public safety
where black markets prevail. In 2013 alone, around 1,305 liquor smugglers were arrested in
Greater Noida, a town in Northern India with a 1,00,000 population, 48 kilometres from New
Delhi. In the meantime, 32,000 litres of smuggled liquor was seized and a large amount of
fine has been collected. ix
The black market in liquor is so large that it creates great uncertainty for the economy. It is
impossible to estimate the size of this market. However, tax burden generated every year
from this can be remarkable. Fines and penalties collected through the illegal trade are
difficult to track. Liquor obtained through the black market can sometimes be of
unpredictable quality and can even cause serious chronic illnesses.x
Problems with Current Liquor Policies and Restrictions
High Taxes on Foreign and Domestic-Produced Liquor
In 1947, Article 47 of the Constitution under the Directive Principles of State Policy stated
that The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its
people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular,
the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of consumption except for medicinal
purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health.xi
Even though
implementation of this Article differs from state to state, it is constantly used as a moral and
legal foundation for restrictive policies.
According to the law, alcohol is a sensitive state subject so that Imported Foreign Liquor
(IFL) shall be heavily taxed and regulated by federal government. The current system of
taxation on imported spirits including BIO (Bottled in Origin) and BII (Bottled in India) dates
back to2001. Imported spirits are taxed at both the federal and the state levels. As a result of a
case against Indian's liquor policies at WTO filed by the European Union, the country has
removed some of its barriers to liquor imports. However, it later introduced new restrictive
measures.xii
Today average customs duties on IFL remain as high as 150 per cent, down
from 450 to 700 per cent in 2000. In addition, federal/state taxes can push total taxes to
around 550 per cent high (exact number might vary by states).
7. Centre for Public Policy Research
6 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
Liquor trade between states is also difficult and costly. Taxation levels and accounting
methods vary significantly from state to state. India is often referred to as 29 separate
markets, all of which have their own tax systems and chose to issue their own regulation
upon liquor industry.xiii
Punjab, a federal state, for instance, levies a high tax towards
liquor produced in other states in order to protect local manufacturers from
competition. Protection of local liquor businesses generates significant tax revenue for local
governments every year. For instance, the governments of Tamil Nadu and Kerala generated
around 3,400 million USD and 1,300 million USD out of liquor businesses respectively
during the year 2012-13.xiv
Regulatory Barriers Challenging Liquor Trade
Discriminatory regulations such as the Food Safety and Standards (Packaging and Labelling)
Regulation established by Food Safety and Standard Authority (FSSA) since 2011 has led to
great loss to foreign manufacturers, domestic importers and consumers. xv
In June 2014, over 60 shipments of Scotch whiskey bottles were stopped at the customs for
not listing malted grain, water and yeast as ingredients. This sudden action of authorities has
resulted in loss of millions to foreign manufacturers and created a blockage of supply to the
Indian liquor market. An individual private retailer claimed to have lost Rs 3 crore (USD
488,400) given that eight of his containers were stopped at customs. Importers of many
bigger brands stand to lose more. Since India‘s liquor industry serves as a hub for importers
from neighbouring countries including Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka, the influence has
also spilled to these neighbouring countries leading to further shortages and price hikes. xvi
However, this is only one of the contentious aspects of the labelling rules. Intricate provisions
and a lack of transparency in custom procedures have also seriously disrupted the market.
One provision states that the particulars of declaration required under these Regulations to
be specified on the label shall be in English or Hindi in Devanagari script. As a result, cases
labelling ―Prodotto di Italia‖ instead of ―Product of Italy‖ would be rejected at customs. xvii
Furthermore, consignments have also been blocked when labels only carried brand names
instead of explicitly stating ―manufactured by‖, or even when ―produced by‖ are presented in
a different language other than English. Because this is not an internationally common
practice it would be difficult and costly for manufacturers to come up with a special
production line only for India.
8. Centre for Public Policy Research
7 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
Stakeholder Analysis
The regulatory barriers to liquor industry are highly complex. The value chain of India‘s
liquor industry involves a number of stakeholders and has an extensive economic and social
impact. (Figure 2)
Figure 2
Farmers
Liquor manufacturers in India predominantly use ethanol distilled from molasses, which is a
by-product in sugar manufacture. Procurement of this raw material plays a crucial role in
IMFL and Country Liquor production in India. Therefore, sugarcane farmers, molasses
producers, and alcohol distilleries are important stakeholders in India‘s liquor production
chain.
9. Centre for Public Policy Research
8 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
Around 35 million farmers in India (about 3 per cent of India’s population) live on
sugar cane cultivation. Another 50 million workers, mostly from rural areas, are also
engaged in sugar related industries.xviii
In sugarcane cultivation one of the major policy
decisions undertaken by the Union Government is fixing the fair and remunerative price
(FRP). Subsequently, some state governments also fix their price, i.e. state advised price
(SAP). This pricing mechanism is justified by its supporters to help farmers get a better price
for their cane production.
However, over the last years, sugarcane farmers have been at the mercy of sugar mills, which
are invariably controlled by politicians. The prices are determined by the political party that
has the most clout. Sugar mills across the country formed cartels and refused to pay a
remunerative price. The Ministry of Agriculture has acknowledged in Parliament that the
average monthly income of a farming family in India is less than Rs 2,400. Strikes were held
at sugar mills across the country.
Sugar (molasses) Producers
In contrast, the life of sugar producers seems to be much easier than the farmers. Major sugar
producers often have a strong lobbying power. Earlier this year, the Indian government
decided to double its sugar import duty in an attempt to strengthen the country‘s heavily
indebted milling industry. Consequently, domestic sugar prices increased dramatically.xix
Moreover, to help mills saddled with large sugar stockpiles, an Rs 3,300 (USD 55.72) a tonne
subsidy for production of up to 4 million tonnes of raw sugar was also issued in the 2013/14
and 2014/15 seasons. To avoid international complaints, the subsidy was later cut to Rs 2,277
(approximately USD 38) per tonne.xx
(Table 2, 3)
10. Centre for Public Policy Research
9 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
Table 2: Number of sugar factories in operation in India, listed by state
Serial Number State 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
1 Andhra Pradesh 38 35 35 37 37
2 Assam - - - - -
3 Bihar 8 9 9 10 11
4 Chhattisgarh 1 1 3 3 3
5 Goa 1 1 1 1 1
6 Gujarat 18 18 18 19 19
7 Haryana 14 15 14 14 14
8 Karnataka 51 50 54 59 58
9 Kerala - - - - -
10 Madhya Pradesh 8 10 11 13 13
11 Maharashtra 172 147 143 167 170
12 Odisha 6 5 4 5 5
13 Puducherry 2 1 2 2 2
14 Punjab 16 16 15 16 17
15 Rajasthan 1 1 1 1 1
16 Tamil Nadu 37 37 40 44 43
17 Uttar Pradesh 132 132 128 125 124
18 Uttarakhand 10 10 10 10 10
19 West Bengal 1 1 1 1 1
All India 516 489 489 527 529
Source: Directorate of Sugarcane Development, Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture, 2012xxi
Table 3: Sugar mills in the country including closed ones and refineries, listed by sectorsxxii
Sector Number of Factories
Private 298
Public 62
Cooperative 324
Total 684
Source: Department of Food and Public Distribution, 2012
Distillers and Distributors
Indian liquor, especially IMFL, is made by distilleries that produce ethanol from molasses.
The alcohol industry is subject to heavy regulations. Liquor producers have to acquire
numerous licenses (separate for production, bottling, distribution) in every state in which they
11. Centre for Public Policy Research
10 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
wish to operate. There are also a number of taxes including excise duty, sales tax and value
added tax that impact the pricing of liquor to a great extent.
Due to these entry barriers for foreign businesses (i.e., businesses from a foreign country or
foreign state), domestic liquor producers often remain strong monopolies in the market.
Brands with a strong sub-segmentation strategy are likely to maintain their dominance in the
market, as brand-building capacity is limited for small and medium size businesses due to a
ban on liquor advertisements across the country. While production of country liquor is
closely related to domestic sugar production, profitability of IMFL also sometimes depends
on the price of Imported Foreign Liquor.xxiii
For instance, manufacturing of IMFL whiskey
uses sizable imported malt based liquor for blending; a reason that import of foreign
produced whiskey has continued to grow over the years. As a result, the high cost of customs
duties is borne also by the domestic IMFL producers before it is transferred onto the
consumers. (Figure 3)
Figure 3. Market share of incumbents remains relatively intact due to strong entry
barriers
Source: ShirishPardeshi and Anuruddh Joshi (2012)xxiv
.
These major producers of IMFL have negligible or no governmental role in production
(government owns 0.01 percent of United Spirits Ltd xxv
and 0.02 percent of Radico Khaitan
Ltd xxvi
). However, dominant position in the market still gives them strong lobbying power.
12. Centre for Public Policy Research
11 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
Federal state governments and related agencies such as the Food Safety and Standard
Authority (FSSA) also play a crucial role in the market. Liquor policies ranging from
customs duties, labelling regulations, licenses and prescription of quotas to domestic sales
taxes were implemented to ensure fiscal revenue and to protect local businesses.
Imported Foreign Liquor
Imported foreign liquor (IFL) constitutes a very small portion of the Indian liquor market.
Despite the fact that WTO and foreign governments have worked with India through
multilateral and bilateral channels progress to reduce trade barriers to consumer goods,
imports remain slow.
Figure 4. Liquor industry break-up
Source: ShirishPardeshi and Anuruddh Joshi (2012)
Consumers
Households‘ expenditure on alcoholic beverages is on the rise. As indicated earlier, the
majority of consumers are choosing country liquor or IMF due to the high prices of imported
foreign liquor. A lack of competition in the liquor industry also results in fewer consumer
choices and lower product quality.
Table 4. Consumer expenditures on alcoholic beverages
Rs Billions 1995 2000 2002 2004 2006 2007
Alcoholic drinks 36.7 85.6 145.0 186.6 244.2 275.0
- Spirits 24.2 54.5 91.8 119.1 156.6 176.5
- Wine 3.9 9.0 15.5 20.1 26.3 29.8
- Beer 8.6 22.1 37.7 47.4 61.3 68.7
Source: Euromonitor International, 2012
13. Centre for Public Policy Research
12 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
Cost Analysis
We estimate the cost to consumers mainly comes from three critical aspects:
Heavy Customs Duties and Taxes
Cost on the production and distribution side can be hard to track given that the IMFL industry
is largely controlled by the state with interventions from different lobby groups whose
information is undisclosed. However, it is not hard to see the cost from the consumption side.
The most indicative data available now is the National Sample Survey Organization
(NSS0)xxvii
which gives households‘ monthly expenditure on intoxicants across the country.
The ‗intoxicants‘ surveyed primarily include the following products: ganja, toddy, country
liquor, beer and foreign/refined liquor. This gives us information roughly on how much
people here are spending on liquor.
In general, there are more liquor consumers in rural areas than in urban areas. (Table 6)
Value of consumption (in Indian Rupees) of intoxicants per person for a period of 30 days for
all fractile classes of Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) varies from state to state.xxviii
The average spending in states like Chhattisgarh and the National Capital Region of Delhi is
much lower than the rural national average but is significantly higher than the urban national
average.
Table 5: Estimate of the percentage of households consuming intoxicants between 2004-05 and
2011-12 in India
Intoxicants Rural Urban
2004-05 16.3 10.3
2009-10 16.5 9.5
2011-12 18.4 12.6
Source: National Service Scheme (NSS), 2011-12
14. Centre for Public Policy Research
13 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
Table 6: Value of consumption (in Indian Rupees) of intoxicants per person for a period of 30 days
for all fractile classes of Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE)
State Rural Urban
Andhra Pradesh 35.40 27.78
Bihar 4.83 9.58
Chattisgarh 9.53 23.20
Delhi 6.69 17.04
Goa 5.92 5.74
Gujarat 1.42 6.08
Haryana 6.71 12.91
Himachal Pradesh 23.41 25.85
Jammu and Kashmir 3.39 4.02
Jharkhand 13.98 9.53
Karnataka 18.58 23.53
Kerala 25.59 24.74
Madhya Pradesh 7.73 7.29
Maharashtra 7.30 8.48
Odisha 5.44 6.73
Punjab 20.14 22.10
Rajasthan 9.00 14.03
Sikkim 40.33 35.37
Tamil Nadu 19.92 18.63
Uttar Pradesh 4.56 5.75
Uttarakhand 19.01 21.49
West Bengal 5.16 8.06
All India 10.46 13.36
Source: NSS, 2011-12
The federal states exert authority over all the three categories of liquor available in India. The
impact of taxes and other restrictions are borne by the consumers. It is estimated that country
liquor constitutes the largest segment of alcohol sales in India. Consumption is especially
high in the northern federal states where taxes on liquor are comparatively lower. In the case
of IMFL, the federal states which control production and retail have a slew of taxes and other
15. Centre for Public Policy Research
14 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
charges which inflate prices. Liquor taxes in Kerala, one of the states with the most restrictive
liquor regulations, for instance, includes a warehouse margin, labelling charges, shop margin
and sales tax. Taxes in these states would usually multiply liquor prices by five to six
times.xxix
IFL is the costliest liquor category for the consumer. The flat rate of 150 per cent domestic
customs duty on liquor increases prices consumers pay significantly. The effect of tariffs on
imported liquor on consumers is given in table 7. The table shows the impact of basic
customs duties on IFL, as well as the effect of domestic taxes, which further inflates the
price. For whisky, consumers end up paying approximately five times the average import
price. In states where taxes are extremely high, the liquor price can go way beyond national
average. Foreign Direct Investment in liquor through the automatic routes remains less
exploited due to high state level taxes and intricate license systems nationwide.xxx
Table 7: Average price of Imported Liquor Before and After Tax in India, listed by type and country
of origin
Product
Name
Average
price of
Imports
(Rupees)
Average
price of
Imports
(USD)
After Import
Tariff (In
Rupees)
After Import
Tariff (USD)*
After Federal
State Level
Taxes (In
Rupees)
After Federal
State Level
Taxes (USD)
Beer
(Mexico)
57.91 0.985 115.82 1.92 156.62 2.61
Rum (UK) 306.81 5.218 767.04 12.68 1755.64 29.26
Wine
(France)
350.28 5.959 700.76 11.58 903.76 15.06
Whisky
(UK)
461.52 7.849 1153.8 19 2213.98 36.89
Source: Calculated using data from International Trade Centre and Kerala State Beverages Corporation (KSBC)
*Exchange rate at I USD=60 Rupees Approximately
Shortage of Supply Due to Liquor Ban and Immediate Policy Changes
Regulations and supply shortages also lead to price increases for consumers. For instance, in
August 2, 2013, 36,000 bottles of whisky/vodka brands of Diageo (Johnny Walker Black)
and Pernod Ricard (Absolut Vodka and Chivas Regal) were stopped at customs.
16. Centre for Public Policy Research
15 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
Manufacturers, as a result, reacted to it by holding back the release of fresh stocks. This led to
an immediate shortage in supply and a price hike for liquor. Price for Johnny Walker rose
from Rs 4,300 to Rs 4,600 and price for Chivas Regal increased from Rs 4,000 to Rs
4,400.xxxi
India‘s29 federal states along with the Union Territories have different excise
policies to determine the distribution and sales of wine and spirits in the country.
- A documentary by NDTV (a leading new channel in India) notes that an
average buyer of foreign wine is forced to pay 200-400 per cent of the global
average price.
- In star hotels in Kerala a bottle of foreign liquor is charged at approximately
six to seven times its international price.
- The price of a pint could vary from Rupees 200 for a domestic brand to
approximately Rupees 600 for a foreign brand in privately owned beer
parlours across the country. The number of such outlets selling imported
brands is restricted. They remain in selected metropolitan areas of
Mumbai and New Delhi.xxxii
- State owned beer parlours charge approximately three times the printed
price on the bottle for domestically produced beer.
Shadow Market
The Constitution of India envisages that Article 47 of the Constitution shall form a part of the
Directive Principle of State Policy. Government under this principal ―shall endeavour to
bring about the prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating
drinks‖. However, an analysis of India‘s biggest beer, wine and refined/foreign liquor
drinking states and union territories on the excise revenue generated by these state paints a
different picture.xxxiii
Revenue from the Indian alcohol industry is large yet, for the most part,
non-transparent and hard to be tracked from a balance sheet.
It is estimated that the federal state earnings from every individual liquor consumer is
approximately Rupees 576 per year. xxxiv
The combined earning of the states and union
territories (excise) from alcohol beverages in the 2011 fiscal year is estimated to be 4.67
billion USD, accounting for about 16 per cent of their own tax revenues.
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16 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
Reliance on liquor for tax revenue is more pronounced in the south than the north. In
Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh, the annual tax burden per resident is around USD59 and
USD31 [pl convert into rupees] whereas the average per capita income in India is USD
1,500.xxxv
(Actual tax burden on frequent liquor consumers would be much higher).
Table 8: Tax revenue from liquor in major consumption states/per person
State/UT Total
Population
Total Tax
Revenue
(USD, in
Millions)
Excise
Revenue
(USD, in
Millions)
Excise as
Percentage of
State Revenue
Estimated
Revenue Per
Consumer
Daman & Diu 243,247 67.1 18.73 27.92 7.71
Andaman &
Nicobar
Islands
380,581 35.16 3.66 10.41 9.64
Arunachal
Pradesh
1,383,727 153.06 5.09 3.33 3.69
Sikkim 610,577 131.68 4.18 3.18 6.87
Puducherry 1,247,953 175.86 73.2 41.63 58.72
Goa 1,458,545 445.82 15.43 3.46 0.11
Andhra
Pradesh
84,580,777 9882.364 2659.79 26.91 31.50
Kerala 33,406,061 4397.01 279.02 6.35 8.36
Karnataka 61,095,297 7853.24 1608.62 20.48 26.37
India State Census, Open Government Data, 2011
Conclusion
Existing liquor policies in India are harmful to consumers and fuel corruption, cronyism and
black-marketeering. Increasing liquor price and rising concerns over health issues led by poor
quality of cheap liquor produced domestically reflects a serious problem with India‘s current
liquor regime. Taxes increase the prices for consumers who purchase IMFL up by five to
six times. Tariffs on liquor have made foreign liquor unaffordable to the majority of Indian
consumers.
Moreover, heavy taxes and non-uniformity of policies at federal state-level have turned liquor
businesses into the biggest cash cow for government. It is estimated that the combined
earning of the states and union territories (excise) from alcohol beverages in 2011 fiscal
year is estimated to be around 4.67 billion USD, accounting for about 16 per cent of
their own tax revenues.
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17 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
Longstanding government intervention in the liquor market has been a problematic approach
which seriously disrupted the market economy. A feasible starting point for reform could be
lifting controls and removing tariffs on IFL, which is growing as a preferred brand in India.
Despite the high cost to import IFL, sales have grown by approximately 27 per cent since
2009. Therefore, concrete steps should be taken towards reducing duties and harmonizing
regulations among federal states. We propose that the government phase out import tariffs on
IFLxxxvi
and build a common policy platform on which state-level liquor policies can be
harmonized and liquor trade facilitated.
As a result, both consumers and businesses would benefit at large. Liberalizing liquor trade in
India will inevitably increase the number of liquor producers and retailers in the market.
Competition will incentivize production of liquor at reasonable market price with higher
quality.
Nationwide accessibility of foreign produced liquor would also help to adopt best practices of
these brands thereby encouraging healthy drinking practices among consumers. An open
market for both foreign and domestic produced liquors will also enhance the economic
environment and improve public health. Currently very few domestically produced liquors
have a website which informs the consumers of the ingredients, origin and related health
benefits/hazards of the types of liquor they are consuming.
Defects affecting the supply side of liquor have been evident especially in southern federal
states where both production and merchandises of liquor are heavily taxed and regulated.
Removing these regulatory barriers and allowing more small and medium businesses to enter
the market would generate remarkable economic and social benefits.
Today, licences for selling IFL are only issued to a small number of retailers of specific
categories or hotels and restaurants. It is often impossible for small/medium retail businesses
with capital to enter the liquor market, as they are constrained by difficulties obtaining
licenses for selling liquor.
In the meantime, sugarcane farmers and the sugar industry in India will also benefit from the
reform. For instance, if malt whiskey is introduced into India, it could encourage procuring of
grains directly from farmers. This happened in India earlier when Amrut distilleries
introduced malt whiskey in the Indian market when they started procuring barley from
farmers in Punjab and Rajasthan.xxxvii
This in turn could also benefit cultivators of malt in
India. Instead of leaving their fate in policy makers‘ hands, farmers should be able to adjust
19. Centre for Public Policy Research
18 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
their production processes based on the change of market demand. Farmers would benefit
from market mechanism and transparency.
Consumer and producer losses would be greatly reduced. Loss in government revenue from
tariff and tax reduction can be partially offset by a reduction of administrative cost from
tackling illegal trade. The federal state in India has a clear choice to reduce the illegal liquor
trade fundamentally by allowing more legal businesses to enter and by encouraging more
popular foreign branded products into the market. Only when liquor prices in India are
dramatically higher than international standard do people turn to black market. It is in the
country‘s best interest for state regulators to serve as facilitators and monitoring entities to
ensure the functioning of a free market.
i
―Economic Freedom of the World 2014‖, Fraser Institute, 2014, http://www.freetheworld.com/release.html
ii
―Doing Business 2015, Going Beyond Efficiency, Economy Profile 2015, India,‖ The World Bank, 2014
http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/india/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profil
es/country/IND.pdf
iii
Refer Interview by Sonjoy Mohanty, General Secretary, International Spirits and Wine Association of India
(ISWAI), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDmf36umYCM, accessed on June 5, 2014
iv
Kounteya Sinha, ―Average Indian male consumes 33 litres of alcohol/year: WHO,‖ Times of India, May 15,
2014 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Average-Indian-male-consumes-33-litres-of-alcohol-/year-
WHO/articleshow/35139360.cms; World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/en/
v
There is no particular reason for calling it ‗foreign liquor‘. The most plausible explanation seems to be that
these brands are considered as counterparts to the foreign liquor and hence they are called Indian Made ‗Foreign
Liquor‘.
vi
Partial prohibition measures imposed by the federal states include fixing age limits, restricting the quantity of
liquor that a person can buy, observing dry days, permits and so on. A move from partial to complete
prohibition has been difficult in most of the states. Only three states (Gujarat, Nagaland and Lakshadweep) have
been claimed to be successful in implementingcomplete prohibition. However, data from the National Sample
Survey Organization (NSSO) reveal that although implemented officially, it has been a difficult policy to carry
out in practice and most of the above states have huge problems from illegal liquor availability and
consumption. For the other states which have attempted implementing complete prohibition it was only a matter
of time when these policies had to be revised largely because of the loss in the form of taxes for the respective
federal state governments. Other problems include the rise of bootlegging and control of the sector by criminals.
vii
In the southern states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, IMFL is made available only through state controlled retail
stores. On the other hand, in the northern states of Himachal Pradesh and Delhi, private vendors are allowed to
participate in retail through a licensing system.
20. Centre for Public Policy Research
19 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
viii
For a detailed discussion on types of alcohol refer Public Health Foundation of India (2013), Alcohol
Marketing and Regulatory Policy Environment in India A Report- November 2013, Siri Fort: New Delhi,
www.phfi.org
ix
―1,305 liquor smugglers arrested in Greater Noida in 10 months,‖ Zee News, January 18, 2013,
http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/1305-liquor-smugglers-arrested-in-greater-noida-in-10-
months_823770.html
x
LeenaDhankhar, ―Your favourite scotch may be a fake‖, Hindustan Times, May 09, 2013,
http://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/chunk-ht-ui-gurgaonsurvey-gurgaonfirst/your-favourite-scotch-may-
be-a-fake/article1-1057304.aspx
xi
This raises a question as to what can be categorized as intoxicating. As per the motor vehicles act (1988) of
India, 30 mg of alcohol per 100 ml of blood is considered the permissible limit for driving a vehicle.
xii
―Europe Equity Research Beverage (Food Producers & Processors/Personal Care & Household Products/Beer
& Alcoholic Beverages) / UNDERWEIGHT/OVERWEIGHT,‖ Credit Suisse, 27 September, 2012,
https://doc.research-and-
analytics.csfb.com/docView?language=ENG&source=emfromsendlink&format=PDF&document_id=10004732
91&extdocid=1000473291_1_eng_pdf&serialid=oun6%2bKXvmqM8LPKFz5bkTilydCe08R2p1Spo3jV5TOw
%3d
xiii
―Europe Equity Research Beverage (Food Producers & Processors/Personal Care & Household
Products/Beer & Alcoholic Beverages) / UNDERWEIGHT/OVERWEIGHT,‖ Credit Suisse, 27 September,
2012, https://doc.research-and-
analytics.csfb.com/docView?language=ENG&source=emfromsendlink&format=PDF&document_id=10004732
91&extdocid=1000473291_1_eng_pdf&serialid=oun6%2bKXvmqM8LPKFz5bkTilydCe08R2p1Spo3jV5TOw
%3d
xiv
―Tamil Nadu earns revenue of over Rs 21,680 crore from liquor sale,‖ Economic Times, May 14, 2013,
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-14/news/39256462_1_excise-revenue-nadu-state-
marketing-corporation-crore; K. P. M Basheer, ―It‘s all cheers for beverages corporation,‖ The Hindu, April 12,
2013, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/its-all-cheers-for-beverages-
corporation/article4598781.ece
xv
―FOOD SAFETY AND STANDARDS (PACKAGING AND LABELLING) REGULATIONS, 2011,‖
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, 1 August, 2011
http://www.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Food%20Safety%20and%20standards%20(Packaging%20and%20Labelli
ng)%20regulation,%202011.pdf
xvi
AarefaJohari, ―Why India may soon run out of Scotch whisky and other premium liquors‖, Scroll.in, May 17,
2014, http://scroll.in/article/664184/Why-India-may-soon-run-out-of-Scotch-whisky-and-other-premium-liquors
xvii
―FOOD SAFETY AND STANDARDS (PACKAGING AND LABELLING) REGULATIONS, 2011,‖
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, 1 August, 2011
http://www.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Food%20Safety%20and%20standards%20(Packaging%20and%20Labelli
ng)%20regulation,%202011.pdf
xviii
―Improving sugarcane cultivation in India,‖ 1 May, 2009,
http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/about_freshwater/freshwater_resources/?162921/Improving-sugarcane-
cultivation-in-India
xix
Emiko Tarezono and James Crabtree, ―India Doubles Duty on Sugar Imports‖, Financial Times, June 23,
2014, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c5200e0c-faca-11e3-8993-00144feab7de.html#axzz3EzmXfezn
xx
―India restores rate of subsidy for raw sugar output,‖ Reuters, June 12, 2014,
http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/06/12/india-sugar-idINL4N0OT33R20140612
21. Centre for Public Policy Research
20 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
xxi
―Production Statistics of Sugarcane, Directorate of Sugarcane Statistics, Government of India, Ministry of
Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, December 2012,
http://dsd.dacnet.nic.in/sugarcanestatistics.htm
xxii
―Sugar and Sugarcane Policy, Department of Food & Public Distribution, Ministry of Consumer Affairs,
Government of India, 11 December, 2012, http://dfpd.nic.in/?q=node/10
xxiii
Refer for instance units like Ugar industries which is both a sugar manufacturer as well as an IMFL producer.
The Ugar Sugar Works Limited, http://web.ugarsugar.com/
xxiv
ShirishPardeshi and Anuruddh Joshi (2012), ―India Consumer –Alcoholic Beverages Holding the Fort,‖
AnandRathi, 18 April 2012
xxv
http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/unitedspirits/shareholding-pattern/US
xxvi
http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/radicokhaitan/shareholding-pattern/RK01
xxvii
―Level and Pattern of Consumer Expenditure 2011-12, NSS 68th
Round, NSS Report No. 555(68 /1.O/1),
July 2011-June 2012,‖ National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation,
Government of India, February 2014
xxviii
―The NSS concept of MPCE, therefore, is defined first at the household level (household monthly consumer
expenditure ÷ household size). This measure serves as the indicator of the household‘s level of living. For the
table given, Mixed Reference Period MPCE (or MPCEMRP) is used. This is the measure of MPCE obtained by
the NSS Consumer Expenditure Survey when household consumer expenditure on items of clothing and
bedding, footwear, education, institutional medical care, and durable goods is recorded for a reference period of
―last 365 days‖, and expenditure on all other items is recorded with a reference period of ―last 30 days‖.‖ A
fractile class of MPCE is a segment of the population lying within two fractiles f1 and f2, which means that if Y
be the household MPCE of any person falling within that fractile class, the proportion of population with
household MPCE below Y will be between f1 and f2. (Refer NSS Report No. 555(68 /1.O/1) for these
definitions).
xxix
Refer taxes and price in the federal state of Kerala which follows such a policy. Kerala State Beverages
Corporation Ltd, http://www.ksbc.kerala.gov.in/pricelist.htm
xxx
C. H. Unnikrishnan, ―Overseas companies face policy hurdles in Indian liquor market,‖ Live Mint, May 15,
2008, Refer http://www.livemint.com/Companies/b0IECam262LRLftVHu3iMO/Overseas-companies-face-
policy-hurdles-in-Indian-liquor-mark.html
xxxi
Urvashi Seth and Aditya Anand, ―Mumbai faces dry spell as customs holds back 36,000 bottles at JNPT,‖
Mumbai Mirror, Aug 2, 2013, http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/Mumbai-faces-dry-spell-as-
customs-holds-back-36000-bottles-at-JNPT/articleshow/21537977.cms
xxxii
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYAl7gzoDfg
xxxiii
RukminiS.,―India‘s Biggest Drinkers,‖The Hindu, August 23, 2014,
http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-datadelve/article6344654.ece?css=print
xxxiv
Avinash Celestine, ―Why government imposes tax on liquors despite being big business,‖ The Economic
Times, July 8, 2012, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-08/news/32578281_1_excise-
revenues-liquor-tasmac
xxxv
The World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD
xxxvi
A case for reducing import tariffs on liquor in India was one of the key points in the proposed European
Union-India agreement for bilateral trade. Ever since this discussion began in 2007, India is yet to adopt a policy
stand on liberalizing this sector. The tariffs which presently remain at a very high rate of 150 per cent was
proposed to be reduced in a phased manner to 30 per cent. It has been argued that the reduction would take at
least five years to be implemented in practice due to political and legal hurdles in India (Sonjoy Mohanty,
2014). However, the persistent absence of discussions in the media as well as recent retaliatory stands adopted
22. Centre for Public Policy Research
21 Liberalizing Liquor Trade in India
by the Indian government in trade deals with the EU indicates towards the possibility that such a reduction in
tariff would take longer than intended.
xxxvii
Poornima Mohandas, ―Blend it like Amrut,‖ Live Mint, Mar 5, 2010
http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/gr38dzdMdPmjGGrpfEMnSJ/Blend-it-like-Amrut.html